US20060281644A1 - Method to synthesize fluorinated ZDDP - Google Patents
Method to synthesize fluorinated ZDDP Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20060281644A1 US20060281644A1 US11/446,820 US44682006A US2006281644A1 US 20060281644 A1 US20060281644 A1 US 20060281644A1 US 44682006 A US44682006 A US 44682006A US 2006281644 A1 US2006281644 A1 US 2006281644A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- zddp
- reaction
- organophosphates
- lubricant additives
- ferric fluoride
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000003879 lubricant additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- SHXXPRJOPFJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(iii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Fe](F)F SHXXPRJOPFJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 44
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical class [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012025 fluorinating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 halide compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophosphoric acid Chemical class OP(O)(S)=O RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminium flouride Chemical compound F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021562 Chromium(II) fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021564 Chromium(III) fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021571 Manganese(III) fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- RNFYGEKNFJULJY-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromium(ii) fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Cr+2] RNFYGEKNFJULJY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- CTNMMTCXUUFYAP-UHFFFAOYSA-L difluoromanganese Chemical compound F[Mn]F CTNMMTCXUUFYAP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012208 gear oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- SRVINXWCFNHIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K manganese(iii) fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[F-].[Mn+3] SRVINXWCFNHIQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- DBJLJFTWODWSOF-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Ni]F DBJLJFTWODWSOF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- ANOBYBYXJXCGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-L stannous fluoride Chemical compound F[Sn]F ANOBYBYXJXCGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- XROWMBWRMNHXMF-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrafluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[F-].[F-].[Ti+4] XROWMBWRMNHXMF-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- NLPMQGKZYAYAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-K titanium(iii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Ti](F)F NLPMQGKZYAYAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- FTBATIJJKIIOTP-UHFFFAOYSA-K trifluorochromium Chemical compound F[Cr](F)F FTBATIJJKIIOTP-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- OMQSJNWFFJOIMO-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium tetrafluoride Chemical compound F[Zr](F)(F)F OMQSJNWFFJOIMO-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000001394 phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 10
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000013595 supernatant sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- GQRAHKRZRKCZPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N $l^{1}-oxidanyl hypofluorite Chemical compound [O]OF GQRAHKRZRKCZPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ABQIAHFCJGVSDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)butan-2-one Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(=O)C(F)(C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F ABQIAHFCJGVSDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TVVNZBSLUREFJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl-5-nitrobenzaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1SC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 TVVNZBSLUREFJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000669 Chrome steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018503 SF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- REAOZOPEJGPVCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxygen difluoride Chemical compound FOOF REAOZOPEJGPVCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002272 engine oil additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2,4-dichloro-5-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)acetamide Chemical compound CC(C)OC1=CC(NC(C)=O)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OBTWBSRJZRCYQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuryl difluoride Chemical compound FS(F)(=O)=O OBTWBSRJZRCYQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BBZVTTKMXRPMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-2-iodopropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(I)C(F)(F)F BBZVTTKMXRPMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFZMMCYRTJBQQI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-fluoropyridin-1-ium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound F[N+]1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F JFZMMCYRTJBQQI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VIOUBZFQTSXKGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropan-1-ol;2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropan-1-ol Chemical compound OCC(F)(F)C(F)F.OCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F VIOUBZFQTSXKGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LRMSQVBRUNSOJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F LRMSQVBRUNSOJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KOEWOWNPLYLJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl 2-fluoroprop-2-enoate Chemical compound FC(=C)C(=O)OCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F KOEWOWNPLYLJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IWCOVXYDXWFDNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-fluoro-1,3,2-dithiazinane 1,1,3,3-tetraoxide Chemical compound FN1S(=O)(=O)CCCS1(=O)=O IWCOVXYDXWFDNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KSNKQSPJFRQSEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,3-trifluoropropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(F)(F)F KSNKQSPJFRQSEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WRQGPGZATPOHHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-oxohexanoate Chemical compound CCCCC(=O)C(=O)OCC WRQGPGZATPOHHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002221 fluorine Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- SNVLJLYUUXKWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidenecarbene Chemical compound C=[C] SNVLJLYUUXKWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004812 organic fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur hexafluoride Chemical compound FS(F)(F)(F)(F)F SFZCNBIFKDRMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000909 sulfur hexafluoride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K thiophosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=S RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M177/00—Special methods of preparation of lubricating compositions; Chemical modification by after-treatment of components or of the whole of a lubricating composition, not covered by other classes
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- C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
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- C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
- C10M137/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus having no phosphorus-to-carbon bond
- C10M137/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M137/10—Thio derivatives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C10M159/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
- C10M159/12—Reaction products
- C10M159/123—Reaction products obtained by phosphorus or phosphorus-containing compounds, e.g. P x S x with organic compounds
-
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- C10M2201/08—Inorganic acids or salts thereof
- C10M2201/081—Inorganic acids or salts thereof containing halogen
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- C10M2211/044—Acids; Salts or esters thereof
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- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
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- C10M2223/042—Metal salts thereof
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- C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/047—Thioderivatives not containing metallic elements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/061—Metal salts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/065—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds containing sulfur
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/06—Groups 3 or 13
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/08—Groups 4 or 14
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/12—Groups 6 or 16
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/14—Group 7
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/16—Groups 8, 9, or 10
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
- C10N2040/042—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives for automatic transmissions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2060/00—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition
- C10N2060/08—Halogenation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
Definitions
- the present application relates generally to lubricants, and more particularly, to synthesis of fluorinated zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP).
- ZDDP fluorinated zinc dialkyldithiophosphate
- Lubricants comprise a variety of compounds selected for desirable characteristics such as anti-wear and anti-friction properties. Many of these compounds are used in enormous quantities. For example, more than four billion quarts of crankcase oil are used in the United States per year. However, many compounds currently in use also have undesirable characteristics.
- Currently available crankcase oils generally include the anti-wear additive zinc dialkyldiothiophosphate (ZDDP), which contains phosphorous and sulfur. Phosphorous and sulfur poison catalytic converters causing increased automotive emissions. It is expected that the EPA eventually will mandate the total elimination of ZDDP or will allow only extremely low levels of ZDDP in crankcase oil. However, no acceptable anti-wear additives to replace ZDDP or to modify ZDDP to have more desirable characteristics are currently available.
- ZDDP zinc dialkyldiothiophosphate
- Embodiments of the current invention are several methods for preparing lubricant additives and lubricants by reacting together organophosphates and organothiophosphates and their derivatives, such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), and fluorine compounds, such as metal fluorides, organoflourides and fluorinating agents.
- Certain embodiments of the invention comprise methods for preparing lubricant additives by reacting at least one organophosphate compound and at least one fluorinating agent wherein the at least one of the fluorinating agent participates in the reaction primarily as a reactant.
- Organophosphates used in embodiments of the invention may comprise metal organophosphates, ashless organothiophosphates, metal organothiophosphates, and other compounds comprising organophosphate groups.
- the organophosphate used in a preferred embodiment is a metal organophosphate, such as ZDDP.
- one of the organophosphate compounds used is ZDDP mixed with smaller molecular weight organophosphates.
- Other embodiments include ashless phosphates, thiophosphates, thiostanates, and the like.
- At least one organophosphate and at least one metal fluoride are reacted together at about ⁇ 20° C. to about 150° C.
- the reactant mixture is heated to a temperature of about 60° C. to about 150° C.
- the reaction is allowed to continue from about 20 minutes to about 24 hours. Both supernatants and precipitates formed during the reaction may be used as lubricant additives in certain embodiments of the present invention.
- At least one organophosphate, ashless organothiophosphate, metal organothiophosphate, or a derivative thereof, and at least one metal fluoride and/or organofluoride are mixed together in a ball mill, centrifugal mill, rotary mill, vibratory mill, planetary mill and/or attrition mill together with milling media that may constitute steel balls, tungsten carbide, ceramic balls such as alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, silicon nitride among other ceramics.
- the mixture is milled between 10 minutes and 30 days depending on the method used and the temperature is held between ⁇ 20° C. and 150° C. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture is milled at room temperature for a period between 72 hrs and 168 hours. Both the supernatant and the precipitates formed during the reaction may be used as lubricant additives in certain embodiments of the present invention.
- At least one organophosphate, ashless organothiophosphate, metal organothiophosphate, or a derivative thereof, and at least one fluorinating agent are mixed together and the reaction is conducted at temperatures between ⁇ 20 to 150° C. for durations ranging from 1 minute to 24 hours.
- the solution formed during the reaction, separated from any solids present during the reaction, if any, may be used as lubricant additives in certain embodiments of the present invention.
- liquid product, separated from any solids present formed in any of the above mentioned processes is added to fully formulated GF-4 oil, automatic transmission fluid, gear oils and/or greases.
- FIG. 1 is a table showing representative organophosphate compounds that may be used with embodiments of the present invention
- FIGS. 2A-2C show structures associated with some of the organophosphates that may be used with embodiments of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a table presenting experimental results showing the presence of fluorine in reaction supernatants
- FIG. 4 shows a 31P NMR spectra of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride
- FIG. 5 is a 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride
- FIG. 6 is another 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride
- FIGS. 7-10 show organophosphate structures that may be used with embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 11A is 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride by Ball milling for 24 hours;
- FIG. 11B is a 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride by Ball milling for 72 hours;
- FIG. 12 illustrates a profilometric wear volume result comparison of lubricant oils to which were added ZDDP alone, supernatant from ZDDP and ferric fluoride that were combined, but not heated, and supernatant from ZDDP and ferric fluoride that were combined and heated at 150° C. for 20 minutes.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide low phosphorous lubricants comprising improved lubricant additives.
- Lubricant additives may be added to lubricants including, but not limited to, greases, crankcase oils, and hydrocarbon solvents comprising from about 0.01 weight percent phosphorous to about 0.1 weight percent phosphorous.
- lubricant additives are mixed with a fully formulated engine oil without ZDDP.
- the term “fully formulated oil” as used herein to illustrate certain embodiments of the present invention is used to describe engine oils that include additives, but not zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), and comprise from about 0.01 weight percent phosphorous to about 0.1 weight percent phosphorous.
- the fully formulated oil may be, for example, a GF4 oil with an additive package comprising standard additives, such as dispersants, detergents, and anti-oxidants, but without ZDDP or its derivatives.
- Certain embodiments of the present invention comprise methods for preparing lubricant additives to be added to low phosphorous lubricant bases by reacting together one or more organophosphates, including but not limited to metal organophosphates such as ZDDP, and one or more metal halides, such as ferric fluoride, wherein the metal halide participates in the reaction primarily as a reactant.
- organophosphates including but not limited to metal organophosphates such as ZDDP
- metal halides such as ferric fluoride
- Metal halides preferably used with embodiments of the present invention include, for example, aluminum trifluoride, zirconium tetrafluoride, titanium trifluoride, titanium tetrafluoride, and combinations thereof.
- transition metal halides are used, such as, for example, chromium difluoride, chromium trifluoride, manganese difluoride, manganese trifluoride, nickel difluoride, stannous difluoride, stannous tetrafluoride, and combinations thereof.
- Ferric fluoride is preferably used in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Ferric fluoride may be produced according to a process described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/662,992 filed Sep. 15, 2003, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
- ferric fluoride is mixed with one or more of the organophosphates, such as ZDDP, and baked in an inert environment, such as argon or nitrogen, or an air environment at temperatures between ⁇ 20 and 150° C. for a period of time ranging from 20 minutes to several days.
- the mixture is baked at 80° C. for 1 hour.
- the product is centrifuged, and the decant is a fluorinated organothiophosphate compound and to be utilized as an additive at phosphorous levels between 0.01 and 0.1 wt. % P in GF-4 oils.
- ferric fluoride is mixed with ZDDP and subjected to an attrition milling process.
- kinetic and mechanical energy of the milling media is used to break up particles of ferric fluoride and enhance the interaction between the ferric fluoride and the ZDDP, thiophosphate or organophosphate to produce a fluorinated ZDDP, fluorinated thiophosphate, or fluorinated organophosphate compound respectively.
- attrition mills There are several types of attrition mills that can be used which are well known in the art.
- a ball mill preferably may be used wherein milling media made up of balls of tungsten carbide, alumina, zirconia, stainless steel, silicon carbide or silicon nitride, for example, are tumbled together with ferric fluoride and ZDDP in a cylindrical container for a period of 24-300 hours at temperatures between ⁇ 20 and 150° C.
- a mixture of ZDDP and ferric fluoride in the ratio of 1:0.4 is ball milled for a period of 168 hours at room temperature.
- the reaction product is centrifuged to separate out the unreacted ferric fluoride as well as any other solid reaction products from the decant that comprises fluorinated ZDDP.
- the recovered unreacted ferric fluoride can then be mixed with a new batch of ZDDP and then ball milled to yield a new batch of fluorinated ZDDP.
- the ferric fluoride may be recycled 2-10 times before the reactivity of the ferric fluoride diminishes to the point where it may be no longer useful.
- an Attritor (which is often referred to generically as a “stirred ball mill”) may be used.
- the operation of an Attritor is simple and effective.
- the material to be ground is placed in a stationary tank with the grinding media.
- Carbon steel, stainless steel, chrome steel, tungsten carbide and ceramic balls are preferably used as grinding media.
- the material to be ground and the grinding media are then agitated by a shaft with arms, rotating at high speed.
- the agitation at high speed result in the grinding media exerting both shearing and impact forces on the material.
- the final result of this efficient process is an extremely fine material, measured in microns or fractions of microns, when distributed on a very narrow curve.
- a centrifugal or planetary ball mill is preferably used.
- a planetary ball mill the material to be milled is placed in a chamber together with the milling media and the chamber is rotated such that the balls cascade against each other and collide with maximum energy against the opposite wall.
- Carbon steel, stainless steel, chrome steel, tungsten carbide and ceramic balls are preferably used milling media.
- ferric fluoride and ZDDP are added and milled together for periods ranging from 20 minutes to 168 hours.
- the reaction product is centrifuged and the decant is separated out and used in liquid form as fluorinated ZDDP.
- the remaining solids comprise recyclable recovered ferric fluoride. This process can be repeated at least 2-10 times to repeat the fluorination process using the recycled ferric fluoride.
- Fluorination of ZDDP and other phosphorous and thiophosphorous compounds can also be preferably conducted by reacting these types of compounds with a fluorinating agent.
- Fluorinating agents are a class of fluorine containing compounds that can easily donate a fluorine atom to the acceptor molecule thereby forming a new fluorinated compound.
- fluorinating agents there are numerous fluorinating agents; however, as listed in the table below, some of the more commonly used fluorinating agents include, but are not limited to: diatomic fluorine gas (F 2 ) hydrofluoric acid (HF) bromine pentafluoride (BrF 5 ) sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) dioxygen difluoride (O 2 F 2 ) dioxygen monofluoride (O 2 F) sulfuryl difluoride (SO 2 F 2 ) 3,3,3 trifluoropropionic acid (CF 3 —CH 2 —COOH) pentafluoropropionic acid (CF 3 —CF 2 —COOH) trifluoroacetic acid, 2,2,3,3,3- pentafluoropropyl- ⁇ -fluoroacrylate (CH 2 ⁇ CF—COOCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) ,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl-methacrylate 2,2,2,3,3-tetra
- FIG. 1 is a table showing several of the organophosphate compounds that may be used with embodiments of the present invention. Generally, dithiophosphates and amine and amine salts of monothiophosphates and dithiophosphates may preferably be used. Other organophosphates listed in FIG.
- FIGS. 2 a - 2 c The chemical structures of representative compounds from FIG. 1 and additional organophosphate compounds that may be used with the invention are shown in FIGS. 2 a - 2 c.
- organophosphates not shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 a - 2 c preferably may be used.
- the organophosphate ZDDP is used in preferred embodiments of the present invention.
- Embodiments using ZDDP, alone or in combination with other organophosphates, can utilize ZDDP in one or more moieties.
- the ZDDP used is the neutral or basic moiety.
- Some of the ZDDP moieties are shown in FIG. 2 a as structures 1 and 5 .
- FIG. 3 is a table presenting experimental results demonstrating that fluorine, presumably donated by the metal halide, ferric fluoride, remains in a reaction supernatant formed using an embodiment of the present invention.
- samples of untreated ZDDP, treated ZDDP under an inert atmosphere, and ZDDP reacted with ferric fluoride under an inert atmosphere were chemically analyzed.
