US20080312132A1 - Composition for animal consumption - Google Patents
Composition for animal consumption Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080312132A1 US20080312132A1 US12/125,818 US12581808A US2008312132A1 US 20080312132 A1 US20080312132 A1 US 20080312132A1 US 12581808 A US12581808 A US 12581808A US 2008312132 A1 US2008312132 A1 US 2008312132A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- food
- mct
- composition
- animal
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- -1 medium chain fatty acid triglycerides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 claims description 16
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 14
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 99
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 abstract description 23
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229940057917 medium chain triglycerides Drugs 0.000 description 59
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 43
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 25
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 25
- 208000016261 weight loss Diseases 0.000 description 25
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 24
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 24
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 19
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 19
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 14
- 235000012631 food intake Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 12
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 241000282465 Canis Species 0.000 description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 9
- 210000000577 adipose tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000013641 positive control Substances 0.000 description 7
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009547 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 208000031648 Body Weight Changes Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 102000015494 Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010050258 Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 230000004579 body weight change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000004667 medium chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000019629 palatability Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 241000282324 Felis Species 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000021120 animal protein Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 235000019577 caloric intake Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013325 dietary fiber Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000021048 nutrient requirements Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000016236 parenteral nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000013594 poultry meat Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 3
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000037221 weight management Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000272517 Anseriformes Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000008589 Obesity Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010064851 Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 241000282898 Sus scrofa Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021407 appetite control Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 2
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000013861 fat-free Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 150000004668 long chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000006286 nutrient intake Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000020824 obesity Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021118 plant-derived protein Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000036186 satiety Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019627 satiety Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021055 solid food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N (R)-carnitine Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 0 *C(=O)OC(COC([1*])=O)COC([3*])=O Chemical compound *C(=O)OC(COC([1*])=O)COC([3*])=O 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282421 Canidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005632 Capric acid (CAS 334-48-5) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005635 Caprylic acid (CAS 124-07-2) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282994 Cervidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010004103 Chylomicrons Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004344 EU approved packaging gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019493 Macadamia oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000282579 Pan Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000286209 Phasianidae Species 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000287530 Psittaciformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010793 Steam injection (oil industry) Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000271567 Struthioniformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000282458 Ursus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000215 acute (single dose) toxicity testing Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000011047 acute toxicity test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000593 adipose tissue white Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000004067 bulking agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 229960004203 carnitine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004464 cereal grain Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013330 chicken meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003828 downregulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000004129 fatty acid metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940013317 fish oils Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004186 food analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019138 food restriction Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009200 high fat diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000936 intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000021056 liquid food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004324 lymphatic system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010469 macadamia oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003470 mitochondria Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000006180 nutrition needs Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002446 octanoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003346 palm kernel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019865 palm kernel oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003182 parenteral nutrition solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003975 potassium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001508 potassium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002635 potassium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000011082 potassium citrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003352 sequestering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021476 total parenteral nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
- A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
- A61K31/225—Polycarboxylic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/25—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by extrusion
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- compositions including foods, supplements, treats, toys, etc.
- MCT medium chain fatty acid triglycerides
- This invention also is directed generally to methods for using such compositions.
- This invention is further directed generally to processes for making such compositions.
- MCT Medium chain triglycerides
- MCT have reportedly been used for parenteral nutrition in humans requiring supplemental nutrition, and are reportedly also increasingly being used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. MCT have additionally reportedly been found to be non-toxic in acute toxicity tests for a range of animal species.
- long chain triglycerides In contrast to MCT, long chain triglycerides (LCT) contain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid residues with greater than 12 carbons. Differences in fatty acid chain length and degree of saturation reportedly have been observed to lead to differences in digestion, absorption, and transport in at least some species. Specifically, for example, medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) reportedly have been observed to have a greater tendancy to enter portal blood directly and be transported to the liver for rapid oxidation, whereas long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) reportedly have been observed to have a greater tendancy to be packaged into chylomicrons and transported into the lymphatic system, allowing for extensive uptake into the adipose tissue in at least some animals.
- MCFAs medium chain fatty acids
- LCFAs long chain fatty acids
- MCFAs also reportedly have been observed to have a tendancy to enter mitochondria independent of the camitine transport system and undergo preferential oxidation in at least some animals.
- Papamandjaris, et al. “Medium Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism and Energy Expenditure Obesity Treatment Implications”, Life Sciences, 62:1203-1215 (1998). It has been hypothesized that relatively rapid metabolism of MCT may, relative to LCT, increase energy expenditure, decrease deposition of MCT into adipose tissue, and result in faster satiety in at least some species. See St-Onge, M., et al., “Physiological Effects of Medium-Chain Triglycerides: Potential Agents in the Prevention of Obesity”, P. J.
- MCT-containing foods tend to have poor palatability.
- compositions for animal consumption particularly those that aid in weight loss or reduction in the rate of weight gain.
- compositions for animal consumption particularly compositions that tend to aid in weight loss or reduce the rate of weight gain. It is contemplated that such compositions are suitable to be used with mammals, including non-human mammals such as non-human primates (e.g., monkeys, chimpanzees, etc.), companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, horses, etc.), farm animals (e.g., goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, etc.), laboratory animals (e.g., mice, rats, etc.), and wild and zoo animals (e.g., wolves, bears, deer, etc.).
- non-human mammals such as non-human primates (e.g., monkeys, chimpanzees, etc.), companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, horses, etc.), farm animals (e.g., goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, etc.), laboratory animals (e.g., mice, rats, etc.), and wild and zoo animals (e.g., wolves,
- compositions are suitable to be used with non-mammalian animals, such as companion, farm, zoo, and wild birds (e.g., including, for example, song birds, parrots, ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys, ostriches, etc.).
- non-mammalian animals such as companion, farm, zoo, and wild birds (e.g., including, for example, song birds, parrots, ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys, ostriches, etc.).
- this invention is directed, in part, to a composition for animal consumption, such as, for example, a food, nutritional supplement, treat, or toy.
- the composition comprises from about 2% to about 25% (based on dry weight of the composition) of one or more medium chain fatty acid triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides containing saturated fatty acid chains comprising from about 8 to about 12 carbons).
- This invention also is directed to a treat, wherein the treat comprises one or more medium chain fatty acid triglycerides.
- This invention also is directed to a toy, wherein the toy comprises one or more medium chain fatty acid triglycerides.
- This invention also is directed to processes for preparing such compositions, treats, and toys.
- This invention also is directed to methods for using such compositions, treats, and toys to aid in weight loss or reducing weight gain.
- FIG. 1 compares observed food intake over two weeks with dogs fed MCT-supplemented food and food not supplemented with MCT.
- FIG. 2 compares observed body weight changes in lean-prone and obese-prone dogs fed MCT-supplemented rations and rations not supplemented with MCT.
- FIG. 3 compares observed body weight changes in dogs fed rations supplemented with MCT, rations supplemented with half the amount of MCT, and rations not supplemented with MCT.
- MCT inclusion of MCT into an animal's diet (preferably into the animal's food) as described in this patent tends to increase satiety and the rate at which the animal will lose weight (or decrease the rate at which an animal will gain weight).
- inclusion of MCT in pet food enhances the rate of weight loss relative to a food without MCT, even when similar amounts (calories) are consumed.
- This invention generally allows feeding of an advantageous concentration of MCT without negative effects on food intake or the health of the animal.
- triglyceride is an ester of three fatty acids and glycerol. Triglycerides have the general chemical formula, CH 2 (OOCR 1 )CH(OOCR 2 )CH 2 (OOCR 3 ), and correspond in structure to the following Formula I:
- Each of OOCR 1 , OOCR 2 , and OOCR 3 is a fatty acid residue. Each such residue is independently selected, i.e., R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 can be identical or different.
