US20080029149A1 - Method and apparatus for arranging a solar cell and reflector - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for arranging a solar cell and reflector Download PDF

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US20080029149A1
US20080029149A1 US11/497,755 US49775506A US2008029149A1 US 20080029149 A1 US20080029149 A1 US 20080029149A1 US 49775506 A US49775506 A US 49775506A US 2008029149 A1 US2008029149 A1 US 2008029149A1
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solar
reflector
photovoltaic cell
solar cell
light
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US11/497,755
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Daniel Simon
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0547—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to solar panels and more specifically to an improved arrangement of a solar cell and reflector in a module or panel.
  • a solar cell generally can mean a receiver or thermal absorbing plate (for solar thermal applications) or a solar photovoltaic cell (for solar electrical applications). Cells are frequently connected or joined to other cells either in parallel or in series within a single plane like tiles on a floor, and once a useful number of them are assembled, they are generally enclosed in what is commonly called a module.
  • a module normally has a transparent cover, parallel to and above the plane of the solar cells, which allows sunlight to enter the module and strike the solar cells.
  • the module will frequently have sides and a backing plate that define a weather tight enclosure that help shield the solar cell from the elements.
  • the prior art contains many examples of arranging the solar cells within a module. Reflectors are frequently used to minimize regions between active solar cells where entering sunlight would produce no energy. Much of the prior art assumes the solar cells are arranged in a single plane normal to the incoming sunlight and parallel to the transparent cover, such as: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,528,716 and 4,316,448 Disadvantages of these types of arrangements primarily include the inefficient or wasteful use of expensive materials.
  • a reflector and solar collector in an angular orientation is taught by Epsy in U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,282.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,282 is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Espy teaches a complex and variable geometry that depends on user location, which makes mass production difficult. Furthermore, the arrangement described by Espy does not contain protection for the reflector or collector surfaces. The result is that one or both of these surfaces can be easily damaged by the elements.
  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for arranging a solar cell and reflector to replace a typical solar cell oriented normal to the incoming sunlight inside a module (i.e. parallel to a module's transparent cover plate or opening).
  • the present invention in a preferred embodiment uses a solar cell oriented at a 45 degree angle to the incoming sunlight, and a reflective surface oriented perpendicular to the cell and at a 45 degree angle to the incoming sunlight.
  • the solar cell and the mirror are the same length/size and form a V shape where the angle between the sloped sides is 90 degrees. Any light falling normally on the arrangement will hit the solar cell either directly or after reflection.
  • two adjacent reflectors can be used making angles of around 60 degrees and around 30 degrees with respect to the cover or opening.
  • An alternate embodiment can include a second reflector placed perpendicular and at the base of the cell and first reflector pairing, also at an approximate 45 degree angle with the cover or opening.
  • the reflector and cell arrangement of the present invention are protected from the elements and it can be used with many types of solar cell technologies and will uniformly illuminate the solar cell surface.
  • the reflector can be designed to reflect only the solar spectrum that generates electricity (for a PV solar cell) but not the infrared parts that might overheat the cell and reduce performance.
  • FIG. 1 shows an perspective view a prior art arrangement of solar cells in tiled configuration parallel to a module cover.
  • FIG. 2. shows a side view of a reflector and solar cell at a 90 degree angle to each other (below the plane of prior art orientation).
  • FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of multiple rows of reflectors and cells (saw-tooth style) within a module.
  • FIG. 4 shows a side view of reflectors (60 deg and 30 deg) and a solar cell at 45 degree angles to the original horizontal cell plane.
  • FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of an array made from the embodiment of FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 6 shows a 45 degree angle-in view of an alternate embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 shows embodiment of FIG. 6 with a more complex reflector-cell geometry with a new solar cell orientation replaced by a smaller perpendicular mirror and cell set rotated by 90 degrees.
  • FIG. 1 shows a prior art method of making a solar panel.
  • a frame 1 is built and either supported or attached to a roof with flat, tiled panels 2 that contain solar cells. Tiles may have weather-tight covers to protect the cells. This arrangement does not lead to optimum efficiency in the amount of light striking the cells.
  • FIG. 2 shows a side view of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a solar cell 3 is rotated at around a 45 degree angle to module cover 5 .
  • a reflector 4 also at around a 45 degree angle to module cover 5 is located approximately perpendicular to and adjacent to solar cell 3 .
  • the reflector 4 can be equivalent in length and width to solar cell 3 .
  • the reflector 4 and solar cell 3 form a V-shape with the opening parallel to module cover 5 .
  • Light that enters the module perpendicular to the module cover 5 will hit the solar cell 3 (at a 45 degree angle) directly or after reflecting off reflector 4 .
  • the solar cell 3 combined with the reflector 4 in this orientation collects the same amount of energy as a cell 30% larger oriented parallel to a module cover as shown in prior art FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 shows an parametric view of a solar module with a frame 1 holding an array completely populated with solar cell 3 and reflector 4 pairings, all at a 45 degree angle to module cover.
  • each reflector 4 is shown individually (for clarity), a single extended reflector can be used extending from one end of the module to the other, in place of the nine reflectors per row shown in FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 4 shows a side view of an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
  • the solar cell 6 can generally be longer than solar cells shown in FIG. 3 .
  • This solar cell 6 remains rotated at around a 45 degree angle to the module cover 5 .
  • a first reflector 7 is rotated at around a 60 degree angle to the module cover 5
  • a second reflector 8 makes around a 30 degree angle to the module cover 5 .
  • the upper edge of the first reflector 7 is approximately adjacent to the lower edge of the second reflector 8 .
  • the lower edge of the first reflector 7 is adjacent to the lower edge of the solar cell 6 , forming around a 105 degree angle between the first reflector 7 and the solar cell 6 .
  • FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of an array made from the cell-reflector arrangement of FIG. 4 .
  • the frame 1 holds the solar cells 6 and the two reflector parts 7 , 8 .
  • the alternative embodiment of FIGS. 4-5 offers an alternative geometry that reflects light that might not otherwise hit the solar cell 6
  • FIGS. 6-7 show an alternate embodiment of the present invention where the cells 3 and the reflectors 4 are arranged as in FIG. 2 , but rotated by 90 degrees, with an additional end reflector 9 .
  • This arrangement allows better light collection (i.e. higher concentration of light) from a particular set of daily sun angles (i.e. the morning-noon solar arc, or the mid-morning to mid-afternoon solar arc, or the noon-afternoon solar arc) for different orientations of the frame 1 .
  • FIG. 6 is a view looking straight down on the additional reflector 9
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view. This embodiment has the advantage of capturing more light from daily sun angles.
  • this embodiment can capture twice as much sunlight per area of solar receiver as the prior art, but only during half of the day.
  • a solar panel constructed according to this embodiment might practically be located on the east or west facing portions of buildings in locations where prior art panels are impractical due to diurnal shading.
  • the reflective surfaces can optionally be designed to not reflect the infrared (heating) wavelengths of sunlight onto solar cell if desired. This is especially useful if the cell is a photovoltaic cell that produces less electricity as the cell temperature rises. In this manner, only useful wavelengths can be directed to the cell from the reflectors.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

A system and method of arranging a solar cell and reflector to replace a typical solar cell oriented normal to the incoming sunlight inside a module (i.e. parallel to a module's transparent cover plate or opening). The present invention in a preferred embodiment uses a solar cell oriented at a 45 degree angle to the incoming sunlight, and a reflective surface oriented perpendicular to the cell and at a 45 degree angle to the incoming sunlight. The solar cell and the mirror are the same length/size and form a V shape where the angle between the sloped sides is 90 degrees. Any light falling normally on the arrangement will hit the solar cell either directly or after reflection. In another embodiment, two adjacent reflectors can be used making angles of around 60 degrees and around 30 degrees with respect to the cover or opening. An alternate embodiment can include a second reflector added to the base of the cell and reflector pairings also at an approximate 45 degree angle with the cover or opening. The second reflector can run along an entire row of cell and first reflector pairs such that the first reflectors form 90 degree angles with both the cells and with the second reflector.

