US20080005956A1 - Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal - Google Patents
Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080005956A1 US20080005956A1 US11/857,093 US85709307A US2008005956A1 US 20080005956 A1 US20080005956 A1 US 20080005956A1 US 85709307 A US85709307 A US 85709307A US 2008005956 A1 US2008005956 A1 US 2008005956A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- weight percent
- fatty acid
- treating composition
- coal
- bulk density
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 235000019387 fatty acid methyl ester Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229930182558 Sterol Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003432 sterols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000003702 sterols Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019149 tocopherols Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-tocopherol Chemical class OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1 QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 16
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- -1 particulate Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000014593 oils and fats Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 125000005575 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001133760 Acoelorraphe Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019737 Animal fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219198 Brassica Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003351 Brassica cretica Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014698 Brassica juncea var multisecta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006008 Brassica napus var napus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006618 Brassica rapa subsp oleifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003343 Brassica rupestris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000188595 Brassica sinapistrum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N Linoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000809 air pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100001243 air pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N batilol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCC(O)CO OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Chemical compound ClCCSCCCl QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000828 canola oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019519 canola oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010960 commercial process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008162 cooking oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N d-alpha-tocopherol Natural products OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940013317 fish oils Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010460 mustard Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010743 number 2 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003333 secondary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003784 tall oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010384 tocopherol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001295 tocopherol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019871 vegetable fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N α-tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2O[C@@](CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
- C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives
- C10L9/12—Oxidation means, e.g. oxygen-generating compounds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Definitions
- This invention relates to controlling the bulk density of coking coal. More particularly, this invention concerns compositions to control coal bulk density comprising liquid hydrocarbons derived from biomass.
- the biomass liquid hydrocarbons can include vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters, and glycerin.
- the liquid hydrocarbon is applied on the coking coal to adjust the coal's bulk density.
- Metallurgical coke is prepared by heating coal in an oxygen-free atmosphere until all the volatile components in the coal evaporate.
- Metallurgical coal is mainly used in the iron and steel industry as fuel for blast furnaces, sinter plants, and foundries to reduce iron ore to iron.
- the coking of coal occurs in coke ovens without contact with air in ovens that are designed to operate at optimum wall pressure. During operation the oven is subjected to cyclic stress of expansion and contraction. It is essential that the bulk density of coal is measured and controlled to prevent excessive pressure within the ovens and to run the ovens at optimum capacity.
- Raw coking coals rarely possess the requisite bulk density, primarily due to the presence of surface moisture on the coal. Surface moisture decreases the bulk density of formerly dry coking coal.
- a widely used procedure is to apply diesel fuel to the coal. The fuel increases the coal's bulk density and thereby controls expansion that can damage the oven.
- Diesel fuel is derived from petroleum hydrocarbons and emits pollutants during the coking process. Its cost has also escalated recently. It is therefore desirable to identify compositions for adjusting the bulk density of coal that are derived from renewable sources, that emit less pollution, are less hazardous to human health and the environment and are cost effective.
- This invention concerns methods and compositions to control the bulk density of coking coal.
- this invention is a method of adjusting the bulk density of coking coal comprising applying to the coal an effective bulk density increasing amount of a treating composition comprising about 10 to about 99 weight percent of one or more components selected from a group consisting of vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters, and glycerin.
- compositions according to this invention can be used in place of diesel fuel or contain substantially reduced amounts of diesel fuel.
- the compositions are derived from renewable resources and comprise green chemistries.
- the compositions can comprise by-products of biodiesel manufacturing processes and of soap and detergent manufacturing processes. This makes using them cost effective.
- pollutant emissions including total unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulate, sulfates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and nitrated PAH, may be lower than when diesel fuel is used to adjust the bulk density during the coking process.
- compositions can reduce moisture content of the coal consequently, improving its through put characteristics.
- compositions comprising biomass liquids such as vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters, and glycerin.
- biomass liquids such as vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters, and glycerin.
- the vegetable oils, animal fats, triglycerides, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters, and glycerin described herein are “green”, i.e., non-hazardous, non-toxic, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, and derived from renewable sources.
- Triglycerides refer to esters of glycerol a trihydric alcohol, with different fatty acids of varying molecular weigh associated with a particular oil or fat. Triglycerides are the principle components of fats, tallow oil, yellow grease, and/or vegetable oils. The most common fatty acids sourced from natural fats and oils include palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid.
- “Fatty acids” means carboxylic acids derived from or contained in an animal or vegetable fat or oil. Fatty acids comprise a terminal COOH group and a long chain saturated or unsaturated alkyl chain. Representative fatty acids include butyric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and the like.
- Glycerin and “glycerol” means 1,2,3-propanetriol.
- Glycerin, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, and/or fatty acid ethyl esters can be derived as by-products from transesterification reactions involving triglycerides including transesterification reactions involving biodiesel manufacturing processes as described herein.
- “Vegetable oil” means triglycerides extracted from the seeds, fruit or leaves of plants including corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, palm oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, and the like.
- Diesel fuel includes fuel oil #1 and fuel oil #2 and the like.
- Transesterification reactions involving triglycerides refers to the splitting of triglyceride esters derived from vegetable oils and/or animal fats in the presence of base and a monohydroxy alcohol such as methanol or ethanol to produce monoesters of the fatty acids comprising the original triglycerides.
- “Surfactant” is any substance used to lower the surface tension of another substance. In an embodiment the present invention is used with a surfactant to improve the coal bulk density and to improve the flow characteristic of coal.
- the methyl esters, ethyl esters, glycerin and fatty acids are derived from transesterification reactions involving triglycerides.
- Representative fats and oils used in the transesterification reactions described herein include tallow, crude tall oil, virgin vegetable oils, soy, mustard, canola, coconut, rapeseed, palm, poultry offal, fish oils, yellow grease, used cooking oils, and/or trap grease, and the like.
- the glycerin, fatty acids, ethyl esters and methyl esters are derived from a biodiesel manufacturing process.
- Biodiesel is a cleaner-burning diesel replacement fuel made from natural, renewable sources.
- biodiesel can include fatty acid alkyl esters used as a cleaner-burning diesel replacement fuel made from sources such as new and used vegetable oils and animal fats.
- Biodiesel is typically made through a chemical process called transesterification in which vegetable oil or animal fats are converted to fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin by-products.
- Fatty acids and fatty acid alkyl esters can be produced from oils and fats by base-catalyzed transesterification of the oil, direct acid-catalyzed esterification of the oil and conversion of the oil to fatty acids and subsequent esterification to biodiesel.
- fatty acid alkyl esters are produced by the base-catalyzed method.
- any base may be used as the catalyst used for transesterification of the oil to produce biodiesel, however sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide are used in most commercial processes.
- the oils and fats can be filtered and preprocessed to remove water and contaminants. If free fatty acids are present, they can be removed or transformed into biodiesel using special pretreatment technologies, such as acid catalyzed esterification.
- the pretreated oils and fats can then be mixed with an alcohol and a catalyst (e.g. base).
- the base used for the reaction is typically sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, being dissolved in the alcohol used (typically ethanol or methanol) to form the corresponding alkoxide, with standard agitation or mixing. It should be appreciated that any suitable base can be used.
- the alkoxide may then be charged into a closed reaction vessel and the oils and fats are added. The system can then be closed, and held at about 71° C. (160° F.) for a period of about 1 to 8 hours, although some systems recommend that the reactions take place at room temperature.
- oil molecules e.g. triglycerides
- two major products are produced: 1) a crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase (i.e. biodiesel phase) and 2) a glycerin by-product phase.
- the crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase forms a layer on top of the denser glycerin by-product phase.
- the glycerin by-product phase is denser than the biodiesel phase, the two can be gravity separated.
- the glycerin by-product phase can be simply drawn off the bottom of a settling vessel. In some cases, a centrifuge may be employed to speed the separation of the two phases.
- the glycerin by-product phase typically consists of a mixture of glycerin, methyl esters, methanol, mong and inorganic salts and water.
- Mong is “matiere organique non glycerol”.
- Mong normally consists of soaps, free fatty acids, and other impurities.
- Methyl esters or ethyl esters are typically present in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 percent by weight.
- Methanol can be present in the glycerin by-product in an amount from about 0.1 weight. percent to about 35 weight percent
- the glycerin-containing by-product may comprise about 30 to about 95 weight percent of glycerin. In certain instances, it may be necessary to further refine the glycerin by-product prior to use, for example by washing, acidulation or distillation to adjust the glycerin concentration and/or remove impurities.
- the fatty acid by-products can originate from the refining of the crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase and/or the crude glycerin phase during the biodiesel manufacturing process.
- the crude fatty acid alkyl esters phase typically includes a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters, water and a fatty acid salts component.
- These fatty acid salts component generally form a solution with the water phase (e.g. soap water) where they can be further separated from the fatty acid alkyl esters component.
- any suitable acid such as, for example, hydrochloric acid can be added to the water phase containing the fatty acid salts component to produce the fatty acid by-products of the present invention.
- the fatty acid by-product may be in a wax or solid form. It can also contain fatty acid esters.
- the esters are beneficial components of this invention.
- the methyl esters or ethyl esters are sometime concentrated through further processing, including washing or distilling.
- the methyl or ethyl ester by-products can contain other components, including triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, sterol, fatty acids, tocopherol, and other impurities.
- the crude glycerin phase typically includes a mixture of glycerin, water and a fatty acid salts component.
- This fatty acid salts component forms a solution or suspension with the water phase where it can be further separated from the glycerin component by adding any suitable acid to recover the fatty acid by-products suitable for the present invention.
- the fatty acid by-products of the present invention can be derived from the acidulation of any of the biodiesel manufacturing process streams/stages that contain the fatty acid salts component (e.g. soap water) including, for example, the wash water.
- the fatty acid salts component e.g. soap water
- These fatty acid by-products derived from any of the different stages/streams of the biodiesel manufacturing process can be used as compositions to adjust the bulk density of coal.
- Coke production from coal occurs in ovens absence of air. These ovens are airtight while in operation and are subjected to cyclic stress of expansion and contraction. Each oven consists of three areas: coking chambers, heating chambers, and regenerative chambers. All the chambers are lined with refractory brick. The coking chambers have ports on the top for charging the coal.
- Coke manufacturing consists of preparing, charging, and heating the coal; removing and cooling the coke product; and cooling, cleaning, and recycling the oven gas. Approximately 40 percent of cleaned oven gas (after the removal of its by-products) is used to heat the coke ovens.
- Preparation of the coal for coking involves pulverization to induce transfer through a 3.2 millimeter screen.
- Several types of coal can be blended to produce the desired properties, or to control expansion of the coal mixture in the oven.
- Water or oil, including diesel fuel, may be added to the coal to adjust its density. The purpose is to control expansion, preventing damage to the oven.
- Coal is added to the ovens dry or wet. Wall temperatures are about 2000 degree F. during loading and actual coking. The ports are closed after the coal is charged, and the coal is heated for about 12 to 20 hours.
- Air pollutants including particulates, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and other compounds are emitted from the different coking operation, i.e., coal preparation, coal preheating, coal charging, oven leakage, coke removal, hot coke quenching, and combustion stacks.
- This invention uses novel treating compositions comprising biomass liquids derived from renewable resources to adjust the bulk density of coal.
- the invention uses compositions that are green, emit less pollutants, and are cost-effective.
- the treating composition comprises one or more fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters or a combination thereof for adjusting the bulk density of coal.
- fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters are also known as biodiesel, and have been used to replace diesel fuel for use in vehicle engines and in boilers. Emissions from these applications are reportedly less when biodiesel is used in place of diesel fuel.
- the National Biodiesel Board reports reduction of total unburned hydrocarbons by 67%, reduction of carbon monoxide by 48%, reduction of particulate matter by 47%, reduction of sulfates by 100%, reduction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by 80%, reduction of nitrated PAHs by 90%, and reduction of ozone potential of speciated hydrocarbon by 50%.
- the treating composition comprises from about 30 to about 99 weight percent fatty acid methyl esters, fatty acid ethyl esters or a combination thereof
- the treating composition comprises about 40 to about 85 weight percent of fatty acid methyl esters, about 3 to about 50 weight percent fatty acids, about 0.5 to about 5 weight percent tocopherols, and about 0.5 to about 5 weight percent of sterols.
- the treating composition comprises from about 10 to about 99 weight percent glycerin.
- the treating composition comprises about 95 to about 99 weight percent of glycerin, about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent methanol, and about 0.05 to about 1 weight percent water.
- the treating composition further comprises diesel fuel.
- the treating composition comprises about 30 to about 70 weight percent diesel fuel.
- diesel fuel can be applied to coal to adjust the coal bulk density and compensate for surface moisture on the coal. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the treating composition further comprises diesel fuel.
- the treating composition comprises about 30 percent by weight to about 70 percent by weight diesel fuel.
- the treating composition comprises about 30 to about 99.9 weight percent fatty acid methyl esters and about 0.1 to about 70 weight percent diesel fuel.
- One or more surfactants may be added to the treating composition in order to increase the spreading coefficient of the components.
- Surfactants may be oil soluble or water soluble depending whether the treating composition is aqueous or nonaqueous.
- Representative surfactants including long chain primary and secondary alcohols, linear alcohols, akylaryl sulfonates and mixtures thereof should be used for nonaqueous treating compositions.
- one or more C 1 -C 8 alcohols may advantageously be included in the treating composition.
- Representative C 1 -C 8 alcohols include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, octanol, and the like.
- the treating composition comprises about 5 to about 30 weight percent surfactants, about 70 to about 95 weight percent fatty acid methyl esters and about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent diesel fuel.
- the treating composition may be sprayed, poured, or otherwise applied to the coal at any stage before the coal is placed in the coking oven.
- the amount of treating composition required per ton of coal to achieve the desired increase in bulk density can be empirically determined by one of skill in the art taking into consideration the type of coal being treated and its surface moisture content. In an embodiment about 1 to about 20 pints of said treating composition per ton of coal is applied to the coal.
- Crude glycerin solution is obtained from a biodiesel synthesis process.
- the crude glycerin component comprises about 80 weight percent of glycerin, about 10-11 weight percent of water, about 7 weight percent of sodium chloride, and about 1-2 weight percent of fatty acids and methyl esters thereof.
- the product is diluted with 42 weight percent of water to provide a 58 weight percent solution of the crude glycerin byproduct.
- the composition is applied to coal at 2 pints per ton (ppt). Two samples were created: one with the treated coal; and one without the glycerin treatment. No. 2 fuel oil was then added to both samples at identical oil concentration. At the oil concentration range of 4 ppt, the sample treated with glycerin exhibited a higher bulk density of about 1 lb per cubic foot.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Coke Industry (AREA)
Priority Applications (14)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/857,093 US20080005956A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2007-09-18 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
TW097130469A TW200914602A (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-08-11 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
EP08799561A EP2193180A2 (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
MX2010002798A MX2010002798A (es) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | Metodos y composiciones para controlar la densidad a granel de carbon mineral para coquizado. |
EP12151673A EP2479240A1 (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
BRPI0815519-4A BRPI0815519B1 (pt) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | "método para ajustar a densidade nominal do coque de carvão" |
CN200880107264.XA CN101802133B (zh) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | 用于控制焦煤的堆密度的方法和组合物 |
CL2008002774A CL2008002774A1 (es) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | Metodo para ajustar la densidad aparente del carbon coque; y composiciones de tratamiento para mejorar la densidad aparente y las propiedades de rendimiento del carbon coque. |
CA2698391A CA2698391C (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
PCT/US2008/076476 WO2009039070A2 (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
JP2010525076A JP2010539298A (ja) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | 粘結炭の嵩密度を制御するための方法及び組成物 |
AU2008302481A AU2008302481B2 (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2008-09-16 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
US12/356,352 US20090127499A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2009-01-20 | Methods and compositions for dust control and freeze conditioning |
ZA2010/01784A ZA201001784B (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2010-03-11 | Methods and composition for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/846,218 US7108800B2 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2004-05-14 | Method for preventing the agglomeration or generation of dust from a particulate material comprising coal |
US11/490,193 US7398935B2 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2006-07-20 | Methods and compositions for dust control and freeze control |
US11/561,150 US20080115409A1 (en) | 2006-11-17 | 2006-11-17 | Alternative fuel comprising combustible solids and by-products or waste material from industrial processes |
US11/857,093 US20080005956A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2007-09-18 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/490,193 Continuation-In-Part US7398935B2 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2006-07-20 | Methods and compositions for dust control and freeze control |
US11/561,150 Continuation-In-Part US20080115409A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2006-11-17 | Alternative fuel comprising combustible solids and by-products or waste material from industrial processes |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/356,352 Continuation-In-Part US20090127499A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2009-01-20 | Methods and compositions for dust control and freeze conditioning |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20080005956A1 true US20080005956A1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
Family
ID=40386306
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/857,093 Abandoned US20080005956A1 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2007-09-18 | Methods and compositions for controlling bulk density of coking coal |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080005956A1 (es) |
EP (2) | EP2479240A1 (es) |
JP (1) | JP2010539298A (es) |
CN (1) | CN101802133B (es) |
AU (1) | AU2008302481B2 (es) |
BR (1) | BRPI0815519B1 (es) |
CA (1) | CA2698391C (es) |
CL (1) | CL2008002774A1 (es) |
MX (1) | MX2010002798A (es) |
TW (1) | TW200914602A (es) |
WO (1) | WO2009039070A2 (es) |
ZA (1) | ZA201001784B (es) |
Cited By (6)
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US20090025276A1 (en) * | 2006-11-17 | 2009-01-29 | Tran Bo L | Alternative fuel comprising solids and by_products or waste material from industrial processes |
US20090127499A1 (en) * | 2004-05-14 | 2009-05-21 | Tran Bo L | Methods and compositions for dust control and freeze conditioning |
EP2103671A1 (de) * | 2008-03-20 | 2009-09-23 | Carl Warrlich GmbH | Anzünder für feste Brennstoffe |
US8955685B2 (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2015-02-17 | Nalco Company | Glycerides and fatty acid mixtures and methods of using same |
US9796896B2 (en) | 2011-12-21 | 2017-10-24 | Joan Lynch | Fertilizer and fertilizer additive compositions and methods comprising by-products from the manufacture of fatty acid alkyl esters and/or biodiesel |
EP2834330B1 (en) * | 2012-04-04 | 2018-01-31 | Nalco Company | Method to inhibit the air oxidation and spontaneous combustion of coal |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN112322316B (zh) * | 2020-10-16 | 2021-09-14 | 太原理工大学 | 一种供氢添加剂及其制备和应用 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI0815519A2 (pt) | 2015-02-03 |
ZA201001784B (en) | 2010-11-24 |
EP2193180A2 (en) | 2010-06-09 |
BRPI0815519B1 (pt) | 2018-02-06 |
CN101802133B (zh) | 2014-01-22 |
CL2008002774A1 (es) | 2009-03-20 |
WO2009039070A2 (en) | 2009-03-26 |
CA2698391A1 (en) | 2009-03-26 |
AU2008302481A1 (en) | 2009-03-26 |
CN101802133A (zh) | 2010-08-11 |
WO2009039070A3 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
MX2010002798A (es) | 2010-03-29 |
CA2698391C (en) | 2017-01-10 |
TW200914602A (en) | 2009-04-01 |
AU2008302481B2 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
JP2010539298A (ja) | 2010-12-16 |
EP2479240A1 (en) | 2012-07-25 |
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