- MCT is one or more triglycerides containing saturated fatty acid chains of from about 8 to about 12 carbons. Each fatty acid chain in the triglyceride may be identical or different. Sources for MCT include, for example, coconut oil, macadamia oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, and mixtures of such oils.
- the MCT may be included in various types compositions, such as, for example, a food, supplement, treat, or toy (typically a chewable and consumable toy).
- the MCT is preferably present in the composition in an amount that is from about 2% to about 25% (or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 18%, or from about 12% to about 16%) based on the dry weight of the composition. It is contemplated that use of such proportions of MCT in accordance with this invention will increase an animal's energy expenditure even in the absence of any change in caloric intake, assist in weight loss through modification of energy use without changing preference for the composition, and/or beneficially change metabolism without decreasing taste.
- the MCT-containing composition is a food. Although both liquid and solid foods are contemplated, solid foods are typically preferred. Where the food is solid, the MCT may be coated on the food, incorporated into the food, or both. Contemplated foods include both dry foods or wet foods. The non-MCT components of the food and their preferred proportions include those listed in Table 1.
- composition (% of dry weight of Component composition) Carbohydrate from about 0% to about 50%, or from (preferably a nitrogen-free or about 5% to about 45% essentially nitrogen-free extract) Protein from about 5% to about 70%, or from about 10% to about 70%, or from about 10% to about 60% Fat from about 2% to about 50%, or from about 5% to about 50%, or from about 5% to about 40% Dietary fiber from about 0% to about 40%, or from about 1% to about 20%, or from about 1% to about 5.5% Nutritional balancing agents from about 0% to about 15%, or from (e.g., vitamins and minerals) about 2% to about 8%
- composition is a food that comprises the following:
- composition is a food that comprises the following:
- composition is a food that comprises the following:
- composition is a food that comprises the following:
- composition is a food that comprises the following:
- each component in a composition will depend on a variety of factors including, for example, the species of animal consuming the composition; the particular components included in the composition; the age, weight, general health, sex, and diet of the animal; the animal's consumption rate; the type of composition condition(s) being treated; and the like. Thus, the component amounts may vary widely, and may even deviate from the preferred proportions set forth in this patent.
- the fat and carbohydrate in the compositions of the present invention may be supplied by a variety of sources, including, for example, meat, meat by-products, other animal or plant protein sources, grains, and mixtures thereof.
- Meat includes, for example, the flesh of poultry, fish; and mammals (e.g., cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and the like).
- Meat by-products include, for example, lungs, kidneys, brain, livers, and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents.
- Grains include, for example, wheat, corn, barley, and rice.
- Fiber in the compositions of the present invention may be supplied from a variety of sources, including, for example, vegetable fiber sources such as cellulose, beet pulp, peanut hulls, and soy fiber.
- compositions are an animal's food
- vitamins and minerals should be included in amounts required to avoid deficiency and maintain health.
- These amounts are readily available in the art.
- the National Research Council (NRC) provides recommended amounts of such ingredients for farm animals. See, e.g., Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10th Rev. Ed., Nat'l Academy Press, Wash. D.C., 1998), Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (9th Rev. Ed., Nat'l Academy Press, Wash. D.C., 1994), Nutrient Requirements of Horses (Fifth Rev. Ed., Nat'l Academy Press, Wash. D.C., 1989), etc.
- AAFCO American Feed Control Officials
- compositions of the present invention may further contain additives known in the art.
- additives are present in amounts that do not impair the purpose and effect provided by the invention.
- contemplated additives include, for example, substances that are functionally beneficial to weight management, substances with a stabilizing effect, processing aids, substances that enhances palatability, coloring substances, and substances that provide nutritional benefits.
- Contemplated substances that may provide a benefit for weight management include, for example, nonfermentable fiber, carnitine, chrominium-picolinate, and the like.
- Contemplated stabilizing substances include, for example, substances that tend to increase the shelf life of the composition. Potentially suitable examples of such substances include, for example, preservatives, antioxidants, synergists and sequestrants, packaging gases, stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, gelling agents, and humectants. Examples of emulsifiers and/or thickening agents include, for example, gelatin, cellulose ethers, starch, starch esters, starch ethers, and modified starches.
- Contemplated additives for coloring, palatability, and nutritional purposes include, for example, colorants; iron oxide, sodium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium chloride, and other edible salts; vitamins; minerals; and flavoring.
- the amount of such additives in a composition typically is up to 5% (dry basis of the composition).
- Supplements include, for example, a feed used with another feed to improve the nutritive balance or performance of the total.
- Contemplated supplements include compositions that are fed undiluted as a supplement to other feeds, offered free choice with other parts of an animal's ration that are separately available, or diluted and mixed with an animal's regular feed to produce a complete feed.
- the AAFCO for example, provides a discussion relating to supplements in the American Feed Control Officials, Incorp. Official Publication, p. 220 (2003).
- Supplements may be in various forms including, for example, powders, liquids, syrups, pills, etc.
- Treats include, for example, compositions that are given to an animal to entice the animal to eat during a non-meal time.
- Contemplated treats for canines include, for example, dog bones. Treats may be nutritional, wherein the composition comprises one or more nutrients, and may, for example, have a composition as described above for food.
- Non-nutritional treats encompass any other treats that are non-toxic.
- the MCT can be coated onto the treat, incorporated into the treat, or both.
- Toys include, for example, chewable toys.
- Contemplated toys for dogs include, for example, artificial bones.
- the MCT can form a coating on the surface of the toy or on the surface of a component of the toy, be incorporated partially or fully throughout the toy, or both. In a contemplated embodiment, the MCT is orally accessible by the intended user.
- suitable toys currently marketed. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,339,771. See also, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,283.
- this invention contemplates both partially consumable toys (e.g. toys comprising plastic components) and fully consumable toys (e.g., rawhides and various artificial bones).
- this invention contemplates toys for both human and non-human use, particularly for companion, farm, and zoo animal use, and particularly for dog, cat, or bird use.
- the components of the composition are adjusted so that the MCT is present in the composition at a concentration of from about 2% up to 25% (or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 18%, or from about 12% to about 16%) based on the dry content of the composition.
- the MCT may, for example, be incorporated into the composition during the processing of the formulation, such as during and/or after mixing of other components of the composition. Distribution of these components into the composition can be accomplished by conventional means.
- compositions of the present invention can be prepared in a canned or wet form using conventional pet food processes.
- ground animal and poultry proteinaceous tissues is mixed with the other ingredients, including fish oils, cereal grains, other nutritionally balancing ingredients, special purpose additives (e.g., vitamin and mineral mixtures, inorganic salts, cellulose and beet pulp, bulking agents, and the like); and water that sufficient for processing is also added.
- special purpose additives e.g., vitamin and mineral mixtures, inorganic salts, cellulose and beet pulp, bulking agents, and the like
- water that sufficient for processing is also added.
- These ingredients preferably are mixed in a vessel suitable for heating while blending the components. Heating of the mixture may be effected using any suitable manner, such as, for example, by direct steam injection or by using a vessel fitted with a heat exchanger.
- the mixture is heated to a temperature range of from about 50° F. to about 212° F. Temperatures outside this range are acceptable, but may be commercially impractical without use of other processing aids.
- the material When heated to the appropriate temperature, the material will typically be in the form of a thick liquid. The thick liquid is filled into cans. A lid is applied, and the container is hermetically sealed. The sealed can is then placed into conventional equipment designed to sterilize the contents. This is usually accomplished by heating to temperatures of greater than about 230° F. for an appropriate time, which is dependent on, for example, the temperature used and the composition.
- compositions of the present invention can be prepared in a dry form using conventional processes.
- dry ingredients including, for example, animal protein sources, plant protein sources, grains, etc.
- Moist or liquid ingredients including fats, oils, animal protein sources, water, etc.
- the mixture is then processed into kibbles or similar dry pieces. Kibble is often formed using an extrusion process in which the mixture of dry and wet ingredients is subjected to mechanical work at a high pressure and temperature, and forced through small openings and cut off into kibble by a rotating knife.
- Kibble also can be made from the dough using a baking process, rather than extrusion, wherein the dough is placed into a mold before dry-heat processing.
- Treats of the present invention can be prepared by, for example, an extrusion or baking process similar to those described above for dry food. Other processes also may be used to either coat MCT oil on the exterior of existing treat forms, or inject it into an existing treat form.
- Animal toys of the present invention are typically prepared by coating any existing toy with MCT.
- Study 1 utilized a 2-week crossover design with an intruded meal at the end of each week.
- the foods consisted of a dry dog food containing MCT in the form of coconut oil (14.2% of diet), and a control food containing an equal amount of fat (LCT) from other sources.
- the dogs fed coconut oil lost more weight than control fed dogs, as shown in Table 3 below:
- Study 3 consisted of three groups of dogs fed rations in the following manner:
- Study 5 consisted of food intake trials that tested foods containing MCT (i.e., 13% coconut oil) against commercially available dog foods used for weight loss or weight maintenance. In all cases, the dogs consumed more of the food containing MCT than the commercially available food (see Tables 5, 6, and 7).
- MCT i.e., 13% coconut oil
- the dogs were fed once daily, and typically consumed all the offered food. Daily consumption and food rejection were recorded. Food intake was restricted for the duration of the experiment to cause weight loss. Each dog received its daily food amount based on energy requirements of its ideal body weight.
- each dog was weighed, and body composition was determined via DEXA. Animals were allotted to treatments based on body composition, weight, and gender. On Day 1, each dog received a randomly assigned food, and then remained in its weight loss dietary treatment. The end of the study was determined for each dog by its meeting a body fat percentage of 20% or at the completion of 16 weeks on study. All dogs were weighed weekly, and scanned via DEXA every four weeks to measure their individual progress in weight loss.
- Rates of weight change were derived from a regression equation relating weight change to time for each animal.
- the slope of each regression equation was used as the observation for each animal and these were combined within treatment to generate means for comparison.
- Rates of fat tissue change were derived from a regression equation relating fat tissue change to time for each animal. The slope of each regression equation was used as the observation for each animal and these were combined within treatment to generate means for comparison.
- Rates of lean tissue change were derived from a regression equation relating lean tissue change to time for each animal.
- the cats were fed once per day, and typically consumed all the offered food. Daily consumption and food rejection were recorded. Food intake was restricted for the duration of the experiment to cause weight loss. Each cat received its daily food amount based on energy requirements of its ideal body weight.
- each cat was weighed, and body composition was determined via DEXA. Animals were allotted to treatments based on body composition, weight, and gender. Beginning on day 1, each cat received a randomly assigned food, and then remained on its weight-loss dietary treatment. The end of the study was determined for each cat by its meeting a body fat percentage of 20% or at the completion of 24 weeks on study. All cats were weighed weekly, and scanned via DEXA every four weeks to measure their individual progress in weight loss.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
Abstract
This invention is directed generally to compositions (including foods, supplements, treats, toys, etc.) for animal consumption, particularly compositions that tend to aid in weight loss or reduction in weight gain, and particularly compositions that comprise one or more medium chain fatty acid triglycerides (“MCT”). This invention also is directed generally to methods for using such compositions. This invention is further directed generally to processes for making such compositions.
Description
- This patent claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/656,056 (filed Sep. 5, 2003; and converted to a provisional patent application on Sep. 2, 2004). The entire text of the above-referenced patent application is incorporated by reference into this patent.
- This invention is directed generally to compositions (including foods, supplements, treats, toys, etc.) for animal consumption, particularly compositions that tend to aid in weight loss or reducing weight gain, and particularly compositions that comprise one or more medium chain fatty acid triglycerides (“MCT”). This invention also is directed generally to methods for using such compositions. This invention is further directed generally to processes for making such compositions.
- Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are a family of triglycerides generally containing saturated fatty acid chains of from about 8 to about 12 carbon atoms. These fatty acid chains are often predominantly caprylic acid (8-carbon) and capric acid (10-carbon) chains, with lesser amounts of caproic acid (6-carbon) and lauric acid (12-carbon) chains.
- MCT have reportedly been used for parenteral nutrition in humans requiring supplemental nutrition, and are reportedly also increasingly being used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. MCT have additionally reportedly been found to be non-toxic in acute toxicity tests for a range of animal species.
- In contrast to MCT, long chain triglycerides (LCT) contain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid residues with greater than 12 carbons. Differences in fatty acid chain length and degree of saturation reportedly have been observed to lead to differences in digestion, absorption, and transport in at least some species. Specifically, for example, medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) reportedly have been observed to have a greater tendancy to enter portal blood directly and be transported to the liver for rapid oxidation, whereas long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) reportedly have been observed to have a greater tendancy to be packaged into chylomicrons and transported into the lymphatic system, allowing for extensive uptake into the adipose tissue in at least some animals. MCFAs also reportedly have been observed to have a tendancy to enter mitochondria independent of the camitine transport system and undergo preferential oxidation in at least some animals. Papamandjaris, et al., “Medium Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism and Energy Expenditure Obesity Treatment Implications”, Life Sciences, 62:1203-1215 (1998). It has been hypothesized that relatively rapid metabolism of MCT may, relative to LCT, increase energy expenditure, decrease deposition of MCT into adipose tissue, and result in faster satiety in at least some species. See St-Onge, M., et al., “Physiological Effects of Medium-Chain Triglycerides: Potential Agents in the Prevention of Obesity”, P. J. Nutr., 132:329-332 (2002). See also, Rothwell, N., et al., Metabolism, 36:128-130, 1987 (reporting that feeding MCT to humans increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation, and discussing potential for use of MCT in weight management regimes). See also, Tsuji, H., et al., “Dietary Medium-Chaine Triacylglycerols Suppress Accumulation of Body Fat in a Double-Blind, Controlled Trial in Healthy Men and Women”, Nutr., 131: 2853-2859 (2001) (discussing reduction of body weight and fat using MCT diet in humans). See also, Portillo, M., et al., “Energy Restriction with High-Fat Diet Enriched with Coconut Oil Gives Higher UCP1 and Lower White Fat in Rats”, Int'l J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 22: 974-979 (1998) (reporting that MCT-enriched diet is effective in stimulating uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) expression during ad libitum feeding and preventing UCP1 down regulation during food restriction in rats). See also, Lasekan, J., et al., “Energy expenditure in rats maintained with intravenous or intragastric infusion of total parenteral nutrition solutions containing medium- or long-chain triglyceride emulsions”, J. Nutr., 122: pps. 1483-1492 (1992) (reporting lower weight gain and greater energy expenditure in rats having MCT-supplemented parenteral nutrition relative to rats having LCT-supplemented parenteral nutrition).
- Despite the reported advantages of MCT, there have been difficulties in developing MCT-containing foods. Some studies, for example, have reported that MCT-containing foods tend to have poor palatability.
- Thus, there continues to be a need for compositions for animal consumption, particularly those that aid in weight loss or reduction in the rate of weight gain.
