US20080287233A1 - Tightener for a Belt Drive Operating in the Presence of Oil - Google Patents
Tightener for a Belt Drive Operating in the Presence of Oil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080287233A1 US20080287233A1 US11/912,117 US91211705A US2008287233A1 US 20080287233 A1 US20080287233 A1 US 20080287233A1 US 91211705 A US91211705 A US 91211705A US 2008287233 A1 US2008287233 A1 US 2008287233A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tightener
- arm
- base plate
- oil
- pin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H7/00—Gearings for conveying rotary motion by endless flexible members
- F16H7/08—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains
- F16H7/10—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains by adjusting the axis of a pulley
- F16H7/12—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains by adjusting the axis of a pulley of an idle pulley
- F16H7/1209—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains by adjusting the axis of a pulley of an idle pulley with vibration damping means
- F16H7/1218—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains by adjusting the axis of a pulley of an idle pulley with vibration damping means of the dry friction type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H7/00—Gearings for conveying rotary motion by endless flexible members
- F16H7/08—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains
- F16H7/10—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains by adjusting the axis of a pulley
- F16H7/12—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains by adjusting the axis of a pulley of an idle pulley
- F16H7/1254—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains by adjusting the axis of a pulley of an idle pulley without vibration damping means
- F16H7/1281—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains by adjusting the axis of a pulley of an idle pulley without vibration damping means where the axis of the pulley moves along a substantially circular path
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H7/00—Gearings for conveying rotary motion by endless flexible members
- F16H7/08—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains
- F16H2007/0802—Actuators for final output members
- F16H2007/081—Torsion springs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H7/00—Gearings for conveying rotary motion by endless flexible members
- F16H7/08—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains
- F16H7/0829—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains with vibration damping means
- F16H7/0831—Means for varying tension of belts, ropes, or chains with vibration damping means of the dry friction type
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil.
- Known belt drives such as for driving an internal combustion engine camshaft, are normally used in dry applications, in which a tightener is used to maintain correct tension of the belt.
- Cam tighteners for dry applications comprising a fixed member with a supporting pin; a spring-loaded cam arm; an idle pulley fitted to the cam arm and cooperating with a timing belt; and a bushing of friction material interposed radially between the fixed pin and the cam arm to damp vibration of the belt.
- chains are normally used, which cooperate with a shoe to maintain correct tension.
- FIG. 1 shows an exploded view in perspective of a tightener in accordance with the present invention
- FIG. 2 shows a front view of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 shows a section along line III-III in FIG. 2 .
- Number 1 in FIG. 1 indicates a tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil, and comprising a fixed pin 2 ; a metal cam arm 3 mounted for rotation on fixed pin 2 and connected to a tensioning spring 4 ; and a hollow pulley 5 radially surrounding cam arm 3 and cooperating with and contacting a cog belt.
- fixed pin 2 has a cylindrical mounting surface 6 having an axis A; a through hole 7 having an axis B eccentric with respect to axis A; an end shoulder 8 ; and a contoured head 9 at the opposite end of cylindrical surface 6 to end shoulder 8 .
- Through hole 7 extends through contoured head 9 , which is symmetrical with respect to a plane through axes A and B.
- Cam arm 3 fits radially onto mounting surface 6 by means of a bushing 10 made of antifriction material, e.g. teflon, and has an annular housing 11 , and a cylindrical outer surface 12 having an axis C eccentric with respect to axes A and B. More specifically, cylindrical outer surface 12 supports hollow pulley 5 by means of a bearing 13 , and housing 11 is open towards end shoulder 8 , houses the whole of tensioning spring 4 , and has a slot for connection to an end portion 14 of tensioning spring 4 .
- a bushing 10 made of antifriction material, e.g. teflon
- Cam arm 3 is supported axially by an annular base plate 15 connected perpendicularly to fixed pin 2 , and by a friction ring 16 interposed between cam arm 3 and base plate 15 and made of material capable of maintaining friction even in the presence of oil, such as BERAL 1122 marketed by Federal-Mogul Friction Products Gmbh.
- the friction material used comprises an oil-resistant binder comprising caoutchouc; and a mixture of additives for obtaining friction in the presence of oil and comprising rock wool, magnesium oxide, graphite, and clay.
- the physical characteristics of the material used are: specific weight (measured at 20° C.) 2.04*10 ⁇ 3 kg/cm ⁇ 3; thermal conductivity 1.00 W/m*° C.; approximate dry friction coefficient 0.47; and approximate oil-bath friction coefficient 0.10.
- cam arm 3 has an integral, radially peripheral collar 17 facing base plate 15 and defining a seat to make friction ring 16 radially integral with cam arm 3 .
- Base plate 15 comprises an inner edge 18 which rests axially on end shoulder 8 ; and a projection 19 projecting towards cam arm 3 and cooperating both with arm 3 , to define two limit positions, and with an end portion (not shown) opposite end portion 14 , to tension spring 4 .
- cam arm 3 and contoured head 9 of fixed pin 2 define an annular seat 21 coaxial with axis A and for housing a supporting cup made of plastic, a Belleville washer 24 , and a circular cover plate 25 .
- cup 23 comprises, integrally, a flat portion 26 perpendicular to axis A; and a peripheral edge 27 parallel to axis A.
- Peripheral edge 27 houses Bellville washer 24 radially, and, together with cover plate 25 , defines an annular gap 28 to allow oil in to lubricate Belleville washer 24 and mounting surface 6 .
- Belleville washer 24 is pressed axially against flat portion 26 by cover plate 25 .
- cover plate 25 is connected angularly rigidly to contoured head 9 by a matching shape fit, and is fixed axially by caulking.
- Tightener 1 is fitted to a wall of an internal combustion engine by means of a screw 29 housed inside through hole 7 . More specifically, contoured head 9 is bounded by a supporting surface 30 projecting axially with respect to cover plate 25 , and end shoulder 8 is bounded by a supporting surface 31 projecting axially with respect to base plate 15 , so that, when tightener 1 is fixed to the engine, the head 32 of screw 29 cooperates with supporting surface 30 , and supporting surface 31 directly contacts the wall of the engine to keep base plate 15 detached.
- the pull exerted by the screw is therefore transmitted to fixed pin 2 , and the axial load of friction ring 16 , which is much less than the pull exerted by the screw, is controlled accurately by sizing Belleville washer 24 .
- Belleville washer 24 in fact, is used in the maximum-compression condition, in which it exerts substantially constant force alongside minor variations in the axial dimension of cam arm 3 , caused, for example, by in-service wear of friction ring 16 .
- tightener 1 comprises numerous component parts in common with a dry-operating tightener, thus enabling mass production cost benefits. More specifically, by replacing friction ring 16 with a PTFE ring, tightener 1 may also be used dry.
- tensioning spring 4 is housed axially inside housing 11 of cam arm 3 provides for reducing length to adapt to applications featuring belts operating in the presence of oil, and which generally tend to replace chains which permit particularly short lengths.
- friction ring 16 may be housed inside a groove defined by cam arm 3 , or may be glued.
- Hollow pulley 5 and bearing 13 may be replaced by a shoe having a ring member fitted to cylindrical outer surface 12 and integral with cam arm 3 .
- supporting cup 23 may be eliminated, and Belleville washer 24 may contact cam arm 3 directly, provided gap 28 is sized to allow sufficient oil through to lubricate the surfaces in relative motion.
- the friction material used comprises a caoutchouc-based binder if a flexible friction ring 16 is required. If a rigid friction ring is required, caoutchouc is not used.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Devices For Conveying Motion By Means Of Endless Flexible Members (AREA)
- Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
- Transmission Devices (AREA)
- Pulleys (AREA)
- Mounting, Exchange, And Manufacturing Of Dies (AREA)
- Advancing Webs (AREA)
- Jigs For Machine Tools (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil.
- Known belt drives, such as for driving an internal combustion engine camshaft, are normally used in dry applications, in which a tightener is used to maintain correct tension of the belt.
- Cam tighteners for dry applications are known comprising a fixed member with a supporting pin; a spring-loaded cam arm; an idle pulley fitted to the cam arm and cooperating with a timing belt; and a bushing of friction material interposed radially between the fixed pin and the cam arm to damp vibration of the belt.
- For applications in the presence of oil, chains are normally used, which cooperate with a shoe to maintain correct tension.
- Belt applications in the presence of oil have recently been developed, in which known tighteners have proved ineffective in maintaining correct tension.
- It is an object of the present invention to provide a tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil, designed to eliminate the aforementioned drawback.
- According to the present invention, there is provided a tightener as claimed in Claim 1.
- A preferred, non-limiting embodiment of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 shows an exploded view in perspective of a tightener in accordance with the present invention; -
FIG. 2 shows a front view ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 shows a section along line III-III inFIG. 2 . - Number 1 in
FIG. 1 indicates a tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil, and comprising a fixedpin 2; ametal cam arm 3 mounted for rotation on fixedpin 2 and connected to a tensioningspring 4; and ahollow pulley 5 radially surroundingcam arm 3 and cooperating with and contacting a cog belt. - More specifically, fixed
pin 2 has acylindrical mounting surface 6 having an axis A; a throughhole 7 having an axis B eccentric with respect to axis A; anend shoulder 8; and a contoured head 9 at the opposite end ofcylindrical surface 6 to endshoulder 8. Throughhole 7 extends through contoured head 9, which is symmetrical with respect to a plane through axes A and B. -
Cam arm 3 fits radially onto mountingsurface 6 by means of a bushing 10 made of antifriction material, e.g. teflon, and has anannular housing 11, and a cylindricalouter surface 12 having an axis C eccentric with respect to axes A and B. More specifically, cylindricalouter surface 12 supportshollow pulley 5 by means of abearing 13, andhousing 11 is open towardsend shoulder 8, houses the whole of tensioningspring 4, and has a slot for connection to anend portion 14 of tensioningspring 4. -
Cam arm 3 is supported axially by anannular base plate 15 connected perpendicularly to fixedpin 2, and by afriction ring 16 interposed betweencam arm 3 andbase plate 15 and made of material capable of maintaining friction even in the presence of oil, such as BERAL 1122 marketed by Federal-Mogul Friction Products Gmbh. - More specifically, the friction material used comprises an oil-resistant binder comprising caoutchouc; and a mixture of additives for obtaining friction in the presence of oil and comprising rock wool, magnesium oxide, graphite, and clay. The physical characteristics of the material used are: specific weight (measured at 20° C.) 2.04*10̂−3 kg/cm̂3; thermal conductivity 1.00 W/m*° C.; approximate dry friction coefficient 0.47; and approximate oil-bath friction coefficient 0.10.
- More specifically,
cam arm 3 has an integral, radiallyperipheral collar 17 facingbase plate 15 and defining a seat to makefriction ring 16 radially integral withcam arm 3. -
Base plate 15 comprises aninner edge 18 which rests axially onend shoulder 8; and aprojection 19 projecting towardscam arm 3 and cooperating both witharm 3, to define two limit positions, and with an end portion (not shown)opposite end portion 14, totension spring 4. - On the opposite side to
base plate 15,cam arm 3 and contoured head 9 offixed pin 2 define anannular seat 21 coaxial with axis A and for housing a supporting cup made of plastic, a Bellevillewasher 24, and acircular cover plate 25. - More specifically,
cup 23 comprises, integrally, aflat portion 26 perpendicular to axis A; and aperipheral edge 27 parallel to axis A.Peripheral edge 27 houses Bellville washer 24 radially, and, together withcover plate 25, defines anannular gap 28 to allow oil in to lubricate Bellevillewasher 24 and mountingsurface 6. Bellevillewasher 24 is pressed axially againstflat portion 26 bycover plate 25. More specifically,cover plate 25 is connected angularly rigidly to contoured head 9 by a matching shape fit, and is fixed axially by caulking. - Tightener 1 is fitted to a wall of an internal combustion engine by means of a
screw 29 housed inside throughhole 7. More specifically, contoured head 9 is bounded by a supportingsurface 30 projecting axially with respect tocover plate 25, andend shoulder 8 is bounded by a supportingsurface 31 projecting axially with respect tobase plate 15, so that, when tightener 1 is fixed to the engine, thehead 32 ofscrew 29 cooperates with supportingsurface 30, and supportingsurface 31 directly contacts the wall of the engine to keepbase plate 15 detached. The pull exerted by the screw is therefore transmitted to fixedpin 2, and the axial load offriction ring 16, which is much less than the pull exerted by the screw, is controlled accurately by sizing Bellevillewasher 24. Belleville washer 24, in fact, is used in the maximum-compression condition, in which it exerts substantially constant force alongside minor variations in the axial dimension ofcam arm 3, caused, for example, by in-service wear offriction ring 16. - The advantages of the tightener according to the present invention are as follows.
- Using an axially-loaded, oil-
resistant friction ring 16 provides for achieving satisfactory damping in the presence of oil. Moreover, tightener 1 comprises numerous component parts in common with a dry-operating tightener, thus enabling mass production cost benefits. More specifically, by replacingfriction ring 16 with a PTFE ring, tightener 1 may also be used dry. - Moreover, using an oil-resistant friction material, cost is further reduced by eliminating in-process cleaning of metal parts, i.e. fixed
pin 2 andcam arm 3. - The fact that the whole of tensioning
spring 4 is housed axially insidehousing 11 ofcam arm 3 provides for reducing length to adapt to applications featuring belts operating in the presence of oil, and which generally tend to replace chains which permit particularly short lengths. - Clearly, changes may be made to the tightener as described and illustrated herein without, however, departing from the scope of the present invention as defined in the accompanying Claims.
- For example,
friction ring 16 may be housed inside a groove defined bycam arm 3, or may be glued. -
Hollow pulley 5 and bearing 13 may be replaced by a shoe having a ring member fitted to cylindricalouter surface 12 and integral withcam arm 3. - To reduce the number of component parts of tightener 1, supporting
cup 23 may be eliminated, and Bellevillewasher 24 may contactcam arm 3 directly, providedgap 28 is sized to allow sufficient oil through to lubricate the surfaces in relative motion. - The friction material used comprises a caoutchouc-based binder if a
flexible friction ring 16 is required. If a rigid friction ring is required, caoutchouc is not used.
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IT2005/000230 WO2006111988A1 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2005-04-20 | Tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IT2005/000230 A-371-Of-International WO2006111988A1 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2005-04-20 | Tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/271,457 Division US8690718B2 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2011-10-12 | Tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20080287233A1 true US20080287233A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
Family
ID=34968018
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/912,117 Abandoned US20080287233A1 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2005-04-20 | Tightener for a Belt Drive Operating in the Presence of Oil |
US13/271,457 Active 2025-09-17 US8690718B2 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2011-10-12 | Tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/271,457 Active 2025-09-17 US8690718B2 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2011-10-12 | Tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20080287233A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1877683B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4772865B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101218453B (en) |
AT (1) | ATE502233T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005027001D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006111988A1 (en) |
Cited By (19)
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US20050124447A1 (en) * | 2001-11-13 | 2005-06-09 | Olivier Message | Instrumented take-up unit and related control method |
US20080176687A1 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2008-07-24 | Holger Schever | Tensioner and installation assembly |
US20100145591A1 (en) * | 2007-03-27 | 2010-06-10 | Dayco Europe S.R.L. | Drive for an internal combustion engine comprising an oil wet toothed belt and a tensioning shoe |
US20100190594A1 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2010-07-29 | Adriano Rolando | Pulley tensioner for an oil wet belt drive |
US20110045929A1 (en) * | 2006-12-04 | 2011-02-24 | Adriano Rolando | Pulley tensioner for a belt drive for use in contact with oil |
US20110218066A1 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2011-09-08 | Adriano Rolando | Pulley tensioner for an oil wet belt drive |
CN102261443A (en) * | 2010-05-27 | 2011-11-30 | 盖茨优霓塔传动系统(苏州)有限公司 | Tensioner |
US8690718B2 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2014-04-08 | Dayco Europe S.R.L. Con Unico Socio | Tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil |
US20140287859A1 (en) * | 2012-10-22 | 2014-09-25 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with increased damping |
US20160215859A1 (en) * | 2013-09-11 | 2016-07-28 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with increased damping and arm on base cup configuration |
US20180320764A1 (en) * | 2015-10-28 | 2018-11-08 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with first and second damping members and increased damping |
US20180363742A1 (en) * | 2017-06-16 | 2018-12-20 | Gates Corporation | Tensioner |
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US20050124447A1 (en) * | 2001-11-13 | 2005-06-09 | Olivier Message | Instrumented take-up unit and related control method |
US7699732B2 (en) * | 2001-11-13 | 2010-04-20 | Aktiebolaget Skf | Instrumented take-up unit and related control method |
US8690718B2 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2014-04-08 | Dayco Europe S.R.L. Con Unico Socio | Tightener for a belt drive operating in the presence of oil |
US8272983B2 (en) * | 2006-12-04 | 2012-09-25 | Dayco Europe S.R.L. | Pulley tensioner for a belt drive for use in contact with oil |
US20110045929A1 (en) * | 2006-12-04 | 2011-02-24 | Adriano Rolando | Pulley tensioner for a belt drive for use in contact with oil |
US20080176687A1 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2008-07-24 | Holger Schever | Tensioner and installation assembly |
US8326514B2 (en) | 2007-03-27 | 2012-12-04 | Dayco Europe S.R.L. | Drive for an internal combustion engine comprising an oil wet toothed belt and a tensioning shoe |
US20100145591A1 (en) * | 2007-03-27 | 2010-06-10 | Dayco Europe S.R.L. | Drive for an internal combustion engine comprising an oil wet toothed belt and a tensioning shoe |
US20100190594A1 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2010-07-29 | Adriano Rolando | Pulley tensioner for an oil wet belt drive |
US20110218066A1 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2011-09-08 | Adriano Rolando | Pulley tensioner for an oil wet belt drive |
US8292765B2 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2012-10-23 | Dayco Europe S.R.L. | Pulley tensioner for an oil wet belt drive |
US8641564B2 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2014-02-04 | Dayco Europe S.R.L. | Pulley tensioner for an oil wet belt drive |
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US9790817B2 (en) | 2012-10-22 | 2017-10-17 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with increased damping |
US20140287859A1 (en) * | 2012-10-22 | 2014-09-25 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with increased damping |
US9726051B2 (en) * | 2012-10-22 | 2017-08-08 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with increased damping |
US20160215859A1 (en) * | 2013-09-11 | 2016-07-28 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with increased damping and arm on base cup configuration |
US9869379B2 (en) * | 2013-09-11 | 2018-01-16 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with increased damping and arm on base cup configuration |
US20180320764A1 (en) * | 2015-10-28 | 2018-11-08 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with first and second damping members and increased damping |
US10859141B2 (en) * | 2015-10-28 | 2020-12-08 | Litens Automotive Partnership | Tensioner with first and second damping members and increased damping |
US20180363742A1 (en) * | 2017-06-16 | 2018-12-20 | Gates Corporation | Tensioner |
US10968988B2 (en) * | 2017-06-16 | 2021-04-06 | Gates Corporation | Tensioner |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2006111988A8 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
WO2006111988A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
US20120040789A1 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
US8690718B2 (en) | 2014-04-08 |
DE602005027001D1 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
JP4772865B2 (en) | 2011-09-14 |
CN101218453B (en) | 2012-06-20 |
JP2008537079A (en) | 2008-09-11 |
EP1877683A1 (en) | 2008-01-16 |
EP1877683B1 (en) | 2011-03-16 |
ATE502233T1 (en) | 2011-04-15 |
CN101218453A (en) | 2008-07-09 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: DAYCO EUROPE S.R.L. CON UNICO SOCIO, ITALY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CANTATORE, MICHELE;REEL/FRAME:021222/0771 Effective date: 20080620 |
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