US20080252781A1 - Imcorporation and Extraction of a Seed Linked to a Television Signal for Pseudo-Random Noise Generation - Google Patents

Imcorporation and Extraction of a Seed Linked to a Television Signal for Pseudo-Random Noise Generation Download PDF

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US20080252781A1
US20080252781A1 US10/598,998 US59899805A US2008252781A1 US 20080252781 A1 US20080252781 A1 US 20080252781A1 US 59899805 A US59899805 A US 59899805A US 2008252781 A1 US2008252781 A1 US 2008252781A1
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noise
picture
television signal
signal
pseudo
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Stijn De Waele
Wilhelmus Hendrikus Alfonsus Bruls
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Koninklijke Philips NV
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Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
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Assigned to KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N V reassignment KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N V ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BRULS, WILHELMUS HENDRIKUS ALFONSUS, DE WAELE, STIJN
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/85—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B19/00—Driving, starting, stopping record carriers not specifically of filamentary or web form, or of supports therefor; Control thereof; Control of operating function ; Driving both disc and head
    • G11B19/02—Control of operating function, e.g. switching from recording to reproducing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B2220/00—Record carriers by type
    • G11B2220/20—Disc-shaped record carriers
    • G11B2220/25—Disc-shaped record carriers characterised in that the disc is based on a specific recording technology
    • G11B2220/2537—Optical discs
    • G11B2220/2541—Blu-ray discs; Blue laser DVR discs

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a television signal.
  • the invention also relates to a data carrier comprising such a television signal.
  • the invention also relates to a signal-processing unit arranged to handle such a television signal.
  • the invention also relates to a disk reader apparatus compatible with such a data carrier.
  • the invention also relates to a television signal receiving system comprising the signal-processing unit.
  • the invention also relates to a method of supplying an output picture signal from such a television signal.
  • the invention also relates to software for such a method.
  • the invention also relates to a method for generating such a television signal.
  • the grey values are generated depending upon the statistics of how many particles of each size in a particular region of the emulsion are activated by at least a few impinging photons.
  • the final appearance of this process is a picture containing noise, which can be modeled by a spatially correlated noise extending over neighboring picture elements (e.g. pixels in a digital representation).
  • noise tends to have different meanings, ranging from a single stochastic value added per pixel separately to spatially correlated or patterned noise.
  • film grain and noise are used alternatively, indicating to the skilled person that the presently described technology may both work with single pixel noise (as for CCD sensors) and spatially correlated noise (as may originate e.g. from sending a noise sequence through a spatial filter and adding filtered values to picture pixels).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,609 describes the compression of picture object data and noise separately, and the addition of the noise on the de-compressor side.
  • Noise is difficult to compress since it is at odds with the rationale of compression.
  • Normally noise is not coded, since a viewer does not want to see it anyway.
  • Current compression standards MPEG, AVC, . . .
  • frequency based coding a discrete cosine transform DCT
  • the gist of U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,609 is that high compression for the noise can be achieved.
  • the noise does not have to be regenerated in the actual configuration it appeared to be in the captured picture, rather any noise distribution with the statistical properties of the used emulsion (amplitude, correlation, etc.) will do. So instead of coding the noise, it can be regenerated with a noise generator equation and added to the compressed object data at the de-compressor side.
  • the object of the present invention is realized in that the television signal comprising picture data furthermore comprises a predetermined seed, usable for initiating a pseudo-random generator yielding a deterministic sequence of random values to be used for adding noise to the picture data.
  • Pseudo-random noise generators have the property that they produce a sequence of noise values in a predetermined, deterministic order. Deterministic in the context of this text should be considered as follows. Random generators typically work by applying a so-called transition function f to a previous pseudo-random realization r n ⁇ 1 to obtain a current realization r n :
  • Deterministic means that given an initial value—called a seed—r 0 , for the same seed the same sequence of pseudo-random values is obtained, i.e. this sequence is fully predetermined by one or more seeds (the latter being the case for equations which generate the current realization depending upon several previous realizations).
  • a seed r 0
  • this sequence is fully predetermined by one or more seeds (the latter being the case for equations which generate the current realization depending upon several previous realizations).
  • deterministic signifying that there is at least a weak inter-sample correlation, making the sequence not perfectly random, which may be suspected if the sequence is generated by a simple mathematical formula. Whereas this may be problematic for cryptography, film grain noise addition is rather forgiving in that it is sufficient when the successive values in the sequence seem rather random, i.e. they cannot easily be predicted. Also the probability distribution of the random noise values need not be exactly Gaussian.
  • Supplying a predetermined seed in the television signal, which is subsequently used by each receiving apparatus having a same pseudo-random generator guarantees that the resulting output picture signal, resulting from adding on an element-by-element basis the generated noise values to data picture elements (e.g. object pixels in a digital representation, or a region of a scan line in an analog representation) taken from the picture data, is the same for each reproduction.
  • data picture elements e.g. object pixels in a digital representation, or a region of a scan line in an analog representation
  • a content provider need not worry that in a particular receiver e.g. a visually unpleasant noise value is generated over a character form a subtitle, rather this can be pre-checked at the transmitter side, or even in a production studio long before transmission.
  • An embodiment of the television signal contains several seeds for corresponding groups of pictures. Instead of sending a single seed at the beginning of the motion picture, it is advantageous if at consecutive time instants a new seed is sent. This is advantageous for a receiver which reads only a part of the motion picture, because with this measure the receiver will not have lost the seed but rather will soon encounter a new seed.
  • This signal embodiment may be interesting for trick-play.
  • fast-forward on compressed motion picture material may typically only read the first I pictures (intra-pictures) of consecutive groups of pictures (GOPs). In this case it is advantageous to send a new seed for each first I picture.
  • Another embodiment of the television signal comprises for at least one picture several seeds, usable for generating noise for different spatial regions of the at least one picture.
  • This signal embodiment is useful from the point of view of the content provider. If a human operator has to check the quality of the added noise with a particular seed, although the generation of noise values is quickly done, the checking of a picture is very labor-intensive. Hence if the human operator perceives that in a part of a picture the noise looks ugly, rather than calculating noise with a new seed for the entire picture (and having to check the whole picture again to see if there is not now an artifact in another region of the picture), he has the option to define a new seed and recalculate the noise only for the problematic region. The extra seed will be stored together with a geometrical indication of the region, e.g. a slice in compressed content.
  • a further embodiment of the television signal also comprises coefficients for tuning an algorithm of the pseudo-random generator.
  • the comprised seed realizes that the generated noise is deterministic, i.e. the same for all receivers. However, the statistically average look of the noise depends on the random generator equations rather than on the seed. Therefore it is useful if the content provider can also tune coefficients of the equations and simultaneously comprise them in the signal. In this way he has a fuller control over the exact film look of the motion picture at the receiver side. Coefficients may be e.g. the amplitude in number of grey values of the noise, coefficients for filtering determining the spatial correlation of the noise etc.
  • An even more advanced embodiment of the television signal comprises also at least one random generator type indicator, indicating a specific one of a plurality of supported pseudo-random generators.
  • the content provider may also preselect from a number of different pseudo-random generator algorithms, upon which the receiving device switches to the preselected pseudo-random generator for generating the film noise.
  • the human operator considers that the noise generated by a simple linear congruential generator provides a sufficient artistic look, he may set the type indicator to a value corresponding to this linear congruental generator (or alternatively the absence of a particular type indicator may signify the use of this generator as a fallback option).
  • the noise may be generated (for the whole motion picture, or for subsets of pictures, e.g. those being part of a single shot) the noise with an alternative generator (e.g. deterministic random sampling from a prerecorded film grain noise picture) and send a type indicator signaling that this alternative random generator should be used by the receivers.
  • an alternative generator e.g. deterministic random sampling from a prerecorded film grain noise picture
  • a versatile embodiment of the television signal comprises at least two alternative seeds (and if appropriate also alternative sets of coefficients), in which a first alternative seed (S 1 ) is to be used for a first supported pseudo-random generator or alternatively a second alternative seed (S 11 ) is to be used for a second supported pseudo-random generator.
  • This embodiment is useful from the point of view of the receiver manufacturer.
  • a first manufacturer of a cheap device may wish to use a simple pseudo-random generator, whereas a manufacturer of a high-end receiver may prefer the usage of a high quality random generator.
  • the content provider may not be able to avoid this, but may still want his content to look artistic. With this signal he is able to control the look for different pseudo-random generators simultaneously, by transmitting alternative seeds for the supported alternative pseudo-random generators.
  • a compression for which the seed incorporation may be of particular interest is the advanced video coding (AVC) standardized by the Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6).
  • AVC advanced video coding
  • JVT Joint Video Team
  • the television signal may be broadcasted over terrestrial broadcast, satellite, cable, telephone network, etc., but may also be put on a data carrier, in particular a blue-ray disk (information about the standardization consortium of founder Philips, Sony, Matsushita, etc. can be found on http://www.blu-ray.com/).
  • a blue-ray disk information about the standardization consortium of founder Philips, Sony, Matsushita, etc. can be found on http://www.blu-ray.com/).
  • a signal processing unit arranged to deal with the particularities of the new television signal, i.e. arranged to receive the television signal, and further comprising extraction means arranged to:
  • video processing means comprising:
  • a pseudo-random generator arranged to generate a pseudo-random noise sequence of noise picture elements based upon the seed
  • adding means arranged to add the noise picture elements to the data picture elements on an element-by-element basis, yielding an output picture signal to be displayed.
  • This apparatus is led in its film noise addition by the instructions in the television signal, in particular the seed.
  • This unit may e.g. be a part of a dedicated ASIC, or software running on a generic or special purpose processor incorporated in the receiver.
  • the extraction means is arranged to extract a new seed for consecutive time instants, and the pseudo-random generator is arranged to restart a pseudo-random noise sequence generation for each new seed. This way the apparatus is can extract the required seed when it reads only part of the motion picture.
  • the extraction means is arranged to extract several seeds for a picture
  • the pseudo-random generator is arranged to generate a pseudo-random noise sequence corresponding to each of the several seeds
  • the video processing means is arranged to add the noise picture elements based upon the different seeds to respective different regions of the picture. This way the unit can add different optimized noise patches to the picture, as intended by the content provider.
  • a further embodiment of the signal-processing unit has the extraction means further arranged to extract coefficients, and he pseudo-random generator arranged to adapt its algorithm for generating the pseudo-random noise sequence upon the coefficients.
  • different filter coefficients may have been transmitted in the television signal for tuning the spatial correlation of the film noise.
  • a versatile embodiment of the signal-processing unit comprises extraction means which are further arranged to extract a random generator type indicator, and has the video processing means arranged to select a particular of a number of supported random generation algorithms in dependence upon the type indicator.
  • the content provider can select that one which according to his preference gives the best results.
  • a receiver having different pseudo-random generators may select a particular one based on its own rationale, in particular if the signal supports alternative options, all giving satisfactory results.
  • This signal processing unit is typically comprised in a disk reader apparatus further comprising:
  • a data carrier input unit for inputting a data carrier as above, further capable of extracting from the data carrier the television signal;
  • a television signal output arranged to transfer the output picture signal resulting from the signal processing unit to a display.
  • disk reader apparatuses examples include apparatuses which are known as disk reader, i.e. in particular a blue-ray disk reader, but also combination apparatuses such as a television signal reproducer/recorder comprising apart from a blue-ray disk reading unit also e.g. a hard disk, or a set-top-box also comprising a blue-ray disk reading unit.
  • disk reader apparatus should be read any apparatus having disk reading capability, i.e. typically comprising a disk reader unit.
  • the signal processing unit may also be comprised in a television signal receiving system further comprising a receiving unit arranged to receive from a wired or wireless connection to a television data source the television signal, and the signal processing unit being arranged receive the television signal from the receiving unit and to supply the output picture signal containing generated noise.
  • a display may be comprised in the television signal receiving system, which display receives the supplied output picture signal.
  • Examples of such a television signal receiving system are:
  • a system comprising a set-top-box for receiving and processing (including film noise addition) the television signal connected to a standard e.g. LCD display; or
  • Variants of this television system may be constructed similarly to the variants of the disk reader apparatus.
  • a method of supplying an output picture signal comprising:
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows the television signal
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows an embodiment of the signal processing unit
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows an embodiment of the disk reader apparatus and the television signal receiving system.
  • a television signal TS according to the invention is shown in a digital form, e.g. “Advanced video coding” (AVC) compressed.
  • the signal is composed of metadata M 1 , M 2 (e.g. header, compression parameters, . . . , and according to the present invention also at least one seed S 1 ), interleaved with picture data P 1 , P 2 describing objects in a captured scene, typically numbers indicating e.g. discrete Fourier transform coefficients for blocks of pixels.
  • metadata M 1 , M 2 e.g. header, compression parameters, . . .
  • P 2 e.g., P 2 describing objects in a captured scene
  • typically numbers indicating e.g. discrete Fourier transform coefficients for blocks of pixels typically numbers indicating e.g. discrete Fourier transform coefficients for blocks of pixels.
  • the current proposed version of AVC contains so-called supplemental enhancement information (SEI) with film grain semantics.
  • SEI supplemental enhancement information
  • G ⁇ [ x , y , c ] C 1 ⁇ n + ⁇ k , l ⁇ C ( k , l ) ⁇ G ⁇ [ x - k , y - l , c ] + ⁇ m ⁇ C m ⁇ G ⁇ [ x , y , c + m ] [ Eq . ⁇ 1 ]
  • Eq. 1 x stands for a horizontal pixel coordinate, y for a vertical pixel coordinate, c for a color plane (e.g. the Y, Cb, Cr representation being used), the C's are coefficients (constants), and G[x,y,c] is the Gaussian noise value generated for the position (x,y) in the c-th color plane.
  • the first term C 1 n is a local noise term, with n a random sample from a normalized Gaussian distribution N( 0 , 1 ).
  • the second term models spatial correlation in the c-th color plane, by weighing previously generated Gaussian noise values for previous positions (x ⁇ k, y ⁇ 1).
  • the third term models color noise, i.e. correlation between color plains [since the grains in the different emulsions do not show the exact same spatial distribution, color errors occur].
  • the local noise term is typically generated by a pseudo-random generator in the receiving apparatus.
  • uniform noise is generated first, and subsequently transformed to Gaussian noise by means of the Box-Muller equation:
  • the uniform noise is generated by one of a number of possible pseudo-random generators, e.g. the simple linear congruential generator:
  • the sequence of random number is started by taking the seed S 1 as the first number x 0 .
  • This seed is typically taken from with the receiving apparatus, e.g. on the basis of its current clock time value.
  • a signal processing unit 200 comprised in a receiving apparatus compatible with the television signal TS—e.g. a television signal receiving system 320 [see FIG. 3 ] such as an LCD television receiver, or a disk reader apparatus 300 receiving the television signal on a data carrier 310 —takes the seed S 1 from the television signal TS to generate the pseudo-random noise values, which hence are uniquely controlled by the television signal seed S 1 .
  • a receiving apparatus compatible with the television signal TS e.g. a television signal receiving system 320 [see FIG. 3 ] such as an LCD television receiver, or a disk reader apparatus 300 receiving the television signal on a data carrier 310 —takes the seed S 1 from the television signal TS to generate the pseudo-random noise values, which hence are uniquely controlled by the television signal seed S 1 .
  • Signal processing unit 200 contains an extraction means 202 , which processes the signal as prescribed by the television standard used, and outputs the picture data P 1 and the seed S 1 to a video processing means 204 .
  • This video processing means may optionally decode/decompress the picture data P 1 , e.g. from MPEG, AVC etc. to consecutive pixel grey values.
  • a pseudo-random generator 208 generates a sequence NSEQ of noise values for all pixels in consecutive pictures, until—if provided in the television signal TS—a new seed S 2 is extracted, upon which the pseudo-random generator 208 contains the noise generation with the same algorithm, but restarted with a new seed.
  • More advanced embodiments of the signal processing unit 200 may be constructed to handle more advanced embodiments of the television signal TS.
  • a different seed S 1 ′ instead of S 1 may be provided for a sub-region of a picture.
  • region identification information R is included in the television signal (e.g. coordinates of a rectangle of pixels), which also extracted by the extraction means 202 and sent to the video processing means 204 , so that the latter applies to noise values generated by the appropriately seeded pseudo-random noise sequence NSEQ to the pixels of the different regions.
  • the video processing means 204 also receive coefficients, e.g. the coefficients of Eq. 1 or Eq. 3 above. Since film grain noise tends to depend on the illumination, it is advantageous if also these coefficients are updatable regularly, per group of pictures, or even within pictures.
  • the video processing means may also receive an extracted pseudo-random generator type indicator T 1 , indicating the type of random generator algorithm.
  • type indicators may determine each step separately, or an entire algorithmic combination of steps. Also the type indicators may be updated regularly (T 1 , T 2 ).
  • pseudo-random generator types may be provided for in the television signal for a single (region of a) picture or for a group of pictures. Seed S 1 is to be used with type T 1 and seed S 11 with type T 11 . It should be clear to the skilled person that variants of the television signal may be designed, e.g. in which some of the type indicators may be omitted, because all receiving apparatuses conform to the standard that the first seed S 1 is always to be used with a particular pseudo-random generator type.
  • Type T 1 may indicate the pseudo-random generation strategy as described above with Eqs. 1-3.
  • Type T 2 may indicate that a more advanced so-called RANROT generator is to be used in which the uniform noise generator also rotates r places to the right the bits of each number obtained, e.g. by a linear congruential generator.
  • the logistic equation may be used for generating the noise sequence:
  • more advanced pseudo-random generators may use sampling in a prerecorded picture of captured noise.
  • This picture is large enough to supply noise for an entire motion picture. It is transmitted e.g. at the beginning of the motion picture, or may even be transmitted by the provider at particular time instants (e.g. the first Monday of each month) and stored in the receiving apparatus. It is typically constructed by capturing under a number of illumination conditions for a particular type of film emulsion a picture of a smooth white screen.
  • the random generator in this case provides a starting position (x,y) in the captured noise picture, after which a number of neighboring noise pixels is sampled and added to the object data pixels, and a subsequent position is generated.
  • Type T 4 may be used to indicate that noise should be sampled from a second captured noise picture corresponding to a different emulsion. These may be interchanged within a single motion picture, e.g. simulating the night sequences being captured by coarse grained film material.
  • the video processing means 204 may choose the one optional according to its own rationale.
  • the algorithmic components disclosed may in practice be (entirely or in part) realized as hardware (e.g. parts of an application specific IC) or as software running on a special digital signal processor, a generic processor, etc.
  • computer program product should be understood any physical realization of a collection of commands enabling a processor—generic or special purpose—, after a series of loading steps to get the commands into the processor, to execute any of the characteristic functions of an invention.
  • the computer program product may be realized as data on a carrier such as e.g. a disk or tape, data present in a memory, data traveling over a network connection—wired or wireless—, or program code on paper.
  • program code characteristic data required for the program may also be embodied as a computer program product.
  • the invention can be implemented by means of hardware or by means of software running on a processor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Television Signal Processing For Recording (AREA)
  • Two-Way Televisions, Distribution Of Moving Picture Or The Like (AREA)
  • Image Processing (AREA)
  • Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
  • Television Systems (AREA)
  • Picture Signal Circuits (AREA)
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US20070070241A1 (en) * 2003-10-14 2007-03-29 Boyce Jill M Technique for bit-accurate film grain simulation
US8238613B2 (en) 2003-10-14 2012-08-07 Thomson Licensing Technique for bit-accurate film grain simulation
US8150206B2 (en) 2004-03-30 2012-04-03 Thomson Licensing Method and apparatus for representing image granularity by one or more parameters
US8447127B2 (en) 2004-10-18 2013-05-21 Thomson Licensing Film grain simulation method
US8447124B2 (en) 2004-11-12 2013-05-21 Thomson Licensing Film grain simulation for normal play and trick mode play for video playback systems
US9117261B2 (en) 2004-11-16 2015-08-25 Thomson Licensing Film grain SEI message insertion for bit-accurate simulation in a video system
US9177364B2 (en) 2004-11-16 2015-11-03 Thomson Licensing Film grain simulation method based on pre-computed transform coefficients
US9098916B2 (en) 2004-11-17 2015-08-04 Thomson Licensing Bit-accurate film grain simulation method based on pre-computed transformed coefficients
US8483288B2 (en) 2004-11-22 2013-07-09 Thomson Licensing Methods, apparatus and system for film grain cache splitting for film grain simulation
US8472526B2 (en) 2004-11-23 2013-06-25 Thomson Licensing Low-complexity film grain simulation technique
US10715834B2 (en) 2007-05-10 2020-07-14 Interdigital Vc Holdings, Inc. Film grain simulation based on pre-computed transform coefficients
RU2451338C1 (ru) * 2010-12-23 2012-05-20 Открытое акционерное общество "Государственный Рязанский приборный завод" (ОАО "ГРПЗ") Способ комплексирования цифровых полутоновых телевизионных и тепловизионных изображений
US20220353543A1 (en) * 2019-09-23 2022-11-03 Apple Inc. Video Compression with In-Loop Sub-Image Level Controllable Noise Generation

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WO2005091642A1 (en) 2005-09-29
AR048182A1 (es) 2006-04-05
CN100592792C (zh) 2010-02-24
BRPI0508884A (pt) 2007-09-11
EP1745652A1 (en) 2007-01-24
RU2367020C2 (ru) 2009-09-10
RU2006133388A (ru) 2008-03-27
KR20070028338A (ko) 2007-03-12
CN1934868A (zh) 2007-03-21

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