US20080302133A1 - Method and Device for Recovering Carbon Dioxide from Fumes - Google Patents
Method and Device for Recovering Carbon Dioxide from Fumes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080302133A1 US20080302133A1 US12/158,523 US15852306A US2008302133A1 US 20080302133 A1 US20080302133 A1 US 20080302133A1 US 15852306 A US15852306 A US 15852306A US 2008302133 A1 US2008302133 A1 US 2008302133A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- flue
- cooling
- carbon dioxide
- heat
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 114
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 190
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 188
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 124
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003949 liquefied natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052815 sulfur oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 45
- 208000005156 Dehydration Diseases 0.000 description 22
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 14
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005092 sublimation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 CO2 Chemical compound 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur monoxide Inorganic materials O=S=S TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/002—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by condensation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
- C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
- C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
- F25J3/063—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream
- F25J3/066—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream separation of nitrogen
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
- F25J3/063—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream
- F25J3/067—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream separation of carbon dioxide
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
- B01D2256/22—Carbon dioxide
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
- B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
- F25J2205/20—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using solidification of components
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
- F25J2205/24—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using regenerators, cold accumulators or reversible heat exchangers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
- F25J2210/62—Liquefied natural gas [LNG]; Natural gas liquids [NGL]; Liquefied petroleum gas [LPG]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
- F25J2210/70—Flue or combustion exhaust gas
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2215/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream
- F25J2215/04—Recovery of liquid products
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
- F25J2220/80—Separating impurities from carbon dioxide, e.g. H2O or water-soluble contaminants
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
- F25J2220/80—Separating impurities from carbon dioxide, e.g. H2O or water-soluble contaminants
- F25J2220/82—Separating low boiling, i.e. more volatile components, e.g. He, H2, CO, Air gases, CH4
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
- F25J2220/80—Separating impurities from carbon dioxide, e.g. H2O or water-soluble contaminants
- F25J2220/84—Separating high boiling, i.e. less volatile components, e.g. NOx, SOx, H2S
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
- F25J2270/02—Internal refrigeration with liquid vaporising loop
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
- F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
- F25J2270/904—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration by liquid or gaseous cryogen in an open loop
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
- F25J2290/60—Details about pipelines, i.e. network, for feed or product distribution
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and a system for capturing the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) contained in flue-gas or in other gaseous effluent coming from industrial installations.
- the cost of capturing CO 2 constitutes about three-quarters of the total cost of the system for geologically sequestering CO 2 , including capturing, transporting, and storing CO 2 .
- anti-sublimation is used below to designate the physical phenomenon of solid condensation whereby a gas changes state and passes directly into the solid phase without liquefaction taking place, i.e. without passing via the liquid state.
- Anti-sublimation thus constitutes the physical phenomenon that is the inverse of sublimation which designates a body passing directly from the solid state to the gaseous state without passing via the liquid state.
- Document EP 1 355 716 B1 and patent application WO 2004/080558 disclose a method of extracting CO 2 from flue-gas by cooling and solidifying CO 2 at atmospheric pressure by extracting heat by means of fractioned distillation.
- the CO 2 content of the flue-gas can be quite low, e.g. about 1% to 5%, which implies a starting temperature for anti-sublimation at atmospheric pressure that can be of the order of ⁇ 110° C. to ⁇ 120° C.
- the present invention seeks to remedy the above-mentioned drawbacks and to enable CO 2 to be captured in a manner that is effective, but at reduced cost, and with installations that are simplified, and with efficiency that is potentially improved.
- the method being characterized in that a fraction of the recovered liquid carbon dioxide is recycled, and after expanding to atmospheric pressure, is reinjected during the second cooling step in continuous or intermittent manner in order to be mixed with the flue-gas previously delivered by the dehydration step.
- the recovered fraction of the liquid carbon dioxide that is recycled is thus reinjected during the second cooling step, preferably in the form of fine solid particles, and also preferably into the inside of a heat exchanger.
- the method further comprises a step of pre-cooling the flue-gas prior to said first cooling step, the pre-cooling step being performed by exchanging heat with at least one of the fluids comprising the liquid water recovered during the first cooling step and the flue-gas dehydration step, and the non-condensable compounds from the flue-gas that are recovered after said second cooling step.
- the first cooling of the flue-gas, the dehydration of the flue-gas, and the second cooling of the flue-gas make use of heat exchange with the flue-gas via cooling loops operating by heat exchange with the liquefied natural gas (LNG) that is present in a methane terminal for regassification, and that is used as a cold source.
- LNG liquefied natural gas
- the first cooling of the flue-gas and the dehydration of the flue-gas are performed by exchanging heat with the flue-gas via at least one cooling loop making use of glycol-containing water.
- the second cooling of flue-gas makes use of heat exchange with the flue-gas via at least one cooling loop making use of methane or of nitrogen.
- the second cooling of flue-gas makes use of heat exchange with the flue-gas via at least one additional cooling loop making use of ethylene or ethane.
- the invention is applicable to any flue-gas from power stations and other thermal installations (steel works, cement works, . . . ) that make use of a variety of fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, oil, . . . ) and that contain various concentrations of CO 2 , even concentrations that are low and less than 1%.
- Flue-gas dehydration includes a step of exchanging heat with the non-condensable compounds of the flue-gas recovered after the second cooling step.
- the flue-gas dehydration step is performed discontinuously, alternating between a step of cooling the flue-gas to solidify water on the walls of a heat exchanger, and a step of heating the solidified water in order to enable it to be recovered in liquid form.
- the solidified water is heated by exchanging heat with flue-gas, prior to gas being cooled during the step of cooling flue-gas with solidification of water.
- the second flue-gas cooling step for giving rise to anti-sublimation of carbon dioxide, and the step of heating the solidified carbon dioxide are performed discontinuously and in alternation.
- the step of heating the solidified carbon dioxide up to the triple point where a liquid phase appears can be performed by exchanging heat with the flue-gas prior to cooling it during the second flue-gas cooling step.
- the method further includes a step of recovering sulfur oxides contained in the flue-gas by anti-sublimation and by heating up to the triple point where a sulfur oxide liquid phase appears.