Description

    BACKGROUND
  • 1. Field of Invention
  • This invention relates generally to solar panels and more specifically to an improved arrangement of a solar cell and reflector in a module or panel.
  • 2. Description of the Prior Art
  • There is a significant interest in the commercial application of solar energy. One of the main obstacles to widespread use of solar energy is the high cost of solar devices, especially solar photovoltaic cells. This is because of the relatively high cost of materials used to convert solar energy (especially relative to reflector material). It is well known in the art to use a solar cell for intercepting sunlight and producing energy of thermal or electrical nature (or a combination of both). A solar cell generally can mean a receiver or thermal absorbing plate (for solar thermal applications) or a solar photovoltaic cell (for solar electrical applications). Cells are frequently connected or joined to other cells either in parallel or in series within a single plane like tiles on a floor, and once a useful number of them are assembled, they are generally enclosed in what is commonly called a module.
  • A module normally has a transparent cover, parallel to and above the plane of the solar cells, which allows sunlight to enter the module and strike the solar cells. The module will frequently have sides and a backing plate that define a weather tight enclosure that help shield the solar cell from the elements.
  • The prior art contains many examples of arranging the solar cells within a module. Reflectors are frequently used to minimize regions between active solar cells where entering sunlight would produce no energy. Much of the prior art assumes the solar cells are arranged in a single plane normal to the incoming sunlight and parallel to the transparent cover, such as: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,528,716 and 4,316,448 Disadvantages of these types of arrangements primarily include the inefficient or wasteful use of expensive materials.
  • The prior art also contains examples of more complex geometries where a significant portion of incoming light is reflected from one or more surfaces onto the cell. Some examples of this are U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,563, 4,471,763 and 2,904,612 . Disadvantages of these types of arrangements are complex geometries or the requirement of mechanical tracking systems which add to the cost of system manufacture and maintenance.
  • A reflector and solar collector in an angular orientation is taught by Epsy in U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,282. U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,282 is hereby incorporated by reference. Espy teaches a complex and variable geometry that depends on user location, which makes mass production difficult. Furthermore, the arrangement described by Espy does not contain protection for the reflector or collector surfaces. The result is that one or both of these surfaces can be easily damaged by the elements.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for arranging a solar cell and reflector to replace a typical solar cell oriented normal to the incoming sunlight inside a module (i.e. parallel to a module's transparent cover plate or opening). The present invention in a preferred embodiment uses a solar cell oriented at a 45 degree angle to the incoming sunlight, and a reflective surface oriented perpendicular to the cell and at a 45 degree angle to the incoming sunlight. The solar cell and the mirror are the same length/size and form a V shape where the angle between the sloped sides is 90 degrees. Any light falling normally on the arrangement will hit the solar cell either directly or after reflection. In another embodiment, two adjacent reflectors can be used making angles of around 60 degrees and around 30 degrees with respect to the cover or opening. An alternate embodiment can include a second reflector placed perpendicular and at the base of the cell and first reflector pairing, also at an approximate 45 degree angle with the cover or opening.
    • Objects and Advantages:
  • 1. A simple arrangement that allows either more sunlight to be captured with the same area of solar cell, or the same amount of sunlight can be captured with a smaller solar cell.
  • 2. Most prior art practices of module making remain the same with the present invention, with the exception that a deeper module/enclosure is needed, as well as a way to support the reflector and solar cell in their new orientation. The wiring or plumbing that was typically built along the back surface of the solar cell, or row of solar cells, is generally unaffected by the new orientation.
  • 3. The reflector and cell arrangement of the present invention are protected from the elements and it can be used with many types of solar cell technologies and will uniformly illuminate the solar cell surface.
  • 4. The reflector can be designed to reflect only the solar spectrum that generates electricity (for a PV solar cell) but not the infrared parts that might overheat the cell and reduce performance.
  • Further objects and advantages of my invention will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and ensuing description.
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 shows an perspective view a prior art arrangement of solar cells in tiled configuration parallel to a module cover.
  • FIG. 2.shows a side view of a reflector and solar cell at a 90 degree angle to each other (below the plane of prior art orientation).
  • FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of multiple rows of reflectors and cells (saw-tooth style) within a module.
  • FIG. 4 shows a side view of reflectors (60 deg and 30 deg) and a solar cell at 45 degree angles to the original horizontal cell plane.
  • FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of an array made from the embodiment of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 6 shows a 45 degree angle-in view of an alternate embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 shows embodiment of FIG. 6 with a more complex reflector-cell geometry with a new solar cell orientation replaced by a smaller perpendicular mirror and cell set rotated by 90 degrees.
    •
  • Several illustrations and drawings have been presented to better aid in understanding of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is not limited what the figures.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • FIG. 1 shows a prior art method of making a solar panel. A frame 1 is built and either supported or attached to a roof with flat, tiled panels 2 that contain solar cells. Tiles may have weather-tight covers to protect the cells. This arrangement does not lead to optimum efficiency in the amount of light striking the cells.
  • FIG. 2 shows a side view of an embodiment of the present invention. A solar cell 3 is rotated at around a 45 degree angle to module cover 5. A reflector 4, also at around a 45 degree angle to module cover 5 is located approximately perpendicular to and adjacent to solar cell 3. The reflector 4 can be equivalent in length and width to solar cell 3. The reflector 4 and solar cell 3 form a V-shape with the opening parallel to module cover 5. Light that enters the module perpendicular to the module cover 5 will hit the solar cell 3 (at a 45 degree angle) directly or after reflecting off reflector 4. The solar cell 3 combined with the reflector 4 in this orientation collects the same amount of energy as a cell 30% larger oriented parallel to a module cover as shown in prior art FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows an parametric view of a solar module with a frame 1 holding an array completely populated with solar cell 3 and reflector 4 pairings, all at a 45 degree angle to module cover. Although each reflector 4 is shown individually (for clarity), a single extended reflector can be used extending from one end of the module to the other, in place of the nine reflectors per row shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 4 shows a side view of an alternate embodiment of the present invention. Here, the solar cell 6 can generally be longer than solar cells shown in FIG. 3. This solar cell 6 remains rotated at around a 45 degree angle to the module cover 5. A first reflector 7 is rotated at around a 60 degree angle to the module cover 5, and a second reflector 8 makes around a 30 degree angle to the module cover 5. The upper edge of the first reflector 7 is approximately adjacent to the lower edge of the second reflector 8. The lower edge of the first reflector 7 is adjacent to the lower edge of the solar cell 6, forming around a 105 degree angle between the first reflector 7 and the solar cell 6. FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of an array made from the cell-reflector arrangement of FIG. 4. The frame 1 holds the solar cells 6 and the two reflector parts 7, 8. The alternative embodiment of FIGS. 4-5 offers an alternative geometry that reflects light that might not otherwise hit the solar cell 6 onto it.
  • FIGS. 6-7 show an alternate embodiment of the present invention where the cells 3 and the reflectors 4 are arranged as in FIG. 2, but rotated by 90 degrees, with an additional end reflector 9. This arrangement allows better light collection (i.e. higher concentration of light) from a particular set of daily sun angles (i.e. the morning-noon solar arc, or the mid-morning to mid-afternoon solar arc, or the noon-afternoon solar arc) for different orientations of the frame 1. FIG. 6 is a view looking straight down on the additional reflector 9, and FIG. 7 is a perspective view. This embodiment has the advantage of capturing more light from daily sun angles. Specifically, this embodiment can capture twice as much sunlight per area of solar receiver as the prior art, but only during half of the day. A solar panel constructed according to this embodiment might practically be located on the east or west facing portions of buildings in locations where prior art panels are impractical due to diurnal shading.
  • In all embodiments, the reflective surfaces can optionally be designed to not reflect the infrared (heating) wavelengths of sunlight onto solar cell if desired. This is especially useful if the cell is a photovoltaic cell that produces less electricity as the cell temperature rises. In this manner, only useful wavelengths can be directed to the cell from the reflectors.
  • Several descriptions and illustrations have been presented to aid in understanding the present invention. One of skill in the art will realize that numerous changes and variations are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention. Each of these changes and variations is within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (20)

1. A solar collector for maximizing collection of useful sunlight, comprising:
a) an enclosure comprising four sides and a transparent cover that protects interior surfaces from elements (other than sunlight);
b) at least one rectangular light collecting surface mounted at a 45 degree angle to the transparent cover;
c) at least one reflective surface mounted adjacent and perpendicular to said solar collecting surface such that said reflective surface also forms a 45 degree angle with said transparent cover.
2. The solar collector of claim 1 wherein said light collecting surface absorbs solar radiation and transfers it to a working fluid.
3. The solar collector of claim 1 wherein said light collecting surface comprises a photovoltaic cell for converting light to electricity.
4. The solar collector of claim 3 wherein said reflective surface has a coating that reflects primarily a band of light wavelengths the photovoltaic cell converts efficiently to electricity, while not reflecting infrared wavelengths that tend to heat said photovoltaic cell.
5. The solar collector of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of solar collecting surfaces and reflective surfaces.
6. The solar collector of claim 3 wherein said photovoltaic cell is semiconductor.
7. The solar collector of claim 1 wherein said reflective surface is aluminum.
8. A system with surfaces arranged for maximizing collection of useful sunlight, comprising
a) an enclosure including four sides, a base, and a transparent cover that protects interior surfaces from weather;
b) at least one rectangular solar collecting surface mounted at a 45 degree angle to the transparent cover;
c) a pair of reflective surfaces in proximity to said solar collecting surface including a first reflective surface at a mounting angle of between around 46-60 degrees to the transparent cover with said first reflective surface extending downwards to a point where a line perpendicular to the bottom edge of said first reflective surface contacts the uppermost edge of said solar collecting surface, and a second reflective surface mounted adjacent to the bottom edge of said first reflective surface at a an angle complimentary to the first reflective surface's mounting angle, said second surface extending downward until its bottom edge is adjacent to said solar collecting surface.
9. The system of claim 8 wherein said solar collecting surface absorbs solar radiation and transfers it to a working fluid.
10. The solar collector of claim 8 wherein said solar collecting surface comprises a photovoltaic cell for converting light to electricity.
11. The solar collector of claim 10 wherein said reflective surfaces have a coating that reflects primarily a band of light wavelengths the photovoltaic cell converts efficiently to electricity, while not reflecting infrared wavelengths that tend to heat said photovoltaic cell.
12. The solar collector of claim 8 wherein said reflective surfaces are aluminum.
13. A light collecting system comprising:
a frame:
a first reflector secured to said frame;
at least one second reflector secured to said frame and disposed perpendicularly to said first reflector;
at least one solar cell secured to said frame and disposed perpendicularly to said first and second reflector.
14. The light collecting system of claim 13 further comprising a plurality of second reflectors each perpendicular to said first reflector.
15. The light collecting system of claim 14 further comprising a plurality of solar cells each perpendicular to said first reflector and said second reflectors.
16. The light collecting system of claim 15 wherein each of said solar cells is adjacent to one of said second reflectors.
17. The light collecting system of claim 13 wherein said first and second reflectors are aluminum.
18. The light collecting system of claim 13 wherein said solar cell is a photovoltaic cell.
19. The light collecting system of claim 18 wherein at least one of said first or second reflectors has a coating that reflects primarily a band of light wavelengths the photovoltaic cell converts efficiently to electricity, while not reflecting infrared wavelengths that tend to heat said photovoltaic cell.
20. The light collecting system of claim 13 wherein said frame has a transparent cover.
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US20090183763A1 (en) * 2008-01-18 2009-07-23 Tenksolar, Inc Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Module
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US9299861B2 (en) 2010-06-15 2016-03-29 Tenksolar, Inc. Cell-to-grid redundandt photovoltaic system
US20160268960A1 (en) * 2015-03-12 2016-09-15 Robert Phares Dildine High density photo voltaic arrays or panels
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US20140216521A1 (en) * 2012-12-07 2014-08-07 Ronald Lee Bracken Solar Electrical Generator System
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