- This invention is directed to compositions for animal consumption, particularly compositions that tend to aid in weight loss or reduce the rate of weight gain. It is contemplated that such compositions are suitable to be used with mammals, including non-human mammals such as non-human primates (e.g., monkeys, chimpanzees, etc.), companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, horses, etc.), farm animals (e.g., goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, etc.), laboratory animals (e.g., mice, rats, etc.), and wild and zoo animals (e.g., wolves, bears, deer, etc.). It also is contemplated that such compositions are suitable to be used with non-mammalian animals, such as companion, farm, zoo, and wild birds (e.g., including, for example, song birds, parrots, ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys, ostriches, etc.).
- Briefly, therefore, this invention is directed, in part, to a composition for animal consumption, such as, for example, a food, nutritional supplement, treat, or toy. The composition comprises from about 2% to about 25% (based on dry weight of the composition) of one or more medium chain fatty acid triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides containing saturated fatty acid chains comprising from about 8 to about 12 carbons). This invention also is directed to a treat, wherein the treat comprises one or more medium chain fatty acid triglycerides.
- This invention also is directed to a toy, wherein the toy comprises one or more medium chain fatty acid triglycerides.
- This invention also is directed to processes for preparing such compositions, treats, and toys.
- This invention also is directed to methods for using such compositions, treats, and toys to aid in weight loss or reducing weight gain.
-
FIG. 1 compares observed food intake over two weeks with dogs fed MCT-supplemented food and food not supplemented with MCT. -
FIG. 2 compares observed body weight changes in lean-prone and obese-prone dogs fed MCT-supplemented rations and rations not supplemented with MCT. -
FIG. 3 compares observed body weight changes in dogs fed rations supplemented with MCT, rations supplemented with half the amount of MCT, and rations not supplemented with MCT. - This detailed description of preferred embodiments is intended only to acquaint others skilled in the art with Applicants' invention, its principles, and its practical application so that others skilled in the art may adapt and apply the invention in its numerous forms, as they may be best suited to the requirements of a particular use. This detailed description and its specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of this invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only. This invention, therefore, is not limited to the preferred embodiments described in this specification, and may be variously modified.
- In accordance with this invention, we have found that inclusion of MCT into an animal's diet (preferably into the animal's food) as described in this patent tends to increase satiety and the rate at which the animal will lose weight (or decrease the rate at which an animal will gain weight). We have found, for example, that such inclusion of MCT in pet food enhances the rate of weight loss relative to a food without MCT, even when similar amounts (calories) are consumed. This invention generally allows feeding of an advantageous concentration of MCT without negative effects on food intake or the health of the animal.
- As used in this patent, a “triglyceride” is an ester of three fatty acids and glycerol. Triglycerides have the general chemical formula, CH2(OOCR1)CH(OOCR2)CH2(OOCR3), and correspond in structure to the following Formula I:
- Each of OOCR1, OOCR2, and OOCR3 is a fatty acid residue. Each such residue is independently selected, i.e., R1, R2, and R3 can be identical or different.
- As used in this patent, “MCT” is one or more triglycerides containing saturated fatty acid chains of from about 8 to about 12 carbons. Each fatty acid chain in the triglyceride may be identical or different. Sources for MCT include, for example, coconut oil, macadamia oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, and mixtures of such oils.
- The MCT may be included in various types compositions, such as, for example, a food, supplement, treat, or toy (typically a chewable and consumable toy). The MCT is preferably present in the composition in an amount that is from about 2% to about 25% (or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 18%, or from about 12% to about 16%) based on the dry weight of the composition. It is contemplated that use of such proportions of MCT in accordance with this invention will increase an animal's energy expenditure even in the absence of any change in caloric intake, assist in weight loss through modification of energy use without changing preference for the composition, and/or beneficially change metabolism without decreasing taste.
- In some embodiments, the MCT-containing composition is a food. Although both liquid and solid foods are contemplated, solid foods are typically preferred. Where the food is solid, the MCT may be coated on the food, incorporated into the food, or both. Contemplated foods include both dry foods or wet foods. The non-MCT components of the food and their preferred proportions include those listed in Table 1.
-
TABLE 1 Preferred proportion of the composition (% of dry weight of Component composition) Carbohydrate from about 0% to about 50%, or from (preferably a nitrogen-free or about 5% to about 45% essentially nitrogen-free extract) Protein from about 5% to about 70%, or from about 10% to about 70%, or from about 10% to about 60% Fat from about 2% to about 50%, or from about 5% to about 50%, or from about 5% to about 40% Dietary fiber from about 0% to about 40%, or from about 1% to about 20%, or from about 1% to about 5.5% Nutritional balancing agents from about 0% to about 15%, or from (e.g., vitamins and minerals) about 2% to about 8% - In a contemplated embodiment, the composition is a food that comprises the following:
-
- (a) from about 2% to about 25% (or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 18%, or from about 12% to about 16%) MCT; and
- (b) at least one of the following:
- (i) from about 5% to about 70% (or from about 10% to about 70%, or from about 10% to about 60%) protein, and
- (ii) from about 2% to about 50% (or from about 5% to about 50%, or from about 5% to about 40%) fat.
In such an embodiment, it is contemplated that the composition also may, for example, comprise at least one of the following:
- (a) no greater than about 50% (or from about 5% to about 45%) carbohydrate,
- (b) no greater than about 40% (or from about 1% to about 20%, or from about 1% to about 5.5%) dietary fiber, and
- (c) no greater than about 15% (or from about 2% to about 8%) of one or more nutritional balancing agents.
- In another contemplated embodiment, the composition is a food that comprises the following:
-
- (a) from about 2% to about 25% (or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 18%, or from about 12% to about 16%) MCT, and
- (b) from about 5% to about 70% (or from about 10% to about 70%, or from about 10% to about 60%) protein.
- In another contemplated embodiment, the composition is a food that comprises the following:
-
- (a) from about 2% to about 25% (or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 18%, or from about 12% to about 16%) MCT, and
- (b) from about 2% to about 50% (or from about 5% to about 50%, or from about 5% to about 40%) fat.
- In another contemplated embodiment, the composition is a food that comprises the following:
-
- (a) from about 2% to about 25% (or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 18%, or from about 12% to about 16%) MCT,
- (b) from about 5% to about 70% (or from about 10% to about 70%, or from about 10% to about 60%) protein, and
- (c) from about 2% to about 50% (or from about 5% to about 50%, or from about 5% to about 40%) fat.
- In another contemplated embodiment, the composition is a food that comprises the following:
-
- (a) from about 2% to about 25% (or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 18%, or from about 12% to about 16%) MCT,
- (b) from about 5% to about 70% (or from about 10% to about 70%, or from about 10% to about 60%) protein,
- (c) from about 2% to about 50% (or from about 5% to about 50%, or from about 5% to about 40%) fat,
- (d) no greater than about 50% (or from about 5% to about 45%) carbohydrate,
- (e) no greater than about 40% (or from about 1% to about 20%, or from about 1% to about 5.5%) dietary fiber, and
- (f) no greater than about 15% (or from about 2% to about 8%) of one or more nutritional balancing agents.
- Specific preferred amounts for each component in a composition will depend on a variety of factors including, for example, the species of animal consuming the composition; the particular components included in the composition; the age, weight, general health, sex, and diet of the animal; the animal's consumption rate; the type of composition condition(s) being treated; and the like. Thus, the component amounts may vary widely, and may even deviate from the preferred proportions set forth in this patent.