- the invention also provides a system for capturing carbon dioxide present in flue-gas, the system comprising:
- first cooler means for cooling flue-gas and comprising at least one heat exchanger for eliminating a fraction of the water present in the flue-gas by condensation;
- second cooler means for cooling flue-gas and comprising at least one heat exchanger for bringing the flue-gas to a temperature that causes anti-sublimation of the carbon dioxide present in the flue-gas;
- heater means for heating the solidified carbon dioxide in a closed enclosure in order to cause it to melt
- the system being characterized in that it further comprises expander means for expanding a fraction of the recovered liquid carbon dioxide to atmospheric pressure and for reinjecting said fraction of the carbon dioxide into the flue-gas at said second flue-gas cooler means.
- the system preferably further includes means for reinjecting said recovered fraction of the liquid carbon dioxide in the form of fine solid particles into the flue-gas.
- the first cooler means comprise a heat exchanger between the flue-gas and at least one of the fluids comprising the liquid water recovered in the first cooler means or in the flue-gas dehydration means, and the non-condensable compounds of the flue-gas recovered at the inlet to the second cooler means.
- the system of the invention includes cooling loops using heat-transferring fluids flowing firstly in heat exchangers present in a methane terminal for exchanging heat with the liquefied natural gas subjected to a regassification process, and secondly in heat exchangers placed in at least one of the first cooler means, the dehydration means, and the second cooler means in order to exchange heat with the flue-gas, giving rise to capture of carbon dioxide.
- the system includes at least one cooling loop using glycol-containing water as its heat-transferring fluid and including at least one heat exchanger disposed in the first cooler means to the dehydration means.
- the system includes at least one cooling loop using methane or nitrogen as its heat-transferring fluid and including at least one heat exchanger disposed in the second cooler means.
- the system may further comprise at least one cooling loop using ethylene or ethane as its heat-transferring fluid and including at least one heat exchanger disposed in the second cooler means.
- the system may comprise means for recovering non-condensable compounds from the flue-gas at the outlet from the second cooler means, and means for exchanging heat with at least one of the flue-gas dehydration means.
- the flue-gas dehydration means comprise at least first and second enclosures provided with heat exchangers and capable of receiving flue-gas discontinuously so that each of them can act in turn to cool flue-gas and solidify the water contained therein on the walls of the corresponding enclosure, and to heat the solidified water in order to enable it to be recovered in liquid form.
- the second flue-gas cooler means and said heater means comprise at least first and second enclosures provided with heat exchangers and capable of receiving flue-gas discontinuously in such a manner that each of them in turn cools flue-gas with anti-sublimation of the carbon dioxide that is deposited on the walls of the corresponding enclosure, and heats the solidified carbon dioxide in order to cause it to melt.
- the system may also include means for recovering sulfur oxides in the heater means in a closed enclosure.
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic overall view of a system for capturing CO 2 by anti-sublimation in accordance with the invention
- FIG. 2 is a detail view showing the principle of a unit for dehydration by solidification/melting and suitable for incorporation in the system of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view comparing the sizes of cryogenic loops when using a single loop and when using two loops;
- FIG. 4 is a graph plotting gas-liquid equilibrium curves for various compounds as a function of temperature and pressure.
- FIG. 5 is a CO 2 pressure-temperature diagram showing how CO 2 varies during a capture method of the invention.
- FIG. 1 An embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 5 shows the thermodynamic phenomenon that is used, namely anti-sublimation of CO 2 followed by compression/melting obtained merely by heating solid CO 2 .
- this phenomenon is applicable to the flue-gases from fuel-burning installations and power stations that make use of a variety of fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, oil, . . . ), the flue-gases containing varying concentrations of CO 2 that may lie in the range less than 1% to concentrations of several tens of percent.
- Table 1 gives examples of typical compositions for gas turbine flue-gases.
- the flue-gas contains about 4% CO 2 (at a partial pressure of 0.04 bar).
- the flue-gas can then be cooled in a heat exchanger until CO 2 condenses as from ⁇ 110° C. (see horizontal dashed line in FIG. 5 ).
- the solid CO 2 trapped in the heat exchanger can then be heated and taken to the conditions of the CO 2 triple point where liquid CO 2 can be eliminated so as to move the thermal equilibrium in favor of producing liquid CO 2 (see top dashed-line curve in FIG. 5 ).
- the temperature at which the anti-sublimation process begins depends on the CO 2 content of the flue-gas. Thus, it varies over the range ⁇ 78.5° C. for pure CO 2 at atmospheric pressure, to ⁇ 121.9° C. for effluent containing CO 2 at a partial pressure of 0.01 bar (see Table 2).
- a fraction of the liquid CO 2 obtained at the outlet from the method is recycled by being expanded until fine solid particles are formed in the last heat exchanger so as to create nucleation centers.
- This recycling enables the anti-sublimation heat exchanger to be optimized in terms of exchange area and final operating temperature.
- FIG. 1 shows an advantageous example of an embodiment of the invention in the context of capturing flue-gas produced by an industrial installation 10 .
- the combustion gas is available at a temperature of about 40° C. at the inlet to the CO 2 capture and processing installation 110 .
- the industrial installation 10 is situated close to a methane terminal 200 (e.g. at a distance of the order of a few hundreds of meters to a few kilometers), which terminal 200 receives LNG e.g. at a temperature of ⁇ 161° C. and at a pressure of 80 bar, via a line 201 .
- the LNG passes through a heat exchanger 203 that exchanges heat between the LNG and heat-transferring fluids circulating through heat exchangers 204 , 205 having cooling loops 210 and 220 .
- the natural gas continues the regassification process.
- the regassified natural gas can be used for example to feed the industrial installation 10 , such as a gas-fired power station, via a line 206 .
- the invention applies to capturing CO 2 from the combustion gas, however it can also be applied to capturing CO 2 from other gaseous effluents, for example synthesis gas obtained in a hydrogen-production context.
- the invention also makes it possible, by using the same anti-sublimation method, to capture sulfur oxides (SO x ) that might be present in the flue-gas together with the CO 2 .
- the flue-gas acts as a hot source for the cooling loops 210 , 220 , while the LNG at ⁇ 161° C. acts as a cold source.
- the flue-gas delivered via the line 101 is cooled in several stages.
- a cooling device 120 comprising a heat exchanger 122 , with a cooling loop 210 , e.g. glycol-containing water
- the combustion gas is cooled from 40° C. to 1° C. so as to cause a fraction 123 of the water present in the gas to condense as a liquid (liquefaction) in the enclosure 121 .
- the condensed water 123 is removed via a pipe 124 and may be sent to a heat exchanger 111 , for example, in order to perform pre-cooling of the flue-gas prior to its entry into the cooling device 120 .
- the water heated in the heat exchanger 111 serves to bring the flue-gas temperature to 30° C., for example, and it is then removed via a line 113 at a temperature that is close to ambient (30° C.).
- the flue-gas coming from the cooling device 120 is introduced via a line 125 into a gas dehydration device 130 .
- the residual water can solidify and might therefore block the installation downstream, and might then be found in the captured CO 2 .
- the dehydration operation can also be performed by using the LNG from the methane terminal 200 as a cold source, e.g. in a heat exchanger 133 possibly suitable for being inserted in the same cooling loop 210 (e.g. using glycol-containing water) as the heat exchanger 122 .
- the residual water can thus be solidified, e.g. at ⁇ 30° C., on the walls of at least one ( 131 ) of the two enclosures 131 , 132 that operate discontinuously in alternation (i.e. in batch mode).
- the gas is switched to the inlet of the other enclosure or of one of the other enclosures 131 so as to cause residual water to solidify in the same manner.
- the water that has solidified on the walls of the first enclosure 131 is heated, e.g. making use of the heat in the gas by causing it to pass through the first enclosure 131 prior to penetrating into the second enclosure 132 where water capture is to take place.
- FIG. 2 it can thus be seen that water-saturated gas at 1° C. arriving via the line 125 penetrates initially into the enclosure 132 (in which the heat exchangers 133 and 134 are deactivated) for the purpose of melting the water that has solidified on the walls of that enclosure, with the liquid water being removed via a tube 136 .
- the gas is then conveyed via a pipe 126 to the capture enclosure 131 within which the heat exchangers 133 and 134 are activated so as to cool the gas and capture the residual water which solidifies on the walls of the enclosure 131 .
- the gas then leaves via a pipe 135 to be taken to the CO 2 capture stage.
- the gas arriving via the pipe 124 is switched to the path drawn in dashed lines in FIG. 2 so as to penetrate initially into the enclosure 131 , where it causes the water to melt and be removed via the tube 136 , and from which the gas penetrates into the enclosure 132 , where the heat exchangers 133 and 134 are then activated so as to solidify the residual water.
- the gas leaving the enclosure 132 is then transferred by the pipe 135 to the following stage for CO 2 capture.
- a heat exchanger 134 as described above, forming part of a heat exchange cooling loop, e.g. using the LNG of a methane terminal as the cold source. It is also possible to make use of a heat exchanger 134 having non-condensable gas (nitrogen, oxygen, . . . ) flowing therethrough and recovered from the gas at the outlet 145 of the CO 2 capture process.
- non-condensable gas nitrogen, oxygen, . . .
- the non-condensable gas can likewise subsequently be transferred to a heat exchanger 112 acting, like the heat exchanger 111 , to pre-cool and eliminate condensed water in a stage 110 situated upstream from the cooler device 120 and the dehydration device 130 .
- the residual non-condensable gas (O 2 , N 2 , . . . ) can then be rejected into the atmosphere via a line 114 at a temperature of about 30° C. ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ).
- the liquid water removed by the tubes 136 can be used, like the water recovered by the pipe 124 , for pre-cooling in the heat exchanger 111 .
- the gas present in the pipe 135 at the outlet from the dehydration stage 130 can present a temperature of about ⁇ 30° C. and it penetrates into another cooler device 140 that may comprise one or more heat exchangers 143 forming part of cooling loops such as the loop 220 using the LNG present in the methane terminal 200 as a cold source.
- the cooler device 140 comprises at least two enclosures 141 , 142 , each having a heat exchanger 143 forming part of the cooling loop 220 , together with means 144 , 155 for drawing off or pumping liquid and/or gaseous CO 2 , and possibly also sulfur dioxide.
- the enclosures 141 , 142 operate in discontinuous manner in alternation in turns (i.e. they operate in batch mode) for capturing CO 2 (and possibly SO 2 ) by anti-sublimation and then for causing it to melt. Operation is similar to that described above with reference to FIG. 2 for capturing water.
- the gas is switched to the enclosure 142 .
- the heat exchanger 143 is deactivated and energy from the gas can be used to cause the temperature of the solid CO 2 to rise, e.g. from a temperature of ⁇ 130° C. to a temperature of about ⁇ 56.6° C., with the CO 2 having a partial pressure of 5.18 bar, which corresponds to the triple point where the liquid and gaseous phases appear and coexist simultaneously (see FIG. 5 ).
- an important characteristic of the invention lies in the fact that a fraction of the liquid CO 2 obtained on the line 144 at the outlet from the cooler device 140 and recovered in the tank 150 is recycled by a pipe 152 provided with a valve 153 either (dashed line) to the pipe 135 feeding dehydrated flue-gas to the inlet of the cooler device 140 , or preferably (continuous lines) directly to the enclosures 141 and 142 in order to create nucleation centers for the anti-sublimation of CO 2 .
- FIG. 4 plots gas/liquid equilibrium curves between ⁇ 200° C. and ⁇ 30° C. for various compounds that can be used as heat-transferring fluids in the cooling loops 210 , 220 . These compounds are nitrogen, methane, ethylene, CO 2 , ethane, hexofluoroethane, and propane (curves referenced 1 to 7 respectively).
- FIG. 3 shows relative to the size of an average individual 50 , the size of a single nitrogen cryogenic loop using a pipe 31 for liquid nitrogen, and a pipe 32 for gaseous nitrogen return.
- the flow rate of nitrogen to be conveyed is more than one million normal cubic meters per hour (Nm 3 /h), giving a pipe diameter of 0.40 meters (m) for the pipe 31 on the liquid side assuming the speed of the liquid is 10 meters per second (m/s), (or of 0.70 m if the speed of the liquid is 3 m/s, for example), and a pipe diameter of 1.60 m for the pipe 32 on the gas side (10 m/s).
- a nitrogen loop of such a size can give rise to problems in operation (cryogenic fluid to be kept cold) and in terms of investment, in particular over distances of several kilometers.
- the flue-gas are dehydrated by cooling them from 40° C. to 1° C. so as to eliminate free water, and then to temperatures that are low enough to achieve the desired water contents.
- the dehydration operation is performed by using a glycol-containing water cooling loop 210 that enables ⁇ 40° C. to be reached, depending on the glycol content (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol).
- Table 3 gives the water contents of the flue-gas and of the captured CO 2 as a function of the cooling temperature.
- the water content of the flue-gas is thus 490 parts per million (ppm), i.e. about 5 grams (g) of water per kilogram (kg) of captured CO 2 (1.3%).
- the flue-gas can be cooled to about ⁇ 75° C. by using an additional cooling loop in the gas dehydration portion.
- This additional cooling loop may be a loop using LNG as its cold source and a heat-transferring fluid such as methane or ethylene.
- this additional loop is preferably a loop that makes use of the non-condensable gas available at the outlet 145 from the anti-sublimation stage so as to continue cooling the flue-gas in the heat exchanger 134 in order to obtain a temperature of about ⁇ 75° C. at the outlet 135 from the dehydration device.
- Table 4 gives numerical values for an example of a flue-gas dehydration installation in a cycle that combines 800 MW of natural gas, with a cooling power of 164 MW for performing dehydration, shared between the heat exchanger 122 (99 MW) and the heat exchanger 133 (65 MW).
- the flow rate of water that needs to be transported is about 2500 m 3 /h, giving a diameter of about 0.30 m for the pipes 41 and 42 in FIG. 3 .
- Table 4 gives the temperature, the pressure, and the flow rate for nitrogen, oxygen, argon, CO 2 , and water at various points in the installation of FIG. 1 :
- the cooling power needed for cooling the flue-gas from ⁇ 75° C. to ⁇ 90° C. and for CO 2 anti-sublimation (going from the vapor state at atmospheric pressure and ⁇ 75° C., to the liquid state at the triple point) is 50 MW (comprising 21 MW for cooling the flue-gas from ⁇ 75° C. to ⁇ 90° C., and 29 MW for CO 2 anti-sublimation).
- a nitrogen loop at 25 bar ⁇ 155° C. on the liquid side and 30° C.
- the pipe diameter will be 0.20 m for the pipe 43 situated on the liquid side if the flow speed of the liquid is 10 m/s (or 0.30 m if the flow speed of the liquid is 3 m/s), and the diameter will be 0.80 m for the pipe 44 on the gas side (10 m/s) ( FIG. 3 ).
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a method and a system for capturing the carbon dioxide (CO2) contained in flue-gas or in other gaseous effluent coming from industrial installations.
- Capturing carbon dioxide and storing it geologically presents an opportunity for reducing the emission of greenhouse-effect gases, in addition to efforts at improving energy efficiency and inciting the use of non-fossil resources.
- At present, the cost of capturing CO2 constitutes about three-quarters of the total cost of the system for geologically sequestering CO2, including capturing, transporting, and storing CO2.
- Furthermore, energy consumption represents about 50% of the cost of capture.
- In particular, amongst the technologies that can be envisaged for capturing CO2, low-temperature or “cryogenic” distillation suffers from the drawback of consuming a large amount of energy in order to achieve low temperatures.
- There thus exists a need to rationalize the operation of CO2 capture in order to improve the effectiveness of that operation and reduce its cost.
- The term “anti-sublimation” is used below to designate the physical phenomenon of solid condensation whereby a gas changes state and passes directly into the solid phase without liquefaction taking place, i.e. without passing via the liquid state. Anti-sublimation thus constitutes the physical phenomenon that is the inverse of sublimation which designates a body passing directly from the solid state to the gaseous state without passing via the liquid state.
- Various methods and systems for capturing CO2 by liquefaction or anti-sublimation have already been proposed.
- When carbon dioxide is at a partial pressure of more than 5.18 bar, it is possible to obtain direct liquefaction of CO2 by cooling flue-gas. That type of method nevertheless presents the drawback of requiring effluents to be available under pressure or flue-gas to be compressed.
- When CO2 is available at a partial pressure of less than 5.18 bar, as is true of combustion gas, cooling the flue-gas will lead to anti-sublimation of CO2. The solid carbon dioxide can then be handled in solid form, e.g. after being separated in a cyclone, or it can be sublimed prior to being subsequently liquefied downstream, or else it can be melted directly merely by being heated.
-
Document EP 1 355 716 B1 and patent application WO 2004/080558 disclose a method of extracting CO2 from flue-gas by cooling and solidifying CO2 at atmospheric pressure by extracting heat by means of fractioned distillation. - Nevertheless, in some circumstances, in particular for flue-gas coming from a gas turbine or a gas boiler, the CO2 content of the flue-gas can be quite low, e.g. about 1% to 5%, which implies a starting temperature for anti-sublimation at atmospheric pressure that can be of the order of −110° C. to −120° C.
- Furthermore, this CO2 content in flue-gas decreases with increasing target capture ratio.
- When forming a solid from a gaseous phase it is also observed that anti-sublimation is delayed at low temperature and at low partial pressure, in particular with CO2. This phenomenon gives rise to anti-sublimation of the compound at a temperature lower than the temperature specified by thermodynamics.
- Because of this phenomenon, in order to anti-sublime CO2, it is therefore necessary either to cool the compound below its thermodynamic anti-sublimation temperature, which amounts to having an even lower operating temperature in the heat exchanger, or else to increase the heat exchange surface area, thereby increasing the amount of contact between the compound and cold surfaces. Both of those two conditions increase the cost of the method.
- The present invention seeks to remedy the above-mentioned drawbacks and to enable CO2 to be captured in a manner that is effective, but at reduced cost, and with installations that are simplified, and with efficiency that is potentially improved.
- According to the invention, these objects are achieved by a method of capturing the carbon dioxide present in flue-gas, the method comprising the following steps:
- a) first cooling of the flue-gas in order to eliminate a fraction of the water present therein by condensation;
- b) dehydrating the flue-gas in order to eliminate the residual water;
- c) second cooling of the flue-gas by heat exchange so as to bring it to a temperature such that carbon dioxide passes directly from the gaseous state to the solid state by anti-sublimation;
- d) after removing the flue-gas, heating the solidified carbon dioxide in a closed enclosure up to the triple point where a liquid phase appears; and
- e) drawing off or pumping out the liquid and/or gaseous carbon dioxide to a thermally insulated tank;
- the method being characterized in that a fraction of the recovered liquid carbon dioxide is recycled, and after expanding to atmospheric pressure, is reinjected during the second cooling step in continuous or intermittent manner in order to be mixed with the flue-gas previously delivered by the dehydration step.
- In order to combat the delay in anti-sublimation, it is possible to encourage the kinetics of the anti-sublimation process by injecting CO2 crystals that perform a seeding function for solid formation. Such fine solid particles constitute nucleation centers on which gaseous CO2 solidifies. The reinjection can take place within the heat exchanger, starting from the point where the temperature of the flue-gas is close to the theoretical anti-sublimation temperature.
- The recovered fraction of the liquid carbon dioxide that is recycled is thus reinjected during the second cooling step, preferably in the form of fine solid particles, and also preferably into the inside of a heat exchanger.
- In a particular implementation, the method further comprises a step of pre-cooling the flue-gas prior to said first cooling step, the pre-cooling step being performed by exchanging heat with at least one of the fluids comprising the liquid water recovered during the first cooling step and the flue-gas dehydration step, and the non-condensable compounds from the flue-gas that are recovered after said second cooling step.
- In a particular advantageous implementation, the first cooling of the flue-gas, the dehydration of the flue-gas, and the second cooling of the flue-gas make use of heat exchange with the flue-gas via cooling loops operating by heat exchange with the liquefied natural gas (LNG) that is present in a methane terminal for regassification, and that is used as a cold source.
- According to a particular characteristic, the first cooling of the flue-gas and the dehydration of the flue-gas are performed by exchanging heat with the flue-gas via at least one cooling loop making use of glycol-containing water.
- According to another particular characteristic, the second cooling of flue-gas makes use of heat exchange with the flue-gas via at least one cooling loop making use of methane or of nitrogen.
- Under such circumstances, according to yet another particular characteristic, the second cooling of flue-gas makes use of heat exchange with the flue-gas via at least one additional cooling loop making use of ethylene or ethane.
- When LNG is available at a methane terminal for regassifying natural gas, making use of the LNG as a cold source is particularly advantageous since the low temperature of the LNG is thus used advantageously for purposes of industrial and energy optimization, with the flue-gas from which the CO2 is to be extracted then constituting the hot source for intermediate-fluid heat exchangers that enable the LNG that is stored in liquid form at −161° C. and at a pressure of 80 bar to be regassified.
- When an industrial installation that gives off CO2, such as a fossil fuel fired power station is located close to a methane terminal in which LNG is regassified, it is therefore entirely appropriate to make use of the LNG as a cold source in the operation of capturing CO2 from the combustion gas or from gaseous effluents, by anti-sublimation at approximately atmospheric pressure, followed by melting at a pressure of a few bar, which can be obtained merely by heating the solid CO2.
- The invention is applicable to any flue-gas from power stations and other thermal installations (steel works, cement works, . . . ) that make use of a variety of fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, oil, . . . ) and that contain various concentrations of CO2, even concentrations that are low and less than 1%.
- Furthermore, by using various cooling loops involving different fluids and producing staged cooling of the flue-gas, it is possible to reduce very significantly the dimensions of the pipes in the final cryogenic loop that involves very low temperatures (e.g. using nitrogen), even if the distance between the methane terminal and the CO2 capture installation is several hundreds of meters or several kilometers.
- The method of the invention may present various other advantageous characteristics depending in different particular implementations:
- Flue-gas dehydration includes a step of exchanging heat with the non-condensable compounds of the flue-gas recovered after the second cooling step.
- The flue-gas dehydration step is performed discontinuously, alternating between a step of cooling the flue-gas to solidify water on the walls of a heat exchanger, and a step of heating the solidified water in order to enable it to be recovered in liquid form.
- The solidified water is heated by exchanging heat with flue-gas, prior to gas being cooled during the step of cooling flue-gas with solidification of water.
- The second flue-gas cooling step for giving rise to anti-sublimation of carbon dioxide, and the step of heating the solidified carbon dioxide are performed discontinuously and in alternation.
- The step of heating the solidified carbon dioxide up to the triple point where a liquid phase appears can be performed by exchanging heat with the flue-gas prior to cooling it during the second flue-gas cooling step.
- The method further includes a step of recovering sulfur oxides contained in the flue-gas by anti-sublimation and by heating up to the triple point where a sulfur oxide liquid phase appears.
- The invention also provides a system for capturing carbon dioxide present in flue-gas, the system comprising:
- a) first cooler means for cooling flue-gas and comprising at least one heat exchanger for eliminating a fraction of the water present in the flue-gas by condensation;
- b) flue-gas dehydration means;
- c) second cooler means for cooling flue-gas and comprising at least one heat exchanger for bringing the flue-gas to a temperature that causes anti-sublimation of the carbon dioxide present in the flue-gas;
- d) heater means for heating the solidified carbon dioxide in a closed enclosure in order to cause it to melt; and
- e) means for drawing off or pumping the liquid and/or gaseous carbon dioxide to a thermally insulated tank;
- the system being characterized in that it further comprises expander means for expanding a fraction of the recovered liquid carbon dioxide to atmospheric pressure and for reinjecting said fraction of the carbon dioxide into the flue-gas at said second flue-gas cooler means. The system preferably further includes means for reinjecting said recovered fraction of the liquid carbon dioxide in the form of fine solid particles into the flue-gas.
- In a particular embodiment, the first cooler means comprise a heat exchanger between the flue-gas and at least one of the fluids comprising the liquid water recovered in the first cooler means or in the flue-gas dehydration means, and the non-condensable compounds of the flue-gas recovered at the inlet to the second cooler means.
- In an advantageous application, the system of the invention includes cooling loops using heat-transferring fluids flowing firstly in heat exchangers present in a methane terminal for exchanging heat with the liquefied natural gas subjected to a regassification process, and secondly in heat exchangers placed in at least one of the first cooler means, the dehydration means, and the second cooler means in order to exchange heat with the flue-gas, giving rise to capture of carbon dioxide.
- According to a particular characteristic, the system includes at least one cooling loop using glycol-containing water as its heat-transferring fluid and including at least one heat exchanger disposed in the first cooler means to the dehydration means.
- According to another particular characteristic, the system includes at least one cooling loop using methane or nitrogen as its heat-transferring fluid and including at least one heat exchanger disposed in the second cooler means.
- Under such circumstances, in a particular embodiment, the system may further comprise at least one cooling loop using ethylene or ethane as its heat-transferring fluid and including at least one heat exchanger disposed in the second cooler means.
- The system may comprise means for recovering non-condensable compounds from the flue-gas at the outlet from the second cooler means, and means for exchanging heat with at least one of the flue-gas dehydration means.
- In a particular embodiment, the flue-gas dehydration means comprise at least first and second enclosures provided with heat exchangers and capable of receiving flue-gas discontinuously so that each of them can act in turn to cool flue-gas and solidify the water contained therein on the walls of the corresponding enclosure, and to heat the solidified water in order to enable it to be recovered in liquid form.
- According to another particular aspect of the invention, the second flue-gas cooler means and said heater means comprise at least first and second enclosures provided with heat exchangers and capable of receiving flue-gas discontinuously in such a manner that each of them in turn cools flue-gas with anti-sublimation of the carbon dioxide that is deposited on the walls of the corresponding enclosure, and heats the solidified carbon dioxide in order to cause it to melt.
- The system may also include means for recovering sulfur oxides in the heater means in a closed enclosure.
- Other characteristics and advantages of the invention from the following description of particular embodiments, given with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic overall view of a system for capturing CO2 by anti-sublimation in accordance with the invention; -
FIG. 2 is a detail view showing the principle of a unit for dehydration by solidification/melting and suitable for incorporation in the system ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view comparing the sizes of cryogenic loops when using a single loop and when using two loops; -
FIG. 4 is a graph plotting gas-liquid equilibrium curves for various compounds as a function of temperature and pressure; and -
FIG. 5 is a CO2 pressure-temperature diagram showing how CO2 varies during a capture method of the invention. - An embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to
FIG. 1 . - Nevertheless, reference is made initially to
FIG. 5 which shows the thermodynamic phenomenon that is used, namely anti-sublimation of CO2 followed by compression/melting obtained merely by heating solid CO2. - As mentioned above, this phenomenon is applicable to the flue-gases from fuel-burning installations and power stations that make use of a variety of fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, oil, . . . ), the flue-gases containing varying concentrations of CO2 that may lie in the range less than 1% to concentrations of several tens of percent.
- Table 1 gives examples of typical compositions for gas turbine flue-gases.
-
TABLE 1 Gas turbine flue-gas composition N2 H2O O2 CO2 Low molar composition, wet (%) 76 6 14 4 Low molar composition, dry (%) 81 — 15 4 - As can be seen, after water has been eliminated, the flue-gas contains about 4% CO2 (at a partial pressure of 0.04 bar).
- The flue-gas can then be cooled in a heat exchanger until CO2 condenses as from −110° C. (see horizontal dashed line in
FIG. 5 ). - The solid CO2 trapped in the heat exchanger can then be heated and taken to the conditions of the CO2 triple point where liquid CO2 can be eliminated so as to move the thermal equilibrium in favor of producing liquid CO2 (see top dashed-line curve in
FIG. 5 ). - The temperature at which the anti-sublimation process begins depends on the CO2 content of the flue-gas. Thus, it varies over the range −78.5° C. for pure CO2 at atmospheric pressure, to −121.9° C. for effluent containing CO2 at a partial pressure of 0.01 bar (see Table 2).
-
TABLE 2 Temperatures at which the CO2 anti-sublimation process begins as a function of the CO2 contents of flue-gas at atmospheric pressure CO2 content 100 15 10 5 2 1 0.1 Anti- −78.5 −99.3 −103.1 −109.3 −116.7 −121.9 −136.7 subli- mation temper- ature (° C.) Type of Coal- Gas boiler Gas compo- fired turbine sition plant - In accordance with the invention, a fraction of the liquid CO2 obtained at the outlet from the method is recycled by being expanded until fine solid particles are formed in the last heat exchanger so as to create nucleation centers.
- This recycling enables the anti-sublimation heat exchanger to be optimized in terms of exchange area and final operating temperature.
-
FIG. 1 shows an advantageous example of an embodiment of the invention in the context of capturing flue-gas produced by anindustrial installation 10. After cooling, e.g. in aconventional cooling tower 20, the combustion gas is available at a temperature of about 40° C. at the inlet to the CO2 capture andprocessing installation 110. - In the example of
FIG. 1 , theindustrial installation 10 is situated close to a methane terminal 200 (e.g. at a distance of the order of a few hundreds of meters to a few kilometers), whichterminal 200 receives LNG e.g. at a temperature of −161° C. and at a pressure of 80 bar, via a line 201. The LNG passes through aheat exchanger 203 that exchanges heat between the LNG and heat-transferring fluids circulating throughheat exchangers loops outlet 202 from the methane terminal, the natural gas continues the regassification process. The regassified natural gas can be used for example to feed theindustrial installation 10, such as a gas-fired power station, via aline 206. - The invention applies to capturing CO2 from the combustion gas, however it can also be applied to capturing CO2 from other gaseous effluents, for example synthesis gas obtained in a hydrogen-production context.
- The invention also makes it possible, by using the same anti-sublimation method, to capture sulfur oxides (SOx) that might be present in the flue-gas together with the CO2.
- In the
FIG. 1 installation, the flue-gas acts as a hot source for the coolingloops - The flue-gas delivered via the
line 101 is cooled in several stages. - In a
cooling device 120 comprising aheat exchanger 122, with acooling loop 210, e.g. glycol-containing water, the combustion gas is cooled from 40° C. to 1° C. so as to cause afraction 123 of the water present in the gas to condense as a liquid (liquefaction) in theenclosure 121. - The
condensed water 123 is removed via apipe 124 and may be sent to aheat exchanger 111, for example, in order to perform pre-cooling of the flue-gas prior to its entry into thecooling device 120. The water heated in theheat exchanger 111 serves to bring the flue-gas temperature to 30° C., for example, and it is then removed via aline 113 at a temperature that is close to ambient (30° C.). - The flue-gas coming from the
cooling device 120 is introduced via aline 125 into agas dehydration device 130. - It is necessary to dehydrate the gas in order to eliminate residual water (about 0.6% water in the gas, assuming that the vapor pressure of water at 1° C. is 6.6 millibar (mbar)).
- The residual water can solidify and might therefore block the installation downstream, and might then be found in the captured CO2.
- The dehydration operation can also be performed by using the LNG from the
methane terminal 200 as a cold source, e.g. in aheat exchanger 133 possibly suitable for being inserted in the same cooling loop 210 (e.g. using glycol-containing water) as theheat exchanger 122. - The residual water can thus be solidified, e.g. at −30° C., on the walls of at least one (131) of the two
enclosures - When the water has solidified on the walls of one of the
enclosures 131, the gas is switched to the inlet of the other enclosure or of one of theother enclosures 131 so as to cause residual water to solidify in the same manner. At the same time, the water that has solidified on the walls of thefirst enclosure 131 is heated, e.g. making use of the heat in the gas by causing it to pass through thefirst enclosure 131 prior to penetrating into thesecond enclosure 132 where water capture is to take place. - This discontinuous operation in alternation of the
enclosures FIG. 2 . - In
FIG. 2 , it can thus be seen that water-saturated gas at 1° C. arriving via theline 125 penetrates initially into the enclosure 132 (in which theheat exchangers tube 136. The gas is then conveyed via apipe 126 to thecapture enclosure 131 within which theheat exchangers enclosure 131. The gas then leaves via apipe 135 to be taken to the CO2 capture stage. During the following alternation, the gas arriving via thepipe 124 is switched to the path drawn in dashed lines inFIG. 2 so as to penetrate initially into theenclosure 131, where it causes the water to melt and be removed via thetube 136, and from which the gas penetrates into theenclosure 132, where theheat exchangers enclosure 132 is then transferred by thepipe 135 to the following stage for CO2 capture. - In the
enclosures heat exchanger 134 as described above, forming part of a heat exchange cooling loop, e.g. using the LNG of a methane terminal as the cold source. It is also possible to make use of aheat exchanger 134 having non-condensable gas (nitrogen, oxygen, . . . ) flowing therethrough and recovered from the gas at theoutlet 145 of the CO2 capture process. - The non-condensable gas can likewise subsequently be transferred to a
heat exchanger 112 acting, like theheat exchanger 111, to pre-cool and eliminate condensed water in astage 110 situated upstream from thecooler device 120 and thedehydration device 130. The residual non-condensable gas (O2, N2, . . . ) can then be rejected into the atmosphere via aline 114 at a temperature of about 30° C. (FIGS. 1 and 2 ). - The liquid water removed by the
tubes 136 can be used, like the water recovered by thepipe 124, for pre-cooling in theheat exchanger 111. - The gas present in the
pipe 135 at the outlet from thedehydration stage 130 can present a temperature of about −30° C. and it penetrates into anothercooler device 140 that may comprise one ormore heat exchangers 143 forming part of cooling loops such as theloop 220 using the LNG present in themethane terminal 200 as a cold source. - The
cooler device 140 comprises at least twoenclosures heat exchanger 143 forming part of thecooling loop 220, together withmeans - The
enclosures FIG. 2 for capturing water. - Thus, after CO2 (or SO2) has been deposited on the walls of the
enclosure 141 in which theheat exchanger 143 is active, the gas is switched to theenclosure 142. Within theenclosure 141, theheat exchanger 143 is deactivated and energy from the gas can be used to cause the temperature of the solid CO2 to rise, e.g. from a temperature of −130° C. to a temperature of about −56.6° C., with the CO2 having a partial pressure of 5.18 bar, which corresponds to the triple point where the liquid and gaseous phases appear and coexist simultaneously (seeFIG. 5 ). In order to shift the solid-liquid-gas equilibrium, it suffices to withdraw or pump out the CO2 via apipe 144 and deliver it to a thermally laggedtank 150 from which CO2 can be taken via apipe 151 for being transported to a temporary storage site, prior to being transported to and injected into an old oil field. During the melting of CO2, e.g. in theenclosure 141, the gas passing through theother enclosure 142 leads to CO2 being deposited by anti-sublimation in theenclosure 142. The solidified CO2 can then be melted during the following cycle of heating in theenclosure 142, while the CO2 capture phenomenon takes place in theenclosure 141. The process of capture by anti-sublimation followed by recovery merely by melting sulfur dioxide present in the gas can be performed in a manner entirely similar to that described above with reference to CO2. - As mentioned above, an important characteristic of the invention lies in the fact that a fraction of the liquid CO2 obtained on the
line 144 at the outlet from thecooler device 140 and recovered in thetank 150 is recycled by apipe 152 provided with avalve 153 either (dashed line) to thepipe 135 feeding dehydrated flue-gas to the inlet of thecooler device 140, or preferably (continuous lines) directly to theenclosures - As a result, it is possible to optimize the dimensioning of the
cooling loop 220 operating with nitrogen or methane, the dimensioning of an optional additional loop using ethylene or ethane, and the dimensioning of theanti-sublimation heat exchangers -
FIG. 4 plots gas/liquid equilibrium curves between −200° C. and −30° C. for various compounds that can be used as heat-transferring fluids in the coolingloops - By using
different cooling loops - Thus,
FIG. 3 shows relative to the size of anaverage individual 50, the size of a single nitrogen cryogenic loop using apipe 31 for liquid nitrogen, and apipe 32 for gaseous nitrogen return. - On the assumption that the energy needed for capturing 0.600 kilowatt hours per kilogram (kWh/kg) of CO2 (which corresponds to exhaust gas from a gas turbine with recovery of energy, water, and non-condensables), the cooling power needed for capturing 320 (metric) tonnes (t) of CO2 per hour is 192 megawatts (MW). On the basis of a nitrogen loop at 25 bar (−155° C. on the liquid side, and 30° C. on the gas side), the flow rate of nitrogen to be conveyed is more than one million normal cubic meters per hour (Nm3/h), giving a pipe diameter of 0.40 meters (m) for the
pipe 31 on the liquid side assuming the speed of the liquid is 10 meters per second (m/s), (or of 0.70 m if the speed of the liquid is 3 m/s, for example), and a pipe diameter of 1.60 m for thepipe 32 on the gas side (10 m/s). A nitrogen loop of such a size can give rise to problems in operation (cryogenic fluid to be kept cold) and in terms of investment, in particular over distances of several kilometers. - In contrast, when use is made firstly of a cooling loop, e.g. with glycol-containing
water 210 having go-and-return pipes nitrogen cooling loop 220 comprising apipe 43 on the liquid side and apipe 44 on the gas side, the dimensions of the various pipes, including thepipe 44 can be reduced. - As mentioned with reference to
FIGS. 1 and 2 , the flue-gas are dehydrated by cooling them from 40° C. to 1° C. so as to eliminate free water, and then to temperatures that are low enough to achieve the desired water contents. In the example described, the dehydration operation is performed by using a glycol-containingwater cooling loop 210 that enables −40° C. to be reached, depending on the glycol content (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol). - Table 3 gives the water contents of the flue-gas and of the captured CO2 as a function of the cooling temperature.
-
TABLE 3 Water contents of the flue-gas and of the captured CO2 as a function of the cooling temperature and for a capture rate of 100% Flue-gas cooling Water content of Water content of temperature (° C.) flue-gas (ppm) captured CO2 (ppm) −30 490 1.3% −40 180 0.5% −50 60 1,650 −60 18 490 −70 5 130 −80 1 30 −90 0.1 5 - With a dew point at −30° C., the water content of the flue-gas is thus 490 parts per million (ppm), i.e. about 5 grams (g) of water per kilogram (kg) of captured CO2 (1.3%).
- In order to avoid problems of corrosion and of hydrate formation during transport and injection into storage, it is preferable to dehydrate the flue-gas to a greater extent in order to obtain a water content in the CO2 that is as low as 50 ppm.
- For this purpose, the flue-gas can be cooled to about −75° C. by using an additional cooling loop in the gas dehydration portion.
- This additional cooling loop may be a loop using LNG as its cold source and a heat-transferring fluid such as methane or ethylene.
- Nevertheless, and as shown in
FIG. 1 , this additional loop is preferably a loop that makes use of the non-condensable gas available at theoutlet 145 from the anti-sublimation stage so as to continue cooling the flue-gas in theheat exchanger 134 in order to obtain a temperature of about −75° C. at theoutlet 135 from the dehydration device. - Table 4 gives numerical values for an example of a flue-gas dehydration installation in a cycle that combines 800 MW of natural gas, with a cooling power of 164 MW for performing dehydration, shared between the heat exchanger 122 (99 MW) and the heat exchanger 133 (65 MW). On the basis of a glycol-containing water loop at 1 bar (−40° C. cold side and 30° C. hot side), the flow rate of water that needs to be transported is about 2500 m3/h, giving a diameter of about 0.30 m for the
pipes FIG. 3 . - Table 4 gives the temperature, the pressure, and the flow rate for nitrogen, oxygen, argon, CO2, and water at various points in the installation of
FIG. 1 : - 1:
pipe 101 at the inlet to the pre-cooler 110; - 2: inlet pipe to the cooler 120;
- 3:
inlet pipe 125 to thedehydrator 130; - 4:
outlet pipe 135 from thedehydrator 130; - 5: non-condensable gas transfer pipe at the inlet to the
heat exchanger 134; - 6: non-condensable gas transfer pipe at the inlet to the
heat exchanger 112; - 7: non-condensable gas removal pipe at the
outlet 114 from theheat exchanger 112. -
TABLE 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Temperature (° C.) 40 24 1 −75 −90 −40 30 Pressure 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nitrogen (t/h) 4432 4432 4432 4432 4432 4432 4432 Oxygen (t/h) 9189 9189 9189 9189 9189 9189 9189 Argon (t/h) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 CO2 (t/h) 320 320 320 320 0 0 0 Water (t/h) 233 233 23 2 0 0 0 - The cooling power needed for cooling the flue-gas from −75° C. to −90° C. and for CO2 anti-sublimation (going from the vapor state at atmospheric pressure and −75° C., to the liquid state at the triple point) is 50 MW (comprising 21 MW for cooling the flue-gas from −75° C. to −90° C., and 29 MW for CO2 anti-sublimation). On the basis of a nitrogen loop at 25 bar (−155° C. on the liquid side and 30° C. on the gas side), the pipe diameter will be 0.20 m for the
pipe 43 situated on the liquid side if the flow speed of the liquid is 10 m/s (or 0.30 m if the flow speed of the liquid is 3 m/s), and the diameter will be 0.80 m for thepipe 44 on the gas side (10 m/s) (FIG. 3 ). - The dimensions of such a nitrogen cooling loop are thus entirely acceptable for easy practical implementation.
Claims (27)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0513078A FR2894838B1 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2005-12-21 | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CAPTURING CARBON DIOXIDE IN FUMEES |
FR0513078 | 2005-12-21 | ||
PCT/FR2006/051400 WO2007074294A2 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-20 | Method and device for recovering carbon dioxide from fumes |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20080302133A1 true US20080302133A1 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
Family
ID=36974704
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/158,523 Abandoned US20080302133A1 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2006-12-20 | Method and Device for Recovering Carbon Dioxide from Fumes |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080302133A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1979072B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4971356B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20080085148A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE466637T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE602006014211D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2345278T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2894838B1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL1979072T3 (en) |
PT (1) | PT1979072E (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007074294A2 (en) |
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US20090288447A1 (en) * | 2008-05-22 | 2009-11-26 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Operation of a frosting vessel of an anti-sublimation system |
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EP1979072B1 (en) | 2010-05-05 |
DE602006014211D1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
ES2345278T3 (en) | 2010-09-20 |
ATE466637T1 (en) | 2010-05-15 |
JP2009520595A (en) | 2009-05-28 |
PT1979072E (en) | 2010-08-04 |
EP1979072A2 (en) | 2008-10-15 |
WO2007074294A2 (en) | 2007-07-05 |
WO2007074294A3 (en) | 2007-08-16 |
FR2894838A1 (en) | 2007-06-22 |
DE602007007687D1 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
FR2894838B1 (en) | 2008-03-14 |
KR20080085148A (en) | 2008-09-23 |
JP4971356B2 (en) | 2012-07-11 |
PL1979072T3 (en) | 2010-10-29 |
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