US20080042703A1 - False lock protection in a delay-locked loop (dll) - Google Patents
False lock protection in a delay-locked loop (dll) Download PDFInfo
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- US20080042703A1 US20080042703A1 US11/466,078 US46607806A US2008042703A1 US 20080042703 A1 US20080042703 A1 US 20080042703A1 US 46607806 A US46607806 A US 46607806A US 2008042703 A1 US2008042703 A1 US 2008042703A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
- H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
- H03L7/085—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal
- H03L7/087—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal using at least two phase detectors or a frequency and phase detector in the loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
- H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
- H03L7/081—Details of the phase-locked loop provided with an additional controlled phase shifter
- H03L7/0812—Details of the phase-locked loop provided with an additional controlled phase shifter and where no voltage or current controlled oscillator is used
- H03L7/0816—Details of the phase-locked loop provided with an additional controlled phase shifter and where no voltage or current controlled oscillator is used the controlled phase shifter and the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement being connected to a common input
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
- H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
- H03L7/085—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal
- H03L7/089—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal the phase or frequency detector generating up-down pulses
- H03L7/0891—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal the phase or frequency detector generating up-down pulses the up-down pulses controlling source and sink current generators, e.g. a charge pump
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
- H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
- H03L7/085—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal
- H03L7/093—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal using special filtering or amplification characteristics in the loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
- H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
- H03L7/085—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal
- H03L7/095—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the frequency- or phase-detection arrangement including the filtering or amplification of its output signal using a lock detector
Definitions
- the invention relates to delay-locked loops and clock generation, and in particular to false lock protection circuitry incorporated in delay-locked loops.
- a delay-locked loop processes a reference clock signal (D ref ) to generate a sequence of delayed clock signals.
- the frequency and period of the reference clock signal D ref are the same as those of each of the generated clock signals however each delayed clock signal is phase shifted by a common delay period ( ⁇ t) from the previous delayed clock signal.
- the DLL provides delayed clock signals with positive edge transitions that span a single period of the reference clock signal D ref .
- the delay period ⁇ t might not be set to provide such properly spaced delayed clock signals spanning one and only one period of the reference clock signal D ref .
- the DLL uses a feedback signal to adjust the delay period ⁇ t until the DLL converges and locks to an appropriate fixed delay period. Over time, the fixed delay period results in a sequence of delayed clock signals that may or may not span a single period of the reference clock signal.
- the delayed clock signals may span more than one period of the reference clock signal if the delay period ⁇ t is too long.
- the delayed clock signals may span a small fraction of one period of the reference clock signal if the delay period ⁇ t is too short.
- One solution to determine if a DLL is falsely locked with an improper delay period is to apply all of the delayed clock signals to some combinational logic to determine if the delayed clock signals properly span one period of the reference clock signal D ref .
- Combinational logic processing all of the delayed clock signals may allow a DLL to determine whether the DLL is falsely locked to a delay period that is either too long or too short.
- noise may be an unwanted byproduct of a combinational logic processing a multitude of phases of the reference clock signal. This noise results from unintentional mixing of signals having a slightly different phase.
- false lock protection circuitry may cause unwanted interfering noise at harmonics of the reference clock frequency. Therefore, a need exists to reduce noise generated by conventional false lock protection circuitry.
- Some embodiments of the present invention provide for a delay-locked loop (DLL) to produce a plurality of delayed clock signals wherein each pair of sequential clock signals forms a common delay period ⁇ t
- the DLL comprising: combinational logic comprising: an input port to accept a subset of the plurality of delayed clock signals wherein a total count of the plurality of delayed clock signals comprises a total value N and a total count of signals in the subset comprises a total subset value of N-2 or fewer signals; forward logic to provide a forward indicator, wherein the forward indicator indicates the delay period ⁇ t is longer than a desired delay period; back logic to provide a back indicator, wherein the back indicator indicates the delay period ⁇ t is shorter than a desired delay period; and an output port to provide the forward and back indicators.
- DLL delay-locked loop
- Some embodiments of the present invention provide for a method in a delay-locked loop (DLL) to produce a plurality of delayed clock signals wherein each pair of sequential clock signals forms a common delay period ⁇ t, the method comprising: generating the plurality of delayed clock signals having a delay period ⁇ t, wherein a total count of the plurality of delayed clock signals comprises a total value N; generating forward and back indicators based on a subset of the plurality of delayed clock signals, wherein a total count of signals in the subset comprises a total subset value of N-2 or fewer signals; providing the forward and back indicators to charge pump logic.
- DLL delay-locked loop
- FIGS. 1A , 1 B and 1 C show a conventional DLL, a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) and a filter, respectively.
- VCDL voltage controlled delay line
- FIGS. 2A through 2E show a plurality of delayed clock signals with respect to a reference clock D ref and a desired output clock signal (desired D out ).
- FIGS. 3A and 3B show a conventional DLL and associated combinational logic for providing false lock protection.
- FIG. 4 shows a DLL in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGS. 5A through 5F show embodiments of a delay line (DL) 100 and supporting circuitry for the DLL of FIG. 4 in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGS. 6A through 6E show embodiments of combinational logic for the DLL of FIG. 4 in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGS. 7A , 7 B, 8 A and 8 B show embodiments of charge pump logic for the DLL of FIG. 4 in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 9 illustrates charge curves associated with both single and double charge pump logic in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 10 shows another DLL in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGS. 11A , 11 B and 12 A through 12 F show circuitry and tables associated with the DLL of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGS. 13A through 13C illustrate a voltage-to-delay conversion curves associated with the DLL of FIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention.
- a procedure, computer executed step, logic block, process, etc. are here conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps or instructions leading to a desired result.
- the steps are those utilizing physical manipulations of physical quantities. These quantities can take the form of electrical, magnetic, or radio signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated in electronic circuitry or in a computer system. These signals may be referred to at times as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
- Each step may be performed by hardware, software, firmware, or combinations thereof.
- FIGS. 1A , 1 B and 1 C show a conventional delay-locked loop (DLL), a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) and a filter, respectively.
- the conventional DLL of FIG. 1A includes a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) 10 , a phase detector (PD) 20 , a charge pump (CP) 30 and a capacitive filter 40 .
- VCDL 10 accepts a source signal (D in ) from which it produces N delayed output signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ .
- the source signal D in is a clock signal
- ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ are delayed clock signals each identical to the input source signal D in except for a phase delay.
- a difference between the source signal D in and feedback signal D out (where D out ⁇ n ) in PD 20 drives CP 30 , which feeds filter 40 to create a control signal V control .
- the control signal V control sets the delay in VCDL 10 , which in turn is used to set the phase delay and to create the N output signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ .
- FIG. 1B shows VCDL 10 having N delay elements 11 - 1 , 11 - 2 , . . . , 11 - n configured to produce N delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ .
- Each delay element 11 - 1 , 11 - 2 , . . . , 11 - n introduces an additional delay period ⁇ t on the input signal D in .
- a common control signal (V control ) shared by each delay element sets this common incremental delay period ⁇ t.
- ⁇ j ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇
- ⁇ t the common delay period
- FIG. 1C shows a filter 40 including a capacitive element (C) 41 for holding a charge to represent the voltage based control signal V Control from the charge pump logic of FIG. 1A .
- a delay line 10 may be controlled by a voltage signal, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B .
- a delay line may be controlled by a current signal I control as described below with reference to FIG. 4 .
- FIGS. 2A through 2E show properly locked, unlocked and falsely locked DDLs each generating eight delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 4 , ⁇ 5 , ⁇ 6 , ⁇ 7 , ⁇ 8 ⁇ with respect to a reference clock D ref and a desired output clock signal (desired D out ) of an exemplary system.
- a properly locked system produces eight delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 4 , ⁇ 5 , ⁇ 6 , ⁇ 7 , ⁇ 8 ⁇ each having a common delay period ⁇ t between each pair of sequential clock signals.
- D out is delayed by a single period T, thus the cumulative delay (N* ⁇ t) between the sequential clock signals is also a single period T.
- a DLL in this state does not need to adjust the common delay period ⁇ t.
- the illustration shows the input reference signal D ref having a period of T (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘C’).
- This input reference signal D ref is delayed by ⁇ t (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘B’) to produce ⁇ 1 .
- Signal ⁇ 2 is delayed by an additional time ⁇ t and each subsequent signal is similarly delay by an additional incremental time ⁇ t.
- Coinciding temporal points ‘C’ and ‘D’ illustrate that the last delayed signal ⁇ 8 represents the input reference signal D ref delayed by a full delay period T, thus proper delaying of each of the 8 delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 4 , ⁇ 5 , ⁇ 6 , ⁇ 7 , ⁇ 8 ⁇ is achieved.
- FIG. 2B shows a DLL that has not yet locked. Because the duration of ⁇ t (between points ‘A’ and ‘B’) is too short, the accumulated delay does not approach the input signal's period T and the resulting last delayed signal ⁇ 8 is delayed by less than a single delay period T. As shown, a substantial duration exists between points ‘C’ of ⁇ 8 and ‘D’ of the desired output signal, therefore the DLL has not properly locked. With time, the DLL feedback mechanism may attempt to incorrectly drive ⁇ t to an even shorter duration ⁇ t, however, once a minimum value is reached ⁇ t can be driven no lower. Thus, the DLL remains in the unlocked state. In such an unlocked state, a DLL may use false lock protection circuitry to increase the common delay period ⁇ t.
- FIG. 2C shows another DLL that has failed to properly locked. Because ⁇ t (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘B’ ) is too long, the accumulated delay of ⁇ 8 exceeds the period T of the input reference signal D ref and the resulting last delayed signal ⁇ 8 has a cumulative delay of more than one delay period T. A substantially non-zero duration exists between points ‘C’ of ⁇ 8 and ‘D’ of the desired output signal (desired D out ), therefore the DLL has not yet locked or is improperly locked. With time, the DLL feedback mechanism may drive ⁇ t of an unlocked system to a properly locked state. If falsely locked, false lock protection circuitry in a DLL may decrease the common delay period ⁇ t.
- ⁇ t (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘B’) is too short.
- ⁇ t may be so short as to cause a DLL without false lock protection circuitry to drive ⁇ t to a small minimum value.
- the accumulated delay does not approach the input signal's period T and the resulting last delayed signal ⁇ 8 has an accumulated delayed that is far less than a single delay period T. False lock protection circuitry in a DLL may increase the common delay period ⁇ t.
- ⁇ t (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘B’) is too long.
- ⁇ t may be so long as to cause a DLL without false lock protection circuitry to drive ⁇ t to an integer multiple of period T that would result in a proper lock. That is, the accumulated delay (N* ⁇ t) may approach a positive integer multiple of the input signal's period T. In this case, the resulting last delayed signal ⁇ 8 may be driven such that its accumulated delay is a multiple of period T.
- false lock protection circuitry in a DLL may be used to decrease the common delay period ⁇ t.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B show a conventional DLL and associated combinational logic 50 for providing false lock protection.
- Combinational logic 50 provides false lock protection in a DLL.
- a full sequence of N delayed signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ are fed back to ultimately effect the common delay period ⁇ t.
- Delayed signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-2 , ⁇ n-1 ⁇ are used by combinational logic 50 to produces back, forward and lock indicators and the last delayed signal ⁇ n is used by PD 20 to produce a down or up indicator.
- delay line 10 delays last signal ⁇ n by a full and single period (T) of the input source signal D in .
- the delay line 10 either delays the last delay signal ⁇ n by an amount approximately equal to multiple periods (nT) or by an amount substantially less than a single period T.
- combinational logic 50 indicates whether the signal ⁇ n is properly delayed by an amount within an allowable tolerance around a single period T.
- combinational logic 50 determines the last delay signal ⁇ n is delayed by approximately a single period T, combinational logic 50 generates a lock indicator to control routing though a multiplexer (mux) 60 . That is, when ⁇ n is sufficiently close to a one-T delay, combinational logic 50 provides a lock indicator to mux 60 . Based on a lock indicator produced, either the down/up indicator pair or the back/forward indicator pair is routed through mux 60 to CP 30 . Therefore when locked, mux 60 passes the down/up indicator pair from PD 20 to CP 30 . On the other hand, when ⁇ n is not sufficiently close to a one-T delay, combinational logic 50 sends a not-lock indication to mux 60 , which therefore routes the back/forward indicator pair from combinational logic 50 to CP 30 .
- An up indicator from PD 20 or a forward indicator from combinational logic 50 instructs CP 30 to send a control signal to decrease the common delay period ⁇ t. For example, a control voltage V control may be increased, which may speed up the operation in each delay unit 11 - i ( FIG. 1B ), which will shorted the common delay period ⁇ t imposed on the input signals.
- a down indicator from PD 20 or a back indicator from combinational logic 50 instructs CP 30 to send a control signal increase the common delay period ⁇ t.
- a control voltage V control may be decreased, which may slowdown the operation in each delay unit 11 - i ( FIG. 1B ), which will length the common delay period ⁇ t imposed on the input signals.
- the circuitry of FIG. 3A used feedback signals and control signals to drive the common delay period ⁇ t such that delay line 10 delays the last signal ⁇ n by a single period T.
- combinational logic 50 operating on a large number of skewed clock signals may produce unwanted noise as described above.
- FIG. 3B shows combinational logic 50 having N D-type delay flip flops (D-FFs) 51 - 1 , 51 - 2 , 51 - 3 , . . . , 51 - n each latching a respective one of the N delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ .
- D-FFs D-type delay flip flops
- a delay line with N 8 delays: the back indicator may be computed logically as ((a 1 AND a 2 AND NOT a 3 ) OR (a 1 AND NOT a 2 )); the forward indicator may be computed logically as (a 1 AND a 2 AND a 3 AND a 4 AND a 5 AND a 6 AND a 7 ); and the lock indicator may be computed logically as (NOT forward AND NOT back) as described in Byun.
- a down (or back) indicator of ‘0’ may mean inaction (take no action to increase delay time) whereas a down indicator of ‘1’ may mean action (take action to increase the delay time).
- a down indicator of ‘0’ may mean inaction and a down indicator of ‘1’ may mean action as used herein below.
- FIG. 4 shows a DLL in accordance with the present invention.
- the DLL includes a delay line (DL) 100 , a phase detector 200 , charge pump logic 300 , a filter 400 and combinational logic 500 providing false lock protection circuitry.
- DL 100 accepts an input reference signal D ref from which it produces N delayed output signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ .
- the reference signal D ref is a clock signal
- the N delayed clock output signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ are delayed clock signals each identical to the input source signal D ref except for its phase delay.
- Filter 400 in turn creates a current control signal I control from the voltage control signal V control .
- the current control signal I control is used to set the common delay period ⁇ t in delay line 100 as described above with reference to delay line 10 .
- combinational logic 500 of FIG. 4 accepts a subset of the produced N-1 delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 ⁇ rather than all of the N-1 delayed clock signals.
- the reduced subset of delayed clock signals which are used to generate back, forward and lock indicators advantageously aids in reducing noise otherwise generated in combinational logic 50 .
- Each delayed signal not process in combinational logic 500 reduces noise that may be otherwise generated from unwanted cross products of the phase delayed signals.
- FIGS. 5A through 5F show embodiments of a delay line (DL) 100 and supporting circuitry for the DLL of FIG. 4 in accordance with the present invention.
- DL 100 may be controlled by various means.
- DL 100 may be controlled by a voltage level as shown in FIGS. 1A and 3A .
- DL 100 may be controlled by a current level as shown in FIG. 4 .
- DL 100 may include non-differential delay elements as shown in FIG. 5A or may include differential delay elements as shown in FIG. 5B , both described below.
- FIG. 5A shows a current controlled non-differential delay line 100 having N delay elements 110 - 1 , 110 - 2 , . . . , 10 - n configured to produce N delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ .
- Each delay element 110 - 1 , 110 - 2 , . . . , 10 - n introduces a delay period ⁇ t to its input signal.
- a common control signal (I control ) shared by each delay element coordinates this common delay period ⁇ t.
- ⁇ n ⁇ forms the common delay period ⁇ t.
- FIG. 5B shows current controlled differential delay line 100 having N/2 delay elements 111 - 1 , 111 - 2 , . . . , 111 - n/ 2 configured to produce N delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n-1 , ⁇ n ⁇ .
- a complement of the first N/2 delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n/2 ⁇ may be used to produce the second N/2 delayed clock signals ⁇ n/2+1 , ⁇ n/2+2 , . . . , ⁇ n ⁇ .
- the complement of ⁇ 1 may be used to represent ⁇ n/2+1 and the complement of ⁇ 2 may be used to represent ⁇ n/2+2 .
- ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ n ⁇ buffers ‘b’ may be added to between a differential output port of the delay unit 111 - i and the supplied delayed clock signal as shown.
- a non-differential input signal D in may be converted to differential input signals (C in and CB in ) using a single-to-differential converter 120 .
- the generated reference signal D ref rather than the original input D in may be used as an input to phase detector 200 .
- FIG. 5C shows a representative delay element 111 - i having differential input ports and differential output ports.
- a positive differential input port accepts a first delayed signal ( ⁇ i-1 ) and a negative differential input port accepts a second delayed signal ( ⁇ n/2+i-1 ).
- a current control signal I control is used to set the currently-used common delay period ⁇ t.
- the delay element 111 - i provides a first delayed signal (namely, ⁇ i ) at a positive differential output port and a second delayed signal (namely, ⁇ n/2+i ) at a negative differential output port.
- buffers 112 may be added to between each differential output port of the delay unit 111 - i and the respective delayed clock signal.
- FIG. 5D shows an alternate representative delay element 111 - i that provides twice as many output signals.
- a DLL system designed to generate 32 delayed clock signals may be redesigned to produce 64 delayed clock signals without adding additional delay elements 111 - i.
- each delayed output signal ⁇ i is also fed to an interpolation delay cell (IDC) 113 .
- IDC 113 generates a signal ⁇ i + ⁇ that represents a delayed signal approximately halfway between ⁇ i and ⁇ i-1 .
- ⁇ n , ⁇ n + ⁇ may be renumbered as ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ 2n ⁇ .
- ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 1 + ⁇ , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 + ⁇ , ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 3 + ⁇ , . . . , ⁇ 32 , ⁇ 32 + ⁇ may be renumbered as ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . . , ⁇ 64 ⁇ .
- FIG. 5E shows an example embodiment of IDC 113 .
- One or more delay devices may be selected, such as a pair of inverters ( 114 and 115 ), to introduce an extra propagation time ⁇ , where ⁇ equals approximately ⁇ t/2.
- FIG. 5F shows an alternate embodiment wherein one IDC 113 may be used to delay a selected delayed clock signal.
- five bits (Bit 1 to Bit 5 ) may be used by a 5-bit decoder 116 to select one of 32 input signals ⁇ 1 , . . . , ⁇ 32 ⁇ .
- the selected signal ⁇ i may then be passed through inverters 114 and 115 to provide a representative interpolated signal ⁇ i + ⁇ .
- Another bit (Bit 0 ) may be used as a selection bit to a multiplexer (mux) 117 to selects either the signal ⁇ i from decoder 116 or the representative interpolated signal ⁇ i + ⁇ from IDC 113 .
- Mux 117 may provide an output signal ⁇ out for use in combinational logic 500 .
- FIGS. 6A through 6E show embodiments of combinational logic 500 for the DLL of FIG. 4 for various values of N.
- Combinational logic 500 may be comprised of forward logic 510 , back logic 520 and lock logic 530 .
- This logic may be comprised of registers, such as D-FFs, and logic gates, such as NOR and AND gates.
- Applied as input signals to combinational logic 500 is a subset ⁇ x1 , ⁇ x2 , ⁇ x3 , . . . , ⁇ xm , ⁇ y1 , . . . , yp ⁇ selected from the set of delayed clock signals ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , . . .
- a subset has fewer elements than the set. That is, the forward, back and lock indicators may be generated with a logical combination of this subset of signals without reference to other delayed clock signals not in the subset. Additionally, a subset that excludes terms near the end of the delay chain can more quickly determine whether or not a DLL is locked. For example, excluding ⁇ n-1 and/or ⁇ n from the subset means that the DLL may more quickly have valid parameters to compute forward, back and lock indictors.
