US20060180232A1 - Intermodal container for shipping and storage of roofing granules - Google Patents
Intermodal container for shipping and storage of roofing granules Download PDFInfo
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- US20060180232A1 US20060180232A1 US10/961,324 US96132404A US2006180232A1 US 20060180232 A1 US20060180232 A1 US 20060180232A1 US 96132404 A US96132404 A US 96132404A US 2006180232 A1 US2006180232 A1 US 2006180232A1
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- Prior art keywords
- intermodal container
- granular material
- hopper
- customer
- container
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D88/00—Large containers
- B65D88/26—Hoppers, i.e. containers having funnel-shaped discharge sections
- B65D88/30—Hoppers, i.e. containers having funnel-shaped discharge sections specially adapted to facilitate transportation from one utilisation site to another
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/60—Mixing solids with solids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/80—Falling particle mixers, e.g. with repeated agitation along a vertical axis
- B01F25/83—Falling particle mixers, e.g. with repeated agitation along a vertical axis with receptacles provided with fixed guiding elements therein, e.g. baffles; Cross-mixers comprising crossing channels for guiding the falling particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D88/00—Large containers
- B65D88/54—Large containers characterised by means facilitating filling or emptying
- B65D88/64—Large containers characterised by means facilitating filling or emptying preventing bridge formation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65G—TRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
- B65G69/00—Auxiliary measures taken, or devices used, in connection with loading or unloading
- B65G69/04—Spreading out the materials conveyed over the whole surface to be loaded; Trimming heaps of loose materials
- B65G69/0441—Spreading out the materials conveyed over the whole surface to be loaded; Trimming heaps of loose materials with chutes, deflector means or channels
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65G—TRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
- B65G69/00—Auxiliary measures taken, or devices used, in connection with loading or unloading
- B65G69/10—Obtaining an average product from stored bulk material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2590/00—Component parts, details or accessories for large containers
- B65D2590/0083—Computer or electronic system, e.g. GPS systems
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65G—TRANSPORT OR STORAGE DEVICES, e.g. CONVEYORS FOR LOADING OR TIPPING, SHOP CONVEYOR SYSTEMS OR PNEUMATIC TUBE CONVEYORS
- B65G2201/00—Indexing codes relating to handling devices, e.g. conveyors, characterised by the type of product or load being conveyed or handled
- B65G2201/04—Bulk
- B65G2201/042—Granular material
Definitions
- the present invention relates to transportation of flowable granular material in intermodal containers. More specifically, the present application discloses a method of using intermodal containers having hoppers for filling, storing, transporting, and dispensing granular materials therefrom with means for minimizing the segregation of the particles that comprise the granular material.
- the present application relates to intermodal containers, which are bulk material containers that are mountable on standard shipping platforms such as on railroad cars, truck trailer beds, ships, and other modes of transportation.
- the containers are often used to ship bulk material, including granular material.
- the intermodal containers for bulk flowable granular materials often contain loading ports on the top and discharge ports on the bottom for loading and unloading cargo, i.e. granular material, within hoppers formed within the container.
- the present invention details a method for filling an intermodal container and transporting material while minimizing segregation of the granular material.
- the present application is a method of handling bulk granular material.
- an intermodal container is filled with the granular material at a processing facility. The filling is done in such a manner as to minimize segregation of the granular material.
- the filled container is then stored until an order for the granular material is received from a customer.
- the intermodal container containing the granular material is transported from the manufacturing facility to the customer. Once at the customer's location, the customer can dispense the granular material from the filled intermodal container, wherein the intermodal container has been designed to minimize segregation of granular material during the dispensing step.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a schematic for an intermodal container of the present invention having two hoppers therein.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a closing mechanism for unloading port from one of the hoppers.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a hopper having a grid mounted therein to randomize the distribution of granular material entering the hopper.
- FIG. 3A is a perspective view of the grid of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a series of cross members mounted within a hopper to form a granular material distribution randomization.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a hopper being loaded with granular material from a conduit, and a distribution cone within the hopper.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic end view of the intermodal container of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 7 is a side schematic view of the intermodal container of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a schematic for an intermodal container of the present invention.
- Intermodal container 10 comprises parallel side walls 12 and 13 , and parallel end walls 14 and 15 , along with a top wall 16 and a bottom wall 17 . All walls are constructed of flat metal plates or a combination of metal plates and corrugated metal plates, or similar structures commonly used in construction of intermodal containers.
- Side walls 12 and 13 , and top wall 16 and bottom wall 17 are of solid construction and attached to one another in a semi-permanent or permanent fashion.
- End wall 14 attaches to the one of the side walls via a vertical hinge and is lockable to the other side wall to function as a door for the intermodal container 10 .
- End wall 15 may be likewise connected to the side walls 12 and 13 .
- Intermodal container 10 is intended for use on a standard shipping platform, and thus is of a standard size.
- the dimensions and other criteria for the container are those that are set forth in International Standard Organization (ISO) Section 55.180, specifically Standard 1496-4, a standard known in the art.
- the standard gives the dimensions for the exterior of the intermodal container 10 .
- the intermodal container 10 is eight foot wide, by eight foot tall, by twenty foot long.
- Also included on the intermodal container 10 are standardized features for nodes on each of the eight corners for stacking and lifting the container, and for interlocking it with adjacent containers. Additionally, lifting points are included as required by the standard, or for ease of use of the intermodal container 10 .
- Intermodal container 10 comprises two hoppers 22 a and 22 b , separated by a partition 24 .
- Each hopper 22 has a loading port 26 , an upper main storage area 28 , a lower hopper portion 30 , and one or more unloading ports 32 .
- a portion of the container is unused storage space 34 , below the lower hopper portion 30 of each hopper 22 .
- Hoppers 22 a and 22 b are two distinct storage areas within the container 10 . Hoppers 22 a and 22 b are separated by the partition 24 .
- Partition 24 is an additional vertical wall constructed within the intermodal container 10 , preferably situated to create a symmetrical division within the intermodal container 10 wherein each hopper 22 will represent approximately one half of the granular material storage space for the intermodal container 10 .
- partition 24 is a metal plate.
- the intermodal container 10 may contain only a single hopper, or may contain more than two hoppers, so long as each hopper meets the design criteria for minimizing segregation.
- Each loading port 26 is an opening through the top wall 16 of intermodal container 10 . As illustrated in FIG. 1 , loading ports 26 are circular in shape. However, any opening, including squares or parallelograms, may be utilized so long as there is a sufficient open area in the top wall 16 to load the intermodal container 10 . Additionally, each loading port 26 contains a lid (not shown), preferably hinged from intermodal container 10 , for securing and closing loading port 26 . Lids can be held in place with ordinary fasteners for securing and closing loading port 26 of intermodal container 10 to prevent spilling of bulk material during transport.
- main granular material storage area 28 In each hopper, just below loading port 26 , is main granular material storage area 28 .
- the main storage area is a parallelopiped.
- the walls 12 , 13 , and 14 , and top wall 16 along with partition 24 create the upper definition of the main storage area 28 .
- the walls 12 , 13 , and 15 , and top wall 16 along with partition 24 create the upper definition of main storage area 28 .
- the main storage area 28 is constructed from metal sheeting or plates that are reinforced with angle iron to support a load of bulk granular material within its respective hopper.
- each hopper located adjacent and just below the main storage area 28 is the lower hopper portion 30 .
- each hopper contains two side-by-side hopper portions 30 a and 30 b (see e.g., FIG. 6 ).
- This embodiment is designed for use with a vehicle wherein the shipping platform contains a centralized beam which would impede unloading through an unloading port when the unloading port is located at the lateral center of the intermodal container 10 .
- each hopper contains only a single lower hopper portion 30 . In such an embodiment, the hopper portion 30 would contain an opening located at the center of the portion of bottom wall 17 below the hopper.
