US20070012288A1 - Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same - Google Patents

Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070012288A1
US20070012288A1 US11/525,893 US52589306A US2007012288A1 US 20070012288 A1 US20070012288 A1 US 20070012288A1 US 52589306 A US52589306 A US 52589306A US 2007012288 A1 US2007012288 A1 US 2007012288A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
throttle valve
throttle
axis
control apparatus
internal combustion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/525,893
Inventor
Eisuke Wayama
Toshifumi Usui
Yoshikatsu Hashimoto
Shigeru Tokumoto
Yasuo Saito
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hitachi Ltd
Hitachi Automotive Systems Engineering Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Hitachi Ltd
Hitachi Car Engineering Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Ltd, Hitachi Car Engineering Co Ltd filed Critical Hitachi Ltd
Priority to US11/525,893 priority Critical patent/US20070012288A1/en
Publication of US20070012288A1 publication Critical patent/US20070012288A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/08—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits
    • F02D9/10—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits having pivotally-mounted flaps
    • F02D9/1035—Details of the valve housing
    • F02D9/105—Details of the valve housing having a throttle position sensor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D11/00—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated
    • F02D11/06—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance
    • F02D11/10—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance of the electric type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D11/00—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated
    • F02D11/06—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance
    • F02D11/10—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance of the electric type
    • F02D11/106—Detection of demand or actuation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K37/00—Special means in or on valves or other cut-off apparatus for indicating or recording operation thereof, or for enabling an alarm to be given
    • F16K37/0025—Electrical or magnetic means
    • F16K37/0033—Electrical or magnetic means using a permanent magnet, e.g. in combination with a reed relays
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K37/00—Special means in or on valves or other cut-off apparatus for indicating or recording operation thereof, or for enabling an alarm to be given
    • F16K37/0025—Electrical or magnetic means
    • F16K37/0041—Electrical or magnetic means for measuring valve parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/142—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage using Hall-effect devices
    • G01D5/145—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage using Hall-effect devices influenced by the relative movement between the Hall device and magnetic fields
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
    • F02D2200/04—Engine intake system parameters
    • F02D2200/0404—Throttle position

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a throttle valve control apparatus for controlling a flow amount of intake air of an internal combustion engine and a motor vehicle.
  • An electrical control type throttle apparatus opening and closing a throttle valve of an internal combustion engine by a motor-driven actuator for example, a direct current motor, a stepping motor, a torque motor and a brushless motor
  • a motor-driven actuator for example, a direct current motor, a stepping motor, a torque motor and a brushless motor
  • the electrical control type throttle apparatus is structured such as to control an optimum throttle valve angle (throttle valve opening degree) corresponding to an engine state on the basis of an opening degree signal of an accelerator pedal and a traction control signal.
  • a sensor for detecting an angle of the throttle valve so-called a throttle sensor (which may be sometimes called as an opening degree meter or a throttle position sensor) is attached to a throttle body.
  • a potentiometer system is generally employed in the throttle sensor, and a brush (a sliding element) rotating together with a throttle valve shaft slides on a resisting body, thereby outputting a potential difference signal (a sensor detecting signal) corresponding to a throttle valve opening degree (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 9-32588).
  • This kind of conventionally used throttle sensor is structured such that the brush is in contact with a variable resistance and a conductor formed on a resistance base plate so as to slide thereon. Accordingly, a service life of the sensor is short and the sensor is frequently in trouble. A double route of sensor is employed so as to detect a trouble of sensor and mutually back up, however, this can not basically solve the problem.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a throttle valve control apparatus provided with a throttle sensor which is in trouble at a low possibility and has a long service life.
  • Another object is to improve a throttle sensor corresponding to one of elements for controlling control parameters of an internal combustion engine so as to improve an operation control accuracy of the internal combustion engine.
  • the present invention proposes the following throttle valve control apparatuses and motor vehicles.
  • a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
  • a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
  • a motor vehicle comprising:
  • a throttle control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such as to transmit a rotation of a motor to a throttle valve axis via a gear fixed to the throttle valve axis,
  • a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such that a rotary axis of a motor and a throttle valve axis are arranged in parallel and a rotation of the rotary axis of the motor is transmitted to the throttle valve axis via a reduction gear,
  • a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such as to detect a rotational angle of a throttle valve driven by a motor
  • a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such that a sensor for detecting a rotational angle of a throttle valve driven by a motor is provided and a rotary axis of the motor and the throttle valve axis are arranged in parallel,
  • a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
  • a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such that a rotary axis of a motor and a throttle valve axis are arranged in parallel and a rotation of the rotary axis of the motor is transmitted to the throttle valve axis via a reduction gear,
  • a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
  • a throttle valve control apparatus comprising:
  • FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a throttle valve control apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is another cross sectional view of a throttle valve control apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of a throttle valve control apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of a throttle valve control apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention as seen from another angle;
  • FIG. 5 is a view for explaining a feature of a structure of the embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a view showing a throttle valve axis assembly
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B are views for explaining a positional relation between a motion of a magnet and a hole element.
  • an electronic control type throttle valve apparatus (a throttle valve apparatus) is mainly constituted by a throttle body (hereinafter, which may be simply called as a body) 1 , a throttle valve 4 , a motor (a throttle valve drive apparatus; a motor-driven actuator) 22 for driving the throttle valve 4 , a reduction gear mechanism 100 , a sensor (a throttle sensor) 80 measuring an opening angle (an opening degree) of the throttle valve 4 , that is, a rotational angle of the throttle valve axis 3 , and a cover 16 protecting the throttle valve axis 3 , the motor 22 and the reduction gear mechanism 100 .
  • the body 1 is constituted by integrally forming a receiving portion (an intake bore) 2 of the throttle valve 4 and a receiving portion (a motor housing) 1 c of the motor 22 .
  • the throttle valve 4 is mounted to the throttle valve axis 3 by means of a screw 5 , and the axis 3 is supported by bearings 6 and 26 provided in the body 1 .
  • the bearing 6 is formed as a ball bearing, and the bearing 26 is formed as a cap-shaped plane bearing. The reason and details thereof will be described later.
  • the ball bearing 6 is attached to a bearing boss 1 a via a seal ring 8 . Further, an inner ring 6 a of the ball bearing 6 is pressure inserted to an outer periphery of the throttle valve axis 3 , and an outer ring 6 b is transition fitted to an inner periphery of the bearing boss 1 a.
  • Throttle valve relating parts such as the throttle valve axis 3 , the reduction gear mechanism 100 , the motor 22 and the like are received in a receiving portion (a case) 1 d formed on a side wall of the body 1 , and the receiving portion 1 d is covered by a synthetic resin cover 16 .
  • the plane bearing 26 is attached in accordance with a pressure insertion.
  • the throttle valve mechanism is arranged so as to be protected by one cover 16 , an opening (an opening for mounting the motor) 1 c′ of a motor housing 1 c is positioned so as to face within the receiving portion 1 d , the motor 22 is received in the housing through the opening, and an end bracket 22 a of the motor is fixed in the periphery of the opening 1 c′ by a screw 37 (refer to FIGS. 3 and 4 ).
  • a motor terminal 23 provided in the end bracket 22 a is positioned near one line of the side wall in the receiving portion 1 d , is arranged so as to be directed to the cover 16 side, and is connected to a relay terminal 24 a provided in the cover 16 side via a relay connector 33 .
  • the relay connector 33 can employ various kinds of aspect.
  • a sleeve made of a conductive material is used as the relay connector 33 , slits 34 and 35 having shifted directions at 90 degrees are provided in both ends thereof, and the relay terminal 24 a and the motor terminal 23 are inserted to the slit.
  • the terminals 24 a and 23 also have shifted directions at 90 degrees in correspondence to the directions of the slits 34 and 35 .
  • the motor 22 is driven in response to an acceleration signal relating to a pedaling amount of an acceleration pedal, a traction signal, a uniform speed traveling signal, and an idle speed control signal, and a power of the motor 22 is transmitted to the throttle valve axis 3 via the reduction gear mechanism 100 (the motor pinion 21 , middle gears 20 and the final stage gear 12 ).
  • the pinion 21 is mounted to a motor shaft 27
  • the middle gears 20 are freely fitted to a conductive shaft 19 adhered to the throttle body 1 .
  • a gear 20 a having a larger diameter among the middle gears 20 is engaged with the pinion 21 and a gear 20 b having a smaller diameter is engaged with the gear 12 .
  • the final stage gear 12 is a fan-shaped gear as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
  • the gear 12 has a hole 12 h for passing one end of the throttle valve axis 3 therethrough as shown in FIG. 3 , the hole 12 h is formed in a shape capable of engaging with one end 3 a (having at least two flat surfaces) of the throttle valve axis and is integrally rotated with the throttle valve axis.
  • the lever 9 is freely fitted to an outer periphery (a circumferential surface) of the throttle valve axis 3 , however, is engaged so as to be together attracted to the gear via the spring 11 .
  • a projection denotes by reference symbol 12 f in FIG. 4 is engaged with a projection (not shown) of the lever 9 .
  • the projection 12 f is formed inside the gear 12 .
  • the spring 10 corresponds to a return spring for the throttle valve, one end thereof is engaged with a spring engaging portion (not shown) provided in the body 1 , and another end thereof is engaged with the lever 9 .
  • the spring 10 applies a return force to the throttle valve axis via the lever 9 and the gear 12 , and further, constitutes a so-called default opening degree setting mechanism which has been already known, in cooperation with the spring 11 and the lever 9 .
  • the default opening degree setting mechanism is structured such as to keep an initial opening degree of the throttle valve 4 at a time of turning off an engine key (in other words, at a time when the motor-driven actuator 22 is not energized) to a predetermined opening degree larger than a full close position.
  • the throttle valve opening degree is determined in correspondence with a balance between a torque of the motor 22 and a valve closing force of the spring (the return spring) 10 .
  • a motion of the lever 9 is restricted by a default opening degree stopper (not shown) and the control operation is performed by rotating only the gear 12 and the throttle valve axis 3 in a full closing direction against the force of the spring 11 .
  • a movable side stopper 12 d provided in one line of the fan-shaped gear 12 is brought into contact with a full close stopper (not shown) for restricting a mechanical full close position of the throttle valve, whereby a full close position is determined.
  • a center portion thereof is formed by a metal plate 12 a , and a portion 12 b forming teeth and the other portions are integrally formed by a synthetic resin (a reinforced plastic).
  • the metal plate 12 a is insert molded to the resin portion of the gear 12 .
  • a side end of the gear 12 of the magnet 82 faces to the resin portion of the gear.
  • the metal plate 12 a in a center portion of the gear 12 is pressed to the throttle body 1 a side by a magnet holder 81 , however, since the magnet holder 81 itself is made of a resin, the magnetic field is not leaked even if the magnet holder 81 is in contact with the metal plate 12 a.
  • the movable side stopper 12 d formed in one of cut end surfaces of the gear 12 is integrally connected to the metal plate 12 a.
  • the movable side stopper 12 d is made of a metal for the purpose of achieving an abrasion resistance, and an impact resistance. That is, mechanical full close position of the throttle valve becomes a reference point on control, and the stopper element 12 d is brought into contact with the full close stopper 25 in a fixed side at least one time at every operation starting times or operation finishing times. Accordingly, the movable side stopper 12 d is made of a metal so as to resist against a comparatively high collision frequency.
  • Reference symbol 12 i denotes a guide for engaging the gear 12 with the lever 9 .
  • the resin magnet holder 81 is pressure inserted and fixed to the front end of the throttle valve axis 3 , and the magnet 82 is integrally attached to the magnet holder 81 in accordance with a molding process.
  • An end portion of the magnet holder 81 presses the end surface of the gear 12 to a stepped portion 3 d side of the throttle shaft 3 , and commonly serves to prevent the gear 12 from being taken out.
  • a circuit board 84 of the throttle sensor 80 is fixed to a position opposing to the end portion of the throttle axis 3 on the inner surface of the cover 16 by a welding pin 86 .
  • a pair of semicircular stators 83 are fixed to the circuit board 84 so as to surround a periphery of the magnet 82 in such a manner as to face to each other with keeping a predetermined interval 87 .
  • Reference numeral 85 denotes a guide of the stator 83 integrally provided in the circuit board 84 .
  • Hole elements 86 are mounted to a gap 87 portion between a pair of semicircular stators 83 .
  • Three terminals of the hole elements 86 are mechanically held to the circuit board 84 and are connected to a signal processing circuit such as an amplifier or an analogue/digital converter (not shown) arranged in the circuit board 84 .
  • a signal processing circuit such as an amplifier or an analogue/digital converter (not shown) arranged in the circuit board 84 .
  • the signal processing circuit arranged in the circuit board 84 is connected to a conductor 24 integrally molded with the cover 16 , and can transmit a signal to an external apparatus via an electric terminal 40 (connected to the conductor 24 ) of the connector 16 b integrally formed with the cover.
  • the hole element 86 detects a change of the magnetic field and generates a hole voltage when the throttle valve axis 3 rotates and the magnet 82 rotates.
  • the voltage is transmitted to the external circuit via the conductor 24 and the terminal 40 after being amplified by the amplifier or signal converted (including an amplification) by the analogue/digital converter.
  • An engine control unit (not shown) of a motor vehicle is provided with a coupler connected to the connector 16 b and a signal line, and the signal from the terminal 40 is input to the control unit.
  • the control unit corrects a fuel and an opening degree of a throttle valve corresponding to the control parameters and controls a speed change point of an automatic transmission, on the basis of a throttle opening degree and a vehicle speed detected in correspondence to a change of magnetic field corresponding to a magnetic physical amount of the magnet 82 .
  • the spring 11 urges the gear 12 in a throttle valve opening direction so as to forcibly open the magnet 82 of the sensor to a predetermined opening degree position, when the energizing of the motor 12 is shut out.
  • control parameters of the engine are adjusted in correspondence to the change of the electric signal which the hole element 86 outputs in connection with the opening degree of the throttle valve in response to the magnetic signal of the magnet mounted to the axial end of the throttle valve.
  • the opening signal of the throttle valve 4 corresponding to the change of the electric signal which the hole element 86 outputs is not exposed to a secular change so much, so the it is possible to accurately adjust the control parameters of the internal combustion engine for a long period.
  • the magnet 82 corresponding to a rotor of the throttle sensor 80 is fixed to the magnet holder 81 in a state of facing a pair of arc-shaped magnets mutually having different polarities to each other.
  • FIG. 7 shows a change of a magnetic line of force in this state.
  • a pair of hole elements 86 placed in the bonding surface portion of the magnetic pole output a signal forming a function of a rotational angle in response to the change of the magnetic line of force generated in correspondence to the change of the rotational angle of the throttle valve axis 3 .
  • the gear 12 is made of a synthetic resin, the magnetic field generated by the magnet 82 is not badly influenced by the gear 12 .
  • the center portion fitted to the throttle valve axis 3 is made of a metal, however, a magnetic bad influence is further reduced by forming all the elements by a synthetic resin.