- The fat and carbohydrate in the compositions of the present invention may be supplied by a variety of sources, including, for example, meat, meat by-products, other animal or plant protein sources, grains, and mixtures thereof. Meat includes, for example, the flesh of poultry, fish; and mammals (e.g., cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and the like). Meat by-products include, for example, lungs, kidneys, brain, livers, and stomachs and intestines freed of their contents. Grains include, for example, wheat, corn, barley, and rice.
- Fiber in the compositions of the present invention may be supplied from a variety of sources, including, for example, vegetable fiber sources such as cellulose, beet pulp, peanut hulls, and soy fiber.
- Particularly in instances when the composition is an animal's food, vitamins and minerals should be included in amounts required to avoid deficiency and maintain health. These amounts are readily available in the art. The National Research Council (NRC), for example, provides recommended amounts of such ingredients for farm animals. See, e.g., Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10th Rev. Ed., Nat'l Academy Press, Wash. D.C., 1998), Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (9th Rev. Ed., Nat'l Academy Press, Wash. D.C., 1994), Nutrient Requirements of Horses (Fifth Rev. Ed., Nat'l Academy Press, Wash. D.C., 1989), etc. And the American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), for example, provides recommended amounts of such ingredients for dogs and cats. See American Feed Control Officials, Incorp., Official publication, pp. 126-140 (2003).
- The compositions of the present invention may further contain additives known in the art. Preferably, such additives are present in amounts that do not impair the purpose and effect provided by the invention. Examples of contemplated additives include, for example, substances that are functionally beneficial to weight management, substances with a stabilizing effect, processing aids, substances that enhances palatability, coloring substances, and substances that provide nutritional benefits.
- Contemplated substances that may provide a benefit for weight management include, for example, nonfermentable fiber, carnitine, chrominium-picolinate, and the like.
- Contemplated stabilizing substances include, for example, substances that tend to increase the shelf life of the composition. Potentially suitable examples of such substances include, for example, preservatives, antioxidants, synergists and sequestrants, packaging gases, stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, gelling agents, and humectants. Examples of emulsifiers and/or thickening agents include, for example, gelatin, cellulose ethers, starch, starch esters, starch ethers, and modified starches.
- Contemplated additives for coloring, palatability, and nutritional purposes include, for example, colorants; iron oxide, sodium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium chloride, and other edible salts; vitamins; minerals; and flavoring. The amount of such additives in a composition typically is up to 5% (dry basis of the composition).
- Supplements include, for example, a feed used with another feed to improve the nutritive balance or performance of the total. Contemplated supplements include compositions that are fed undiluted as a supplement to other feeds, offered free choice with other parts of an animal's ration that are separately available, or diluted and mixed with an animal's regular feed to produce a complete feed. The AAFCO, for example, provides a discussion relating to supplements in the American Feed Control Officials, Incorp. Official Publication, p. 220 (2003). Supplements may be in various forms including, for example, powders, liquids, syrups, pills, etc.
- Treats include, for example, compositions that are given to an animal to entice the animal to eat during a non-meal time. Contemplated treats for canines include, for example, dog bones. Treats may be nutritional, wherein the composition comprises one or more nutrients, and may, for example, have a composition as described above for food. Non-nutritional treats encompass any other treats that are non-toxic. The MCT can be coated onto the treat, incorporated into the treat, or both.
- Toys include, for example, chewable toys. Contemplated toys for dogs include, for example, artificial bones. The MCT can form a coating on the surface of the toy or on the surface of a component of the toy, be incorporated partially or fully throughout the toy, or both. In a contemplated embodiment, the MCT is orally accessible by the intended user. There a wide range of suitable toys currently marketed. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,339,771. See also, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,283. It should be recognized that this invention contemplates both partially consumable toys (e.g. toys comprising plastic components) and fully consumable toys (e.g., rawhides and various artificial bones). It should be further recognized that this invention contemplates toys for both human and non-human use, particularly for companion, farm, and zoo animal use, and particularly for dog, cat, or bird use.
- In preparing a composition of the present invention, the components of the composition are adjusted so that the MCT is present in the composition at a concentration of from about 2% up to 25% (or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 7% to about 18%, or from about 12% to about 16%) based on the dry content of the composition. The MCT may, for example, be incorporated into the composition during the processing of the formulation, such as during and/or after mixing of other components of the composition. Distribution of these components into the composition can be accomplished by conventional means.
- Compositions of the present invention (particularly foods) can be prepared in a canned or wet form using conventional pet food processes. In one contemplated embodiment, ground animal and poultry proteinaceous tissues is mixed with the other ingredients, including fish oils, cereal grains, other nutritionally balancing ingredients, special purpose additives (e.g., vitamin and mineral mixtures, inorganic salts, cellulose and beet pulp, bulking agents, and the like); and water that sufficient for processing is also added. These ingredients preferably are mixed in a vessel suitable for heating while blending the components. Heating of the mixture may be effected using any suitable manner, such as, for example, by direct steam injection or by using a vessel fitted with a heat exchanger. Following the addition of the last ingredient, the mixture is heated to a temperature range of from about 50° F. to about 212° F. Temperatures outside this range are acceptable, but may be commercially impractical without use of other processing aids. When heated to the appropriate temperature, the material will typically be in the form of a thick liquid. The thick liquid is filled into cans. A lid is applied, and the container is hermetically sealed. The sealed can is then placed into conventional equipment designed to sterilize the contents. This is usually accomplished by heating to temperatures of greater than about 230° F. for an appropriate time, which is dependent on, for example, the temperature used and the composition.
- Compositions of the present invention (particularly foods) can be prepared in a dry form using conventional processes. In one contemplated embodiment, dry ingredients, including, for example, animal protein sources, plant protein sources, grains, etc., are ground and mixed together. Moist or liquid ingredients, including fats, oils, animal protein sources, water, etc., are then added to and mixed with the dry mix (which, in a contemplated embodiment, comprises at least 2% of the desired MCT amount for the final product). The mixture is then processed into kibbles or similar dry pieces. Kibble is often formed using an extrusion process in which the mixture of dry and wet ingredients is subjected to mechanical work at a high pressure and temperature, and forced through small openings and cut off into kibble by a rotating knife. The wet kibble is then dried and optionally coated with one or more topical coatings which may include, for example, flavors, fats, oils (e.g., MCT), powders, and the like. Kibble also can be made from the dough using a baking process, rather than extrusion, wherein the dough is placed into a mold before dry-heat processing.
- Treats of the present invention can be prepared by, for example, an extrusion or baking process similar to those described above for dry food. Other processes also may be used to either coat MCT oil on the exterior of existing treat forms, or inject it into an existing treat form.
- Animal toys of the present invention are typically prepared by coating any existing toy with MCT.
- The following examples are merely illustrative, and not limiting to this disclosure in any way.
- Balanced, dry pet foods were formulated that contained various amounts of coconut oil (12 and 5% as mixed—see below). The coconut oil was incorporated into the foods by injecting 2% into the preconditioner before kibble extrusion, and coating the remaining amount on hot kibbles. The kibbles were then allowed to cool. All foods were stored at room temperature before use. The foods had the compositions shown in Table 2 below.