- Each hopper portion 30 is designed to assure that substantially all material stored within the container flows out of the intermodal container 10 through the force of gravity.
- the hopper portions are connected to the walls 12 , 13 , 14 , and 15 , and the partition 24 , or to the plates that comprise the main storage area 28 in an alternative embodiment.
- the hopper portions are also reinforced with angle irons or similar structures to support the granular material load being transported.
- Unloading port 32 is an opening on the bottom wall 17 of the intermodal container 10 .
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a suitable closing mechanism for unloading port 32 .
- a retractable plate 36 is movably aligned adjacent the bottom wall 17 . In a first position, the retractable plate fully covers the unloading port 32 , preventing the stored granular material from discharging from the intermodal container 10 .
- the plate 36 is on a slide mechanism 38 that allows the plate 36 to be retracted into a second position, which leaves the unloading port 32 fully open for discharging the granular material from the intermodal container 10 .
- the slide mechanism 38 contains a control mechanism 40 , such as a crank, on the outer side of the intermodal container 10 for selectively controlling the position of the plate 36 relative to the unloading port 32 .
- the slide mechanisms 38 for the slide apparatus can be located within the non-used storage area 34 of intermodal container 10 .
- the granular particulate materials are provided for reference as examples of bulk granular material: #11 and #14 grade roofing granules, and S-Grade color quartz ceramic coated crystals available from 3M Corporation, St. Paul, Minn.
- roofing granules contain a maximum of 0.3 percent moisture content, are opaque to protect an underlying asphalt substrate from the effects of sunlight, and are between a six and seven on the Moh's mineral scale.
- color quartz ceramic color crystals do not exceed 0.5 percent moisture content as determined by ASTM C566, and are on a hardness of between 6.5 and 7 on the Moh's mineral scale. All of these materials come in various colors including black, blue, brown, buff, green, gray, red, and white.
- Each of the particulate granules of the three mentioned products contain a mixture of sizes of particles determined by ASTM D451 as indicated in the following tables:
- randomizing of the distribution of particulate size to create a homogenous load within the container is used.
- the mixture has a tendency to segregate. Larger granules have a greater potential energy than smaller granules. This greater potential energy transforms to greater kinetic energy as the granules free fall. When the granules reach the end of their fall, the greater kinetic energy of the larger particles causes them to deflect further from the objects the granules strike. This creates what is called a “piling effect”.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a hopper 22 in an intermodal container 10 being filled with granular material 25 .
- a grid 50 (See FIG. 3A ) is mounted in a hopper 22 to randomize the distribution by size of granular material entering the hopper 22 .
- Grid 50 is either a course mesh or a series of inverted angle iron or rods fastened together. In the case of using inverted angle irons, it is important that the angle iron is inverted so that the apex of the corner of the angle iron is normal to the inlet to the inlet port. This prevents particles from remaining on a surface of the angle iron, which prevents flow upon unloading of hopper 22 .
- the grid 50 is made of hardened steel to prevent wear from the roofing granules, which can be very abrasive upon loading.
- the grid is ceramic coated to prevent wear from the abrasiveness of the granules falling onto the grid.
- Other suitable materials include scratch-resistant rubber and other high durometer-scale materials.
- the grid 50 is mounted adjacent the loading port 26 . A plurality of grid layers may be employed as well.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a series of granular material flow interruption members mounted within the hopper 22 .
- the hopper 22 itself contains a series of members represented by rods 42 , and/or inverted angle irons 44 , and/or other shaped beams 45 throughout the hopper 22 .
- rods 42 and/or inverted angle irons 44 , and/or other shaped beams 45 throughout the hopper 22 .
- members 42 , 44 , and/or 45 which will help randomize the mixture.
- As granules enter the loading port 26 (as represented by arrows 46 ) they encounter the members 42 , 44 , and/or 45 , so that the downward flow is interrupted (as show by arrows 47 ).
- Granules eventually pass through the spaces between adjacent members 42 , 44 , and/or 45 , after their momentum has been reduced (as represented by arrows 48 ).
- directional flow is randomized for the particulate material, which minimizes the angle of repose and material segregation as the hopper 22 is filled (as shown by arrows 49 ).
- the members 42 , 44 , and/or 45 are composed of hardened steel, scratch-resistant rubber, ceramic coated metal or polymers, or other similar high durometer materials to prevent wear.
- the cross members extend between partition 24 and end walls 14 and 15 in one layer.
- additional members 42 , 44 , and/or 45 extend between side walls 12 and 13 in a second layer, with alternating perpendicular members for additional layers.
- the cross members are located within main storage area 28 of the hopper so as not to interrupt flow upon discharge of the material from the intermodal container 10 .
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a hopper 22 in an intermodal container 10 being filled with granular material 25 .
- a cone 55 is placed just below loading port 26 .
- Cone 55 is constructed of the same materials as the grid 50 or that which comprises the hopper 22 .
- the cone 55 creates a radial flow of the materials entering the hopper 22 . As such, when the falling granules strike the cone 55 , part of the kinetic energy is removed creating a randomization of the granule materials entering the hopper 22 .
- granular material enters the hopper 22 through a tube that contains outlet ports spaced circumferentially around the tube.
- the end of the tube may be closed, so the tube acts as a distributor, which creates a spreading effect of the granules as they enter the hopper 22 . This creates a randomization of the particles as they enter. Also, the tube can be made to minimize the free fall of the particles within the hopper thus removing some of the associated kinetic energy as the particles enter the hopper.
- the objective is to obtain a homogenous load mixture that is being introduced into the hopper for storage. The arrangements described above help keep the randomization of size and maintain a homogenous load by minimizing segregation as the bulk particulate material enters intermodal container 10 .
- the intermodal container 10 of the present invention may also be designed to minimize segregation upon unloading of the particulate material therein. Specifically, the lower portion of the hopper should be designed to allow gravitational flow of substantially all material out of hopper 22 . Also, because intermodal container 10 has been filled by a method of randomizing particle size and minimizing segregation, the material stored will be of a homogenous load prior to unloading. Preventing segregation upon unloading intermodal container 10 eliminates the need for remixing the bulk granular material being stored and transported.
- the material When piling granular material, the material creates a pile that has a slope at an angle with the horizon. This slope is called the angle of repose. Small particulate matter, such as fine sand, has an angle of repose of about twenty-five degrees. More course material, such as some of the particulate matter contained in the roofing granules disclosed, has an angle of repose closer to forty degrees.
- the sloped walls of the lower portion of the hopper should be designed with an angle that is greater than that of the angle of repose of the material, which in the case of the #11 roofing granules is thirty-eight degrees.
- FIG. 6 is and end view of intermodal container 10 .
- sloped walls 60 of the hopper portion 30 near the side walls 12 and 13 of intermodal container 10 are as close to vertical as possible to maximize the amount of storage space within hopper 22 .
- the remaining sloped walls, walls 62 are designed to contain an angle greater than the angle of repose of the particulate material being stored and transported within the intermodal container 10 .
- the angle must be greater than thirty-eight degrees.
- the remaining two sides of the hopper 22 also create planes that terminate at the unloading port 32 , so that the hopper is generally pyramidal or trapezoidal shaped.
- the hopper 22 itself is constructed from hardened metal or is ceramic coated to maintain integrity and prevent abrasion while being filled.
- the hopper 22 is lined with a polymeric material to promote flow of the granular material.
- Lower hopper portions 30 are designed depending upon the selected material which will be filled within hopper 22 .
- a selected material may differ in color, size, or composition, or a combination of these or similar properties, and thus will have its own specific angle of repose. In this case, a hopper design of forty-five degrees will allow most particulate materials to discharge from the hopper 22 from gravitational flow.
- BinsertTM such as sold by Jenike & Johanson Inc., Billerica, Mass.
- material is free flowing which allows the material to segregate upon its shifting as it is discharged from the hopper.
- Material segregates by sifting, which occurs on the top surface of a pile of material as fine particles sift through the voids between larger particles as the hopper is emptied. Due to the emptying flow pattern within the hopper, fine material at the center will be withdrawn first followed by the courser material second, which creates a segregation of material.
- a BinsertTM is an insert near the discharge port which controls exit velocity to minimize the problem of sifting segregation.
- the use of a BinsertTM also allows a shallower hopper to be used, which increases the storage capacity and maximizes the efficiency of the inventive intermodal container 10 .
- an unloading port is offset from the center of the bottom surface 17 , it is preferable to have the loading port offset an equal distance in the opposite direction. Locating the ports on the same side will result in a larger angle going back to an asymmetrical side so course granules will be diverted down the side which will discharge first. Offsetting the ports will result in a more uniform angle of repose, thus keeping the mixture within the hopper more uniform as it is discharged from hopper 22 .
- the hopper(s) of intermodal container 10 may also be equipped with cleaning devices to help assure all material is discharged from the hopper 22 to prevent cross contamination if the hopper 22 is used for a different material such as one different in color, size, or composition.
- One method for cleaning is to provide a series of air nozzles strategically placed throughout the container, including above a randomization grid (i.e., grid 50 ), and at other critical areas that tend to impede flow such as weld seams within hopper 22 .
- the air nozzles are connected to a series of pneumatic lines, which are then connected to compressed air.
- hopper 22 When hopper 22 contains a minimal amount of material to be discharged, compressed air is hooked up to the pneumatic line which then is blown through the strategically placed air nozzles to force all remaining granules to the base of the hopper 22 .
- hopper 22 can contain a shaker.
- a shaker is a mechanism which provides vibration at a certain harmonic to hopper 22 . The resulting vibration of the hopper 22 acts to provide energy to bounce all remaining granules from critical areas such as seams or the randomization grid 50 .
- moisture content is controlled within intermodal container 10 . Absent venting, moisture content of the granules may vary and leave moisture on the surfaces of hopper 22 . This prevents granules from leaving as granules will adhere to the moisture and create cross contamination if the hopper is later used for a different material. Also, moisture left behind can have a corrosive effect on the container. A solution for this is to create venting within the container. Systems of passive venting, such as gable vents, which are vents that contains a series of louvers to allow air to flow in and out of intermodal container 10 , but prevents moisture from rain or other precipitation from entering the container, are provided on the intermodal container 10 . For more active venting, a fan can be installed within the hopper 22 which will force air to flow through the granulated material and escape through the gable vent, or similar structure.
- intermodal container 10 is filled with granular material at a granular material processing facility. While filling, segregation of the granular material is minimized by one or more of the arrangements described herein.
- the filled intermodal container can be stored until an order for the granular material is received from a customer.
- the container can be filled upon receiving an order from a customer.
- the container is then transported from the manufacturing facility to the customer upon receiving the customer order.
- the customer can store the filled intermodal container at its facility until the granular material is required for processing.
- intermodal container 10 can be moved to a dispensing station of a manufacturing process where the material is required.
- the granular material is discharged from the intermodal container at this dispensing station as described above.
- each hopper may contain a selected material.
- the selected material in each hopper may be a different size, a different color, or different composition as that of an adjoining hopper.
- the customer can then dispense the granular material from the desired hopper of the intermodal container at its facility. For instance, a customer may request a shipment of number eleven red and number fourteen gray roofing granules. One hopper of the intermodal container will be filled with the number eleven red roofing granules while the other hopper will be filled with the number fourteen gray.
- the container is then stored until it is requested by the customer.
- the container Upon receiving a request by the customer, the container is transported via railroad, truck or ship. Once it reaches the customer's location, the container can store the granular materials in the intermodal container at the facility until the granular materials therein are required for use.
- the customer can refill the container with raw material and transport the intermodal container back to its original processing facility. This improves efficiency of a system, by not shipping empty containers.
- the containers may contain a GPS tag, which will allow the customer and/or supplier to know the whereabouts of a given container at any one time. GPS tags are known in the art.
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Abstract
The present application is a method of handling bulk granular material. First, an intermodal container is filled with the granular material at a processing facility. The filling is done in such a manner as to minimize segregation of the granular material. The filled container is then stored until an order for the granular material is received from a customer. Upon receiving an order, the intermodal container containing the granular material is transported from the manufacturing facility to the customer. Once at the customer's location, the customer can dispense the granular material from the filled intermodal container, wherein the intermodal container has been designed to minimize segregation of granular material during the dispensing step.
Description
- The present invention relates to transportation of flowable granular material in intermodal containers. More specifically, the present application discloses a method of using intermodal containers having hoppers for filling, storing, transporting, and dispensing granular materials therefrom with means for minimizing the segregation of the particles that comprise the granular material.
- The present application relates to intermodal containers, which are bulk material containers that are mountable on standard shipping platforms such as on railroad cars, truck trailer beds, ships, and other modes of transportation. The containers are often used to ship bulk material, including granular material. The intermodal containers for bulk flowable granular materials often contain loading ports on the top and discharge ports on the bottom for loading and unloading cargo, i.e. granular material, within hoppers formed within the container. The present invention details a method for filling an intermodal container and transporting material while minimizing segregation of the granular material.
- The present application is a method of handling bulk granular material. First, an intermodal container is filled with the granular material at a processing facility. The filling is done in such a manner as to minimize segregation of the granular material. The filled container is then stored until an order for the granular material is received from a customer. Upon receiving an order, the intermodal container containing the granular material is transported from the manufacturing facility to the customer. Once at the customer's location, the customer can dispense the granular material from the filled intermodal container, wherein the intermodal container has been designed to minimize segregation of granular material during the dispensing step.
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FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a schematic for an intermodal container of the present invention having two hoppers therein. -
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a closing mechanism for unloading port from one of the hoppers. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a hopper having a grid mounted therein to randomize the distribution of granular material entering the hopper. -
FIG. 3A is a perspective view of the grid ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a series of cross members mounted within a hopper to form a granular material distribution randomization. -
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a hopper being loaded with granular material from a conduit, and a distribution cone within the hopper. -
FIG. 6 is a schematic end view of the intermodal container ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 7 is a side schematic view of the intermodal container ofFIG. 1 . - The present invention is further explained with reference to the drawing figures, wherein like structures are referred to by like numbers throughout the several views. While the above-identified drawings set forth one embodiment of the present invention, other embodiments are also contemplated, as noted in the discussion. In all cases, this disclosure presents the present invention by way of representation and not limitation. It should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art which fall within the scope and spirit of the principles of this invention.