- combinational logic 500 uses the subset of signals to generate forward, back and lock indicators.
- a resulting forward indicator having a value of logical ‘0’ means action (the forward logic 510 has determined an adjustment to shorten the common delay period At through the control signal is necessary).
- a resulting forward indicator having a value of logical ‘1’ means inaction (the forward logic 510 has determined that no shortening adjustment is necessary).
- a resulting back indicator having a value of logical ‘0’ means that the back logic 520 has determined an adjustment to lengthen the common delay period ⁇ t through the control signal is necessary.
- a resulting back indicator having a value of logical ‘1’ means that the back logic 520 has determined that no lengthening adjustment is necessary.
- a resulting lock indicator having a value of logical ‘1’ means that the lock logic has determined neither the forward nor back indicators from combinational logic 500 are relevant to charge pump logic 300 .
- a resulting lock indicator having a value of logical ‘0’ means that charge pump logic 300 should apply either the forward or back indicator from combinational logic 500 thereby aiding to prevent a false lock situation and/or aiding to converge to a proper common delay period ⁇ t.
- the subset may be determined by observation.
- the designer may plot a sequence of charts wherein each chart represents a different delay period ⁇ t and shows multiple periods of the resulting delayed clock signals.
- the designer may visually determine which subset of delayed clock signals identifies when a false lock situation may occur.
- it may be possible to determine the subset numerically. For example, the designer might be able to use a simulation tool or numerical analysis software to determine which subset of clock signals produce a linearly independent set of signals over a duration of time spanning several periods (e.g., 10 to 30 periods).
- combinational logic 500 accepts two input signals (namely, ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 3 ) to generate forward, back and lock indicators.
- forward logic 510 includes a D-FF 511 - 1 accepting a single input signal ⁇ x1 and providing an output signal a x1 used to define the forward indicator. Also include is a second D-FF 513 accepting the same input signal ⁇ x1 and providing an output signal a y1b that may also be used to define the forward indicator. The two flip flops, however, are clocked by opposite edges of the reference input signal D ref as shown. The second D-FF 513 is optional and may be used as protection against an initial condition that might otherwise introduce a false signal onto the forward indicator.
- a NOR gate 512 is shown to combine a x1 and a y1b to generator the forward indicator.
- Back logic 520 includes a D-FF 521 to accept ⁇ y1 and produce f y1 , which is fed to an AND gate 522 along with the forward indicator to define the back indicator.
- Lock logic 530 includes an AND gate 532 that accepts both the forward and back indicators and provides the lock indictor as an output signal.
- combinational logic 500 accepts four input signals (namely, ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 5 ) to generate forward, back and lock indicators.
- D-FF 511 - 1 , 511 - 2 and 511 - 3 may be used to condition ⁇ x1 , ⁇ x2 , ⁇ x3 prior to providing these signals to NOR gate 512 .
- extra D-FF 513 may be included to accept one of the input signal supplied to forward logic 510 (e.g., ⁇ x2 ). Again, the additional D-FF 513 may be clocked on the opposite edge as D-FF 511 - 1 , 511 - 2 and 511 - 3 .
- An output signal a x2b of D-FF 513 may supply a fourth input signal to NOR gate 512 .
- back logic 520 includes a D-FF 521 to accept ⁇ y1 and produce f y1 which is fed to an AND gate 522 along with the forward indicator to define the back indicator.
- lock logic 530 includes an AND gate 532 that accepts both the forward and back indicators and provides the lock indictor as an output signal.
- combinational logic 500 accepts five input signals (namely, ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 4 , ⁇ 6 and ⁇ 20 ) to generate forward, back and lock indicators.
- an extra D-FF 513 may be added to handle an unwanted initial condition.
- ⁇ x3 may also be supplied to D-FF 513 and the output port Qb supplied to NOR gate 512 .
- combinational logic 500 accepts six input signals (namely, ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 4 , ⁇ 5 , ⁇ 8 , ⁇ 13 and ⁇ 20 ) to generate forward, back and lock indicators.
- a subset of six signals may comprise the subset.
- Each of the delayed clock signals from the subset may be clocked into a respective D-FF 511 - 1 , 511 - 2 , 511 - 3 , 511 - 4 , 511 - 5 , 521 where the input signal at gate ‘D’ may be clocked to produce output signals Q and Qn by the rising edge of the reference clock D ref .
- a forward indicator may be generated as a NOR operation 512 of delayed clock signals ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 4 , ⁇ 5 , ⁇ 8 , ⁇ 13 ⁇ .
- Output signals Q (labeled a x1 , a x2 , a x3 , a x4 & a x5 ) are applied to the input terminals of NOR gate 512 .
- the output port of NOR gate 512 may be supplied as the forward indicator.
- a back indicator may be generated as an AND operation from AND gate 522 between the forward indicator and delayed clock signal ⁇ y1 .
- ⁇ y1 is ⁇ 20 .
- lock logic 530 a lock indicator may be generated as an AND operation using AND gate 532 between the forward and back indicators.
- FIG. 6E shows the circuitry of FIG. 6D with the addition of D-FF 513 .
- D-FF 513 has the same input signals as D-FF 511 - 5 however its clock is negative-edge triggered and the complement signal Qn (labeled a x5b ) is fed to NOR gate 512 .
- Qn labeled a x5b
- all input signals to NOR gate 512 from D-FFs 511 and 512 may be zero resulting in a forward indicator of ‘1’, thus the DLL takes no forward action.
- the Qn output signal of D-FF 513 may be considered a half-period (T/2) delayed version of the Q output of D-FF 511 - 5 .
- D-FF 513 therefore protects against a false forward indicator as the DLL is starting up but does not adversely effect operation after startup.
- FIGS. 7A , 7 B, 8 A and 8 B show embodiments of charge pump logic 300 for the DLL of FIG. 4 .
- Charge pump logic 300 may include a single charge pump or may include multiple charge pumps.
- a first embodiment includes a multiplexer 310 and a single charge pump (CP) 311 as shown in FIG. 7A .
- Mux 310 accepts down/up indicators as data input signals from PD 200 of FIG. 4 .
- Mux 310 also accepts back/forward indicators as data input signals and the lock indicator as a selection input signal from combinational logic 500 of FIG. 4 . Base on the value of the lock indicator, mux 310 passes either the down/up pair or the back/forward pair to charge pump 311 .
- CP 311 then adjusts its output control signal V control as directed by the indicators provided by mux 310 .
- the function of mux 310 of FIG. 7A is implemented with logical gates 320 - 325 and the function of charge pump 311 of FIG. 7A is implemented with switches 326 , 329 and current sources 327 , 328 .
- the first switch (S 1 ) 326 is controlled by an output signal from an OR gate 322 having two input ports fed by the output ports of two AND gates 320 , 321 .
- the first AND gate 320 accepts the forward indicator as a first input signal and an inverse of the lock indicator as a second input signal.
- the second AND gate 321 accepts the up indicator as a first input signal and the lock indicator as a second input signal.
- a value of ‘1’ for the up or forward indicators along with the appropriate lock indicator means action (charging the charge pump to increase the control signal to shorten the delay time) and a value of ‘0’ for the up and forward indicators means inaction.
- the lock indicator is used to pass either the up or forward indicator.
- a lock indicator of ‘0’ passes the forward indicator from AND gate 320 to OR gate 322 and a lock indicator of ‘1’ passes the up indicator from AND gate 321 to OR gate 322 .
- the second switch (S 2 ) 329 is controlled by an output port from an OR gate 325 having two input ports fed by the output ports of two AND gates 323 , 324 .
- the third AND gate 323 accepts the back indicator as a first input signal and an inverse of the lock indicator as a second input signal.
- the forth AND gate 324 accepts the down indicator as a first input signal and the lock indicator as a second input signal.
- a value of ‘1’ for the down or back indicators means action (discharging the charge pump to decrease the control signal to increase the delay time) and a value of ‘0’ for the down and back indicators means inaction.
- the lock indicator is used to pass one of the two down and back indicators. A lock indicator of ‘0’ passes the back indicator from AND gate 323 to OR gate 325 and a lock indicator of ‘1’ passes the down indicator from AND gate 324 to OR gate 325 .
- charge pump logic 300 is implemented with multiple charge pumps 330 , 331 .
- a control signal V control is driven from either charge pump 330 , 331 .
- the first charge pump (CP- 1 ) 330 may be active for a first value of the lock indicator while the second charge pump (CP- 2 ) 331 may be active for a complement value of the lock indicator.
- the lock indicator instructs charge pump logic 300 to activate CP- 1 330 , thereby responding to the back and forward indicators from combinational logic 500 of FIG. 4 .
- the lock indicator instructs charge pump logic 300 to activate CP- 2 331 , thereby responding to the up and down indicators from phase detector 200 .
- Charge pump logic including multiple charge pumps may advantageously use a first charge pump that has a high current for charging and discharging for initial acquisition or out-of-lock periods.
- a second charge pump having lower current for charging and discharging may be used for tracking purposes and for making subtle changes to the control signal.
- two charge pumps work together to set a control signal V control where the first charge pump has higher charging/discharging currents than the second charge pump.
- a first charge pump may source and sink a current of 30 uA where a second charge pump may source and sink a current of 3 uA (or approximately 10% of the first charge pump).
- a first charge pump includes an AND gate 340 accepting the forward indicator and a complement of the lock indicator as input signals and provides a control signal to a first switch (S 1 ) 342 . When closed switch S 1 342 completes a circuit to allow a current source 343 the ability to source a high current to charge the capacitor of filter 400 of FIG. 4 .
- the first charge pump also include a second AND gate 341 accepting the back indicator and the complement of the lock indicator as input signals and provides a control signal to a second switch (S 2 ) 345 .
- S 2 When closed S 2 345 completes the circuit to allow a current source 345 the ability to sink a high current to discharge the capacitor of filter 400 of FIG. 4 thus lowering the control signal V control and decreasing the control current I control resulting in a longer the delay period ⁇ t.
- open switch S 2 345 disables discharging from the first charge pump.
- the second charge pump of FIG. 8B includes similar circuitry however the charge and discharge currents of the second charge pump are lower than that of the first charge pump.
- the second charge pump includes an AND gate 350 accepting the up indicator and the lock indicator as input signals and provides a control signal to a third switch (S 3 ) 352 .
- S 3 third switch
- open switch S 3 352 disables charging from the second charge pump.
- the second charge pump also include a second AND gate 351 accepting the down indicator and the lock indicator as input signals and provides a control signal to a fourth switch (S 4 ) 355 .
- S 4 When closed S 4 355 completes the circuit to allow a current source 355 the ability to sink a low current to discharge the capacitor of filter 400 of FIG. 4 thus lowering the control signal V control and lengthening the delay period ⁇ t.
- FIG. 9 illustrates expected charge curves associated with both single and double charge pump logic.
- a first curve shows a control signal V control associated with charge pump logic having a single charge pump. It is expected that a single charge pump sourcing and sinking a low current would take several microseconds to charge (or discharge) the control signal V control to an appropriate value.
- charge pump logic having multiple charge pumps with different charging/discharging currents may be used to aggressively set the control signal during an initial acquisition period. Once the control signal is within a particular range, a less aggressive charge pump may be used for more controlled honing.
- a second curve shows an initial acquisition stage (segment ‘B’), a ripping stage (segment ‘C’) and an acquired stage (segment ‘D’).
- a first charge pump aggressively and rapidly charges a capacitor to set the control signal.
- the first charge pump's aggressive nature results in overshooting and undershooting a target value.
- the combination logic determines that the DLL is in a locked state. At this time, the combination logic 500 provides an updated lock indicator to the charge pump logic 300 , which switches from driving the control signal with the high current first charge pump to the lower current second charge pump, as shown with segment ‘D’.
- FIG. 10 shows another DLL in accordance with the present invention.
- Filter 400 of FIG. 4 is shown replaced with a filter and variable rate logic 410 .
- Variable rate logic provides higher sensitivity when making fine adjustments to the control signal to the delay line.
- logic 410 provides a current control signal I control to a current controlled delay line (DL) 100 .
- DL current controlled delay line
- FIGS. 11A , 11 B and 12 A through 12 F show circuitry associated with the DLL of FIG. 10 .
- FIG. 11A shows a filter and variable rate logic 410 including a filter 420 (such as the capacitive filter 40 of FIG. 1C ), converter logic 430 and selection logic 440 .
- Converter logic 430 may provide multiple voltage-to-current converters (V2I) resulting in corresponding voltage-to-delay curves such as provided by the four converters 431 - 1 to 431 - 4 shown. Each converter may operate in a different range of delays for a given range of input voltages. Each converter may be used to convert the incoming voltage control signal to a current signal thus resulting in a corresponding delay.
- Selection logic 440 may be used to select one control signal from the multiple converters and provide this selected control signal to the delay line.
- FIG. 11B shows an alternative embodiment of logic 410 including a filter 420 , converter logic 430 and selection logic 440 .
- converter logic 430 includes a single voltage-to-current converter (V2I) having multiple conversion characteristics from which to select. The characteristic may be which conversion function to apply where each conversion function provides a different conversion between an input voltage and a output current.
- selection logic 440 may be used, for example, by using automatic offset control (AOC) circuitry or the like described below.
- AOC automatic offset control
- FIG. 12A shows an example AOC circuit 440 of FIG. 1B .
- the AOC 440 shown includes comparator logic 441 , a two-bit decoder 442 , adder/subtractor logic 443 and a counter 444 .
- Indicators T 0 and T 1 are provided to two-bit decoder 442 , which produces two control bits C 0 and C 1 .
- Control bits C 0 and C 1 are provided as controls to adder/subtractor logic 443 .
- Adder/subtractor logic 443 increments or decrements an internal value each period defined by counter 444 .
- the resulting output signal of adder/subtractor logic 443 is shown as B 0 ′ and B 1 ′, which may be provided to converter logic 430 as current rate selection control signals of FIG. 11B .
- the resulting functionality of AOC 440 may be provided in any of a number of ways known by those skilled in the art.
- FIG. 12B shows a embodiment of comparator logic 441 includes a voltage divider circuit providing a fixed upper limit voltage value V 1 as an input signal to a first comparator and a lower limit voltage value V 2 as an input signal to a second comparator.
- the variable control voltage V control is supplied as a second input signal to each comparator.
- FIG. 12C shows a conversion between input signals T 0 /T 1 and output signals C 0 /C 1 of two-bit decoder 442 .
- both T 0 and T 1 are ‘1’ and thus a lower delay curve should be used.
- T 0 is ‘1’ and T 1 is ‘0’ and no change is made.
- T 0 may be ‘0’ and T 1 may be ‘1’ and therefore the adder is enabled.
- FIGS. 12D and 12E show respective past and next output values for an adder and a subtractor, respectively, in logic 443 .
- the subtractor in logic 443 is enabled, a lower next value is produced until a floor value is reached.
- the adder in logic 443 is enabled, a higher next value is produced until a ceiling value is reached.
- FIG. 12F shows a circuit diagram for a converter 430 providing multiple delay curves.
- the circuit includes mirrored transistors T 1 and T 2 as well as a transistor T 3 used to sink current.
- transistors T 4 and T 5 may separately or jointly be enabled with control bits B 0 ′ and B 1 ′.
- Transistor T 3 sinks a nominal current while the addition of enabled transistors T 4 and T 5 may substantially increase the current driven by T 2 .
- a resulting current control I control may be supplied to delay line 100 .
- FIGS. 13A through 13C illustrate a voltage-to-delay conversion curves associated with the DLL of FIG. 10 .
- a first voltage-to-delay conversion curve is shown in FIG. 13A .
- a conventional single delay curve provides a one-to-one conversion between an input voltage and an output delay. For example, voltage values between V 1 and V 2 produce corresponding delays between D 1 and D 4 .
- either of two different delay curves may be selected.
- input voltage values between V 1 and V 2 produce delay values between D 1 and D 3 and when operating in a second region, input voltage values between V 1 and V 2 produce delay values between D 2 and D 4 .
- Overlapping output regions provide delays between D 2 and D 3 and allow for hysteresis during operation. Having multiple delay curves allows a converter to more finely adjust the delay for a given change in voltage.
- FIG. 13C shows a four-curve converter compared to a single curved converter.
- a converter may provide a conversion between input voltage and delay as shown with the curve labeled “without AOC”.
- the delay output i.e., the resulting delay line delay
- the single mode converter may be replaced with a multi-delay mode converter.
- a four-delay curve converter may be used. Based on values B 0 ′ and B 1 ′, the converter operates along one of the four curves. When B 1 ′ B 0 ′ equal ‘00’, the converter operates along the curve identified as section 1 .
- the description above provides various hardware embodiments of the present invention.
- the invention may also be performed as a method or sequence of overlapping and/or non-overlapping steps.
- ⁇ t may comprises one or more of the unordered steps of: setting the delay period ⁇ t to an initial delay period ( ⁇ t initial ); generating the plurality of delayed clock signals having a delay period ⁇ t based on an input reference signal (e.g., D ref ); generating back and forward indicators based on a subset of the plurality of delayed clock signals, wherein a total count of signals in the subset comprises a total subset value of N-2 or fewer signals; and providing the back and forward indicators to charge pump logic.
- D ref input reference signal
- the method may further comprise generating a lock indicator based on the subset of the plurality of delayed clock signals; and/or selecting a conversion characteristic from a plurality of conversion characteristics (e.g., based on B 0 ′ and B 1 ′ as describe above; converting a control signal from the charge pump logic to a delay line control signal based on the selected conversion characteristic; and/or providing the delay line control signal to a delay line.
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Abstract
Description
- Not applicable.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The invention relates to delay-locked loops and clock generation, and in particular to false lock protection circuitry incorporated in delay-locked loops.
- 2. Background of the Invention
- A delay-locked loop (DLL) processes a reference clock signal (Dref) to generate a sequence of delayed clock signals. The frequency and period of the reference clock signal Dref are the same as those of each of the generated clock signals however each delayed clock signal is phase shifted by a common delay period (Δt) from the previous delayed clock signal. When operating properly, the DLL provides delayed clock signals with positive edge transitions that span a single period of the reference clock signal Dref. Initially, the delay period Δt might not be set to provide such properly spaced delayed clock signals spanning one and only one period of the reference clock signal Dref. During initial acquisition, the DLL uses a feedback signal to adjust the delay period Δt until the DLL converges and locks to an appropriate fixed delay period. Over time, the fixed delay period results in a sequence of delayed clock signals that may or may not span a single period of the reference clock signal.
- When the DLL converges on an improper delay period, it is falsely locked. In this case, the delayed clock signals may span more than one period of the reference clock signal if the delay period Δt is too long. Alternatively, the delayed clock signals may span a small fraction of one period of the reference clock signal if the delay period Δt is too short.
- One solution to determine if a DLL is falsely locked with an improper delay period is to apply all of the delayed clock signals to some combinational logic to determine if the delayed clock signals properly span one period of the reference clock signal Dref. Combinational logic processing all of the delayed clock signals may allow a DLL to determine whether the DLL is falsely locked to a delay period that is either too long or too short.
- Using all of the delayed clock signals, however, results in additional noise produced by the signals' combined high-low and low-high transitions. That is, noise may be an unwanted byproduct of a combinational logic processing a multitude of phases of the reference clock signal. This noise results from unintentional mixing of signals having a slightly different phase.
- Thus, false lock protection circuitry may cause unwanted interfering noise at harmonics of the reference clock frequency. Therefore, a need exists to reduce noise generated by conventional false lock protection circuitry.
- Some embodiments of the present invention provide for a delay-locked loop (DLL) to produce a plurality of delayed clock signals wherein each pair of sequential clock signals forms a common delay period Δt, the DLL comprising: combinational logic comprising: an input port to accept a subset of the plurality of delayed clock signals wherein a total count of the plurality of delayed clock signals comprises a total value N and a total count of signals in the subset comprises a total subset value of N-2 or fewer signals; forward logic to provide a forward indicator, wherein the forward indicator indicates the delay period Δt is longer than a desired delay period; back logic to provide a back indicator, wherein the back indicator indicates the delay period Δt is shorter than a desired delay period; and an output port to provide the forward and back indicators.