-
TABLE 2 Food Compositions for Animal Studies Study 1 & 2 3 3 4 4 Coconut Oil 14.2 7.1 14.2 13.0 13.0 (%) Protein (%) 19.7 24.7 24.7 24.8 24.8 Fat (%) 20.6 16.9 16.9 22.0 22.0 Carbohydrate 53.8 51.0 51.0 46.3 27.6 (%) Crude Fiber 0.37 2.6 2.6 1.4 21.0 (%)
The protein, fat, carbohydrate, and crude fiber components were nutrients to balance the formula to meet nutritional needs. All control formulations were designed to be nutrient-matched. -
Study 1 utilized a 2-week crossover design with an intruded meal at the end of each week. The dogs were fed slightly below maintenance requirements (requirement=(1.4)(BW0.75)(70)). The foods consisted of a dry dog food containing MCT in the form of coconut oil (14.2% of diet), and a control food containing an equal amount of fat (LCT) from other sources. The dogs fed coconut oil lost more weight than control fed dogs, as shown in Table 3 below: -
TABLE 3 Average Body Weights (grams) in Study 1Treatment Day Zero Day 7 Difference Combined control 16.31 16.05 −0.26 Combined test 16.39 15.98 −0.41
Food consumption was equal between the two treatment groups (seeFIG. 1 ). This is unexpected in view of other companion animal studies reporting MCT-containing foods as having poor palatability that leads to insufficient food intake. See, e.g., Van Dongen, A. M., et al., Folia Vet., 44:173 (2000). See also, e.g., Hand, M. S., et al, Small Anim Clin Nutr, p. 769 (4th ed., Walsworth Publishing Co., Marceline, Mo. (2000)). See also, e.g., Hill, C., “Clin Care Nutr”, The Waltham Book of Clin Nutr of the Dog and Cat, pps. 7-45 (Elsevier Sce Ltd., Oxford (1994)). Because intake was equal with the control, inclusion of the 14.2% coconut oil increased the amount of body weight loss over a week without changing the amount of calories consumed. -
Study 2 utilized a lean-prone and obese-prone panel of dogs that were fed slightly below maintenance requirements (requirement=(1.3)(BW0.75)(70)). Both groups were fed the control food for 1 week before testing started, and then randomly assigned to either the food containing coconut oil or the control food for 3 weeks. Both lean and obese dogs fed coconut oil lost significantly more weight than the control fed dogs (seeFIG. 2 ). The lean group was taken off study at 2 weeks to avoid excessive body weight loss. All dogs consumed the allotted amount of food each day. -
Study 3 consisted of three groups of dogs fed rations in the following manner: -
- Group 1: Hill's prescription weight loss food r/d as a control.
- Group 2: The same base food without fiber and containing 14.2% coconut oil.
- Group 3: The same base food without fiber and containing 7.1% coconut oil.
All dogs were fed at their maintenance requirements (requirement (1.6)(BW0.75)(70)), and consumed all of their allotted food. The dogs ofGroup 2 lost significantly more body weight than dogs ofGroups 1 and 3 (seeFIG. 3 ).
-
Study 4 consisted of four groups of obese dogs fed a food containing 0% or 13% coconut oil, and 1.4% or 21% fiber. The dogs were fed slightly below the maintenance requirements of their ideal body weight (requirement=(1.3)(ideal BW0.75)(70)). As shown in Table 4 below, dogs fed the foods containing the 13% coconut oil lost at a greater rate than the dogs fed the control foods not containing the coconut oil. -
TABLE 4 Rate of Body Weight Loss (grams/day) Formulation Mean Rate of Loss SEM 1.4% fiber, 0% coconut oil 28.0 3.9 1.4% fiber, 39.6 3.9 13% coconut oil 21% fiber, 0% coconut oil 37.7 3.9 21% fiber, 43.8 3.9 13% coconut oil -
Study 5 consisted of food intake trials that tested foods containing MCT (i.e., 13% coconut oil) against commercially available dog foods used for weight loss or weight maintenance. In all cases, the dogs consumed more of the food containing MCT than the commercially available food (see Tables 5, 6, and 7). -
TABLE 5 Food Intake (grams/day) Food Intake (grams) Food containing 13% coconut oil 303 Commercially available 59 canine light food -
TABLE 6 Food Intake (grams/day) Food Intake (grams) Food containing 13% coconut oil 310 Commercially available 80 canine senior food -
TABLE 7 Food Intake (grams/day) Food Intake (grams) Food containing 13% coconut oil 211 Commercially available 132 canine maintenance food - In this experiment, the efficacy of a dietary addition of a high level of fiber (current Hill's Prescription Diet® Canine r/d® dry) to control appetite and enhance weight loss in obese dogs was compared with that of two prototype dry foods. Each prototype food had high levels of fat (coconut oil, a natural source of MCT), adequate protein, and moderate levels of carbohydrate (nitrogen-free extract or “NFE”). The prototypes differed in the levels of fiber.
- The study was conducted over 16 weeks. The average initial body fat for the animals was 39.8%. The treatment and control groups are summarized in Table 8.
-
TABLE 8 Treatment and Control Groups No. of Diet Description Animals Prescription Diet ® Canine r/d ®, Dry (Positive Control) 8 Prototype 1 (with added MCT) 8 Prototype 2 (with added MCT and fiber) 8
As indicated in Table 8, three foods were used in this experiment. The first food was Prescription Diet® Canine r/d® dry. This food was used as a positive control for weight loss. This is a weight-loss food that provides adequate nutrient intake and restriction of caloric intake for dogs. The second and third foods were prototypes with added MCT oil and without or with added fiber, respectively. These two foods maintained the same calorie-to-protein ratio as found in the positive control. The two foods are similar in nutrient composition in that they are high protein, high fat, and moderate carbohydrate. The compositions of these diets are shown in Table 9. -
TABLE 9 Food Analysis Canine Prototype 2 r/d Dry Prototype 1 (added fiber) Protein % 25.41 37.54 36.19 Fat % 10.24 21.48 21.35 Crude fiber % 22.88 2.05 5.87 Ash % 4.92 5.17 5.31 NFE % 35.55 33.76 31.28 Calcium % 0.71 0.92 0.93 Phosphorus % 0.58 0.78 0.81 Potassium % 0.80 0.64 0.65 Sodium % 0.28 0.44 0.43 Magnesium % 0.14 0.11 0.12 Metabolizable 2942 4356 4193 energy, kcal/kg (calc'd using Atwater eq.) Calorie:Protein 118.9 119.0 119.0 Ratio
Composition percentages are based on a 100% dry weight of the composition. - The dogs were fed once daily, and typically consumed all the offered food. Daily consumption and food rejection were recorded. Food intake was restricted for the duration of the experiment to cause weight loss. Each dog received its daily food amount based on energy requirements of its ideal body weight. The formula used to determine the amount of calories offered to each animal was as follows: kcal offered per day=1.6×(70×ideal body weight (kg)−75). The amount of food offered daily to each animal was calculated by dividing the amount of calories to be offered by the caloric density of the food (kcal/kg). Use of this equation allowed animals to lose body weight at a rate of 1.0 to 1.5% of their initial body weight per week (the dogs lost weight at a rate of 1.00, 1.06, and 1.10 of their initial body weight per week for positive control,
prototype 1, andprototype 2, respectively). Ideal body weight was estimated by calculating fat-free body mass from the Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) analysis, and adding 20% fat to this total. - On
Day 0, each dog was weighed, and body composition was determined via DEXA. Animals were allotted to treatments based on body composition, weight, and gender. OnDay 1, each dog received a randomly assigned food, and then remained in its weight loss dietary treatment. The end of the study was determined for each dog by its meeting a body fat percentage of 20% or at the completion of 16 weeks on study. All dogs were weighed weekly, and scanned via DEXA every four weeks to measure their individual progress in weight loss. - Rates of weight change were derived from a regression equation relating weight change to time for each animal. The slope of each regression equation was used as the observation for each animal and these were combined within treatment to generate means for comparison.
- Rates of fat tissue change were derived from a regression equation relating fat tissue change to time for each animal. The slope of each regression equation was used as the observation for each animal and these were combined within treatment to generate means for comparison.