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FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a schematic for an intermodal container of the present invention. (Interior walls of the intermodal container inFIG. 1 , as well as those inFIGS. 6 and 7 , are shown phantom.)Intermodal container 10 comprisesparallel side walls parallel end walls top wall 16 and abottom wall 17. All walls are constructed of flat metal plates or a combination of metal plates and corrugated metal plates, or similar structures commonly used in construction of intermodal containers.Side walls top wall 16 andbottom wall 17, are of solid construction and attached to one another in a semi-permanent or permanent fashion.End wall 14 attaches to the one of the side walls via a vertical hinge and is lockable to the other side wall to function as a door for theintermodal container 10.End wall 15 may be likewise connected to theside walls -
Intermodal container 10 is intended for use on a standard shipping platform, and thus is of a standard size. Preferably, the dimensions and other criteria for the container are those that are set forth in International Standard Organization (ISO) Section 55.180, specifically Standard 1496-4, a standard known in the art. The standard gives the dimensions for the exterior of theintermodal container 10. In the embodiment pictured, theintermodal container 10 is eight foot wide, by eight foot tall, by twenty foot long. Also included on theintermodal container 10, but not illustrated, are standardized features for nodes on each of the eight corners for stacking and lifting the container, and for interlocking it with adjacent containers. Additionally, lifting points are included as required by the standard, or for ease of use of theintermodal container 10. -
Intermodal container 10 comprises twohoppers partition 24. Eachhopper 22 has aloading port 26, an uppermain storage area 28, alower hopper portion 30, and one or moreunloading ports 32. In addition, a portion of the container isunused storage space 34, below thelower hopper portion 30 of eachhopper 22.Hoppers container 10.Hoppers partition 24.Partition 24 is an additional vertical wall constructed within theintermodal container 10, preferably situated to create a symmetrical division within theintermodal container 10 wherein eachhopper 22 will represent approximately one half of the granular material storage space for theintermodal container 10. In the embodiment illustrated,partition 24 is a metal plate. In alternate embodiments, theintermodal container 10 may contain only a single hopper, or may contain more than two hoppers, so long as each hopper meets the design criteria for minimizing segregation. - Each
loading port 26 is an opening through thetop wall 16 ofintermodal container 10. As illustrated inFIG. 1 ,loading ports 26 are circular in shape. However, any opening, including squares or parallelograms, may be utilized so long as there is a sufficient open area in thetop wall 16 to load theintermodal container 10. Additionally, eachloading port 26 contains a lid (not shown), preferably hinged fromintermodal container 10, for securing andclosing loading port 26. Lids can be held in place with ordinary fasteners for securing and closingloading port 26 ofintermodal container 10 to prevent spilling of bulk material during transport. - In each hopper, just below loading
port 26, is main granularmaterial storage area 28. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1 the main storage area is a parallelopiped. For hopper 22 a, thewalls top wall 16 along withpartition 24 create the upper definition of themain storage area 28. Forhopper 22 b, thewalls top wall 16 along withpartition 24 create the upper definition ofmain storage area 28. In one embodiment, themain storage area 28 is constructed from metal sheeting or plates that are reinforced with angle iron to support a load of bulk granular material within its respective hopper. - For each hopper, located adjacent and just below the
main storage area 28 is thelower hopper portion 30. In the illustrated embodiment ofFIG. 1 , each hopper contains two side-by-side hopper portions FIG. 6 ). This embodiment is designed for use with a vehicle wherein the shipping platform contains a centralized beam which would impede unloading through an unloading port when the unloading port is located at the lateral center of theintermodal container 10. In an alternative embodiment, each hopper contains only a singlelower hopper portion 30. In such an embodiment, thehopper portion 30 would contain an opening located at the center of the portion ofbottom wall 17 below the hopper. - Each
hopper portion 30 is designed to assure that substantially all material stored within the container flows out of theintermodal container 10 through the force of gravity. The hopper portions are connected to thewalls partition 24, or to the plates that comprise themain storage area 28 in an alternative embodiment. The hopper portions are also reinforced with angle irons or similar structures to support the granular material load being transported. - Unloading