- the ASTM D3120 protocol was used for sulfur and ASTM D5185 for phosphorous, zinc, and iron. Fluorine analysis was conducted separately by completely combusting to a fluoride and using iron chromatography. The results of the analysis shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 shows a 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride.
- the spectra shows the presence of doublets resulting from the interaction of bound phosphorous and fluorine atoms in compounds present in the supernatant sample.
- the experiments summarized in FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate that the metal halide participates primarily as a reactant in embodiments of the present invention.
- FIGS. 5-10 show experimental results and possible structures for reaction products formed by embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a 31P NMR spectrum (1H decoupled to suppress phosphorous-hydrogen peaks) of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride showing the formation of a fluoro-phosphorous compound.
- Each triplet peak is composed of multiple peaks that are apparent triplets.
- FIG. 6 is a 31P NMR spectrum (19F decoupled to suppress phosphorous-fluorine peaks) of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride.
- Comparison with FIG. 5 shows that the triplets present in FIG. 5 have merged to a single triplet at approximately 61 ppm located midway between the former triplet locations at approximately 57 ppm and 66 ppm.
- the merging of the two triplets indicates that the origin of the triplets in FIG. 5 was from a phosphorous-fluorine bond.
- the fact that a triplet still remains in this spectrum indicates that the origin of the triplet is from a phosphorous-phosphorous backbone as opposed to from a phosphorous-hydrogen or phosphorous-fluorine backbone.
- the three peaks in the triplets of FIGS. 5 and 6 can be from spin-spin splits from at least three different interacting phosphorous atoms in the same structure. Chemical shifts of three phosphorous atoms are nearly the same, such that relative chemical shifts are less than or equal to coupling constants of the phosphorous, i.e. the origin of the shifts result from a second order spectra rather than a first order.
- FIG. 7 Four possible compounds that can produce the NMR spectra of FIGS. 5 and 6 are shown in FIG. 7 .
- X R, OR, and/or SR.
- R refers to an alkyl group, and may be the same or different at the same time within the same structure.
- the O(S) refers to either an oxygen or sulfur atom being present at one time.
- Y refers to F or another halogen. However, it should be appreciated that at least one Y present in the structure will be equal to F.
- the peaks in the triplets of FIGS. 5 and 6 are not arising from a phosphorous-phosphorous backbone, then chemical structures such as those shown in FIG. 8 may be responsible for the spectra.
- the origin of the multiple peaks in the spectra may preferably result from the different environment surrounding the phosphorous atoms.
- structure (d) shown in FIG. 8 the separation of the phosphorous atoms is large enough to suppress any interaction between them and the origin of the multiple peaks in the spectra results from the different environment surrounding the phosphorous atoms.
- the presence of a phosphorous-fluorine bond has been confirmed.
- R is equal to an alkyl group.
- the third dominant peak at the center may arise from any one of the compounds shown in FIG. 8 .
- the shoulder peaks (smaller peaks within FIGS. 5 and 6 ) arise from the structure of the kind shown in FIG. 9 .
- the dominant peak (the middle peak) can arise from any one of the three structures (a), (b) or (c) shown in FIG. 8 .
- FIG. 10 shows additional organophosphate compounds that can be used with embodiments of the present invention.
- the organophosphate structures should be appreciated as representative structures and not considered to be in any way limiting this invention to these structures. Many embodiments of this invention use organophosphate structures that may not be specifically illustrated in FIG. 10 .
- FIG. 11 ( a ) is a 31P NMR spectrum (1H decoupled to suppress phosphorous-hydrogen peaks) of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride showing the formation of a fluoro-phosphorous compound. This reaction preferably occurred when ZDDP and ferric fluoride were mixed together and milled for a period of 24 hours in a rotary ball mill.
- Each doublet peak is composed of multiple peaks that are apparent triplets.
- the break-in protocol begins with preparation of the ring and the ball by cleaning with hexane and acetone followed by brushing. Then 50 ⁇ L of break in oil comprising base oil is applied to the center of the surface of the ring. For 2000 cycles, a constant load of 6 kg is applied. The rotation is then stopped, and the ring and the ball cleaned on the spot without removing them.
- the lubricant being tested is applied to the center of the surface of the ring. As with break in, a constant load of 6 kg is applied for the first 500 cycles. For the next 1500 cycles, the load is gradually increased to 24 kg.
- the weight used for the protocol may vary in some tests. Up to 23000 additional cycles at 700 rpm may be used in certain variations of the protocol during which the load is applied constantly and data acquisition is performed.
- FIG. 12 illustrates a profilometric wear volume result comparison of lubricant oils to which were added ZDDP alone, supernatant from ZDDP and ferric fluoride that were combined, but not heated, and supernatant from ZDDP and ferric fluoride that were combined and heated at 150° C. for 20 minutes.
- the data from the experiment shows that there is a greater than 50% reduction in wear volume when comparing the addition of ZDDP alone to the addition of supernatant produced by reacting ZDDP and ferric fluoride with heat.
- the experiment also shows that the reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride appears to progress at room temperature, as there was a significant reduction in wear volume when using the room temperature supernatant with a lubricant oil.
- the results show that the lubricant oil comprising lubricant additive produced according to an embodiment of the present invention is superior in minimizing the wear volume of a bearing used in the modified Ball on Cylinder test described above.
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Abstract
Description
- The present application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/511,290 filed on Oct. 15, 2003, entitled “ENGINE OIL ADDITIVE,” and co-pending, commonly assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/965,686 filed Oct. 14, 2004, entitled “Engine Oil Additive,”, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
- The present application relates generally to lubricants, and more particularly, to synthesis of fluorinated zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP).
- Lubricants comprise a variety of compounds selected for desirable characteristics such as anti-wear and anti-friction properties. Many of these compounds are used in enormous quantities. For example, more than four billion quarts of crankcase oil are used in the United States per year. However, many compounds currently in use also have undesirable characteristics. Currently available crankcase oils generally include the anti-wear additive zinc dialkyldiothiophosphate (ZDDP), which contains phosphorous and sulfur. Phosphorous and sulfur poison catalytic converters causing increased automotive emissions. It is expected that the EPA eventually will mandate the total elimination of ZDDP or will allow only extremely low levels of ZDDP in crankcase oil. However, no acceptable anti-wear additives to replace ZDDP or to modify ZDDP to have more desirable characteristics are currently available.
- It is an object of the present invention to provide environmentally friendly lubricants, wherein the amounts of phosphorous and sulfur in the lubricants are significantly reduced and approach zero. It is another object of the present invention to produce lubricants with desirable anti-wear and anti-friction characteristics.
- Embodiments of the current invention are several methods for preparing lubricant additives and lubricants by reacting together organophosphates and organothiophosphates and their derivatives, such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), and fluorine compounds, such as metal fluorides, organoflourides and fluorinating agents. Certain embodiments of the invention comprise methods for preparing lubricant additives by reacting at least one organophosphate compound and at least one fluorinating agent wherein the at least one of the fluorinating agent participates in the reaction primarily as a reactant. Organophosphates used in embodiments of the invention may comprise metal organophosphates, ashless organothiophosphates, metal organothiophosphates, and other compounds comprising organophosphate groups. The organophosphate used in a preferred embodiment is a metal organophosphate, such as ZDDP. In other embodiments, one of the organophosphate compounds used is ZDDP mixed with smaller molecular weight organophosphates. Other embodiments include ashless phosphates, thiophosphates, thiostanates, and the like.
- In one embodiment, at least one organophosphate and at least one metal fluoride are reacted together at about −20° C. to about 150° C. In a preferred embodiment, the reactant mixture is heated to a temperature of about 60° C. to about 150° C. The reaction is allowed to continue from about 20 minutes to about 24 hours. Both supernatants and precipitates formed during the reaction may be used as lubricant additives in certain embodiments of the present invention.
- In a second embodiment, at least one organophosphate, ashless organothiophosphate, metal organothiophosphate, or a derivative thereof, and at least one metal fluoride and/or organofluoride are mixed together in a ball mill, centrifugal mill, rotary mill, vibratory mill, planetary mill and/or attrition mill together with milling media that may constitute steel balls, tungsten carbide, ceramic balls such as alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, silicon nitride among other ceramics. The mixture is milled between 10 minutes and 30 days depending on the method used and the temperature is held between −20° C. and 150° C. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture is milled at room temperature for a period between 72 hrs and 168 hours. Both the supernatant and the precipitates formed during the reaction may be used as lubricant additives in certain embodiments of the present invention.
- In a third embodiment, at least one organophosphate, ashless organothiophosphate, metal organothiophosphate, or a derivative thereof, and at least one fluorinating agent are mixed together and the reaction is conducted at temperatures between −20 to 150° C. for durations ranging from 1 minute to 24 hours. The solution formed during the reaction, separated from any solids present during the reaction, if any, may be used as lubricant additives in certain embodiments of the present invention.
- In a preferred embodiment, the liquid product, separated from any solids present formed in any of the above mentioned processes is added to fully formulated GF-4 oil, automatic transmission fluid, gear oils and/or greases.
- The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention.
- For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a table showing representative organophosphate compounds that may be used with embodiments of the present invention; -
FIGS. 2A-2C show structures associated with some of the organophosphates that may be used with embodiments of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 is a table presenting experimental results showing the presence of fluorine in reaction supernatants; -
FIG. 4 shows a 31P NMR spectra of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride; -
FIG. 5 is a 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride; -
FIG. 6 is another 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride; -
FIGS. 7-10 show organophosphate structures that may be used with embodiments of the present invention; -
FIG. 11A is 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride by Ball milling for 24 hours; -
FIG. 11B is a 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride by Ball milling for 72 hours; and -
FIG. 12 illustrates a profilometric wear volume result comparison of lubricant oils to which were added ZDDP alone, supernatant from ZDDP and ferric fluoride that were combined, but not heated, and supernatant from ZDDP and ferric fluoride that were combined and heated at 150° C. for 20 minutes. - Embodiments of the present invention provide low phosphorous lubricants comprising improved lubricant additives. Lubricant additives according to embodiments of the present invention may be added to lubricants including, but not limited to, greases, crankcase oils, and hydrocarbon solvents comprising from about 0.01 weight percent phosphorous to about 0.1 weight percent phosphorous. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, lubricant additives are mixed with a fully formulated engine oil without ZDDP. The term “fully formulated oil” as used herein to illustrate certain embodiments of the present invention is used to describe engine oils that include additives, but not zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), and comprise from about 0.01 weight percent phosphorous to about 0.1 weight percent phosphorous. In certain embodiments, the fully formulated oil may be, for example, a GF4 oil with an additive package comprising standard additives, such as dispersants, detergents, and anti-oxidants, but without ZDDP or its derivatives.
- Certain embodiments of the present invention comprise methods for preparing lubricant additives to be added to low phosphorous lubricant bases by reacting together one or more organophosphates, including but not limited to metal organophosphates such as ZDDP, and one or more metal halides, such as ferric fluoride, wherein the metal halide participates in the reaction primarily as a reactant. Metal halides preferably used with embodiments of the present invention include, for example, aluminum trifluoride, zirconium tetrafluoride, titanium trifluoride, titanium tetrafluoride, and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, transition metal halides are used, such as, for example, chromium difluoride, chromium trifluoride, manganese difluoride, manganese trifluoride, nickel difluoride, stannous difluoride, stannous tetrafluoride, and combinations thereof. Ferric fluoride is preferably used in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Ferric fluoride may be produced according to a process described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/662,992 filed Sep. 15, 2003, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
- In a first embodiment, ferric fluoride is mixed with one or more of the organophosphates, such as ZDDP, and baked in an inert environment, such as argon or nitrogen, or an air environment at temperatures between −20 and 150° C. for a period of time ranging from 20 minutes to several days. Preferably, the mixture is baked at 80° C. for 1 hour. The product is centrifuged, and the decant is a fluorinated organothiophosphate compound and to be utilized as an additive at phosphorous levels between 0.01 and 0.1 wt. % P in GF-4 oils.
- In another embodiment, ferric fluoride is mixed with ZDDP and subjected to an attrition milling process. In an attrition mill, kinetic and mechanical energy of the milling media is used to break up particles of ferric fluoride and enhance the interaction between the ferric fluoride and the ZDDP, thiophosphate or organophosphate to produce a fluorinated ZDDP, fluorinated thiophosphate, or fluorinated organophosphate compound respectively. There are several types of attrition mills that can be used which are well known in the art.
- In the first method a ball mill preferably may be used wherein milling media made up of balls of tungsten carbide, alumina, zirconia, stainless steel, silicon carbide or silicon nitride, for example, are tumbled together with ferric fluoride and ZDDP in a cylindrical container for a period of 24-300 hours at temperatures between −20 and 150° C. In a preferred embodiment a mixture of ZDDP and ferric fluoride in the ratio of 1:0.4 is ball milled for a period of 168 hours at room temperature. The reaction product is centrifuged to separate out the unreacted ferric fluoride as well as any other solid reaction products from the decant that comprises fluorinated ZDDP. The recovered unreacted ferric fluoride can then be mixed with a new batch of ZDDP and then ball milled to yield a new batch of fluorinated ZDDP. The ferric fluoride may be recycled 2-10 times before the reactivity of the ferric fluoride diminishes to the point where it may be no longer useful.
- In another method of attrition milling, an Attritor (which is often referred to generically as a “stirred ball mill”) may be used. The operation of an Attritor is simple and effective. The material to be ground is placed in a stationary tank with the grinding media. Carbon steel, stainless steel, chrome steel, tungsten carbide and ceramic balls are preferably used as grinding media. The material to be ground and the grinding media are then agitated by a shaft with arms, rotating at high speed. The agitation at high speed result in the grinding media exerting both shearing and impact forces on the material. The final result of this efficient process is an extremely fine material, measured in microns or fractions of microns, when distributed on a very narrow curve. It should be appreciated that a laboratory Attritor works up to ten times faster than the conventional ball, pebble or jar mill. In this mill the ferric fluoride and ZDDP is added and milled together for periods between 20 minutes and 168 hours. The reaction product is centrifuged and the decant is separated out and used in liquid form as fluorinated ZDDP. The solids remaining comprise recyclable active ferric fluoride. This process preferably may be repeated at least 2-10 times to repeat the fluorination process using the recycled ferric fluroide.
- In a further method, a centrifugal or planetary ball mill is preferably used. With a planetary ball mill, the material to be milled is placed in a chamber together with the milling media and the chamber is rotated such that the balls cascade against each other and collide with maximum energy against the opposite wall. Carbon steel, stainless steel, chrome steel, tungsten carbide and ceramic balls are preferably used milling media. Using this type of ball mill, ferric fluoride and ZDDP are added and milled together for periods ranging from 20 minutes to 168 hours. The reaction product is centrifuged and the decant is separated out and used in liquid form as fluorinated ZDDP. The remaining solids comprise recyclable recovered ferric fluoride. This process can be repeated at least 2-10 times to repeat the fluorination process using the recycled ferric fluoride.
- Fluorination of ZDDP and other phosphorous and thiophosphorous compounds can also be preferably conducted by reacting these types of compounds with a fluorinating agent. Fluorinating agents are a class of fluorine containing compounds that can easily donate a fluorine atom to the acceptor molecule thereby forming a new fluorinated compound. There are numerous fluorinating agents; however, as listed in the table below, some of the more commonly used fluorinating agents include, but are not limited to:
diatomic fluorine gas (F2) hydrofluoric acid (HF) bromine pentafluoride (BrF5) sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) dioxygen difluoride (O2F2) dioxygen monofluoride (O2F) sulfuryl difluoride (SO2F2) 3,3,3 trifluoropropionic acid (CF3—CH2—COOH) pentafluoropropionic acid (CF3—CF2—COOH) trifluoroacetic acid, 2,2,3,3,3- pentafluoropropyl-α-fluoroacrylate (CH2═CF—COOCH2CF2CF3) ,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl-methacrylate 2,2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl-α-fluoroacrylate (CH2═C(CH3)—COOCH2—CF2—CF3) (CH2═CF—COOCH2CF2CF2H) 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol (CF3—CF2—CH2OH) (CF2H—CF2—CH2OH) 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butanol dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (CF3—CHF—CF2—CH2OH) (CF3—CHCI2) 2-iodo heptafluoropropane (CF3—CFI—CF3) 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide difluoroacetic acid ethylester difluoroacetic acid methylester, trifluoroacetic acid isopropylester 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone, (CF3COOCH(CH3)2) heptafluoroisopropyltrifluoromethyl ketone (CF3—C(O)—CF(CF3)2) hexafluoropropyl-methyl ketone bis-(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur-trifluoride (CH3—C(O)—CF2—CHF—CF3) diethylaminosulfur trifluoride pyridine HF 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4- 1-methyl-4-fluoro-1,4- diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis- diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Bis- (tetrafluoroborate) (tetrafluoroborate) N-fluoropyridinum triflate N-fluoro[1,3,2]dithiazinane-1,1,3,3-tetraoxide N-fluoromethanesulfonimide n-Bu4NHF2, N-fluoropyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate E1-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethoxy-1,3,5-triazinium pentafluorophenyldifluoroxenonium(IV) hexafluoroantimonate tetrafluoroborate triethylamine polyhydrofluoride tri-n-butylamine polyhydrofluoride - The list of fluorinating agents in the table above, while extensive is not exhaustive, and it should be appreciated that there are other fluorine-containing compounds that can serve as fluorinating agents. These compounds when reacted with ZDDP, organophosphate or organothiophosphate, or metal derivatives thereof, or other derivatives thereof, result in fluorine transfer from the fluorinating agent to the ZDDP, organophosphate or organothiophosphate compound in the form of a P—F bond yielding a fluorinated organothiophosphate compound. Further reactions provide additional fluorination and formation of C—F bonds on the alkyl side chains in the phosphate compounds.
-
FIG. 1 is a table showing several of the organophosphate compounds that may be used with embodiments of the present invention. Generally, dithiophosphates and amine and amine salts of monothiophosphates and dithiophosphates may preferably be used. Other organophosphates listed inFIG. 1 include neutral ZDDP (primary); neutral ZDDP (secondary); basic ZDDP; (RS)3P(s) where R>CH3; (RO)(R′S)P(O)SZn—; (RO)2(RS)PS where R>CH3; P(S)SZn—; (RO)2P(S)(SR); R(R′S)2PS where R=CH3 and R′>CH3; (RO)3PS where R=CH3 and R′=alkyl; MeP(S)Cl2; (RO)2(S)PSP(S)(OR)2; P(S)(SH); (RO)(R′S)P(O)SZn—, SPH(OCH3)2, where R=any alkyl and R′=any alkyl, and combinations thereof. The chemical structures of representative compounds fromFIG. 1 and additional organophosphate compounds that may be used with the invention are shown inFIGS. 2 a-2 c. In certain embodiments of the present invention, organophosphates not shown inFIGS. 1 and 2 a-2 c preferably may be used. The organophosphate ZDDP is used in preferred embodiments of the present invention. Embodiments using ZDDP, alone or in combination with other organophosphates, can utilize ZDDP in one or more moieties. Preferably, the ZDDP used is the neutral or basic moiety. Some of the ZDDP moieties are shown inFIG. 2 a asstructures -
FIG. 3 is a table presenting experimental results demonstrating that fluorine, presumably donated by the metal halide, ferric fluoride, remains in a reaction supernatant formed using an embodiment of the present invention. In this experiment, samples of untreated ZDDP, treated ZDDP under an inert atmosphere, and ZDDP reacted with ferric fluoride under an inert atmosphere were chemically analyzed. The ASTM D3120 protocol was used for sulfur and ASTM D5185 for phosphorous, zinc, and iron. Fluorine analysis was conducted separately by completely combusting to a fluoride and using iron chromatography. The results of the analysis shown inFIG. 3 indicate that no fluorine was present in the supernatant samples from either the untreated ZDDP or the treated ZDDP under inert atmosphere. However, significant quantities of fluorine (163 parts per million) were found in supernatant samples taken from the ZDDP reacted with ferric fluoride. Also, iron levels were extremely low (1-2 parts per million) in those supernatant samples, indicating that the fluorine present in the supernatant has bonded to an element other than iron. -
FIG. 4 shows a 31P NMR spectrum of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride. The spectra shows the presence of doublets resulting from the interaction of bound phosphorous and fluorine atoms in compounds present in the supernatant sample. The experiments summarized inFIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate that the metal halide participates primarily as a reactant in embodiments of the present invention. -
FIGS. 5-10 show experimental results and possible structures for reaction products formed by embodiments of the present invention.FIG. 5 is a 31P NMR spectrum (1H decoupled to suppress phosphorous-hydrogen peaks) of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride showing the formation of a fluoro-phosphorous compound. A triplet located at approximately 57 ppm and 66 ppm are due to a phosphorous-fluorine bond with J=1080. Each triplet peak is composed of multiple peaks that are apparent triplets. -
FIG. 6 is a 31P NMR spectrum (19F decoupled to suppress phosphorous-fluorine peaks) of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride. Comparison withFIG. 5 shows that the triplets present inFIG. 5 have merged to a single triplet at approximately 61 ppm located midway between the former triplet locations at approximately 57 ppm and 66 ppm. The merging of the two triplets indicates that the origin of the triplets inFIG. 5 was from a phosphorous-fluorine bond. Also, the fact that a triplet still remains in this spectrum indicates that the origin of the triplet is from a phosphorous-phosphorous backbone as opposed to from a phosphorous-hydrogen or phosphorous-fluorine backbone. - The three peaks in the triplets of
FIGS. 5 and 6 can be from spin-spin splits from at least three different interacting phosphorous atoms in the same structure. Chemical shifts of three phosphorous atoms are nearly the same, such that relative chemical shifts are less than or equal to coupling constants of the phosphorous, i.e. the origin of the shifts result from a second order spectra rather than a first order. Four possible compounds that can produce the NMR spectra ofFIGS. 5 and 6 are shown inFIG. 7 . In all structures shown inFIG. 7 , X=R, OR, and/or SR. R refers to an alkyl group, and may be the same or different at the same time within the same structure. The O(S) refers to either an oxygen or sulfur atom being present at one time. Y refers to F or another halogen. However, it should be appreciated that at least one Y present in the structure will be equal to F. - If the peaks in the triplets of
FIGS. 5 and 6 are not arising from a phosphorous-phosphorous backbone, then chemical structures such as those shown inFIG. 8 may be responsible for the spectra. In the case of structures (a)-(c) shown inFIG. 8 , the origin of the multiple peaks in the spectra may preferably result from the different environment surrounding the phosphorous atoms. In structure (d) shown inFIG. 8 , the separation of the phosphorous atoms is large enough to suppress any interaction between them and the origin of the multiple peaks in the spectra results from the different environment surrounding the phosphorous atoms. In all of the structures shown inFIG. 8 , the presence of a phosphorous-fluorine bond has been confirmed. In each of the structures shown inFIG. 8 , R is equal to an alkyl group. - If two of the shoulder peaks in the NMR triplets shown in
FIGS. 5 and 6 arise from spin-spin coupling of two phosphorous atoms on the backbone, then the third dominant peak at the center may arise from any one of the compounds shown inFIG. 8 . The shoulder peaks (smaller peaks withinFIGS. 5 and 6 ) arise from the structure of the kind shown inFIG. 9 . The dominant peak (the middle peak) can arise from any one of the three structures (a), (b) or (c) shown inFIG. 8 . -
FIG. 10 shows additional organophosphate compounds that can be used with embodiments of the present invention. The organophosphate structures should be appreciated as representative structures and not considered to be in any way limiting this invention to these structures. Many embodiments of this invention use organophosphate structures that may not be specifically illustrated inFIG. 10 . -
FIG. 11 (a) is a 31P NMR spectrum (1H decoupled to suppress phosphorous-hydrogen peaks) of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride showing the formation of a fluoro-phosphorous compound. This reaction preferably occurred when ZDDP and ferric fluoride were mixed together and milled for a period of 24 hours in a rotary ball mill. A doublet located at approximately 57 ppm and 66 ppm is due to a phosphorous-fluorine bond with J=1080. Each doublet peak is composed of multiple peaks that are apparent triplets. -
FIG. 11 (b) is a 31P NMR spectrum (1H decoupled to suppress phosphorous-hydrogen peaks) of supernatant from a reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride showing the formation of a fluoro-phosphorous compound. This reaction occurred when ZDDP and ferric fluoride were mixed together and milled for a period of 72 hours in a rotary ball mill. A doublet located at approximately 57 ppm and 66 ppm is due to a phosphorous-fluorine bond with J=1080. Each doublet peak is composed of multiple peaks that are apparent triplets. - Experiments were performed to evaluate low phosphorous lubricant formulations comprising lubricant additives produced according to embodiments of the invention. Generally, wear volume comparisons were used to compare the lubricants and lubricant additives produced according to embodiments of the invention. The experiments were conducted on a modified Ball on Cylinder machine. The machine was modified to accept standard Timken Roller Tapered Bearings, where the outer surface of the cup was used for wear testing. In order to preferably generate consistent results, a protocol was established to prepare the surface prior to wear testing. The protocol comprises two phases: break-in and actual test.
- The break-in protocol begins with preparation of the ring and the ball by cleaning with hexane and acetone followed by brushing. Then 50 μL of break in oil comprising base oil is applied to the center of the surface of the ring. For 2000 cycles, a constant load of 6 kg is applied. The rotation is then stopped, and the ring and the ball cleaned on the spot without removing them.
- For the actual test, the lubricant being tested is applied to the center of the surface of the ring. As with break in, a constant load of 6 kg is applied for the first 500 cycles. For the next 1500 cycles, the load is gradually increased to 24 kg. The weight used for the protocol may vary in some tests. Up to 23000 additional cycles at 700 rpm may be used in certain variations of the protocol during which the load is applied constantly and data acquisition is performed.
-
FIG. 12 illustrates a profilometric wear volume result comparison of lubricant oils to which were added ZDDP alone, supernatant from ZDDP and ferric fluoride that were combined, but not heated, and supernatant from ZDDP and ferric fluoride that were combined and heated at 150° C. for 20 minutes. The data from the experiment shows that there is a greater than 50% reduction in wear volume when comparing the addition of ZDDP alone to the addition of supernatant produced by reacting ZDDP and ferric fluoride with heat. The experiment also shows that the reaction between ZDDP and ferric fluoride appears to progress at room temperature, as there was a significant reduction in wear volume when using the room temperature supernatant with a lubricant oil. The results show that the lubricant oil comprising lubricant additive produced according to an embodiment of the present invention is superior in minimizing the wear volume of a bearing used in the modified Ball on Cylinder test described above. - Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
Claims (22)
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US11/446,820 US20060281644A1 (en) | 2003-10-15 | 2006-06-05 | Method to synthesize fluorinated ZDDP |
PCT/US2007/069633 WO2007143414A1 (en) | 2006-06-05 | 2007-05-24 | Method to synthesize fluorinated zddp |
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US51129003P | 2003-10-15 | 2003-10-15 | |
US10/965,686 US7074745B2 (en) | 2003-10-15 | 2004-10-14 | Engine oil additive |
US11/446,820 US20060281644A1 (en) | 2003-10-15 | 2006-06-05 | Method to synthesize fluorinated ZDDP |
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US20130331305A1 (en) * | 2012-05-07 | 2013-12-12 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Synergistic mixtures of ionic liquids with other ionic liquids and/or with ashless thiophosphates for antiwear and/or friction reduction applications |
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