US20080184649A1 - Interlocking Stackable Modular Building Blocks - Google Patents
Interlocking Stackable Modular Building Blocks Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080184649A1 US20080184649A1 US11/164,921 US16492106A US2008184649A1 US 20080184649 A1 US20080184649 A1 US 20080184649A1 US 16492106 A US16492106 A US 16492106A US 2008184649 A1 US2008184649 A1 US 2008184649A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- blocks
- block
- walls
- slabs
- tongue
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010137 moulding (plastic) Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000006424 Flood reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003562 lightweight material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
- E04C1/39—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings characterised by special adaptations, e.g. serving for locating conduits, for forming soffits, cornices, or shelves, for fixing wall-plates or door-frames, for claustra
- E04C1/395—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings characterised by special adaptations, e.g. serving for locating conduits, for forming soffits, cornices, or shelves, for fixing wall-plates or door-frames, for claustra for claustra, fences, planting walls, e.g. sound-absorbing
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/04—Walls having neither cavities between, nor in, the solid elements
- E04B2/06—Walls having neither cavities between, nor in, the solid elements using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
- E04B2002/0204—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections
- E04B2002/0206—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections of rectangular shape
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
- E04B2002/0232—Undercut connections, e.g. using undercut tongues and grooves
- E04B2002/0239—Round dovetails
Definitions
- Interlocking Stackable Building Blocks made out of plastic molded material is ideally suited for making winterized housing, barrier walls and slabs.
- the Building Blocks with extrusion tongue on one end and insertion groove on the other end can be placed end to end in interlocked position. Narrow upper end and a wider bottom end snap on top of each other when the Blocks are placed in stackable position. In stackable position the top and bottom half can be held firm tightly with screws.
- the Building Blocks are hollow containers (2 ft. ⁇ 1 ft. ⁇ 3 in), lightweight and are inexpensive to manufacture. Emergency walls and living quarters can be constructed quickly with minimum labor and very little material cost, providing instant housing in remote areas and areas that are affected by earthquake and, other natural calamities. Walls and living units made with the Blocks are essentially sound proof and well insulated providing emergency relief in extreme climatic conditions.
- FIG. 1 the perspective of the Building Block front section showing extrusion tongue 1 , elongated holes 2 (for placing hinges when doors are attached), side screw holes 3 and 4 on the bottom section and side screw holes 5 and 6 on the top section.
- FIG. 2 the perspective of the Building Block back section showing insertion groove 12 , side screw holes 8 and 9 on the narrow top section and side screw holes 10 and 11 on the wider bottom section.
- the wider bottom side 13 and the top narrow ledge 7 are designed to fit snugly when Blocks are placed in a stackable position.
- FIG. 3 the perspective of the Blocks placed in interlocked position with the tongue of the first Block inserted into groove of the adjacent Block.
- FIG. 4 perspective of the Blocks placed in stacked position with the wider bottom of the top Block placed on the narrow top of the bottom Block and held tight with screws through the screw holes.
- FIG. 5 perspective of the Blocks placed in stacked and adjacent interlocked position to create a walls or extended slabs.
- FIG. 6 perspective of the Blocks showing room or living quarter made by connecting walls and extended slabs.
- the present invention provides quick and inexpensive solution of making winterized housing for people affected by natural calamities such as earthquake and floods.
- the Building Blocks are hollow lightweight containers making them specially suited for constructing housing in earthquake prone areas that require lightweight material to minimize the damage caused by collapsed buildings.
- the Building Blocks are inexpensive and can easily be manufactured with plastic molding machines, reducing the cost of labor and transportation.
- the Building Blocks are also well suited for constructing barrier walls such as the one erected alongside of the freeways for suppressing freeway noise coming to residential areas. The walls can be erected quickly as no cement or glue is required during construction.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective of the Building Block showing extrusion tongue in the front with a view of top narrow ledge showing screw holes on the side.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective of the Building Block showing insertion groove on the back with a view of screw holes on the side.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective of Blocks with tongue and groove of adjacent Blocks placed in interlocked position with each other.
- FIG. 4 is a perspective of Blocks stacked on top of each other with the wider bottom of the top Block fitting snugly on the narrow ledge of the bottom Block and screwed to hold them tight.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective of interlocked Blocks stacked on top of each other creating a wall or a slab.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective of the use of Building Block slabs in making a living quarter.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
Abstract
An Interlocking Stackable Modular Building Block plastic molded container is disclosed that is ideally suited for making barrier walls, slabs and emergency living quarters. The referred embodiment of the Block is a hollow container with extrusion tongue on the one end and insertion groove on the other end. The Blocks can be placed adjacent to each other in interlocking position by inserting the tongue of the first Block in to the groove of the adjacent Block. Blocks have narrow ledge on the top and wider extension on the bottom. The wider bottom fits snugly on the top narrow ledge when Blocks are placed on top of each other and are held tight with screws. Walls and slabs can be made out of Blocks when they are placed in adjacent interlocked position and stacked top and bottom position. Such walls and slabs are ideally suited for providing winterized insulated housing to people in remote areas and areas that are hit with natural calamities such as earthquakes and floods. The walls are also suitable for erecting barriers alongside of freeways to reduce traffic noise. The Blocks are lightweight and inexpensive as they are manufactured with plastic molded material.
Description
- Interlocking Stackable Building Blocks made out of plastic molded material is ideally suited for making winterized housing, barrier walls and slabs. The Building Blocks with extrusion tongue on one end and insertion groove on the other end can be placed end to end in interlocked position. Narrow upper end and a wider bottom end snap on top of each other when the Blocks are placed in stackable position. In stackable position the top and bottom half can be held firm tightly with screws. The Building Blocks are hollow containers (2 ft.×1 ft.×3 in), lightweight and are inexpensive to manufacture. Emergency walls and living quarters can be constructed quickly with minimum labor and very little material cost, providing instant housing in remote areas and areas that are affected by earthquake and, other natural calamities. Walls and living units made with the Blocks are essentially sound proof and well insulated providing emergency relief in extreme climatic conditions.
- Turning to
FIG. 1 , the perspective of the Building Block front section showingextrusion tongue 1, elongated holes 2 (for placing hinges when doors are attached), 3 and 4 on the bottom section andside screw holes side screw holes 5 and 6 on the top section. -
FIG. 2 , the perspective of the Building Block back section showinginsertion groove 12,side screw holes 8 and 9 on the narrow top section and 10 and 11 on the wider bottom section. Theside screw holes wider bottom side 13 and the topnarrow ledge 7 are designed to fit snugly when Blocks are placed in a stackable position. -
FIG. 3 , the perspective of the Blocks placed in interlocked position with the tongue of the first Block inserted into groove of the adjacent Block. -
FIG. 4 , perspective of the Blocks placed in stacked position with the wider bottom of the top Block placed on the narrow top of the bottom Block and held tight with screws through the screw holes. -
FIG. 5 , perspective of the Blocks placed in stacked and adjacent interlocked position to create a walls or extended slabs. -
FIG. 6 , perspective of the Blocks showing room or living quarter made by connecting walls and extended slabs. - Thus, the present invention provides quick and inexpensive solution of making winterized housing for people affected by natural calamities such as earthquake and floods. The Building Blocks are hollow lightweight containers making them specially suited for constructing housing in earthquake prone areas that require lightweight material to minimize the damage caused by collapsed buildings. The Building Blocks are inexpensive and can easily be manufactured with plastic molding machines, reducing the cost of labor and transportation. The Building Blocks are also well suited for constructing barrier walls such as the one erected alongside of the freeways for suppressing freeway noise coming to residential areas. The walls can be erected quickly as no cement or glue is required during construction.
- This invention is illustrated more or less diagrammatically in the accompanying drawing, wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective of the Building Block showing extrusion tongue in the front with a view of top narrow ledge showing screw holes on the side. -
FIG. 2 is a perspective of the Building Block showing insertion groove on the back with a view of screw holes on the side. -
FIG. 3 is a perspective of Blocks with tongue and groove of adjacent Blocks placed in interlocked position with each other. -
FIG. 4 is a perspective of Blocks stacked on top of each other with the wider bottom of the top Block fitting snugly on the narrow ledge of the bottom Block and screwed to hold them tight. -
FIG. 5 is a perspective of interlocked Blocks stacked on top of each other creating a wall or a slab. -
FIG. 6 is a perspective of the use of Building Block slabs in making a living quarter.
Claims (1)
1. A modular Building Block providing capability of making walls, slabs and living quarters by placing them in interlocked position end to end and stacked position top and bottom. The Building Blocks are containers measuring 2 ft.×1 ft.×3 in., lightweight and made out of plastic molding material that require no cement or glue to hold them together. The front of the Block has an extrusion tongue and back of the Block has a grooved insertion. Several of them can be held in interlocked position by inserting the tongue of the one Block in to the groove the adjacent Block. Blocks are provided with narrow ledge on the topside and wide extension on the bottom side, so they can be placed snugly on top of each other for making walls and slabs. Blocks can be held tight with screws when they are placed on top of each other.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/164,921 US20080184649A1 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2006-10-18 | Interlocking Stackable Modular Building Blocks |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/164,921 US20080184649A1 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2006-10-18 | Interlocking Stackable Modular Building Blocks |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US20080184649A1 true US20080184649A1 (en) | 2008-08-07 |
Family
ID=39674972
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/164,921 Abandoned US20080184649A1 (en) | 2006-10-18 | 2006-10-18 | Interlocking Stackable Modular Building Blocks |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20080184649A1 (en) |
Cited By (27)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20100307095A1 (en) * | 2009-06-09 | 2010-12-09 | Adams Wendell B | Bulk liquid and material delivery device and construction block |
| WO2011101514A1 (en) * | 2010-02-18 | 2011-08-25 | Ricardo Gonzalez Del Castillo | Element for the construction of enclosures |
| US8074419B1 (en) * | 2008-07-07 | 2011-12-13 | Humphress David L | Unbonded non-masonry building block components |
| US8266855B1 (en) | 2010-12-02 | 2012-09-18 | Najem Altararwah | System of interlocking concrete blocks |
| WO2013036271A1 (en) * | 2011-09-08 | 2013-03-14 | Samobi Industries, Llc | Interlocking construction blocks |
| US8448403B1 (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-05-28 | David Wallace | Water catchment building block |
| US20130227901A1 (en) * | 2011-05-11 | 2013-09-05 | Ron Zohar | Methods and devices for making a building block for mortar-free construction |
| GB2514706A (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2014-12-03 | Andrew Plumb | Eco brick |
| US20140360897A1 (en) * | 2013-06-11 | 2014-12-11 | Wendell B. Adams | Bulk Liquid/Material Construction Block Utility Kit |
| US20150135634A1 (en) * | 2013-11-15 | 2015-05-21 | Tor Hoie | Composite Building Components Building System |
| US9200447B1 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2015-12-01 | Concrete and Foam Structures, LLC | Prestressed modular foam structures |
| WO2016118953A1 (en) * | 2015-01-23 | 2016-07-28 | Richard Kramer | Improved fabricated building |
| AU2014100553B4 (en) * | 2013-11-20 | 2016-09-15 | Csr Building Products Limited | A method |
| US9644334B2 (en) | 2013-08-19 | 2017-05-09 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Methods of and systems for controlling water flow, breaking water waves and reducing surface erosion along rivers, streams, waterways and coastal regions |
| RU2651828C2 (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2018-04-24 | Юрий Фёдорович Максимов | Method for forming tongue-and-groove elements in construction blocks and slabs |
| US10053832B2 (en) | 2011-01-10 | 2018-08-21 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Molded concrete U-wall construction block employing a metal reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein for multiple purposes |
| US10094109B2 (en) | 2017-02-03 | 2018-10-09 | Gouda-Torgerson Building Systems Llc | Construction blocks |
| USD833647S1 (en) | 2017-02-23 | 2018-11-13 | Gouda-Torgerson Building Systems Llc | Modular mold |
| USD833645S1 (en) | 2017-02-23 | 2018-11-13 | Gouda-Torgerson Building Systems Llc | Modular mold |
| USD833646S1 (en) | 2017-02-23 | 2018-11-13 | Gouda-Torgerson Building Systems Llc | Modular mold |
| US10286332B2 (en) | 2015-10-23 | 2019-05-14 | Kma Concepts Limited | Toy construction set with articulating linkable elements |
| USD892354S1 (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2020-08-04 | Osblock Inc. | Wall panel |
| US10815660B2 (en) | 2016-09-16 | 2020-10-27 | Osblock Inc. | Structural panel assembly for mounting building walls and method for mounting building walls using same |
| US11623160B2 (en) * | 2017-09-14 | 2023-04-11 | Jenner Innovation Pty Ltd | System for building a load bearing structure |
| USD1018901S1 (en) | 2022-04-13 | 2024-03-19 | Osblock Inc. | Block for construction |
| US20250345717A1 (en) * | 2024-05-07 | 2025-11-13 | Eliyah Wadie Ragi Kilada | Building Blocks for Toy Buildings and/or for Hamster and Small Pet Mazes |
| US12485585B2 (en) | 2020-12-22 | 2025-12-02 | Heidi Kujawa | Methods of forming blocks utilizable for building construction out of non-recyclable plastic waste raw material |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4075808A (en) * | 1974-11-25 | 1978-02-28 | Sanford Pearlman | Building construction system using mortar-less modular building block elements |
| US5172534A (en) * | 1991-04-02 | 1992-12-22 | Adl Partners | Chainable building blocks |
| US5181354A (en) * | 1991-03-05 | 1993-01-26 | Tri-Mark Metal Corporation | Barrier panel |
| US5901520A (en) * | 1995-07-11 | 1999-05-11 | Abdul-Baki; Assad | Interlocking building blocks |
| US6122881A (en) * | 1998-10-08 | 2000-09-26 | Aubertot; Christophe | Lengthwise extrusion of facing bricks to create interlocking profiles |
| US20050034406A1 (en) * | 2003-05-08 | 2005-02-17 | Isaac Walker | Dry set block wall building system |
-
2006
- 2006-10-18 US US11/164,921 patent/US20080184649A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4075808A (en) * | 1974-11-25 | 1978-02-28 | Sanford Pearlman | Building construction system using mortar-less modular building block elements |
| US5181354A (en) * | 1991-03-05 | 1993-01-26 | Tri-Mark Metal Corporation | Barrier panel |
| US5172534A (en) * | 1991-04-02 | 1992-12-22 | Adl Partners | Chainable building blocks |
| US5901520A (en) * | 1995-07-11 | 1999-05-11 | Abdul-Baki; Assad | Interlocking building blocks |
| US6122881A (en) * | 1998-10-08 | 2000-09-26 | Aubertot; Christophe | Lengthwise extrusion of facing bricks to create interlocking profiles |
| US20050034406A1 (en) * | 2003-05-08 | 2005-02-17 | Isaac Walker | Dry set block wall building system |
Cited By (34)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8074419B1 (en) * | 2008-07-07 | 2011-12-13 | Humphress David L | Unbonded non-masonry building block components |
| US8316610B2 (en) * | 2009-06-09 | 2012-11-27 | Adams Wendell B | Bulk liquid and material delivery device and construction block |
| US20100307095A1 (en) * | 2009-06-09 | 2010-12-09 | Adams Wendell B | Bulk liquid and material delivery device and construction block |
| WO2011101514A1 (en) * | 2010-02-18 | 2011-08-25 | Ricardo Gonzalez Del Castillo | Element for the construction of enclosures |
| US8266855B1 (en) | 2010-12-02 | 2012-09-18 | Najem Altararwah | System of interlocking concrete blocks |
| US10053832B2 (en) | 2011-01-10 | 2018-08-21 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Molded concrete U-wall construction block employing a metal reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein for multiple purposes |
| US10443206B2 (en) | 2011-01-10 | 2019-10-15 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Block reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein, for use in reinforcing a molded concrete U-wall construction block |
| US8893450B2 (en) * | 2011-05-11 | 2014-11-25 | Ron Zohar | Methods and devices for making a building block for mortar-free construction |
| US20130227901A1 (en) * | 2011-05-11 | 2013-09-05 | Ron Zohar | Methods and devices for making a building block for mortar-free construction |
| US8601758B2 (en) | 2011-09-08 | 2013-12-10 | Samobi Industries, Llc | Interlocking construction blocks |
| WO2013036271A1 (en) * | 2011-09-08 | 2013-03-14 | Samobi Industries, Llc | Interlocking construction blocks |
| US8448403B1 (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-05-28 | David Wallace | Water catchment building block |
| US9200447B1 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2015-12-01 | Concrete and Foam Structures, LLC | Prestressed modular foam structures |
| US20140360897A1 (en) * | 2013-06-11 | 2014-12-11 | Wendell B. Adams | Bulk Liquid/Material Construction Block Utility Kit |
| US9145249B2 (en) * | 2013-06-11 | 2015-09-29 | Wendell B. Adams | Bulk liquid/material construction block utility kit |
| US9644334B2 (en) | 2013-08-19 | 2017-05-09 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Methods of and systems for controlling water flow, breaking water waves and reducing surface erosion along rivers, streams, waterways and coastal regions |
| US20150135634A1 (en) * | 2013-11-15 | 2015-05-21 | Tor Hoie | Composite Building Components Building System |
| AU2014100553B4 (en) * | 2013-11-20 | 2016-09-15 | Csr Building Products Limited | A method |
| AU2014265071B2 (en) * | 2013-11-20 | 2017-05-04 | Csr Building Products Limited | A building and methods of constructing the building |
| GB2514706A (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2014-12-03 | Andrew Plumb | Eco brick |
| WO2016118953A1 (en) * | 2015-01-23 | 2016-07-28 | Richard Kramer | Improved fabricated building |
| US10286332B2 (en) | 2015-10-23 | 2019-05-14 | Kma Concepts Limited | Toy construction set with articulating linkable elements |
| US10815660B2 (en) | 2016-09-16 | 2020-10-27 | Osblock Inc. | Structural panel assembly for mounting building walls and method for mounting building walls using same |
| US10094109B2 (en) | 2017-02-03 | 2018-10-09 | Gouda-Torgerson Building Systems Llc | Construction blocks |
| USD833647S1 (en) | 2017-02-23 | 2018-11-13 | Gouda-Torgerson Building Systems Llc | Modular mold |
| USD833646S1 (en) | 2017-02-23 | 2018-11-13 | Gouda-Torgerson Building Systems Llc | Modular mold |
| USD833645S1 (en) | 2017-02-23 | 2018-11-13 | Gouda-Torgerson Building Systems Llc | Modular mold |
| RU2651828C2 (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2018-04-24 | Юрий Фёдорович Максимов | Method for forming tongue-and-groove elements in construction blocks and slabs |
| US11623160B2 (en) * | 2017-09-14 | 2023-04-11 | Jenner Innovation Pty Ltd | System for building a load bearing structure |
| USD892354S1 (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2020-08-04 | Osblock Inc. | Wall panel |
| US12485585B2 (en) | 2020-12-22 | 2025-12-02 | Heidi Kujawa | Methods of forming blocks utilizable for building construction out of non-recyclable plastic waste raw material |
| USD1018901S1 (en) | 2022-04-13 | 2024-03-19 | Osblock Inc. | Block for construction |
| USD1090909S1 (en) | 2022-04-13 | 2025-08-26 | Osblock Inc. | Block for construction |
| US20250345717A1 (en) * | 2024-05-07 | 2025-11-13 | Eliyah Wadie Ragi Kilada | Building Blocks for Toy Buildings and/or for Hamster and Small Pet Mazes |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |