US20070116421A1 - Environmentally stable electro-optic device and method for making same - Google Patents
Environmentally stable electro-optic device and method for making same Download PDFInfo
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- US20070116421A1 US20070116421A1 US11/286,082 US28608205A US2007116421A1 US 20070116421 A1 US20070116421 A1 US 20070116421A1 US 28608205 A US28608205 A US 28608205A US 2007116421 A1 US2007116421 A1 US 2007116421A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
- G02F1/035—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect in an optical waveguide structure
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B2006/12035—Materials
- G02B2006/1204—Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/20—LiNbO3, LiTaO3
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/21—Thermal instability, i.e. DC drift, of an optical modulator; Arrangements or methods for the reduction thereof
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to an electro-optic device and, more particularly, to a process for stabilizing the electro-optic substrate of an optical waveguide device for operation under atypical environments and conditions.
- Optical communications systems now routinely employ electro-optic devices (e.g., integrated optic or multi-functional chips) that utilize electrodes to modulate optical signals propagating through an optical waveguide formed in an optically transmissive substrate and optically coupled between an input optical fiber and one or more output optical fibers.
- the substrate typically comprises an electro-optic crystal, such as lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ), on which optical waveguides may be formed by various means.
- electro-optic crystal such as lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 )
- one or more waveguides are formed proximate to the upper surface of the substrate, and one or more surface electrodes are deposited on the surface proximate to the waveguides.
- a voltage is applied to the surface electrodes, the phase of the light propagating through the waveguide is advanced or retarded. This effect may be employed to produce an optically modulated signal.
- electro-optic devices function adequately in moderate environments, their performance may quickly degrade when operating under atypical or harsh conditions (e.g., in an environment characterized by extreme temperatures, humidities, pressures, etc., or an environment that experiences flux in such characteristics).
- atypical or harsh conditions e.g., in an environment characterized by extreme temperatures, humidities, pressures, etc., or an environment that experiences flux in such characteristics.
- the electro-optic substrate in which the waveguide is formed experiences chemical changes over time as oxygen and hydrogen ions disassociate from the substrate's surface. This may result in significant performance degradation.
- known electro-optic devices are not designed for or well-suited for applications that require operation under extreme conditions, especially space applications (e.g., use within a fiber optic gyroscope deployed on a spacecraft).
- the performance of conventional electro-optic devices is known to degrade with exposure to radiation, including x-ray radiation.
- a method for stabilizing an electro-optic substrate employed in a waveguide device comprises cleaning a surface of the substrate, and exposing the device to a reactive oxide to passivate the surface.
- a layer of sealant is deposited on the substrate in a vacuum to seal the surface.
- FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a dual output optical modulator
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary embodiment of the inventive stabilization method.
- FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a known electro-optic device 100 (e.g., an optical modulator) comprising a first end 102 optically coupled to an input optical fiber 104 and a second end 106 optically coupled to a first output optical fiber 108 and to a second output optical fiber 110 .
- Optical fibers 104 , 108 , and 110 are coupled to electro-optic device 100 through ferrules 112 , 114 , and 116 , respectively.
- An optically transmissive substrate 118 comprising an electro-optic crystal and extending from first end 102 to second end 106 of device 100 has an optical waveguide 122 formed therein.
- Substrate 118 may comprise a number of known electro-optic crystals including, but not limited to, beta barium borate ( ⁇ -BaB 2 O 4 , or BBO), potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO 4 , or KTP), and lithium triborate (LiB 3 O 5 , or LBO); however, lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) is preferred.
- ⁇ -BaB 2 O 4 , or BBO beta barium borate
- KTiOPO 4 potassium titanyl phosphate
- LiNbO 3 lithium triborate
- waveguide 122 bifurcates into a first waveguide section 124 and a second waveguide section 126 for guiding light through substrate 118 and ultimately to output fibers 108 and 110 , respectively.
- Waveguide sections 124 and 126 are configured to pass between first and second pairs of electrodes that are deposited on the upper surface of substrate 118 . More particularly, waveguide section 124 passes between electrodes 128 and 130 , and waveguide section 126 passes between electrodes 132 and 134 .
- Input fiber 104 delivers light into substrate 118 that separates into substantially a guided mode and an unguided mode; for example, an unguided transverse magnetic (TM) mode and a guided transverse electric (TE) mode.