- Rates of lean tissue change were derived from a regression equation relating lean tissue change to time for each animal.
- The results of this experiment are shown in Table 10.
-
TABLE 10 Rate of weight Rate of fat Rate of lean tissue Food change, g/d change, g/d change, g/d Prescription diet −20.4 −17.4 −3.1 r/d, dry Prototype 1 −24.0 −20.4 −2.3 Prototype 2−23.2 −15.0 −5.5 - As can be seen, the highest rate of weight change (−24.0 g/d) was in the dogs fed the
prototype 1 food (without added fiber). This rate of change was not statistically different (P>0.05) than those fed Prescription Diet® Canine r/d® dry (−20.4 g/d) or theprototype 2 food with added fiber (−23.2 g/d). Thus, all foods tested in this study with the same calorie:protein ratio were effective for enhancing weight loss in obese dogs. - Most of the body weight change was related to change in body fat tissue. Dogs fed the
prototype 1 food (without added fiber) had the highest rate of fat tissue change (−20.4 g/d). This rate of fat change was greater than those for the dogs fed Prescription Diet® Canine r/d® dry (−17.4 g/d) and the prototype 2 (food with added fiber) (−15.0 g/d). - All food treatments in this study resulted in loss of lean tissue. On average, the dogs lost from 0.26 to 0.62 kg of lean tissue over the duration of this study. Considering the dogs averaged 8.75 kg of lean tissue at the beginning of the study, this loss represents 3.0 to 7.1% of their total initial lean tissue. This small amount of lean tissue loss would not be deleterious to the health of the dogs.
- In this experiment, the efficacy of a dietary addition of a high level of fiber (current Hill's Prescription Diet® Feline r/d® dry) to control appetite and enhance weight loss in obese cats was compared with that of a prototype dry food. The prototype food had high level of fat (coconut oil, a natural source of MCT), adequate protein, and moderate levels of NFE.
- This study was conducted over 24 weeks. The average initial body fat for the animals was 40.7%. The treatment and control groups are summarized in Table 11.
-
TABLE 11 Treatment and Control Groups No. of Diet Description Animals Prescription Diet ® Canine r/d ®, Dry (Positive Control) 10 Prototype 1 (with added MCT) 10
As indicated in Table 11, two foods were used in this experiment. The first food was Prescription Diet® Feline r/d® dry. This food was used as a positive control for weight loss. This is a weight-loss food that provides adequate nutrient intake and restriction of caloric intake for cats. The second food was a prototype with added MCT oil. - The cats were fed once per day, and typically consumed all the offered food. Daily consumption and food rejection were recorded. Food intake was restricted for the duration of the experiment to cause weight loss. Each cat received its daily food amount based on energy requirements of its ideal body weight. The formula used to determine the amount of calories offered to each cat was as follows: kcal offered per day=0.8×(70×ideal body weight (kg)−75). The amount of food offered daily to each animal was calculated by dividing the amount of calories to be offered by the caloric density of the food (kcal/kg). Use of this equation allowed the animals to lose body weight at a rate of 0.5 to 1.0% of their initial body weight per week (the cats lost weight at a rate of −0.81 and −0.96% of their initial body weight per week for positive control and
prototype 1, respectively). Ideal body weight was estimated by calculating fat-free body mass from the DEXA analysis and adding 20% fat to this total. - On
day 0, each cat was weighed, and body composition was determined via DEXA. Animals were allotted to treatments based on body composition, weight, and gender. Beginning onday 1, each cat received a randomly assigned food, and then remained on its weight-loss dietary treatment. The end of the study was determined for each cat by its meeting a body fat percentage of 20% or at the completion of 24 weeks on study. All cats were weighed weekly, and scanned via DEXA every four weeks to measure their individual progress in weight loss. - The results of this experiment are shown in Table 12.
-
TABLE 12 Rate of weight change, % body weight change Food g/d per week Prescription Diet r/d, dry −6.2 −0.81 Prototype 1−7.6 −0.96
The highest rate of weight change (−7.6 g/d) was in the cats fedprototype 1 food (with the MCT oil added). This rate of change was not statistically different (P>0.05) than those fed Prescription Diet® Feline r/d® dry (−6.2 g/d). These results demonstrate that the foods tested in this study were effective for enhancing weight loss in obese cats. - (671 All the references cited above are incorporated by reference into this patent.
- The words “comprise”, “comprises”, and “comprising” are to be interpreted inclusively rather than exclusively.
- The above detailed description of preferred embodiments is intended only to acquaint others skilled in the art with the invention, its principles, and its practical application so that others skilled in the art may adapt and apply the invention in its numerous forms, as they may be best suited to the requirements of a particular use. This invention, therefore, is not limited to the above embodiments, and may be variously modified.
Claims (6)
1-10. (canceled)
11. A method for aiding an animal in losing weight or reducing weight gain, wherein the method comprises feeding the animal a composition comprising:
(a) from about 12 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of one or more medium chain fatty acid triglycerides (based on dry weight of the composition); and
(b) at least one of the following:
(i) from about 5 wt. % to about 70 wt. % protein (based on dry weight of the composition), and
(ii) from about 2 wt. % to about 50 wt. % fat (based on dry weight of the composition).