- Some embodiments of the present invention provide for a method in a delay-locked loop (DLL) to produce a plurality of delayed clock signals wherein each pair of sequential clock signals forms a common delay period Δt, the method comprising: generating the plurality of delayed clock signals having a delay period Δt, wherein a total count of the plurality of delayed clock signals comprises a total value N; generating forward and back indicators based on a subset of the plurality of delayed clock signals, wherein a total count of signals in the subset comprises a total subset value of N-2 or fewer signals; providing the forward and back indicators to charge pump logic.
- These and other aspects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.
- Embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings.
-
FIGS. 1A , 1B and 1C show a conventional DLL, a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) and a filter, respectively. -
FIGS. 2A through 2E show a plurality of delayed clock signals with respect to a reference clock Dref and a desired output clock signal (desired Dout). -
FIGS. 3A and 3B show a conventional DLL and associated combinational logic for providing false lock protection. -
FIG. 4 shows a DLL in accordance with the present invention. -
FIGS. 5A through 5F show embodiments of a delay line (DL) 100 and supporting circuitry for the DLL ofFIG. 4 in accordance with the present invention. -
FIGS. 6A through 6E show embodiments of combinational logic for the DLL ofFIG. 4 in accordance with the present invention. -
FIGS. 7A , 7B, 8A and 8B show embodiments of charge pump logic for the DLL ofFIG. 4 in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 9 illustrates charge curves associated with both single and double charge pump logic in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 10 shows another DLL in accordance with the present invention. -
FIGS. 11A , 11B and 12A through 12F show circuitry and tables associated with the DLL ofFIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention. -
FIGS. 13A through 13C illustrate a voltage-to-delay conversion curves associated with the DLL ofFIG. 10 in accordance with the present invention. - In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate several embodiments of the present invention. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and mechanical, compositional, structural, electrical, and operational changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense.
- Furthermore, some portions of the detailed description which follows are presented in terms of procedures, steps, logic blocks, processing, and other symbolic representations of operations on data bits that can be performed in electronic circuitry or on computer memory. A procedure, computer executed step, logic block, process, etc., are here conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps or instructions leading to a desired result. The steps are those utilizing physical manipulations of physical quantities. These quantities can take the form of electrical, magnetic, or radio signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated in electronic circuitry or in a computer system. These signals may be referred to at times as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. Each step may be performed by hardware, software, firmware, or combinations thereof.
-
FIGS. 1A , 1B and 1C show a conventional delay-locked loop (DLL), a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) and a filter, respectively. The conventional DLL ofFIG. 1A includes a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) 10, a phase detector (PD) 20, a charge pump (CP) 30 and acapacitive filter 40.VCDL 10 accepts a source signal (Din) from which it produces N delayed output signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn}. For example, if the source signal Din is a clock signal, the N output signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn} are delayed clock signals each identical to the input source signal Din except for a phase delay. A difference between the source signal Din and feedback signal Dout (where Dout=Φn) inPD 20 drivesCP 30, which feedsfilter 40 to create a control signal Vcontrol. The control signal Vcontrol sets the delay inVCDL 10, which in turn is used to set the phase delay and to create the N output signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn}. -
FIG. 1B showsVCDL 10 having N delay elements 11-1, 11-2, . . . , 11-n configured to produce N delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn}. Each delay element 11-1, 11-2, . . . , 11-n introduces an additional delay period Δt on the input signal Din. A common control signal (Vcontrol) shared by each delay element sets this common incremental delay period Δt. As a result, each pair of sequential clock signals (i.e., Φj & Φj+1 for j=1 to n-1), from the plurality of delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn}, is temporally separated by the common delay period Δt. -
FIG. 1C shows afilter 40 including a capacitive element (C) 41 for holding a charge to represent the voltage based control signal VControl from the charge pump logic ofFIG. 1A . In accordance with the present invention, adelay line 10 may be controlled by a voltage signal, as shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B . Similarly, a delay line may be controlled by a current signal Icontrol as described below with reference toFIG. 4 . -
FIGS. 2A through 2E show properly locked, unlocked and falsely locked DDLs each generating eight delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, Φ4, Φ5, Φ6, Φ7, Φ8} with respect to a reference clock Dref and a desired output clock signal (desired Dout) of an exemplary system. - In
FIG. 2A , a properly locked system produces eight delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, Φ4, Φ5, Φ6, Φ7, Φ8} each having a common delay period Δt between each pair of sequential clock signals. When locked, the input signal Dref and the desired output signal (desired Dout) ideally have no phase difference, thus Dout has converged to Dref (where Dout=Φn). Additionally, when properly locked, Dout is delayed by a single period T, thus the cumulative delay (N*Δt) between the sequential clock signals is also a single period T. A DLL in this state does not need to adjust the common delay period Δt. - The illustration shows the input reference signal Dref having a period of T (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘C’). This input reference signal Dref is delayed by Δt (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘B’) to produce Φ1. Signal Φ2 is delayed by an additional time Δt and each subsequent signal is similarly delay by an additional incremental time Δt. Coinciding temporal points ‘C’ and ‘D’ illustrate that the last delayed signal Φ8 represents the input reference signal Dref delayed by a full delay period T, thus proper delaying of each of the 8 delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, Φ4, Φ5, Φ6, Φ7, Φ8} is achieved. Formulaically, N*Δt=T, where N is total numbers of delays, Δt is the common delay period and T is the period of the input reference signal Dref.
-
FIG. 2B shows a DLL that has not yet locked. Because the duration of Δt (between points ‘A’ and ‘B’) is too short, the accumulated delay does not approach the input signal's period T and the resulting last delayed signal Φ8 is delayed by less than a single delay period T. As shown, a substantial duration exists between points ‘C’ of Φ8 and ‘D’ of the desired output signal, therefore the DLL has not properly locked. With time, the DLL feedback mechanism may attempt to incorrectly drive Δt to an even shorter duration Δt, however, once a minimum value is reached Δt can be driven no lower. Thus, the DLL remains in the unlocked state. In such an unlocked state, a DLL may use false lock protection circuitry to increase the common delay period Δt. -
FIG. 2C shows another DLL that has failed to properly locked. Because Δt (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘B’ ) is too long, the accumulated delay of Φ8 exceeds the period T of the input reference signal Dref and the resulting last delayed signal Φ8 has a cumulative delay of more than one delay period T. A substantially non-zero duration exists between points ‘C’ of Φ8 and ‘D’ of the desired output signal (desired Dout), therefore the DLL has not yet locked or is improperly locked. With time, the DLL feedback mechanism may drive Δt of an unlocked system to a properly locked state. If falsely locked, false lock protection circuitry in a DLL may decrease the common delay period Δt. - In
FIG. 2D , as withFIG. 2B , Δt (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘B’) is too short. In this case, Δt may be so short as to cause a DLL without false lock protection circuitry to drive Δt to a small minimum value. Again, the accumulated delay does not approach the input signal's period T and the resulting last delayed signal Φ8 has an accumulated delayed that is far less than a single delay period T. False lock protection circuitry in a DLL may increase the common delay period Δt. - In
FIG. 2E , as withFIG. 2C , Δt (duration between points ‘A’ and ‘B’) is too long. In this case, Δt may be so long as to cause a DLL without false lock protection circuitry to drive Δt to an integer multiple of period T that would result in a proper lock. That is, the accumulated delay (N*Δt) may approach a positive integer multiple of the input signal's period T. In this case, the resulting last delayed signal Φ8 may be driven such that its accumulated delay is a multiple of period T. Again, false lock protection circuitry in a DLL may be used to decrease the common delay period Δt. -
FIGS. 3A and 3B show a conventional DLL and associatedcombinational logic 50 for providing false lock protection.Combinational logic 50 provides false lock protection in a DLL. For further examples, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,844,761 issued on Jan. 18, 2005, by named inventor Byun and titled “DLL with false lock protector”, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein and referred to as Byun below. - In
FIG. 3A , a full sequence of N delayed signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn} are fed back to ultimately effect the common delay period Δt. Delayed signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-2, Φn-1} are used bycombinational logic 50 to produces back, forward and lock indicators and the last delayed signal Φn is used byPD 20 to produce a down or up indicator. - When properly functioning,
delay line 10 delays last signal Φn by a full and single period (T) of the input source signal Din. When falsely locked, thedelay line 10 either delays the last delay signal Φn by an amount approximately equal to multiple periods (nT) or by an amount substantially less than a single period T. By performing logical operations on the delayed signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-2, Φn-1},combinational logic 50 indicates whether the signal Φn is properly delayed by an amount within an allowable tolerance around a single period T. - When
combinational logic 50 determines the last delay signal Φn is delayed by approximately a single period T,combinational logic 50 generates a lock indicator to control routing though a multiplexer (mux) 60. That is, when Φn is sufficiently close to a one-T delay,combinational logic 50 provides a lock indicator to mux 60. Based on a lock indicator produced, either the down/up indicator pair or the back/forward indicator pair is routed throughmux 60 toCP 30. Therefore when locked,mux 60 passes the down/up indicator pair fromPD 20 toCP 30. On the other hand, when Φn is not sufficiently close to a one-T delay,combinational logic 50 sends a not-lock indication to mux 60, which therefore routes the back/forward indicator pair fromcombinational logic 50 toCP 30. - An up indicator from
PD 20 or a forward indicator fromcombinational logic 50 instructsCP 30 to send a control signal to decrease the common delay period Δt. For example, a control voltage Vcontrol may be increased, which may speed up the operation in each delay unit 11-i (FIG. 1B ), which will shorted the common delay period Δt imposed on the input signals. - Similarly, a down indicator from
PD 20 or a back indicator fromcombinational logic 50 instructsCP 30 to send a control signal increase the common delay period Δt. For example, a control voltage Vcontrol may be decreased, which may slowdown the operation in each delay unit 11-i (FIG. 1B ), which will length the common delay period Δt imposed on the input signals. - Therefore, through the feedback of the N delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn}, the circuitry of
FIG. 3A used feedback signals and control signals to drive the common delay period Δt such thatdelay line 10 delays the last signal Φn by a single period T. Unfortunately,combinational logic 50 operating on a large number of skewed clock signals may produce unwanted noise as described above. -
FIG. 3B showscombinational logic 50 having N D-type delay flip flops (D-FFs) 51-1, 51-2, 51-3, . . . , 51-n each latching a respective one of the N delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn}. The resulting N latched signals a1, a2, a3, . . . , an are provided tocombinational logic 52 to produce back, forward and lock indicators. - A delay line with N=8 delays: the back indicator may be computed logically as ((a1 AND a2 AND NOT a3) OR (a1 AND NOT a2)); the forward indicator may be computed logically as (a1 AND a2 AND a3 AND a4 AND a5 AND a6 AND a7); and the lock indicator may be computed logically as (NOT forward AND NOT back) as described in Byun. As used in Byun, a down (or back) indicator of ‘0’ may mean inaction (take no action to increase delay time) whereas a down indicator of ‘1’ may mean action (take action to increase the delay time). Alternatively, a down indicator of ‘0’ may mean inaction and a down indicator of ‘1’ may mean action as used herein below.
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FIG. 4 shows a DLL in accordance with the present invention. The DLL includes a delay line (DL) 100, aphase detector 200,charge pump logic 300, afilter 400 andcombinational logic 500 providing false lock protection circuitry.DL 100 accepts an input reference signal Dref from which it produces N delayed output signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn}. For example, if the reference signal Dref is a clock signal, the N delayed clock output signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn} are delayed clock signals each identical to the input source signal Dref except for its phase delay. A difference between the reference signal Dref and feedback signal Dout (where Dout=Φn) inPD 200 is used to generate down and up indicators that drivecharge pump logic 300, which feeds to filter 400 a control signal Vcontrol to filter 400.Filter 400 in turn creates a current control signal Icontrol from the voltage control signal Vcontrol. The current control signal Icontrol is used to set the common delay period Δt indelay line 100 as described above with reference todelay line 10. - Unlike
combinational logic 50 ofFIG. 3A ,combinational logic 500 ofFIG. 4 accepts a subset of the produced N-1 delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1} rather than all of the N-1 delayed clock signals. The reduced subset of delayed clock signals, which are used to generate back, forward and lock indicators advantageously aids in reducing noise otherwise generated incombinational logic 50. Each delayed signal not process incombinational logic 500 reduces noise that may be otherwise generated from unwanted cross products of the phase delayed signals. -
FIGS. 5A through 5F show embodiments of a delay line (DL) 100 and supporting circuitry for the DLL ofFIG. 4 in accordance with the present invention.DL 100 may be controlled by various means. For example,DL 100 may be controlled by a voltage level as shown inFIGS. 1A and 3A . Alternatively,DL 100 may be controlled by a current level as shown inFIG. 4 . Additionally,DL 100 may include non-differential delay elements as shown inFIG. 5A or may include differential delay elements as shown inFIG. 5B , both described below. -
FIG. 5A shows a current controllednon-differential delay line 100 having N delay elements 110-1, 110-2, . . . , 10-n configured to produce N delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn}. Each delay element 110-1, 110-2, . . . , 10-n introduces a delay period Δt to its input signal. A common control signal (Icontrol) shared by each delay element coordinates this common delay period Δt. As a result, each pair of sequential clock signals (i.e., Φj & Φj+1 for j=1 to n-1), from the plurality of delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn} forms the common delay period Δt. -
FIG. 5B shows current controlleddifferential delay line 100 having N/2 delay elements 111-1, 111-2, . . . , 111-n/2 configured to produce N delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn}. A complement of the first N/2 delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn/2} may be used to produce the second N/2 delayed clock signals {Φn/2+1, Φn/2+2, . . . , Φn}. For example, the complement of Φ1 may be used to represent Φn/2+1 and the complement of Φ2 may be used to represent Φn/2+2. - To condition the delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn} buffers ‘b’ may be added to between a differential output port of the delay unit 111-i and the supplied delayed clock signal as shown. Furthermore, a
delay unit 130 may be added to generate and provide proper timing and signal levels of the reference signal (Dref=Φ0). Additionally, a non-differential input signal Din may be converted to differential input signals (Cin and CBin) using a single-to-differential converter 120. In this case, the generated reference signal Dref rather than the original input Din may be used as an input tophase detector 200. -
FIG. 5C shows a representative delay element 111-i having differential input ports and differential output ports. A positive differential input port accepts a first delayed signal (Φi-1) and a negative differential input port accepts a second delayed signal (Φn/2+i-1). A current control signal Icontrol is used to set the currently-used common delay period Δt. After imposing such a delay, the delay element 111-i provides a first delayed signal (namely, Φi) at a positive differential output port and a second delayed signal (namely, Φn/2+i) at a negative differential output port. To condition the delayed clock signals, buffers 112 may be added to between each differential output port of the delay unit 111-i and the respective delayed clock signal. -
FIG. 5D shows an alternate representative delay element 111-i that provides twice as many output signals. For example, a DLL system designed to generate 32 delayed clock signals may be redesigned to produce 64 delayed clock signals without adding additional delay elements 111-i. In some embodiments each delayed output signal Φi is also fed to an interpolation delay cell (IDC) 113. In effect,IDC 113 generates a signal Φi+ΔΦ that represents a delayed signal approximately halfway between Φi and Φi-1. The sequence of delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ1+ΔΦ, Φ2, Φ2+ΔΦ, Φ3, Φ3+ΔΦ, . . . , Φn, Φn+ΔΦ} may be renumbered as {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φ2n}. For example, {Φ1, Φ1+ΔΦ, Φ2, Φ2+ΔΦ, Φ3, Φ3+ΔΦ, . . . , Φ32, Φ32+ΔΦ} may be renumbered as {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φ64}. -
FIG. 5E shows an example embodiment ofIDC 113. One or more delay devices may be selected, such as a pair of inverters (114 and 115), to introduce an extra propagation time ΔΦ, where ΔΦ equals approximately Δt/2. -
FIG. 5F shows an alternate embodiment wherein oneIDC 113 may be used to delay a selected delayed clock signal. For example, five bits (Bit 1 to Bit 5) may be used by a 5-bit decoder 116 to select one of 32 input signals {Φ1, . . . , Φ32}. The selected signal Φi may then be passed throughinverters decoder 116 or the representative interpolated signal Φi+ΔΦ fromIDC 113. Mux 117 may provide an output signal Φout for use incombinational logic 500. -
FIGS. 6A through 6E show embodiments ofcombinational logic 500 for the DLL ofFIG. 4 for various values ofN. Combinational logic 500 may be comprised offorward logic 510, backlogic 520 and locklogic 530. This logic may be comprised of registers, such as D-FFs, and logic gates, such as NOR and AND gates. Applied as input signals tocombinational logic 500 is a subset {Φx1, Φx2, Φx3, . . . , Φxm, Φy1, . . . , yp} selected from the set of delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1}, where a subset has fewer elements than the set. That is, the forward, back and lock indicators may be generated with a logical combination of this subset of signals without reference to other delayed clock signals not in the subset. Additionally, a subset that excludes terms near the end of the delay chain can more quickly determine whether or not a DLL is locked. For example, excluding Φn-1 and/or Φn from the subset means that the DLL may more quickly have valid parameters to compute forward, back and lock indictors. - With respect to
FIGS. 6A through 6E ,combinational logic 500 uses the subset of signals to generate forward, back and lock indicators. A resulting forward indicator having a value of logical ‘0’ means action (theforward logic 510 has determined an adjustment to shorten the common delay period At through the control signal is necessary). On the other hand, a resulting forward indicator having a value of logical ‘1’ means inaction (theforward logic 510 has determined that no shortening adjustment is necessary). - A resulting back indicator having a value of logical ‘0’ means that the
back logic 520 has determined an adjustment to lengthen the common delay period Δt through the control signal is necessary. On the other hand, a resulting back indicator having a value of logical ‘1’ means that theback logic 520 has determined that no lengthening adjustment is necessary. - A resulting lock indicator having a value of logical ‘1’ means that the lock logic has determined neither the forward nor back indicators from
combinational logic 500 are relevant to chargepump logic 300. On the other hand, a resulting lock indicator having a value of logical ‘0’ means thatcharge pump logic 300 should apply either the forward or back indicator fromcombinational logic 500 thereby aiding to prevent a false lock situation and/or aiding to converge to a proper common delay period Δt. - Once a designer selects a total number of delayed clock signals that the DLL will generate (e.g., N=32 signals), the subset may be determined by observation. To determine a subset by observation, the designer may plot a sequence of charts wherein each chart represents a different delay period Δt and shows multiple periods of the resulting delayed clock signals. The designer may visually determine which subset of delayed clock signals identifies when a false lock situation may occur. Alternatively, it may be possible to determine the subset numerically. For example, the designer might be able to use a simulation tool or numerical analysis software to determine which subset of clock signals produce a linearly independent set of signals over a duration of time spanning several periods (e.g., 10 to 30 periods).
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FIG. 6A showscombinational logic 500 for N=4. An N=4 DLL produces four output signals {Φ1, . . . , Φ4}, of which N-2 or fewer signals are provided tocombinational logic 500. In the example shown,combinational logic 500 accepts two input signals (namely, Φ1 and Φ3) to generate forward, back and lock indicators. A forward indicator may be generated with a single input signal (e.g., forward=Φx1 wherein Φx1=Φ1); a back indicator may be set using two input signals (back=(forward AND Φy1) wherein Φy1=Φ3); and a lock indicator may be comprised of an AND operation between the forward and back indicators. - In the example shown,
forward logic 510 includes a D-FF 511-1 accepting a single input signal Φx1 and providing an output signal ax1 used to define the forward indicator. Also include is a second D-FF 513 accepting the same input signal Φx1 and providing an output signal ay1b that may also be used to define the forward indicator. The two flip flops, however, are clocked by opposite edges of the reference input signal Dref as shown. The second D-FF 513 is optional and may be used as protection against an initial condition that might otherwise introduce a false signal onto the forward indicator. A NORgate 512 is shown to combine ax1 and ay1b to generator the forward indicator.Back logic 520 includes a D-FF 521 to accept Φy1 and produce fy1, which is fed to an ANDgate 522 along with the forward indicator to define the back indicator.Lock logic 530 includes an ANDgate 532 that accepts both the forward and back indicators and provides the lock indictor as an output signal. -
FIG. 6B showscombinational logic 500 for N=8. An N=8 DLL produces eight output signals {Φ1, . . . , Φ8}, of which N-2 or fewer signals are provided tocombinational logic 500. In the example shown,combinational logic 500 accepts four input signals (namely, Φ1, Φ2, Φ3 and Φ5) to generate forward, back and lock indicators. A forward indicator may be generated with three input signals (e.g., forward=(Φx1 NOR Φx2 NOR Φx3) where Φx1, Φx2, Φx3=Φ1, Φ2, Φ3 respectfully); a back indicator may be set using the forward indicator and a single additional input signal (back=(forward AND Φy1) wherein Φy1=Φ5); and a lock indicator may be comprised of an AND operation between the forward and back indicators. D-FF 511-1, 511-2 and 511-3 may be used to condition Φx1, Φx2, Φx3 prior to providing these signals to NORgate 512. - Additionally, as initial condition protection, extra D-
FF 513 may be included to accept one of the input signal supplied to forward logic 510 (e.g., Φx2). Again, the additional D-FF 513 may be clocked on the opposite edge as D-FF 511-1, 511-2 and 511-3. An output signal ax2b of D-FF 513 may supply a fourth input signal to NORgate 512. As with the N=4 case described above as well as with the examples below, backlogic 520 includes a D-FF 521 to accept Φy1 and produce fy1 which is fed to an ANDgate 522 along with the forward indicator to define the back indicator. Again,lock logic 530 includes an ANDgate 532 that accepts both the forward and back indicators and provides the lock indictor as an output signal. -
FIG. 6C showscombinational logic 500 for N=16. An N=16 DLL produces 16 output signals {Φ1, . . . , Φ16}, of which N-2 or fewer signals are provided tocombinational logic 500. In the example shown,combinational logic 500 accepts five input signals (namely, Φ1, Φ2, Φ4, Φ6 and Φ20) to generate forward, back and lock indicators. A forward indicator may be generated with four input signals (e.g., forward=(Φx1 NOR Φx2 NOR Φx3 NOR Φx4) where Φx1, Φx2, Φx3, Φx4=Φ1, Φ2, Φ4, Φ6 respectfully); a back indicator may be set using the forward indicator and a single additional input signal (back=(forward AND Φy1) wherein Φy1=Φ20); and a lock indicator may be comprised of an AND operation between the forward and back indicators. Again, an extra D-FF 513 may be added to handle an unwanted initial condition. For example, Φx3 may also be supplied to D-FF 513 and the output port Qb supplied to NORgate 512. -
FIG. 6D showscombinational logic 500 for N=32. An N=32 DLL produces 32 output signals {Φ1, . . . , Φ32}, of which N-2 or fewer signals are provided tocombinational logic 500. In the example shown,combinational logic 500 accepts six input signals (namely, Φ2, Φ4, Φ5, Φ8, Φ13 and Φ20) to generate forward, back and lock indicators. A forward indicator may be generated with five input signals (e.g., forward=(Φx1 NOR Φx2 NOR Φx3 NOR Φx4 NOR Φx5) where Φx1, Φx2, Φx3, Φx4, Φx5=Φ2, Φ4, Φ5, Φ8, Φ13 respectfully); a back indicator may be set using the forward indicator and a single additional input signal (back=(forward AND Φy1) wherein Φy1=Φ20); and a lock indicator may be comprised of an AND operation between the forward and back indicators. - In the N=32 example shown, from 32 signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φ31, Φ32}, a subset of six signals (e.g., {Φx1, Φx2, Φx3, Φx4, Φx5, Φy1}={Φ2, Φ4, Φ5, Φ8, Φ13, Φ20}) may comprise the subset. Each of the delayed clock signals from the subset may be clocked into a respective D-FF 511-1, 511-2, 511-3, 511-4, 511-5, 521 where the input signal at gate ‘D’ may be clocked to produce output signals Q and Qn by the rising edge of the reference clock Dref.
- In
forward logic 510 for the example above having 32 delayed clock signals, a forward indicator may be generated as a NORoperation 512 of delayed clock signals {Φ2, Φ4, Φ5, Φ8, Φ13}. Each of the delayed clock signals from the subset may be conditioned through a respective D-FF 511-1 . . . 511-5 where each D-FF 511-i is clocked on the positive edge of the reference signal (Dref=Φ0). Output signals Q (labeled ax1, ax2, ax3, ax4 & ax5) are applied to the input terminals of NORgate 512. The output port of NORgate 512 may be supplied as the forward indicator. - In
back logic 520, a back indicator may be generated as an AND operation from ANDgate 522 between the forward indicator and delayed clock signal Φy1. For the example above generating N=32 delayed clock signals, Φy1 is Φ20. Inlock logic 530, a lock indicator may be generated as an AND operation using ANDgate 532 between the forward and back indicators. -
FIG. 6E shows the circuitry ofFIG. 6D with the addition of D-FF 513. D-FF 513 has the same input signals as D-FF 511-5 however its clock is negative-edge triggered and the complement signal Qn (labeled ax5b) is fed to NORgate 512. During an initial startup period, all input signals to NORgate 512 from D-FFs 511 and 512 may be zero resulting in a forward indicator of ‘1’, thus the DLL takes no forward action. During post-startup operation, the Qn output signal of D-FF 513 may be considered a half-period (T/2) delayed version of the Q output of D-FF 511-5. D-FF 513 therefore protects against a false forward indicator as the DLL is starting up but does not adversely effect operation after startup. -
FIGS. 7A , 7B, 8A and 8B show embodiments ofcharge pump logic 300 for the DLL ofFIG. 4 .Charge pump logic 300 may include a single charge pump or may include multiple charge pumps. A first embodiment includes amultiplexer 310 and a single charge pump (CP) 311 as shown inFIG. 7A .Mux 310 accepts down/up indicators as data input signals fromPD 200 ofFIG. 4 .Mux 310 also accepts back/forward indicators as data input signals and the lock indicator as a selection input signal fromcombinational logic 500 ofFIG. 4 . Base on the value of the lock indicator, mux 310 passes either the down/up pair or the back/forward pair to chargepump 311.CP 311 then adjusts its output control signal Vcontrol as directed by the indicators provided bymux 310. - In a second embodiment shown in
FIG. 7B , the function ofmux 310 ofFIG. 7A is implemented with logical gates 320-325 and the function ofcharge pump 311 ofFIG. 7A is implemented withswitches current sources OR gate 322 having two input ports fed by the output ports of two ANDgates gate 320 accepts the forward indicator as a first input signal and an inverse of the lock indicator as a second input signal. The second ANDgate 321 accepts the up indicator as a first input signal and the lock indicator as a second input signal. As implemented, a value of ‘1’ for the up or forward indicators along with the appropriate lock indicator means action (charging the charge pump to increase the control signal to shorten the delay time) and a value of ‘0’ for the up and forward indicators means inaction. The lock indicator is used to pass either the up or forward indicator. A lock indicator of ‘0’ passes the forward indicator from ANDgate 320 to ORgate 322 and a lock indicator of ‘1’ passes the up indicator from ANDgate 321 to ORgate 322. - Similarly, the second switch (S2) 329 is controlled by an output port from an
OR gate 325 having two input ports fed by the output ports of two ANDgates gate 323 accepts the back indicator as a first input signal and an inverse of the lock indicator as a second input signal. The forth ANDgate 324 accepts the down indicator as a first input signal and the lock indicator as a second input signal. As implemented, a value of ‘1’ for the down or back indicators means action (discharging the charge pump to decrease the control signal to increase the delay time) and a value of ‘0’ for the down and back indicators means inaction. The lock indicator is used to pass one of the two down and back indicators. A lock indicator of ‘0’ passes the back indicator from ANDgate 323 to ORgate 325 and a lock indicator of ‘1’ passes the down indicator from ANDgate 324 to ORgate 325. - In a third embodiment shown in
FIG. 8A ,charge pump logic 300 is implemented with multiple charge pumps 330, 331. A control signal Vcontrol is driven from eithercharge pump combinational logic 500 determines that the DLL is out of a lock state, the lock indicator instructscharge pump logic 300 to activate CP-1 330, thereby responding to the back and forward indicators fromcombinational logic 500 ofFIG. 4 . Whencombinational logic 500 determines that the DLL is in a lock state, the lock indicator instructscharge pump logic 300 to activate CP-2 331, thereby responding to the up and down indicators fromphase detector 200. - Charge pump logic including multiple charge pumps may advantageously use a first charge pump that has a high current for charging and discharging for initial acquisition or out-of-lock periods. A second charge pump having lower current for charging and discharging may be used for tracking purposes and for making subtle changes to the control signal.
- In a fourth embodiment shown in
FIG. 8B , two charge pumps work together to set a control signal Vcontrol where the first charge pump has higher charging/discharging currents than the second charge pump. For example, a first charge pump may source and sink a current of 30 uA where a second charge pump may source and sink a current of 3 uA (or approximately 10% of the first charge pump). A first charge pump includes an ANDgate 340 accepting the forward indicator and a complement of the lock indicator as input signals and provides a control signal to a first switch (S1) 342. When closedswitch S1 342 completes a circuit to allow acurrent source 343 the ability to source a high current to charge the capacitor offilter 400 ofFIG. 4 . As the capacitor charges the control signal Vcontrol increases thereby increasing the control current Icontrol resulting in a shorter the delay period Δt. Whenopen switch S1 342 disables charging from the first charge pump. The first charge pump also include a second ANDgate 341 accepting the back indicator and the complement of the lock indicator as input signals and provides a control signal to a second switch (S2) 345. When closedS2 345 completes the circuit to allow acurrent source 345 the ability to sink a high current to discharge the capacitor offilter 400 ofFIG. 4 thus lowering the control signal Vcontrol and decreasing the control current Icontrol resulting in a longer the delay period Δt. Whenopen switch S2 345 disables discharging from the first charge pump. - The second charge pump of
FIG. 8B includes similar circuitry however the charge and discharge currents of the second charge pump are lower than that of the first charge pump. The second charge pump includes an ANDgate 350 accepting the up indicator and the lock indicator as input signals and provides a control signal to a third switch (S3) 352. When closedswitch S3 352 completes the circuit to allow acurrent source 353 providing a low current source to charge the capacitor offilter 400 ofFIG. 4 . Whenopen switch S3 352 disables charging from the second charge pump. The second charge pump also include a second ANDgate 351 accepting the down indicator and the lock indicator as input signals and provides a control signal to a fourth switch (S4) 355. When closedS4 355 completes the circuit to allow acurrent source 355 the ability to sink a low current to discharge the capacitor offilter 400 ofFIG. 4 thus lowering the control signal Vcontrol and lengthening the delay period Δt. -
FIG. 9 illustrates expected charge curves associated with both single and double charge pump logic. A first curve (segment ‘A’) shows a control signal Vcontrol associated with charge pump logic having a single charge pump. It is expected that a single charge pump sourcing and sinking a low current would take several microseconds to charge (or discharge) the control signal Vcontrol to an appropriate value. - Advantageously, charge pump logic having multiple charge pumps with different charging/discharging currents may be used to aggressively set the control signal during an initial acquisition period. Once the control signal is within a particular range, a less aggressive charge pump may be used for more controlled honing. A second curve shows an initial acquisition stage (segment ‘B’), a ripping stage (segment ‘C’) and an acquired stage (segment ‘D’). During the initial acquisition stage (segment ‘B’), a first charge pump aggressively and rapidly charges a capacitor to set the control signal. During the ripping stage (segment ‘C’), the first charge pump's aggressive nature results in overshooting and undershooting a target value. At some point in time (shown as a dotted line), the combination logic determines that the DLL is in a locked state. At this time, the
combination logic 500 provides an updated lock indicator to thecharge pump logic 300, which switches from driving the control signal with the high current first charge pump to the lower current second charge pump, as shown with segment ‘D’. -
FIG. 10 shows another DLL in accordance with the present invention.Filter 400 ofFIG. 4 is shown replaced with a filter andvariable rate logic 410. Variable rate logic provides higher sensitivity when making fine adjustments to the control signal to the delay line. Additionally, rather than providing a voltage control signal Vcontrol,logic 410 provides a current control signal Icontrol to a current controlled delay line (DL) 100.Logic 410 is described further below with respect to the remaining figures. -
FIGS. 11A , 11B and 12A through 12F show circuitry associated with the DLL ofFIG. 10 .FIG. 11A shows a filter andvariable rate logic 410 including a filter 420 (such as thecapacitive filter 40 ofFIG. 1C ),converter logic 430 andselection logic 440.Converter logic 430 may provide multiple voltage-to-current converters (V2I) resulting in corresponding voltage-to-delay curves such as provided by the four converters 431-1 to 431-4 shown. Each converter may operate in a different range of delays for a given range of input voltages. Each converter may be used to convert the incoming voltage control signal to a current signal thus resulting in a corresponding delay.Selection logic 440 may be used to select one control signal from the multiple converters and provide this selected control signal to the delay line. -
FIG. 11B shows an alternative embodiment oflogic 410 including afilter 420,converter logic 430 andselection logic 440. In this embodiment,converter logic 430 includes a single voltage-to-current converter (V2I) having multiple conversion characteristics from which to select. The characteristic may be which conversion function to apply where each conversion function provides a different conversion between an input voltage and a output current. To select one of the conversion functions,selection logic 440 may be used, for example, by using automatic offset control (AOC) circuitry or the like described below. -
FIG. 12A shows anexample AOC circuit 440 ofFIG. 1B . TheAOC 440 shown includescomparator logic 441, a two-bit decoder 442, adder/subtractor logic 443 and acounter 444.Comparator logic 441 provides first and second indicators T0 and T1. When Vcontrol is too high, that is, above an upper limit, then T0 and T1 are both ‘1’. When Vcontrol is too low, that is, below a lower limit, then T0 and T1 are both ‘0’. When Vcontrol is with a proper range, that is, between the upper and lower limits, then T0=‘1’ and T1=‘0’. Indicators T0 and T1 are provided to two-bit decoder 442, which produces two control bits C0 and C1. Control bits C0 and C1 are provided as controls to adder/subtractor logic 443. Adder/subtractor logic 443 increments or decrements an internal value each period defined bycounter 444.Counter 444 may be clocked by the input clock signals (Din or Dref) or by one of the output delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φ(n-1), Φn=Din} or similar signal. Oncecounter 444 reaches a predetermined value,counter 444 provides a clocking signal to activatelogic 443. The resulting output signal of adder/subtractor logic 443 is shown as B0′ and B1′, which may be provided toconverter logic 430 as current rate selection control signals ofFIG. 11B . Alternatively, the resulting functionality ofAOC 440 may be provided in any of a number of ways known by those skilled in the art. -
FIG. 12B shows a embodiment ofcomparator logic 441 includes a voltage divider circuit providing a fixed upper limit voltage value V1 as an input signal to a first comparator and a lower limit voltage value V2 as an input signal to a second comparator. The variable control voltage Vcontrol is supplied as a second input signal to each comparator. To reduce the number of changes to comparison output values, comparators having a hysteresis may be used. For example, a first comparator may operate about V1=1.45 volts ±0.05 volts and a second comparator may operate about V2=0.70 volts ±0.05 volts. -
FIG. 12C shows a conversion between input signals T0/T1 and output signals C0/C1 of two-bit decoder 442. When the control voltage Vcontrol is too high, both T0 and T1 are ‘1’ and thus a lower delay curve should be used. Output signals of C0=‘0’ and C1=‘1’ enables the subtractor inlogic 443 to decrement to a lower delay curve by changing B0′ and B1′. When the control voltage Vcontrol is between the upper and lower limits, T0 is ‘1’ and T1 is ‘0’ and no change is made. In an initial condition (i.c.), T0 may be ‘0’ and T1 may be ‘1’ and therefore the adder is enabled. When the control voltage Vcontrol is too low, both T0 and T1 are ‘0’ and thus a higher delay curve should be used. Output signals of C0=‘1’ and C1=‘0’ enables the adder inlogic 443 to increment to a higher delay curve by changing B0′ and B1′. -
FIGS. 12D and 12E show respective past and next output values for an adder and a subtractor, respectively, inlogic 443. When the subtractor inlogic 443 is enabled, a lower next value is produced until a floor value is reached. Similarly, when the adder inlogic 443 is enabled, a higher next value is produced until a ceiling value is reached. -
FIG. 12F shows a circuit diagram for aconverter 430 providing multiple delay curves. The circuit includes mirrored transistors T1 and T2 as well as a transistor T3 used to sink current. To sink additional current, transistors T4 and T5 may separately or jointly be enabled with control bits B0′ and B1′. Transistor T3 sinks a nominal current while the addition of enabled transistors T4 and T5 may substantially increase the current driven by T2. Thus, four different delay curves are realized based on which combination of B0′ and B1′ are enabled. A resulting current control Icontrol may be supplied todelay line 100. -
FIGS. 13A through 13C illustrate a voltage-to-delay conversion curves associated with the DLL ofFIG. 10 . A first voltage-to-delay conversion curve is shown inFIG. 13A . A conventional single delay curve provides a one-to-one conversion between an input voltage and an output delay. For example, voltage values between V1 and V2 produce corresponding delays between D1 and D4. - In a dual-curve conversion system shown in
FIG. 13B , either of two different delay curves may be selected. When operating in a first region, input voltage values between V1 and V2 produce delay values between D1 and D3 and when operating in a second region, input voltage values between V1 and V2 produce delay values between D2 and D4. Overlapping output regions provide delays between D2 and D3 and allow for hysteresis during operation. Having multiple delay curves allows a converter to more finely adjust the delay for a given change in voltage. -
FIG. 13C shows a four-curve converter compared to a single curved converter. A converter may provide a conversion between input voltage and delay as shown with the curve labeled “without AOC”. For voltage values near V2, the delay output (i.e., the resulting delay line delay) is hypersensitive to small variations in input voltage. To reduce this hypersensitivity, the single mode converter may be replaced with a multi-delay mode converter. For example, a four-delay curve converter may be used. Based on values B0′ and B1′, the converter operates along one of the four curves. When B1′ B0′ equal ‘00’, the converter operates along the curve identified assection 1. When B1′ B0′ equal ‘01’, the converter operates along the curve identified assection 2. When B1′ B0′ equal ‘10’, the converter operates along the curve identified assection 3. When B1′ B0′ equal ‘11’, the converter operates along the curve identified assection 4. The resulting converter operates with greater control at values closer to V2 than the converter without AOC control. - The description above provides various hardware embodiments of the present invention. The invention may also be performed as a method or sequence of overlapping and/or non-overlapping steps. For example, a method in a DLL to produce a plurality of delayed clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn} wherein each pair (i.e., Φj & Φj+1 for j=1 to n-1) of N sequential clock signals {Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, . . . , Φn-1, Φn} forms a common delay period (Δt), may comprises one or more of the unordered steps of: setting the delay period Δt to an initial delay period (Δtinitial); generating the plurality of delayed clock signals having a delay period Δt based on an input reference signal (e.g., Dref); generating back and forward indicators based on a subset of the plurality of delayed clock signals, wherein a total count of signals in the subset comprises a total subset value of N-2 or fewer signals; and providing the back and forward indicators to charge pump logic. The method may further comprise generating a lock indicator based on the subset of the plurality of delayed clock signals; and/or selecting a conversion characteristic from a plurality of conversion characteristics (e.g., based on B0′ and B1′ as describe above; converting a control signal from the charge pump logic to a delay line control signal based on the selected conversion characteristic; and/or providing the delay line control signal to a delay line.
- The figures provided are merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions thereof may be exaggerated, while others may be minimized. The figures are intended to illustrate various implementations of the invention that can be understood and appropriately carried out by those of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, it should be understood that the invention can be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the claims. The description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Furthermore, it should be understood that the invention can be practiced with modification and alteration.
Claims (25)
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