  • the magnetic field is not shifted even when the shape of the gear 12 is an irregular shape such as a fan shape, a sensitive characteristic of the hole element 86 can be uniformly obtained without relation to an angle of rotation of the throttle axis.
  • the hole element 86 is mounted in an outer portion of an area of a circular arc S drawn around a center of rotation of the motor by setting a size between a center of the rotary axis of the motor and a center of rotation of the throttle to a radius.
  • the hole element 86 is hard to be affected by an electromagnetic influence caused by a change of a drive current of the motor, and a detecting accuracy of the hole element 86 is hard to be deteriorated.
  • stator 83 Since the structure is made such that the stator 83 is mounted to the circuit board 84 so as to be fixed to the inner surface of the cover 16 , an assembling operation of the stator 83 can be easily performed.
  • the stator is fixed with shifting the control circuit from the stator, however, there is an advantage that a size in an axial direction can be shortened.
  • the rotational support axis 19 of the middle gear 20 positioned between the motor 22 and the magnetic type non-contact sensor 80 is made of a magnetic material, it is possible to expect an effect of shielding an electromagnetic influence caused by the change of the drive current of the motor 22 by the rotational support axis 19 , so that the hole element 86 is hard to be affected by the electromagnetic influence of the motor 22 , and a detecting accuracy of the hole element 86 is hard to be deteriorated.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a throttle valve control apparatus provided with a throttle sensor which is in trouble at a low possibility and has a long service life, whereby an accurate output of a throttle opening degree can be obtained. The throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine ahs a throttle opening degree sensor constituted by a non-contact sensor using hole elements.

Description

    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • 1. Field of the Invention
  • The present invention relates to a throttle valve control apparatus for controlling a flow amount of intake air of an internal combustion engine and a motor vehicle.
  • 2. Description of the Prior Art
  • An electrical control type throttle apparatus opening and closing a throttle valve of an internal combustion engine by a motor-driven actuator (for example, a direct current motor, a stepping motor, a torque motor and a brushless motor) is put into practice.
  • The electrical control type throttle apparatus is structured such as to control an optimum throttle valve angle (throttle valve opening degree) corresponding to an engine state on the basis of an opening degree signal of an accelerator pedal and a traction control signal. For this purpose, a sensor for detecting an angle of the throttle valve, so-called a throttle sensor (which may be sometimes called as an opening degree meter or a throttle position sensor) is attached to a throttle body.
  • A potentiometer system is generally employed in the throttle sensor, and a brush (a sliding element) rotating together with a throttle valve shaft slides on a resisting body, thereby outputting a potential difference signal (a sensor detecting signal) corresponding to a throttle valve opening degree (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 9-32588).
  • This kind of conventionally used throttle sensor is structured such that the brush is in contact with a variable resistance and a conductor formed on a resistance base plate so as to slide thereon. Accordingly, a service life of the sensor is short and the sensor is frequently in trouble. A double route of sensor is employed so as to detect a trouble of sensor and mutually back up, however, this can not basically solve the problem.
  • Further, since the trouble mentioned above is generated in the conventional motor vehicle at a high possibility, and a control parameter is controlled by an output of the sensor having a short service life, an accuracy for operating and controlling the internal combustion engine is low.
  • There has been known Japanese Patent No. 2845884 as a structure for detecting the opening degree of the throttle valve in a non-contact manner.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a throttle valve control apparatus provided with a throttle sensor which is in trouble at a low possibility and has a long service life.
  • In particular, there is suggested some structures for compactly attaching a non-contact type sensor to a throttle control apparatus so as to constitute a part of the apparatus.
  • Further, there is suggested structures for removing a magnetic noise and a bad influence against a magnetic characteristic.
  • Further, another object is to improve a throttle sensor corresponding to one of elements for controlling control parameters of an internal combustion engine so as to improve an operation control accuracy of the internal combustion engine.
  • In order to achieve the objects mentioned above, the present invention proposes the following throttle valve control apparatuses and motor vehicles.
  • In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
      • a throttle valve axis rotated by a motor-driven actuator;
      • an alternate magnet mounted to the throttle valve axis;
      • a cover to which an element for detecting a change of magnetic flux of the alternate magnet is mounted;
      • the cover being mounted to a throttle body to which the motor-driven actuator is mounted; and
      • an output of the element constituting a function of an opening degree of the throttle valve.
  • In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
      • a throttle body provided with a throttle valve controlling an amount of intake air;
      • a throttle sensor detecting a rotational angle of an axis to which the throttle valve is mounted; and
      • a motor-driven actuator in which a command value is adjusted in accordance with an electric signal output from the throttle sensor,
      • wherein the throttle sensor comprises:
      • an element mounted to one end of the throttle valve axis; and
      • another element attached to a cover member fixed to the throttle body so as to cover the axial end portion, and
      • wherein a magnetic physical amount between the pair of elements is varied in accordance with a change of the rotational angle of the throttle axis, and the element mounted to the cover member outputs an electric signal relating to the rotational angle of the axis in response to the change of the magnetic physical amount.
  • In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a motor vehicle comprising:
      • an element outputting an electric signal relating to an opening degree of a throttle valve on the basis of a magnetic signal of a magnet mounted to an axial end of the throttle valve,
      • wherein a control parameter of an engine is adjusted in accordance with a change of the electric signal output from the element.
  • In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such as to transmit a rotation of a motor to a throttle valve axis via a gear fixed to the throttle valve axis,
      • wherein a rotational angle of the throttle valve axis is detected by a magnetic type throttle sensor comprising a magnet and a hole element, and the gear is formed by a resin material.
  • In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such that a rotary axis of a motor and a throttle valve axis are arranged in parallel and a rotation of the rotary axis of the motor is transmitted to the throttle valve axis via a reduction gear,
      • wherein a magnetic type throttle sensor comprising a magnet and a hole element is mounted so as to be capable of detecting a rotational angle of the throttle valve axis, and
      • wherein a rotary axis of a gear positioned in a middle of a torque transmission path between the rotary axis of the motor and the throttle valve axis is formed by a magnetic material.
  • In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such as to detect a rotational angle of a throttle valve driven by a motor,
      • wherein a magnet is mounted to the throttle valve axis;
      • wherein hole elements are arranged at positions facing to each other with respect to the magnet and a stator corresponding to a magnetic path is attached between the hole elements, and
      • wherein the motor is mounted to a position a uniform distance apart from the both hole elements.
  • In accordance with a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such that a sensor for detecting a rotational angle of a throttle valve driven by a motor is provided and a rotary axis of the motor and the throttle valve axis are arranged in parallel,
      • wherein a magnet is mounted to the throttle valve axis,
      • wherein hole elements are arranged at positions facing to each other with respect to the magnet and a stator corresponding to a magnetic path is attached between the hole elements, and
      • wherein the both hole elements are arranged out of a circular arc having a radius corresponding to a distance between the rotary axis of the motor and a center of the throttle valve axis.
  • In accordance with an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
      • a magnet mounted to a throttle valve axis to which a throttle valve is mounted; and
      • a cover fixed to a throttle body so as to cover the magnet portion,
      • wherein a hole element sensitive to a change of a magnetic physical amount of the magnet and a signal processing circuit converting an output of the hole element into a predetermined electric signal are mounted to the cover.
  • In accordance with a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine structured such that a rotary axis of a motor and a throttle valve axis are arranged in parallel and a rotation of the rotary axis of the motor is transmitted to the throttle valve axis via a reduction gear,
      • wherein a cover is mounted to a throttle body so as to cover the reduction gear, and
      • wherein a magnetic type throttle sensor comprising a magnet and a hole element is mounted between an end surface of a gear fixed to the throttle valve axis and the cover so as to be capable of detecting a rotational angle of the throttle valve axis.
  • In accordance with a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
      • a magnet mounted to an end portion of a throttle valve axis rotated by a motor;
      • an element detecting a rotational angle of the throttle valve axis in cooperation with the magnet; and
      • a spring holding the magnet at a predetermined opening position of opening degree when energizing of the motor is shut out, the spring being attached to a periphery of the throttle valve axis.
  • In accordance with an eleventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle valve control apparatus comprising:
      • a magnet mounted to a throttle valve axis rotated by a motor;
      • an element detecting a rotational angle of the throttle valve axis in cooperation with the magnet; and
      • the element being constituted by two components arranged under a magnetic influence of the magnet so as to be backed up by each other.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a throttle valve control apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
  • FIG. 2 is another cross sectional view of a throttle valve control apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
  • FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of a throttle valve control apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of a throttle valve control apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention as seen from another angle;
  • FIG. 5 is a view for explaining a feature of a structure of the embodiment;
  • FIG. 6 is a view showing a throttle valve axis assembly; and
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B are views for explaining a positional relation between a motion of a magnet and a hole element.
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • A description will be given below of an embodiment in accordance with the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
  • As shown in FIG. 1, an electronic control type throttle valve apparatus (a throttle valve apparatus) is mainly constituted by a throttle body (hereinafter, which may be simply called as a body) 1, a throttle valve 4, a motor (a throttle valve drive apparatus; a motor-driven actuator) 22 for driving the throttle valve 4, a reduction gear mechanism 100, a sensor (a throttle sensor) 80 measuring an opening angle (an opening degree) of the throttle valve 4, that is, a rotational angle of the throttle valve axis 3, and a cover 16 protecting the throttle valve axis 3, the motor 22 and the reduction gear mechanism 100.
  • The body 1 is constituted by integrally forming a receiving portion (an intake bore) 2 of the throttle valve 4 and a receiving portion (a motor housing) 1 c of the motor 22.
  • The throttle valve 4 is mounted to the throttle valve axis 3 by means of a screw 5, and the axis 3 is supported by bearings 6 and 26 provided in the body 1.
  • In accordance with the present embodiment, the bearing 6 is formed as a ball bearing, and the bearing 26 is formed as a cap-shaped plane bearing. The reason and details thereof will be described later. The ball bearing 6 is attached to a bearing boss 1 a via a seal ring 8. Further, an inner ring 6 a of the ball bearing 6 is pressure inserted to an outer periphery of the throttle valve axis 3, and an outer ring 6 b is transition fitted to an inner periphery of the bearing boss 1 a.
  • In the throttle valve axis 3, only one end protrudes out of a side wall of the body 1. Then, a spring 10, a lever 9, a spring 11 and a final stage gear (a driven gear) 12 of the reduction gear mechanism 100 are attached to one end of the throttle valve axis protruding out of the side wall.
  • Throttle valve relating parts (hereinafter, called as a throttle valve mechanism) such as the throttle valve axis 3, the reduction gear mechanism 100, the motor 22 and the like are received in a receiving portion (a case) 1 d formed on a side wall of the body 1, and the receiving portion 1 d is covered by a synthetic resin cover 16. The plane bearing 26 is attached in accordance with a pressure insertion.
  • That is, the throttle valve mechanism is arranged so as to be protected by one cover 16, an opening (an opening for mounting the motor) 1 c′ of a motor housing 1 c is positioned so as to face within the receiving portion 1 d, the motor 22 is received in the housing through the opening, and an end bracket 22 a of the motor is fixed in the periphery of the opening 1 c′ by a screw 37 (refer to FIGS. 3 and 4).
  • A motor terminal 23 provided in the end bracket 22 a is positioned near one line of the side wall in the receiving portion 1 d, is arranged so as to be directed to the cover 16 side, and is connected to a relay terminal 24 a provided in the cover 16 side via a relay connector 33. The relay connector 33 can employ various kinds of aspect. In the present embodiment, a sleeve made of a conductive material is used as the relay connector 33, slits 34 and 35 having shifted directions at 90 degrees are provided in both ends thereof, and the relay terminal 24 a and the motor terminal 23 are inserted to the slit. The terminals 24 a and 23 also have shifted directions at 90 degrees in correspondence to the directions of the slits 34 and 35.
  • The motor 22 is driven in response to an acceleration signal relating to a pedaling amount of an acceleration pedal, a traction signal, a uniform speed traveling signal, and an idle speed control signal, and a power of the motor 22 is transmitted to the throttle valve axis 3 via the reduction gear mechanism 100 (the motor pinion 21, middle gears 20 and the final stage gear 12). The pinion 21 is mounted to a motor shaft 27, and the middle gears 20 are freely fitted to a conductive shaft 19 adhered to the throttle body 1. A gear 20 a having a larger diameter among the middle gears 20 is engaged with the pinion 21 and a gear 20 b having a smaller diameter is engaged with the gear 12.
  • The final stage gear 12 is a fan-shaped gear as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • A description will be given of a relation between the gear 12 and the lever 9. The gear 12 has a hole 12 h for passing one end of the throttle valve axis 3 therethrough as shown in FIG. 3, the hole 12 h is formed in a shape capable of engaging with one end 3 a (having at least two flat surfaces) of the throttle valve axis and is integrally rotated with the throttle valve axis.
  • The lever 9 is freely fitted to an outer periphery (a circumferential surface) of the throttle valve axis 3, however, is engaged so as to be together attracted to the gear via the spring 11. For example, a projection denotes by reference symbol 12 f in FIG. 4 is engaged with a projection (not shown) of the lever 9. The projection 12 f is formed inside the gear 12.
  • The spring 10 corresponds to a return spring for the throttle valve, one end thereof is engaged with a spring engaging portion (not shown) provided in the body 1, and another end thereof is engaged with the lever 9.
  • The spring 10 applies a return force to the throttle valve axis via the lever 9 and the gear 12, and further, constitutes a so-called default opening degree setting mechanism which has been already known, in cooperation with the spring 11 and the lever 9.
  • The default opening degree setting mechanism is structured such as to keep an initial opening degree of the throttle valve 4 at a time of turning off an engine key (in other words, at a time when the motor-driven actuator 22 is not energized) to a predetermined opening degree larger than a full close position.
  • Between the default opening degree position to a full open control position, the throttle valve opening degree is determined in correspondence with a balance between a torque of the motor 22 and a valve closing force of the spring (the return spring) 10.
  • In the case of controlling so as to make the throttle valve opening degree smaller than the default opening degree, a motion of the lever 9 is restricted by a default opening degree stopper (not shown) and the control operation is performed by rotating only the gear 12 and the throttle valve axis 3 in a full closing direction against the force of the spring 11.
  • A movable side stopper 12 d provided in one line of the fan-shaped gear 12 is brought into contact with a full close stopper (not shown) for restricting a mechanical full close position of the throttle valve, whereby a full close position is determined.
  • With respect to a material of the gear 12 in accordance with the present embodiment, a center portion thereof is formed by a metal plate 12 a, and a portion 12 b forming teeth and the other portions are integrally formed by a synthetic resin (a reinforced plastic).
  • In this case, the metal plate 12 a is insert molded to the resin portion of the gear 12.
  • A side end of the gear 12 of the magnet 82 faces to the resin portion of the gear.
  • Accordingly, it is possible to prevent a magnetic flux of the magnet 82 from being leaked to the gear 12.
  • The metal plate 12 a in a center portion of the gear 12 is pressed to the throttle body 1 a side by a magnet holder 81, however, since the magnet holder 81 itself is made of a resin, the magnetic field is not leaked even if the magnet holder 81 is in contact with the metal plate 12 a.
  • The movable side stopper 12 d formed in one of cut end surfaces of the gear 12 is integrally connected to the metal plate 12 a.
  • The movable side stopper 12 d is made of a metal for the purpose of achieving an abrasion resistance, and an impact resistance. That is, mechanical full close position of the throttle valve becomes a reference point on control, and the stopper element 12 d is brought into contact with the full close stopper 25 in a fixed side at least one time at every operation starting times or operation finishing times. Accordingly, the movable side stopper 12 d is made of a metal so as to resist against a comparatively high collision frequency.
  • Reference symbol 12 i denotes a guide for engaging the gear 12 with the lever 9.
  • The resin magnet holder 81 is pressure inserted and fixed to the front end of the throttle valve axis 3, and the magnet 82 is integrally attached to the magnet holder 81 in accordance with a molding process.
  • An end portion of the magnet holder 81 presses the end surface of the gear 12 to a stepped portion 3 d side of the throttle shaft 3, and commonly serves to prevent the gear 12 from being taken out.
  • A circuit board 84 of the throttle sensor 80 is fixed to a position opposing to the end portion of the throttle axis 3 on the inner surface of the cover 16 by a welding pin 86.
  • A pair of semicircular stators 83 are fixed to the circuit board 84 so as to surround a periphery of the magnet 82 in such a manner as to face to each other with keeping a predetermined interval 87. Reference numeral 85 denotes a guide of the stator 83 integrally provided in the circuit board 84.
  • Hole elements 86 are mounted to a gap 87 portion between a pair of semicircular stators 83.
  • Three terminals of the hole elements 86 are mechanically held to the circuit board 84 and are connected to a signal processing circuit such as an amplifier or an analogue/digital converter (not shown) arranged in the circuit board 84.
  • The signal processing circuit arranged in the circuit board 84 is connected to a conductor 24 integrally molded with the cover 16, and can transmit a signal to an external apparatus via an electric terminal 40 (connected to the conductor 24) of the connector 16 b integrally formed with the cover.
  • The hole element 86 detects a change of the magnetic field and generates a hole voltage when the throttle valve axis 3 rotates and the magnet 82 rotates.
  • The voltage is transmitted to the external circuit via the conductor 24 and the terminal 40 after being amplified by the amplifier or signal converted (including an amplification) by the analogue/digital converter.
  • An engine control unit (not shown) of a motor vehicle is provided with a coupler connected to the connector 16 b and a signal line, and the signal from the terminal 40 is input to the control unit.
  • The control unit corrects a fuel and an opening degree of a throttle valve corresponding to the control parameters and controls a speed change point of an automatic transmission, on the basis of a throttle opening degree and a vehicle speed detected in correspondence to a change of magnetic field corresponding to a magnetic physical amount of the magnet 82.
  • Further, the spring 11 urges the gear 12 in a throttle valve opening direction so as to forcibly open the magnet 82 of the sensor to a predetermined opening degree position, when the energizing of the motor 12 is shut out.
  • Accordingly, in the motor vehicle provided with the throttle control apparatus in accordance with the present embodiment, the control parameters of the engine are adjusted in correspondence to the change of the electric signal which the hole element 86 outputs in connection with the opening degree of the throttle valve in response to the magnetic signal of the magnet mounted to the axial end of the throttle valve.
  • Since the sensor is a non-contact type, the opening signal of the throttle valve 4 corresponding to the change of the electric signal which the hole element 86 outputs is not exposed to a secular change so much, so the it is possible to accurately adjust the control parameters of the internal combustion engine for a long period.
  • A description will be given of a principle of the sensor with reference to FIG. 7.
  • The magnet 82 corresponding to a rotor of the throttle sensor 80 is fixed to the magnet holder 81 in a state of facing a pair of arc-shaped magnets mutually having different polarities to each other.
  • When the magnet holder 81 is fixed to the throttle valve 3 and the throttle valve axis 3 is rotated, bonding surfaces of both of the magnets are relatively rotated with respect to the hole element. FIG. 7 shows a change of a magnetic line of force in this state.
  • A pair of hole elements 86 placed in the bonding surface portion of the magnetic pole output a signal forming a function of a rotational angle in response to the change of the magnetic line of force generated in correspondence to the change of the rotational angle of the throttle valve axis 3.
  • Since the gear 12 is made of a synthetic resin, the magnetic field generated by the magnet 82 is not badly influenced by the gear 12.
  • In the embodiment, the center portion fitted to the throttle valve axis 3 is made of a metal, however, a magnetic bad influence is further reduced by forming all the elements by a synthetic resin.
  • Since the magnetic field is not shifted even when the shape of the gear 12 is an irregular shape such as a fan shape, a sensitive characteristic of the hole element 86 can be uniformly obtained without relation to an angle of rotation of the throttle axis.
  • As shown in FIG. 5, the hole element 86 is mounted in an outer portion of an area of a circular arc S drawn around a center of rotation of the motor by setting a size between a center of the rotary axis of the motor and a center of rotation of the throttle to a radius.
  • As a result, the hole element 86 is hard to be affected by an electromagnetic influence caused by a change of a drive current of the motor, and a detecting accuracy of the hole element 86 is hard to be deteriorated.
  • Since the structure is made such that the stator 83 is mounted to the circuit board 84 so as to be fixed to the inner surface of the cover 16, an assembling operation of the stator 83 can be easily performed.
  • In this case, it is possible to directly fix the stator to the cover 16.
  • In this case, the stator is fixed with shifting the control circuit from the stator, however, there is an advantage that a size in an axial direction can be shortened.
  • Since the rotational support axis 19 of the middle gear 20 positioned between the motor 22 and the magnetic type non-contact sensor 80 is made of a magnetic material, it is possible to expect an effect of shielding an electromagnetic influence caused by the change of the drive current of the motor 22 by the rotational support axis 19, so that the hole element 86 is hard to be affected by the electromagnetic influence of the motor 22, and a detecting accuracy of the hole element 86 is hard to be deteriorated.
  • As shown in FIG. 6, since it is possible to assemble the throttle valve axis 3, the springs 10 and 11, the lever 9, the final stage gear 12, the magnet holder 81 and the magnet 82 to the throttle body 1 as a sub-assembly, an assembling operation can be easily performed.
  • In accordance with the present invention, it is possible to assemble the non-contact type sensor in the throttle body in a compact manner.
  • In accordance with another invention, it is possible to arrange the non-contact type throttle sensor between the cover of the throttle body and the gear in a compact manner.
  • Further, in accordance with the other invention, it is possible to assemble the non-contact type throttle sensor of the electromagnetic system in the throttle body by the structure which is hard to be affected by the electromagnetic noise.
  • Since it is possible to adjust the control parameters of the engine on the basis of the throttle opening degree signal which has a little secular change, a motor vehicle having a high control accuracy can be obtained.

Claims (9)

1. A throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine comprising:
a throttle valve axis;
a final gear fixed to said throttle valve axis and transmitting a driving force of a motor to said throttle valve axis;
a throttle body supporting said throttle valve axis;
a throttle sensor detecting a rotation angle of said throttle valve axis; and
a cover attached to said throttle body and covering said final gear;
wherein said throttle sensor is of a magnetic type having a magnet and a Hall element detecting a change of a magnetic flux of said magnet, and
wherein said magnet and said Hall element are arranged between a surface in a side in which a gear fixed to said throttle valve axis faces to said throttle body, and an inner surface of said cover.
2. A throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said magnet is attached to said throttle valve axis, and said Hall element is attached to said cover.
3. A throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein an output of said Hall element forms a function of an opening degree of said throttle valve.
4. A throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein a command value of said motor is regulated on the basis of an electric signal output by said throttle sensor.
5. A throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gear is constituted by a metal plate fixed to said throttle valve axis, and a synthetic resin portion forming teeth, and
wherein said synthetic resin portion is integrally formed with said metal plate by insert molding said metal plate.
6. a throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein a rotation axis of said motor is arranged in parallel to said throttle valve axis,
wherein a rotation of the rotation axis of said motor is transmitted to said throttle valve axis via a reduction gear, and
wherein a support axis of an intermediate gear positioned at the midpoint of a torque transmission path between the rotation axis of said motor and said throttle valve axis.
7. A throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said Hall element, and a signal processing circuit converting an output of said Hall element into a predetermined electric signal are attached to said cover.
8. A throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein a spring holding said magnet at a predetermined opening degree position at a time of shutting off the current of said motor is installed to a periphery of said throttle valve shaft.
9. A throttle valve control apparatus of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said Hall element is constituted by two elements arranged under a magnetic effect of said magnet and backed up mutually.
US11/525,893 2000-04-06 2006-09-25 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same Abandoned US20070012288A1 (en)

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JP2000110540A JP3866899B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2000-04-06 Throttle valve control device for internal combustion engine and automobile
US09/794,209 US6701892B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2001-02-28 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same
US10/747,983 US7152581B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2003-12-31 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same
US11/525,893 US20070012288A1 (en) 2000-04-06 2006-09-25 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same

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US10/747,983 Expired - Lifetime US7152581B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2003-12-31 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same
US10/762,328 Expired - Lifetime US7093581B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2004-01-23 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same
US11/501,069 Expired - Lifetime US7367315B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2006-08-09 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same
US11/525,893 Abandoned US20070012288A1 (en) 2000-04-06 2006-09-25 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same

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US10/747,983 Expired - Lifetime US7152581B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2003-12-31 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same
US10/762,328 Expired - Lifetime US7093581B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2004-01-23 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same
US11/501,069 Expired - Lifetime US7367315B2 (en) 2000-04-06 2006-08-09 Throttle valve control apparatus of internal combustion engine and automobile using the same

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US7367315B2 (en) 2008-05-06
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US7152581B2 (en) 2006-12-26
US20040149262A1 (en) 2004-08-05
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EP1143129A2 (en) 2001-10-10
EP1143129B1 (en) 2007-04-25

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