- the guided TE mode light passes between paired electrodes 128 and 130 and paired electrodes 132 and 134 , respectively, which are each configured to have a voltage applied across them.
- one electrode in each pair may be grounded, while the other electrode may have a voltage applied thereto.
- electrodes 128 and 134 may be grounded, electrode 130 may be coupled to a first voltage V 1 , and electrode 132 may be coupled to a second voltage V 2 .
- the index of refraction of waveguide sections 124 and 126 varies in response to the voltages applied to electrodes 130 and 132 , and the optical signals traveling between the electrode pairs are correspondingly modulated.
- device 100 and other such electro-optic devices may perform adequately in moderate environments, their performance has been shown to degrade quickly when operating under atypical conditions due to chemical changes experienced by electro-optic substrate 118 . For this reason, known electro-optic devices are poorly suited for operation in non-terrestrial environments. It accordance with the present invention, the following provides a method for stabilizing device 100 and other electro-optic devices to render them suitable for operation under atypical conditions by passivating the surface of substrate 118 and further sealing it to prevent environmental destabilization.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary embodiment 200 of the inventive stabilization method.
- exemplary method 200 comprises four main steps: (1) Device Preparing 202 , (2) Substrate Cleaning 204 , (3) Passivation 206 , and (4) Sealing 208 .
- cleaning 204 and sealing 208 each comprise a number of sub-steps, which will be discussed in more detail below.
- Method 200 begins with device preparation 202 in which a subject electro-optic device, such as electro-optic device 100 described above in conjunction with FIG. 1 , is readied for processing.
- the manner in which device 100 is prepared will vary with the condition in which the device is found. That is, if the device is packaged, the package may be inspected for damage and removed.
- a faceplate exists over electro-optic substrate 118 , it may also be removed. Furthermore, during device preparation, it may be wise to take steps to protect the more vulnerable components of device 100 . For example, it may be desirable to cover the device's leads (not shown) with aluminum foil.
- the substrate may be cleaned (step 204 ) to remove foreign molecules (e.g., adventitious carbon) that may have collected on the surface of the substrate and to expose oxygen molecules that may bond with a reactive oxide, which is applied during passivation (step 206 ) as described in the subsequent paragraph. Cleaning may be accomplished in a number of ways. As indicated at 210 in FIG. 2 , for example, device 100 may be heated in a vacuum chamber (e.g., at ⁇ 60° C. and ⁇ 60 cmHg for ⁇ 40 hours) to drive off water that has collected on substrate 118 .
- a vacuum chamber e.g., at ⁇ 60° C. and ⁇ 60 cmHg for ⁇ 40 hours
- Device 100 may then be plasma etched (step 212 ) in the well-known manner; that is, device 100 may be exposed to a charged plasma environment (e.g., oxygen, argon, etc.) within a suitable plasma chamber (e.g., of the type manufactured by Branson or IPC).
- a charged plasma environment e.g., oxygen, argon, etc.
- a suitable plasma chamber e.g., of the type manufactured by Branson or IPC.
- plasma etching may also have the effect of repairing the surface of substrate 118 by replacing oxygen atoms that may have been lost during device processing.
- a passivation step 206 is performed wherein the surface of substrate 118 is rendered substantially environmentally inactive. This is accomplished by introducing a reactive oxide gas (e.g. carbon monoxide) into the chamber containing device 100 , which may be the same chamber in which step 212 (etching) was performed.
- a reactive oxide gas e.g. carbon monoxide
- the reactive oxides bond with the free-oxygen bonds available at the surface of substrate 118 to reduce the mobility of lithium, oxygen and hydrogen ions along with any free charge carriers present thereon.
- device 100 may be exposed to carbon monoxide gas at approximately one atmosphere for at least 30 minutes.
- other reactive oxide molecules may be employed during passivation 206 , including sulfur monoxide.
- a methyl siloxane (e.g., silane) may also be applied to the surface of substrate 118 for greater passivation and adhesion. After the substrate has been effectively passivated, the chamber is evacuated and device 100 is removed.
- a sealing step 208 is performed.
- a thin film of sealing material is deposited on surface of substrate 118 to maintain the surface at its controlled and stabilized condition.
- silicon dioxide SiOx
- the sealing material may be from the poly-para-xylylene family and deposited via chemical vapor deposition, as indicated in FIG. 2 . Though any suitable member from this family may be utilized (e.g., para-xylylene D, para-xylylene N, etc.), para-xylylene C is preferred.
- Vapor deposition begins when a dimer powder (di-para-xylylene) is heated to a temperature of approximately 150° C. whereat the powder vaporizes into a gas (step 214 ).
- the para-xylylene gas diffuses into a pyrolysis furnace wherein it is heated to a temperature of approximately 650° C., which is sufficient to break the dimers' molecular bonds and thereby convert the para-xylylene dimers to monomers (step 216 ).
- the monomeric para-xylylene molecules move into the coating chamber containing electro-optic device 100 .
- the coating chamber is held at a temperature at which the para-xylylene molecules become a solid polymer (e.g., room temperature) conformally coating the exposed surfaces of electro-optic device 100 .
- Deposition of the sealant occurs as the solid para-xylylene polymer bonds to the exposed portions of device 100 including the surface of substrate 118 (step 218 ), and excess gas is captured in a liquid cold trap external to the coating chamber.
- the coating chamber may be evacuated and device 100 may be removed.
- Method 200 is now completed and substrate 118 of device 100 has been stabilized and sealed such that device 100 may operate under atypical conditions for extended periods of time with little to no degradation in performance.
Abstract
Description
- This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. 009 Z 9004 awarded by Boeing. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
- The present invention generally relates to an electro-optic device and, more particularly, to a process for stabilizing the electro-optic substrate of an optical waveguide device for operation under atypical environments and conditions.
- Optical communications systems now routinely employ electro-optic devices (e.g., integrated optic or multi-functional chips) that utilize electrodes to modulate optical signals propagating through an optical waveguide formed in an optically transmissive substrate and optically coupled between an input optical fiber and one or more output optical fibers. The substrate typically comprises an electro-optic crystal, such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3), on which optical waveguides may be formed by various means. Generally in such optical modulators, one or more waveguides are formed proximate to the upper surface of the substrate, and one or more surface electrodes are deposited on the surface proximate to the waveguides. When a voltage is applied to the surface electrodes, the phase of the light propagating through the waveguide is advanced or retarded. This effect may be employed to produce an optically modulated signal.
- While known electro-optic devices function adequately in moderate environments, their performance may quickly degrade when operating under atypical or harsh conditions (e.g., in an environment characterized by extreme temperatures, humidities, pressures, etc., or an environment that experiences flux in such characteristics). When operating in vacuum-like conditions, for example, the electro-optic substrate in which the waveguide is formed experiences chemical changes over time as oxygen and hydrogen ions disassociate from the substrate's surface. This may result in significant performance degradation. For this reason, known electro-optic devices are not designed for or well-suited for applications that require operation under extreme conditions, especially space applications (e.g., use within a fiber optic gyroscope deployed on a spacecraft). Additionally, the performance of conventional electro-optic devices is known to degrade with exposure to radiation, including x-ray radiation.
- It should thus be appreciated that it would be desirable to provide a method for adapting known electro-optic devices for operation under atypical or harsh conditions, including vacuum-like environments and radiation rich environments. Furthermore, it would be desirable to provide a method for stabilizing the surface of the optically transmissive substrate employed in an electro-optic device configured for operation in space. Other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.
- A method is provided for stabilizing an electro-optic substrate employed in a waveguide device. The method comprises cleaning a surface of the substrate, and exposing the device to a reactive oxide to passivate the surface. A layer of sealant is deposited on the substrate in a vacuum to seal the surface.
- The present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and:
-
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a dual output optical modulator; and -
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary embodiment of the inventive stabilization method. - The following detailed description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the invention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background of the invention or the following detailed description of the invention.
-
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a known electro-optic device 100 (e.g., an optical modulator) comprising afirst end 102 optically coupled to an inputoptical fiber 104 and asecond end 106 optically coupled to a first outputoptical fiber 108 and to a second outputoptical fiber 110.Optical fibers optic device 100 throughferrules transmissive substrate 118 comprising an electro-optic crystal and extending fromfirst end 102 tosecond end 106 ofdevice 100 has anoptical waveguide 122 formed therein.Substrate 118 may comprise a number of known electro-optic crystals including, but not limited to, beta barium borate (β-BaB2O4, or BBO), potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO4, or KTP), and lithium triborate (LiB3O5, or LBO); however, lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is preferred. As can be seen inFIG. 1 , waveguide 122 bifurcates into afirst waveguide section 124 and asecond waveguide section 126 for guiding light throughsubstrate 118 and ultimately to outputfibers Waveguide sections substrate 118. More particularly,waveguide section 124 passes betweenelectrodes waveguide section 126 passes betweenelectrodes -
Input fiber 104 delivers light intosubstrate 118 that separates into substantially a guided mode and an unguided mode; for example, an unguided transverse magnetic (TM) mode and a guided transverse electric (TE) mode. As it propagates alongwaveguide sections electrodes electrodes FIG. 1 ,electrodes electrode 130 may be coupled to a first voltage V1, andelectrode 132 may be coupled to a second voltage V2. The index of refraction ofwaveguide sections electrodes - As stated previously, while
device 100 and other such electro-optic devices may perform adequately in moderate environments, their performance has been shown to degrade quickly when operating under atypical conditions due to chemical changes experienced by electro-optic substrate 118. For this reason, known electro-optic devices are poorly suited for operation in non-terrestrial environments. It accordance with the present invention, the following provides a method for stabilizingdevice 100 and other electro-optic devices to render them suitable for operation under atypical conditions by passivating the surface ofsubstrate 118 and further sealing it to prevent environmental destabilization. -
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating anexemplary embodiment 200 of the inventive stabilization method. As can be seen,exemplary method 200 comprises four main steps: (1) Device Preparing 202, (2)Substrate Cleaning 204, (3)Passivation 206, and (4)Sealing 208. In addition, cleaning 204 and sealing 208 each comprise a number of sub-steps, which will be discussed in more detail below.Method 200 begins withdevice preparation 202 in which a subject electro-optic device, such as electro-optic device 100 described above in conjunction withFIG. 1 , is readied for processing. The manner in whichdevice 100 is prepared will vary with the condition in which the device is found. That is, if the device is packaged, the package may be inspected for damage and removed. If a faceplate exists over electro-optic substrate 118, it may also be removed. Furthermore, during device preparation, it may be wise to take steps to protect the more vulnerable components ofdevice 100. For example, it may be desirable to cover the device's leads (not shown) with aluminum foil. - After device preparation is completed (step 202), the substrate may be cleaned (step 204) to remove foreign molecules (e.g., adventitious carbon) that may have collected on the surface of the substrate and to expose oxygen molecules that may bond with a reactive oxide, which is applied during passivation (step 206) as described in the subsequent paragraph. Cleaning may be accomplished in a number of ways. As indicated at 210 in
FIG. 2 , for example,device 100 may be heated in a vacuum chamber (e.g., at ˜60° C. and ˜60 cmHg for ˜40 hours) to drive off water that has collected onsubstrate 118.Device 100 may then be plasma etched (step 212) in the well-known manner; that is,device 100 may be exposed to a charged plasma environment (e.g., oxygen, argon, etc.) within a suitable plasma chamber (e.g., of the type manufactured by Branson or IPC). In the exemplary method specifically,device 100 is exposed to oxygen gas flowing at approximately 50 cubic feet per minute for about 15 minutes while the chamber's RF power is held at approximately 80 watts. In addition to cleaning, plasma etching may also have the effect of repairing the surface ofsubstrate 118 by replacing oxygen atoms that may have been lost during device processing. - After
device 100 has been suitably cleaned (e.g., by etching using oxygen plasma), apassivation step 206 is performed wherein the surface ofsubstrate 118 is rendered substantially environmentally inactive. This is accomplished by introducing a reactive oxide gas (e.g. carbon monoxide) into thechamber containing device 100, which may be the same chamber in which step 212 (etching) was performed. The reactive oxides bond with the free-oxygen bonds available at the surface ofsubstrate 118 to reduce the mobility of lithium, oxygen and hydrogen ions along with any free charge carriers present thereon. For example,device 100 may be exposed to carbon monoxide gas at approximately one atmosphere for at least 30 minutes. However, it should be appreciated that other reactive oxide molecules may be employed duringpassivation 206, including sulfur monoxide. Additionally, if desired, a methyl siloxane (e.g., silane) may also be applied to the surface ofsubstrate 118 for greater passivation and adhesion. After the substrate has been effectively passivated, the chamber is evacuated anddevice 100 is removed. - Lastly,
device 100 is placed within a coating chamber and a sealingstep 208 is performed. In this step, a thin film of sealing material is deposited on surface ofsubstrate 118 to maintain the surface at its controlled and stabilized condition. For example, silicon dioxide (SiOx) may be deposited on the surface ofsubstrate 118 via ion beam assisted deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or another known deposition method. Alternatively, the sealing material may be from the poly-para-xylylene family and deposited via chemical vapor deposition, as indicated inFIG. 2 . Though any suitable member from this family may be utilized (e.g., para-xylylene D, para-xylylene N, etc.), para-xylylene C is preferred. Vapor deposition begins when a dimer powder (di-para-xylylene) is heated to a temperature of approximately 150° C. whereat the powder vaporizes into a gas (step 214). Next, the para-xylylene gas diffuses into a pyrolysis furnace wherein it is heated to a temperature of approximately 650° C., which is sufficient to break the dimers' molecular bonds and thereby convert the para-xylylene dimers to monomers (step 216). Under vacuum, the monomeric para-xylylene molecules move into the coating chamber containing electro-optic device 100. The coating chamber is held at a temperature at which the para-xylylene molecules become a solid polymer (e.g., room temperature) conformally coating the exposed surfaces of electro-optic device 100. Deposition of the sealant occurs as the solid para-xylylene polymer bonds to the exposed portions ofdevice 100 including the surface of substrate 118 (step 218), and excess gas is captured in a liquid cold trap external to the coating chamber. After a polymeric layer of sufficient thickness (e.g., at least 1 mil nominal) has been deposited on the surface ofsubstrate 118, the coating chamber may be evacuated anddevice 100 may be removed.Method 200 is now completed andsubstrate 118 ofdevice 100 has been stabilized and sealed such thatdevice 100 may operate under atypical conditions for extended periods of time with little to no degradation in performance. - It should thus be appreciated that there has been provided a method for adapting known electro-optic devices for operation under atypical conditions, such as those found in space-like environments and radiation (e.g., x-ray) rich environments. Though the inventive method was described above in conjunction with a specific embodiment, it should be understood that certain aspects of
method 200 may be altered or eliminated without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, though a preparation step and a cleaning step were described above as part ofexemplary method 200, these steps may not always be necessary or desirable in the performance of the inventive method. - While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description of the invention, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the invention. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US11/286,082 US7228046B1 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2005-11-23 | Environmentally stable electro-optic device and method for making same |
EP06124579A EP1791015B1 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2006-11-22 | Method for making an environmentally stable electro-optic device |
JP2006315595A JP4927507B2 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2006-11-22 | Environmentally stable electro-optic device and method of manufacturing the same |
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US11/286,082 US7228046B1 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2005-11-23 | Environmentally stable electro-optic device and method for making same |
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US20070116421A1 true US20070116421A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
US7228046B1 US7228046B1 (en) | 2007-06-05 |
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US11/286,082 Active 2026-04-28 US7228046B1 (en) | 2005-11-23 | 2005-11-23 | Environmentally stable electro-optic device and method for making same |
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US (1) | US7228046B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1791015B1 (en) |
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US8070368B1 (en) | 2010-07-20 | 2011-12-06 | L-3 Communications Corporation | Hermetically packaged LiNbO3 optical circuit with oxidizing fill gas |
US8463081B1 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2013-06-11 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Optical phase modulator |
WO2013126841A1 (en) * | 2012-02-22 | 2013-08-29 | Exogenesis Corporation | Method for neutral beam processing based on gas cluster ion beam technology and articles produced thereby |
US20150110438A1 (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2015-04-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Treatment and/or stabilizing gases in an optical gyro based on an inorganic waveguide |
US9817254B2 (en) | 2015-02-23 | 2017-11-14 | Honeywell International Inc. | Stabilization gas environments in a proton-exchanged lithium niobate optical chip |
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US20150110438A1 (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2015-04-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Treatment and/or stabilizing gases in an optical gyro based on an inorganic waveguide |
US10095057B2 (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2018-10-09 | Honeywell International Inc. | Treatment and/or stabilizing gases in an optical gyro based on an inorganic waveguide |
US9817254B2 (en) | 2015-02-23 | 2017-11-14 | Honeywell International Inc. | Stabilization gas environments in a proton-exchanged lithium niobate optical chip |
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EP1791015B1 (en) | 2011-05-18 |
EP1791015A1 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
US7228046B1 (en) | 2007-06-05 |
JP2007148404A (en) | 2007-06-14 |
JP4927507B2 (en) | 2012-05-09 |
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