12. A method according to claim 11 , wherein the animal is a cat or dog.
13. A method according to claim 11 , wherein the animal is a farm animal.
14. A method according to claim 11 , wherein the animal is a bird.
15-20. (canceled)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/125,818 US20080312132A1 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2008-05-22 | Composition for animal consumption |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US60893503P | 2003-09-05 | 2003-09-05 | |
US10/933,749 US8715717B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-09-03 | Composition for animal consumption |
US12/125,818 US20080312132A1 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2008-05-22 | Composition for animal consumption |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/933,749 Division US8715717B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-09-03 | Composition for animal consumption |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20080312132A1 true US20080312132A1 (en) | 2008-12-18 |
Family
ID=34556601
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/933,749 Expired - Fee Related US8715717B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-09-03 | Composition for animal consumption |
US12/125,818 Abandoned US20080312132A1 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2008-05-22 | Composition for animal consumption |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/933,749 Expired - Fee Related US8715717B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-09-03 | Composition for animal consumption |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US8715717B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9168240B2 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2015-10-27 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Pet food compositions and methods for weight loss and maintenance |
EP2654454B1 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2016-06-01 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Pet food compositions and methods for treating arthritis and inflammation associated with arthritis |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8431165B2 (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2013-04-30 | Swing Aerobics Licensing, Inc. | Medicament for treatment of cancer and other diseases |
US8092839B2 (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2012-01-10 | Swing Aerobics Licensing, Inc. | Medicament for treatment of cancer and other diseases |
WO2006130738A2 (en) * | 2005-06-01 | 2006-12-07 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Methods for enhancing palatability of compositions for animal consumption |
AU2008236805B2 (en) * | 2007-04-02 | 2013-07-04 | Nestec S.A. | Food compositions incorporating medium chain triglycerides |
CN101820754A (en) * | 2007-10-04 | 2010-09-01 | 雀巢产品技术援助有限公司 | Compositions and methods for enhancing cognitive function |
US20110052751A1 (en) * | 2007-10-10 | 2011-03-03 | Martin Karutz | Feed composition for companion animals |
ES2524475T3 (en) * | 2008-07-18 | 2014-12-09 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Compositions and methods to treat disorders associated with overweight animals |
JP5450630B2 (en) * | 2008-09-11 | 2014-03-26 | ザ・アイムス・カンパニー | Animal feed kibble with protein-based core and related methods |
BE1021007B1 (en) * | 2013-10-09 | 2014-12-11 | Nutrition Sciences N.V. | COMPOSITION AND FOOD INCLUDING MEDIUM-LONG FATTY ACID CHAIN |
EP3054783B1 (en) | 2013-10-09 | 2019-05-15 | Nutrition Sciences N.V. | Composition of medium chain fatty acids and fodder supplemented with same |
JP5733709B1 (en) * | 2014-11-18 | 2015-06-10 | ユニ・チャーム株式会社 | Pet food for cats and method for producing the same |
RU2749423C2 (en) | 2015-04-28 | 2021-06-10 | Марс, Инкорпорейтед | Method for producing sterilized wet feed product for pets |
US20190240180A1 (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2019-08-08 | Nestec Sa | Mct-based nutrition blend for providing health benefits in companion animals |
WO2019234628A1 (en) * | 2018-06-07 | 2019-12-12 | Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. | Methods and compositions for increasing ketone bodies in animals |
BR112021021774A2 (en) * | 2019-05-31 | 2021-12-28 | Nestle Sa | MCT-based nutrient blend to provide health benefits to animals |
CA3164450A1 (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2021-06-24 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Pet food compositions |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4112123A (en) * | 1976-07-21 | 1978-09-05 | Beatrice Foods Co. | Nutritionally balanced single food composition and method of production |
US4401657A (en) * | 1980-12-27 | 1983-08-30 | Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd. | Nutrient composition suitable for enteral feeding |
US4804549A (en) * | 1984-10-25 | 1989-02-14 | Gaines Pet Foods Corp. | Particulate dog food palatability enhancer and process |
US5339771A (en) * | 1993-09-15 | 1994-08-23 | Axelrod Herbert R | Animal chew toy containing animal meal |
US5419283A (en) * | 1992-04-08 | 1995-05-30 | Ciuffo Gatto S.R.L. | Animal chew toy of starch material and degradable ethylene copolymer |
US5422127A (en) * | 1992-12-21 | 1995-06-06 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Nutritional compositions containing vitamin D esters |
US5968791A (en) * | 1994-04-06 | 1999-10-19 | Calgene, Inc. | Plant lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases |
US6156355A (en) * | 1998-11-02 | 2000-12-05 | Star-Kist Foods, Inc. | Breed-specific canine food formulations |
US6204291B1 (en) * | 1998-06-26 | 2001-03-20 | The Iams Company | Process for promoting weight loss in overweight dogs |
US6254910B1 (en) * | 1998-03-18 | 2001-07-03 | Kal Kan Foods, Inc. | Multicomponent food product and methods of making and using the same |
Family Cites Families (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0815417B2 (en) | 1988-02-12 | 1996-02-21 | 花王株式会社 | Dairy milk substitute composition and method for raising offspring |
JPH07114636B2 (en) | 1988-10-05 | 1995-12-13 | 花王株式会社 | Artificial milk composition for child storage |
JP2781986B2 (en) | 1989-05-15 | 1998-07-30 | 日本製粉株式会社 | Manufacturing method of dry pet food |
JP2784071B2 (en) | 1989-12-27 | 1998-08-06 | 花王株式会社 | Chicken feed |
JP2784090B2 (en) | 1990-11-28 | 1998-08-06 | 花王株式会社 | Feeding feed for meat and livestock |
CA2071345C (en) | 1991-06-17 | 2002-09-03 | Masaharu Hayashi | Feed additive for livestock and feed for livestock |
US5431927A (en) | 1992-06-16 | 1995-07-11 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Pet food product having oral care properties |
JP3203441B2 (en) | 1992-11-19 | 2001-08-27 | ミヨシ油脂株式会社 | Livestock nutritional supplement |
JP3068970B2 (en) | 1992-11-30 | 2000-07-24 | 中部飼料株式会社 | Liquid feed composition for livestock |
GB9806444D0 (en) | 1998-03-25 | 1998-05-27 | Mars Uk Ltd | Food |
US6238708B1 (en) | 1999-02-23 | 2001-05-29 | The Iams Company | Composition and process for controlling glucose metabolism in companion animals by dietary starch |
GB9905542D0 (en) | 1999-03-10 | 1999-05-05 | Mars Uk Ltd | Pet food |
AU5725500A (en) * | 1999-06-02 | 2000-12-18 | Ashni Naturaceuticals, Inc. | A dietary supplement containing vanadyl sulfate, alpha-lipoic acid, and taurine |
EP1059041A1 (en) | 1999-06-07 | 2000-12-13 | Universiteit Gent | The combined use of triglycerides containing medium chain fatty acids and exogenous lipolytic enzymes as feed supplements |
US6410063B1 (en) | 2000-06-13 | 2002-06-25 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Composition and method |
JP4031219B2 (en) | 2000-08-08 | 2008-01-09 | 花王株式会社 | Oil composition |
EP1307107B1 (en) | 2000-08-08 | 2005-12-07 | Kao Corporation | Oil/fat composition |
JP2002180082A (en) | 2000-12-11 | 2002-06-26 | Maruha Corp | Intake material |
CA2466542A1 (en) | 2001-12-05 | 2003-06-12 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Methods and compositions for use in pet breeding |
CA2533590C (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2013-03-12 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Composition for animal consumption |
-
2004
- 2004-09-03 US US10/933,749 patent/US8715717B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-05-22 US US12/125,818 patent/US20080312132A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4112123A (en) * | 1976-07-21 | 1978-09-05 | Beatrice Foods Co. | Nutritionally balanced single food composition and method of production |
US4401657A (en) * | 1980-12-27 | 1983-08-30 | Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd. | Nutrient composition suitable for enteral feeding |
US4804549A (en) * | 1984-10-25 | 1989-02-14 | Gaines Pet Foods Corp. | Particulate dog food palatability enhancer and process |
US5419283A (en) * | 1992-04-08 | 1995-05-30 | Ciuffo Gatto S.R.L. | Animal chew toy of starch material and degradable ethylene copolymer |
US5422127A (en) * | 1992-12-21 | 1995-06-06 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Nutritional compositions containing vitamin D esters |
US5339771A (en) * | 1993-09-15 | 1994-08-23 | Axelrod Herbert R | Animal chew toy containing animal meal |
US5968791A (en) * | 1994-04-06 | 1999-10-19 | Calgene, Inc. | Plant lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases |
US6254910B1 (en) * | 1998-03-18 | 2001-07-03 | Kal Kan Foods, Inc. | Multicomponent food product and methods of making and using the same |
US6204291B1 (en) * | 1998-06-26 | 2001-03-20 | The Iams Company | Process for promoting weight loss in overweight dogs |
US6156355A (en) * | 1998-11-02 | 2000-12-05 | Star-Kist Foods, Inc. | Breed-specific canine food formulations |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9168240B2 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2015-10-27 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Pet food compositions and methods for weight loss and maintenance |
EP2654454B1 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2016-06-01 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Pet food compositions and methods for treating arthritis and inflammation associated with arthritis |
EP2654453B1 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2016-06-01 | Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. | Pet food compositions and methods for weight loss and maintenance |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20050100584A1 (en) | 2005-05-12 |
US8715717B2 (en) | 2014-05-06 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20080312132A1 (en) | Composition for animal consumption | |
JP6162837B2 (en) | Composition for animal consumption | |
US8399411B2 (en) | Composition for animal consumption and method for reducing MAP kinase activity | |
AU2007208138B2 (en) | Methods for reducing food intake and controlling the weight of animals | |
CA2547058A1 (en) | Palatability enhanced composition and method for animal consumption | |
US20080221219A1 (en) | Oleamide-containing composition for animal consumption |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |