US20080125321A1 - Method and formulation for eliminating moss with oregano oil - Google Patents
Method and formulation for eliminating moss with oregano oil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080125321A1 US20080125321A1 US11/604,081 US60408106A US2008125321A1 US 20080125321 A1 US20080125321 A1 US 20080125321A1 US 60408106 A US60408106 A US 60408106A US 2008125321 A1 US2008125321 A1 US 2008125321A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- org
- moss
- oregano oil
- aqueous solution
- weight percent
- Prior art date
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- Abandoned
Links
- 239000010661 oregano oil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 206
- 229940111617 oregano oil Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 206
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 title abstract description 21
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000416 hydrocolloid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- SATHPVQTSSUFFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[6-[(3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyloxane-3,5-diol Chemical compound OC1C(OC)C(O)COC1OCC1C(O)C(OC)C(O)C(OC2C(C(CO)OC(C)C2O)O)O1 SATHPVQTSSUFFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000189 Arabinogalactan Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001904 Arabinogalactan Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000007542 Cichorium intybus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000298479 Cichorium intybus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000303965 Cyamopsis psoralioides Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001202 Inulin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000007472 Leucaena leucocephala Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010643 Leucaena leucocephala Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019312 arabinogalactan Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 caragum Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000679 carrageenan Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010418 carrageenan Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001525 carrageenan Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940113118 carrageenan Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- JYJIGFIDKWBXDU-MNNPPOADSA-N inulin Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)OC[C@]1(OC[C@]2(OC[C@]3(OC[C@]4(OC[C@]5(OC[C@]6(OC[C@]7(OC[C@]8(OC[C@]9(OC[C@]%10(OC[C@]%11(OC[C@]%12(OC[C@]%13(OC[C@]%14(OC[C@]%15(OC[C@]%16(OC[C@]%17(OC[C@]%18(OC[C@]%19(OC[C@]%20(OC[C@]%21(OC[C@]%22(OC[C@]%23(OC[C@]%24(OC[C@]%25(OC[C@]%26(OC[C@]%27(OC[C@]%28(OC[C@]%29(OC[C@]%30(OC[C@]%31(OC[C@]%32(OC[C@]%33(OC[C@]%34(OC[C@]%35(OC[C@]%36(O[C@@H]%37[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%37)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%36)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%35)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%34)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%33)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%32)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%31)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%30)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%29)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%28)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%27)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%26)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%25)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%24)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%23)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%22)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%21)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%20)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%19)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%18)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%17)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%16)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%15)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%14)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%13)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%12)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%11)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%10)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O9)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O8)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O7)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O6)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O5)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O4)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 JYJIGFIDKWBXDU-MNNPPOADSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940029339 inulin Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- MGSRCZKZVOBKFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N thymol Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1O MGSRCZKZVOBKFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- YHKBGVDUSSWOAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-3-{2-chloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorophenyl}propanoic acid Chemical compound O=C1N(C(F)F)C(C)=NN1C1=CC(CC(Cl)C(O)=O)=C(Cl)C=C1F YHKBGVDUSSWOAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 6
- 239000005844 Thymol Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229960000790 thymol Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 5
- RECUKUPTGUEGMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carvacrol Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C(O)=C1 RECUKUPTGUEGMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HHTWOMMSBMNRKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N carvacrol Natural products CC(=C)C1=CC=C(C)C(O)=C1 HHTWOMMSBMNRKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000007746 carvacrol Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 4
- WYXXLXHHWYNKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocarvacrol Natural products CC(C)C1=CC=C(O)C(C)=C1 WYXXLXHHWYNKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 4
- 240000007241 Agrostis stolonifera Species 0.000 description 3
- 108010017443 B 43 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 231100000674 Phytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 101710171187 30S ribosomal protein S10 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710171221 30S ribosomal protein S11 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108050001922 30S ribosomal protein S17 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710171225 30S ribosomal protein S18 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000849579 Arabidopsis thaliana 30S ribosomal protein S13, chloroplastic Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101100330290 Arabidopsis thaliana CS26 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000195940 Bryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001504288 Bryum argenteum Species 0.000 description 2
- 101000608734 Helianthus annuus 11 kDa late embryogenesis abundant protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HBEMYXWYRXKRQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(8-methoxyoctoxy)propyl-methyl-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)silane Chemical compound COCCCCCCCCOCCC[Si](C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C HBEMYXWYRXKRQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016626 Agrimonia eupatoria Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000603803 Anthocerotopsida Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000195876 Bryopsida Species 0.000 description 1
- JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L Copper hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Cu+2] JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000005750 Copper hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010061217 Infestation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000196323 Marchantiophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001112527 Marchantiopsida Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000540 analysis of variance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010634 clove oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001956 copper hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021384 green leafy vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000208 phytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000885 phytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- MSLRPWGRFCKNIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;hydrogen peroxide;dicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].OO.OO.OO.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O MSLRPWGRFCKNIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
- A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
- A01N65/22—Lamiaceae or Labiatae [Mint family], e.g. thyme, rosemary, skullcap, selfheal, lavender, perilla, pennyroyal, peppermint or spearmint
Definitions
- This invention relates to the field of moss elimination methods and formulations, specifically the use of formulations of oregano oil extract.
- Oregano oil extract composed of carvacrol and thymol (add chemical formula below), is well known for its ability to suppress mold, fungus, and bacteria. Thymol has also been shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,706 to be effective as a herbicide for controlling weeds and grass. Published U.S. Application No. 2004/0192551 discloses a herbicidal mixture of clove oil, thymol, and carvacrol.
- Moss includes any species of moss of the class Bryopsida such as for example, Bryum argenteum , any species of the division Bryophyta, any species of liverworts of class Marchantiopsida, and any species of hornworts of class Anthocerotopsida, and any other species commonly known as moss.
- Moss is a prevalent pest that grows on the surface of turf grass, lawns, landscaping materials, stone walls, wood, and roofing materials.
- Silvery thread moss, Bryum argenteum for example, is a particularly vexing pest on golf courses. Moss growth is too dense for plants such as grasses to compete. After moss becomes established, cultural practice alone are unlikely to reestablish turf.
- moss Current methods of eliminating moss include the use of heavy metal compounds such as iron sulfate and copper hydroxide. In addition to being expensive, these heavy metal compounds can cause surface staining and harm to living environments.
- Other compounds used to control moss include Dawn UltraTM dish soap, baking soda, sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate.
- Herbicides have also been used to control the growth of moss. QuicksilverTM, carfentrazone, is a herbicide that is sold for moss control. These other compounds and herbicide have not been effective in entirely eliminating moss and require multiple applications.
- the present invention provides a method and formulation for eliminating moss with oregano oil extracts.
- Oregano oil extract is applied to moss or a locus where moss exists to substantially kill the moss.
- a composition of about 0.5 weight percent oregano oil or greater is effective to substantially kill moss in only one application.
- the preferred method is to spray the oregano oil onto the moss or the locus, and the preferred formulation is a sprayable aqueous solution of oregano oil.
- the preferred formulation includes one or more hydrocolloids.
- the present invention is a method and formulation of oregano oil extract for killing moss. Unlike U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,706 and its method of using thymol, the method and formulation of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is not substantially toxic to grasses. It was surprising that only one application of the formulation of the preferred embodiment was found sufficient to kill moss. The single application damages plants mixed in with the moss, but the affected plants exhibit re-growth shortly thereafter whereas the affected moss does not. The method and formulation of the preferred embodiment is therefore well suited for killing moss on turf without significantly damaging the turf.
- the method of the present invention involves the application of oregano oil extract onto moss or a locus where moss grows.
- the oregano oil is in an aqueous solution for application by spraying.
- Oregano oil in amounts as low as about 0.25% by weight have been found to be effective in killing moss and amounts as low as about 0.5% by weight have been found sufficient to kill moss with one application.
- oregano oil extract can be applied in concentrations as high as about 100% by weight, lower concentrations are preferable. About 100% oregano oil is not flowable through a spray nozzle and is therefore more difficult to apply than lower concentrations. The 100% oil has also been observed to roll off the surface of moss before it can act on the moss to kill it. The 100% oil is also significantly phytotoxic and may cause unintended harm to surrounding fauna.
- a locus may become contaminated with incoming mold spores.
- To prevent further contamination therefore includes the step of re-applying oregano oil. It is preferred to wait about two weeks before re-applications. Two weeks has been determined to be the optimal amount of time to prevent significant growth of moss from incoming spores while allowing other fauna at the locus to recover from the frequent treatments.
- moss The outer walls of moss are studded with pectin binding sites.
- the pectin binding sites allow the moss to adhere to plants. These sites can also be adhered by certain hydrocolloids.
- Hydrocolloids, also referred to as gums, that are believed to adhere to the pectin binding sites of moss include without limitation agar, alginates, acacia, arabinogalactan, caragum, carrageenan, chicory, guar, pectin, inulin, or xanthum.
- the preferred embodiment of the formula of the present invention includes hydrocolloids to aid in the interaction between oregano oil and the cells walls of the moss. Hydrocolloids of about 0.25 to about 25 percent by weight are therefore believed to enhance the action of oregano oil extract in killing moss.
- the preferred embodiment of the formula of the present invention also includes surfactants in amounts of about 0.25 to about 20 weight percent.
- the surfactants generally increase the interaction of carvacrol and thymol with the moss cells walls.
- Surfactants that can be added to the formulation of the present invention include but are not limited to X-77 (UAP), Induce (Helena), Activator 90 (UAP), Triton Ag 98 (Rhone-Poulenc), R-11 (Wilfarm), Agri-Dex (Helena), Prime Oil (Terra), Herbimax (UAP), Crop Oil Plus (Wilfarm), Prefer 28 (Cenex), Surf-N (US), Inhance (Brandt), P-28 (Wilfarm), Patrol (Helena); Sun-It II (AmCy), MSO (UAP), Scoil (Agsco), Hasten (Wilfarm), Mes-100 (Drexel), Silwet L77 (UAP), Silikin (Terra), Dyn
- oregano oil extract and hydrocolloids (formulation from claims) has been shown by the inventor to be effective in killing moss when applied as spot treatments on putting greens.
- Aqueous solutions of oregano oil extract were tested on silvery thread moss growing on turf grass.
- the turf grass was a mature stand of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera L. on a sand based rootzone.
- a grid of six inch square plots were arranged on the turf. Each plot was initially rated for percent moss cover on Jul. 6, 2006. Only plots with greater than 50% moss cover tracked for this test.
- Table 1 summarized the 79 treatments tested.
- Oregano oil extract formulations were compared with carefentrazone and a non-treated control.
- ORG AS Several oregano oil formulations included a surfactant, and these formations are marked as ORG AS, ORG BS, ORG CS, and ORG DS.
- Each formulation was applied as a squirt or pump from a spray bottle containing the formulation.
- the spray bottle used was one quart bottle that delivered 2.8 ml per pump onto a four inch square area. All of the formulations were applied at least once on Jul. 6, 2006. Sequential applications were also additionally performed bi-weekly on Jul. 20, Aug. 17, and Sep. 12, 2006, for a total of one, three, or four bi-weekly applications of.
- Each carefentrazone application was made at a recommended rate of 6.7 fl. oz. product/A.
- Turf quality, moss quality, and moss cover when various treatments of oregano oil (ORG) and carfentrazone are applied to a creeping bentgrass putting green to control silvery thread moss.
- Oil Volume Total oil per Applications Applications Concentration Water Application Applications Applications on on Treatment (%) ml ⁇ ft-2 ml ⁇ ft-2 on July 7 on July 20 August 17 September 12
- ORG A-16 0.25 25.5 0.06 1 1 1 1
- ORG A-21 0.25 51.0 0.13 2 0 0 0 ORG A-23 0.25 51.0 0.13 2 2 2 0
- ORG A-26 0.25 51.0 0.13 2 2 2 2 2
- Table 2 shows the results in turf quality and percent moss cover.
- the non-treated control showed heavy moss infestation with 82% moss cover.
- Plots treated with several oregano oil formations (ORG B-26, ORG B-43, ORG BS43, and ORG C-13) had moss cover of approximately 20% or lower.
- the plots treated with carfentrazone treatments (E11, E13, E16, ES11, ES13, and ES16) had moss cover ranging from 48-77%.
- the test shows that moss can be substantially eliminated if low quality levels of turf are tolerable. For example, ORG-CS42 did not lower turf quality lower than 6.8 but reduced moss cover to less than ten percent.
- any weight percent of oregano oil can effectively kill moss if correctly applied and the formulation can include any components that do not significantly reduce the efficacy of the oregano oil. Therefore, within the scope of the appended claims, the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Natural Medicines & Medicinal Plants (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
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- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- This invention relates to the field of moss elimination methods and formulations, specifically the use of formulations of oregano oil extract.
- 2. Description of Related Art
- Oregano oil extract, composed of carvacrol and thymol (add chemical formula below), is well known for its ability to suppress mold, fungus, and bacteria. Thymol has also been shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,706 to be effective as a herbicide for controlling weeds and grass. Published U.S. Application No. 2004/0192551 discloses a herbicidal mixture of clove oil, thymol, and carvacrol.
- Oregano oil extract has not previously been shown as effective against moss. Moss includes any species of moss of the class Bryopsida such as for example, Bryum argenteum, any species of the division Bryophyta, any species of liverworts of class Marchantiopsida, and any species of hornworts of class Anthocerotopsida, and any other species commonly known as moss. Moss is a prevalent pest that grows on the surface of turf grass, lawns, landscaping materials, stone walls, wood, and roofing materials. Silvery thread moss, Bryum argenteum, for example, is a particularly vexing pest on golf courses. Moss growth is too dense for plants such as grasses to compete. After moss becomes established, cultural practice alone are unlikely to reestablish turf.
- Current methods of eliminating moss include the use of heavy metal compounds such as iron sulfate and copper hydroxide. In addition to being expensive, these heavy metal compounds can cause surface staining and harm to living environments. Other compounds used to control moss include Dawn Ultra™ dish soap, baking soda, sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate. Herbicides have also been used to control the growth of moss. Quicksilver™, carfentrazone, is a herbicide that is sold for moss control. These other compounds and herbicide have not been effective in entirely eliminating moss and require multiple applications.
- It is therefore desirable to use environmentally friendly compounds that are effective in eliminating moss. It is also desirable to formulate compositions of oregano oil to maximize its efficacy on moss. It is further desirable to use a formulation that will terminate moss in a single application but have minimal phytotoxicity to surrounding plants.
- The present invention provides a method and formulation for eliminating moss with oregano oil extracts. Oregano oil extract is applied to moss or a locus where moss exists to substantially kill the moss. A composition of about 0.5 weight percent oregano oil or greater is effective to substantially kill moss in only one application. The preferred method is to spray the oregano oil onto the moss or the locus, and the preferred formulation is a sprayable aqueous solution of oregano oil. To improve the efficacy of oregano oil, the preferred formulation includes one or more hydrocolloids.
- Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated from the following description. The description makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which are provided for illustration of the preferred embodiment. However, such embodiment does not represent the full scope of the invention. The subject matter which the inventor does regard as his invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of this specification.
- The present invention is a method and formulation of oregano oil extract for killing moss. Unlike U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,706 and its method of using thymol, the method and formulation of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is not substantially toxic to grasses. It was surprising that only one application of the formulation of the preferred embodiment was found sufficient to kill moss. The single application damages plants mixed in with the moss, but the affected plants exhibit re-growth shortly thereafter whereas the affected moss does not. The method and formulation of the preferred embodiment is therefore well suited for killing moss on turf without significantly damaging the turf.
- The method of the present invention involves the application of oregano oil extract onto moss or a locus where moss grows. In the preferred embodiment the oregano oil is in an aqueous solution for application by spraying. Oregano oil in amounts as low as about 0.25% by weight have been found to be effective in killing moss and amounts as low as about 0.5% by weight have been found sufficient to kill moss with one application.
- Although oregano oil extract can be applied in concentrations as high as about 100% by weight, lower concentrations are preferable. About 100% oregano oil is not flowable through a spray nozzle and is therefore more difficult to apply than lower concentrations. The 100% oil has also been observed to roll off the surface of moss before it can act on the moss to kill it. The 100% oil is also significantly phytotoxic and may cause unintended harm to surrounding fauna.
- After application of oregano oil, a locus may become contaminated with incoming mold spores. To prevent further contamination therefore includes the step of re-applying oregano oil. It is preferred to wait about two weeks before re-applications. Two weeks has been determined to be the optimal amount of time to prevent significant growth of moss from incoming spores while allowing other fauna at the locus to recover from the frequent treatments.
- It is believed that the carvacrol and thymol in oregano oil chemically destroy the cell walls of moss. The outer walls of moss are studded with pectin binding sites. The pectin binding sites allow the moss to adhere to plants. These sites can also be adhered by certain hydrocolloids. Hydrocolloids, also referred to as gums, that are believed to adhere to the pectin binding sites of moss include without limitation agar, alginates, acacia, arabinogalactan, caragum, carrageenan, chicory, guar, pectin, inulin, or xanthum. The preferred embodiment of the formula of the present invention includes hydrocolloids to aid in the interaction between oregano oil and the cells walls of the moss. Hydrocolloids of about 0.25 to about 25 percent by weight are therefore believed to enhance the action of oregano oil extract in killing moss.
- The preferred embodiment of the formula of the present invention also includes surfactants in amounts of about 0.25 to about 20 weight percent. The surfactants generally increase the interaction of carvacrol and thymol with the moss cells walls. Surfactants that can be added to the formulation of the present invention include but are not limited to X-77 (UAP), Induce (Helena), Activator 90 (UAP), Triton Ag 98 (Rhone-Poulenc), R-11 (Wilfarm), Agri-Dex (Helena), Prime Oil (Terra), Herbimax (UAP), Crop Oil Plus (Wilfarm), Prefer 28 (Cenex), Surf-N (US), Inhance (Brandt), P-28 (Wilfarm), Patrol (Helena); Sun-It II (AmCy), MSO (UAP), Scoil (Agsco), Hasten (Wilfarm), Mes-100 (Drexel), Silwet L77 (UAP), Silikin (Terra), Dyne-Amic (Helena), Kinetic (Helena), Sylgard 309 (Wilbur-Ellis) and Century (Precision). Generally the present invention is enhanced by any surfactant that provides the surface adhesion or penetration to increase the efficacy of the oregano oil.
- The content of the present invention will be concretely explained by way of the following examples but the present invention shall not be limited only thereto.
- The formulation of oregano oil extract and hydrocolloids (formulation from claims) has been shown by the inventor to be effective in killing moss when applied as spot treatments on putting greens.
- The combination of oregano oil extract and hydrocolloids ticgum, gum arabic, and arabanoglactin was sprayed onto non-specific green moss growing on wood fencing. The combination eliminated all of the moss visible inspection and aided in the removal of the terminated moss.
- Aqueous solutions of oregano oil extract were tested on silvery thread moss growing on turf grass. The turf grass was a mature stand of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera L. on a sand based rootzone. A grid of six inch square plots were arranged on the turf. Each plot was initially rated for percent moss cover on Jul. 6, 2006. Only plots with greater than 50% moss cover tracked for this test. Table 1 summarized the 79 treatments tested. Oregano oil extract formulations were compared with carefentrazone and a non-treated control. Several oregano oil formulations included a surfactant, and these formations are marked as ORG AS, ORG BS, ORG CS, and ORG DS. Each formulation was applied as a squirt or pump from a spray bottle containing the formulation. The spray bottle used was one quart bottle that delivered 2.8 ml per pump onto a four inch square area. All of the formulations were applied at least once on Jul. 6, 2006. Sequential applications were also additionally performed bi-weekly on Jul. 20, Aug. 17, and Sep. 12, 2006, for a total of one, three, or four bi-weekly applications of. Each carefentrazone application was made at a recommended rate of 6.7 fl. oz. product/A.
-
TABLE 1 Turf quality, moss quality, and moss cover when various treatments of oregano oil (ORG) and carfentrazone are applied to a creeping bentgrass putting green to control silvery thread moss. Oil Volume Total oil per Applications Applications Concentration Water Application Applications Applications on on Treatment (%) ml · ft-2 ml · ft-2 on July 7 on July 20 August 17 September 12 ORG A-11 0.25 25.5 0.06 1 0 0 0 ORG A-13 0.25 25.5 0.06 1 1 1 0 ORG A-16 0.25 25.5 0.06 1 1 1 1 ORG A-21 0.25 51.0 0.13 2 0 0 0 ORG A-23 0.25 51.0 0.13 2 2 2 0 ORG A-26 0.25 51.0 0.13 2 2 2 2 ORG A-41 0.25 102.0 0.26 4 0 0 0 ORG A-43 0.25 102.0 0.26 4 4 4 0 ORG A-46 0.25 102.0 0.26 4 4 4 4 ORG AS11 0.25 25.5 0.06 1 0 0 0 ORG AS13 0.25 25.5 0.06 1 1 1 0 ORG AS16 0.25 25.5 0.06 1 1 1 1 ORG AS21 0.25 51.0 0.13 2 0 0 0 ORG AS23 0.25 51.0 0.13 2 2 2 0 ORG AS26 0.25 51.0 0.13 2 2 2 2 ORG AS41 0.25 102.0 0.26 4 0 0 0 ORG AS43 0.25 102.0 0.26 4 4 4 0 ORG AS46 0.25 102.0 0.26 4 4 4 4 ORG B-11 0.5 25.5 0.13 1 0 0 0 ORG B-13 0.5 25.5 0.13 1 1 1 0 ORG B-16 0.5 25.5 0.13 1 1 1 1 ORG B-21 0.5 51.0 0.26 2 0 0 0 ORG B-23 0.5 51.0 0.26 2 2 2 0 ORG B-26 0.5 51.0 0.26 2 2 2 2 ORG B-41 0.5 102.0 0.51 4 0 0 0 ORG B-43 0.5 102.0 0.51 4 4 4 0 ORG B-46 0.5 102.0 0.51 4 4 4 4 ORG BS11 0.5 25.5 0.13 1 0 0 0 ORG BS13 0.5 25.5 0.13 1 1 1 0 LSD.05 1.52 1.47 1.27 1.52 ORG BS16 0.5 25.5 0.13 1 1 1 1 ORG BS21 0.5 51.0 0.26 2 0 0 0 ORG BS23 0.5 51.0 0.26 2 2 2 0 ORG BS26 0.5 51.0 0.26 2 2 2 2 ORG BS41 0.5 102.0 0.51 4 0 0 0 ORG BS43 0.5 102.0 0.51 4 4 4 0 ORG BS46 0.5 102.0 0.51 4 4 4 4 ORG C-11 1 25.5 0.26 1 0 0 0 ORG C-13 1 25.5 0.26 1 1 1 0 ORG C-16 1 25.5 0.26 1 1 1 1 ORG C-21 1 51.0 0.51 2 0 0 0 ORG C-23 1 51.0 0.51 2 2 2 0 ORG C-26 1 51.0 0.51 2 2 2 2 ORG C-41 1 102.0 1.02 4 0 0 0 ORG C-43 1 102.0 1.02 4 4 4 0 ORG C-46 1 102.0 1.02 4 4 4 4 ORG CS11 1 25.5 0.26 1 0 0 0 ORG CS13 1 25.5 0.26 1 1 1 0 ORG CS16 1 25.5 0.26 1 1 1 1 ORG CS21 1 51.0 0.51 2 0 0 0 ORG CS23 1 51.0 0.51 2 2 2 0 ORG CS26 1 51.0 0.51 2 2 2 2 ORG CS41 1 102.0 1.02 4 0 0 0 ORG CS43 1 102.0 1.02 4 4 4 0 ORG CS46 1 102.0 1.02 4 4 4 4 ORG D-11 2 25.5 0.51 1 0 0 0 ORG D-13 2 25.5 0.51 1 1 1 0 ORG D-16 2 25.5 0.51 1 1 1 1 ORG D-21 2 51.0 1.02 2 0 0 0 ORG D-23 2 51.0 1.02 2 2 2 0 LSD.05 1.52 1.47 1.27 1.52 ORG D-26 2 51.0 1.02 2 2 2 2 ORG D-41 2 102.0 2.04 4 0 0 0 ORG D-43 2 102.0 2.04 4 4 4 0 ORG D-46 2 102.0 2.04 4 4 4 4 ORG DS11 2 25.5 0.51 1 0 0 0 ORG DS13 2 25.5 0.51 1 1 1 0 ORG DS16 2 25.5 0.51 1 1 1 1 ORG DS21 2 51.0 1.02 2 0 0 0 ORG DS23 2 51.0 1.02 2 2 2 0 ORG DS26 2 51.0 1.02 2 2 2 2 ORG DS41 2 102.0 2.04 4 0 0 0 ORG DS43 2 102.0 2.04 4 4 4 0 ORG DS46 2 102.0 2.04 4 4 4 4 E11 Carfentrazone 25.5 1 0 0 0 E13 Carfentrazone 25.5 1 1 1 0 E16 Carfentrazone 25.5 1 1 1 1 ES11 Carfentrazone 25.5 1 0 0 0 ES13 Carfentrazone 25.5 1 1 1 0 ES16 Carfentrazone 25.5 1 1 1 1 Control Control 0 0 0 0 LSD.05 1.52 1.47 1.27 1.52 - Table 2 shows the results in turf quality and percent moss cover. On Oct. 9, 2006, the non-treated control showed heavy moss infestation with 82% moss cover. Plots treated with several oregano oil formations (ORG B-26, ORG B-43, ORG BS43, and ORG C-13) had moss cover of approximately 20% or lower. The plots treated with carfentrazone treatments (E11, E13, E16, ES11, ES13, and ES16) had moss cover ranging from 48-77%. The test shows that moss can be substantially eliminated if low quality levels of turf are tolerable. For example, ORG-CS42 did not lower turf quality lower than 6.8 but reduced moss cover to less than ten percent.
-
TABLE 2 Turf quality, moss quality, and moss cover when various treatments of oregano oil (ORG) and carfentrazone are applied to a creeping bentgrass putting green to control silvery thread moss. 17 Aug 12 Sep 9 Oct Turf % Moss Turf % Moss Turf % Moss Treatment Quality Cover Quality Cover Quality Cover ORG A-11 10.0 58.8 10.0 60.0 10.0 58.0 ORG A-13 10.0 64.0 10.0 79.8 10.0 69.8 ORG A-16 10.0 77.0 10.0 81.8 9.8 66.8 ORG A-21 10.0 78.8 10.0 77.0 10.0 74.0 ORG A-23 10.0 73.0 10.0 74.0 10.0 74.0 ORG A-26 10.0 59.0 10.0 73.0 10.0 56.0 ORG A-41 10.0 67.0 10.0 71.0 10.0 62.0 ORG A-43 10.0 50.8 10.0 61.0 10.0 61.0 ORG A-46 10.0 59.8 10.0 58.0 10.0 62.0 ORG AS11 10.0 71.0 10.0 76.6 10.0 67.6 ORG AS13 10.0 63.0 10.0 66.0 10.0 67.0 ORG AS16 10.0 83.0 10.0 82.0 10.0 71.8 ORG AS21 10.0 92.8 9.6 88.6 10.0 90.6 ORG AS23 10.0 66.0 10.0 84.0 10.0 70.0 ORG AS26 9.8 71.0 10.0 74.0 10.0 78.0 ORG AS41 10.0 39.8 10.0 61.0 10.0 59.0 ORG AS43 10.0 59.0 10.0 69.0 9.6 61.0 ORG AS46 9.8 57.0 10.0 56.4 10.0 51.8 ORG B-11 10.0 87.8 10.0 75.0 10.0 78.0 ORG B-13 9.8 65.0 10.0 51.8 10.0 50.0 ORG B-16 10.0 66.0 10.0 56.0 10.0 45.0 ORG B-21 9.6 53.0 9.6 50.0 10.0 53.0 ORG B-23 9.8 51.0 10.0 39.0 10.0 30.0 ORG B-26 10.0 34.0 10.0 21.0 10.0 20.4 ORG B-41 10.0 40.0 10.0 58.0 10.0 41.0 ORG B-43 10.0 13.0 10.0 5.2 10.0 8.0 ORG B-46 9.2 15.0 9.6 9.6 9.2 10.6 ORG BS11 10.0 72.0 10.0 76.0 10.0 61.0 ORG BS13 10.0 75.0 10.0 71.0 10.0 79.0 LSD.05 1.27 26.3 1.25 27.1 1.54 27.7 ORG BS16 10.0 75.0 10.0 70.0 10.0 66.0 ORG BS21 10.0 69.0 10.0 61.2 10.0 66.0 ORG BS23 10.0 47.0 10.0 54.2 10.0 46.0 ORG BS26 10.0 66.0 10.0 36.0 10.0 46.0 ORG BS41 9.6 56.0 8.8 48.0 9.6 58.0 ORG BS43 10.0 42.0 10.0 8.8 10.0 17.4 ORG BS46 9.4 31.0 9.0 16.4 8.8 22.0 ORG C-11 10.0 30.0 10.0 44.0 9.8 36.0 ORG C-13 9.6 24.0 9.0 13.0 8.8 20.2 ORG C-16 9.2 31.0 9.2 15.4 8.0 20.0 ORG C-21 10.0 16.0 10.0 20.4 9.8 20.0 ORG C-23 7.6 12.0 8.2 3.6 8.6 12.0 ORG C-26 8.0 10.6 6.6 1.8 5.8 6.4 ORG C-41 9.4 8.0 9.4 13.0 9.4 17.0 ORG C-43 8.0 5.0 5.8 2.0 7.2 13.0 ORG C-46 6.6 3.0 6.6 2.6 3.8 1.2 ORG CS11 10.0 44.0 9.8 68.0 10.0 55.0 ORG CS13 10.0 54.0 10.0 24.2 10.0 38.0 ORG CS16 10.0 56.2 9.4 33.4 8.2 37.4 ORG CS21 9.6 44.0 10.0 57.0 9.6 40.4 ORG CS23 9.6 27.0 8.8 10.4 9.2 20.0 ORG CS26 9.0 43.0 8.2 17.4 6.8 19.4 ORG CS41 9.8 14.0 9.8 27.0 10.0 35.0 ORG CS43 7.6 10.0 6.8 5.2 7.0 9.8 ORG CS46 5.8 6.6 4.8 2.6 4.8 3.2 ORG D-11 9.0 23.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 29.0 ORG D-13 4.8 2.2 3.6 4.2 3.4 9.4 ORG D-16 5.2 4.8 4.0 1.6 2.6 1.4 ORG D-21 6.2 11.2 8.0 11.8 8.6 24.2 ORG D-23 2.8 1.2 2.0 1.4 3.0 5.8 LSD.05 1.27 26.3 1.25 27.1 1.54 27.7 ORG D-26 3.0 1.0 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.4 ORG D-41 5.6 5.0 6.2 4.0 6.2 11.4 ORG D-43 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 ORG D-46 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ORG DS11 8.8 22.0 8.4 32.0 9.2 45.0 ORG DS13 6.0 3.4 4.8 5.2 5.0 13.4 ORG DS16 6.0 9.0 5.6 4.0 4.0 3.4 ORG DS21 8.4 4.4 9.2 9.2 9.6 25.0 ORG DS23 2.6 1.2 2.4 1.4 2.6 3.2 ORG DS26 3.0 1.2 2.0 1.4 2.0 1.0 ORG DS41 4.0 2.0 4.8 3.0 6.2 14.2 ORG DS43 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.2 ORG DS46 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 E11 10.0 60.0 10.0 66.0 10.0 48.0 E 13 9.6 68.8 10.0 73.8 10.0 70.8 E16 10.0 58.0 10.0 59.0 9.6 55.0 ES11 10.0 82.0 10.0 65.8 10.0 77.0 ES13 10.0 81.8 10.0 75.0 10.0 63.0 ES16 10.0 55.8 10.0 61.8 10.0 55.8 Control 10.0 78.0 10.0 80.8 10.0 82.8 LSD.05 1.27 26.3 1.25 27.1 1.54 27.7 - The data from the test were analyzed using PROC ANOVA of the SAS software, Version 8 of the SAS System for Windows (SAS Institute, 1999). Means were separated (α=0.05) by Fischer's protected LSD (Fischer, 1966). Turf quality was rated on a scale of 1-10, where 10=best turf with no phytoxicity, 6=lowest acceptable turf quality and turf phytotoxicity, 1=worst turf quality with most phytotoxicity and completely brown turf.
- Thus, the present invention has been described in an illustrative manner. It is to be understood that the terminology that has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation.
- Many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. For example, any weight percent of oregano oil can effectively kill moss if correctly applied and the formulation can include any components that do not significantly reduce the efficacy of the oregano oil. Therefore, within the scope of the appended claims, the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
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