port 32 is an opening on thebottom wall 17 of theintermodal container 10.FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a suitable closing mechanism for unloadingport 32. In this embodiment, aretractable plate 36 is movably aligned adjacent thebottom wall 17. In a first position, the retractable plate fully covers the unloadingport 32, preventing the stored granular material from discharging from theintermodal container 10. Theplate 36 is on aslide mechanism 38 that allows theplate 36 to be retracted into a second position, which leaves the unloadingport 32 fully open for discharging the granular material from theintermodal container 10. Preferably, theslide mechanism 38 contains acontrol mechanism 40, such as a crank, on the outer side of theintermodal container 10 for selectively controlling the position of theplate 36 relative to the unloadingport 32. Theslide mechanisms 38 for the slide apparatus can be located within thenon-used storage area 34 ofintermodal container 10. - In further describing the invention of the present application, the granular particulate materials are provided for reference as examples of bulk granular material: #11 and #14 grade roofing granules, and S-Grade color quartz ceramic coated crystals available from 3M Corporation, St. Paul, Minn. Such roofing granules contain a maximum of 0.3 percent moisture content, are opaque to protect an underlying asphalt substrate from the effects of sunlight, and are between a six and seven on the Moh's mineral scale. Such color quartz ceramic color crystals do not exceed 0.5 percent moisture content as determined by ASTM C566, and are on a hardness of between 6.5 and 7 on the Moh's mineral scale. All of these materials come in various colors including black, blue, brown, buff, green, gray, red, and white. Each of the particulate granules of the three mentioned products contain a mixture of sizes of particles determined by ASTM D451 as indicated in the following tables:
-
NOMINAL U.S. SIEVE NO. OPENING MINIMUM MAXIMUM TYPICAL % RETAINED SPECIFICATION (#11 GRADE) 8 2.36 mm 0.0 0.1 — 12 1.70 mm 4.0 10.0 — 16 1.18 mm — — 30-45* 20 850 Φm — — 25-35* 30 600 Φm — — 15-25* 40 425 Φm — — 2-9* −40 −425 Φm 0.0 2.0 — % RETAINED SPECIFICATION (#14 GRADE) 8 2.36 mm — — — 12 1.70 mm 0.0 0.3 — 16 1.18 mm 0.5 15.0 — 20 850 Φm — — 38-62* 30 600 Φm — — 23-38* 40 425 Φm — — 1-18* −40 −425 Φm 0.0 4.0 — METHOD U.S. SIEVE % RETAINED SIEVE SPECIFICATIONS (S-GRADE) ASTM D 451 20 0-2 30 7-14* 40 46-73* 50 15-35* 70 0-6* −70 0-1
*Typical range
- It is important that all of the above products have a homogenous mixture of the particle sizes when utilized for covering shingles or other applications. This homogenous mixture is necessary for maximum performance of the granules, which is a covering of asphalt shingles with a mix of particle sizes. The granules protect the asphalt of the underlying shingle to prevent degradation of the asphalt. This is accomplished by the granules preventing ultraviolet light from reaching the asphalt which quickly degrades the shingles. Further, the mixture is needed to assure a uniform weight and color when applied to the shingles for aesthetic purposes. As such, it is necessary to have a homogenous mixture of particles when applying the granules. To accomplish this, the following methods for preventing segregation of particles are used in connection with the use of the inventive intermodal container arrangement of the present invention.
- Upon filling of the
intermodal container 10, randomizing of the distribution of particulate size to create a homogenous load within the container is used. Typically, when piling particular matter of varying sizes within a mix, i.e., loading or unloading the material for storage, the mixture has a tendency to segregate. Larger granules have a greater potential energy than smaller granules. This greater potential energy transforms to greater kinetic energy as the granules free fall. When the granules reach the end of their fall, the greater kinetic energy of the larger particles causes them to deflect further from the objects the granules strike. This creates what is called a “piling effect”. Course granules are forced to the outer sides of a pile while the finer granules tend to stay in the middle. This piling effect occurs in storage piles, hoppers, silos, and wherever granules are allowed to fill a storage vessel in a free flowing manner. With the present invention, steps are taken to prevent this piling effect when loading and unloading the granules from the hopper(s) of theintermodal container 10. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of ahopper 22 in anintermodal container 10 being filled withgranular material 25. A grid 50 (SeeFIG. 3A ) is mounted in ahopper 22 to randomize the distribution by size of granular material entering thehopper 22.Grid 50 is either a course mesh or a series of inverted angle iron or rods fastened together. In the case of using inverted angle irons, it is important that the angle iron is inverted so that the apex of the corner of the angle iron is normal to the inlet to the inlet port. This prevents particles from remaining on a surface of the angle iron, which prevents flow upon unloading ofhopper 22. In one embodiment, thegrid 50 is made of hardened steel to prevent wear from the roofing granules, which can be very abrasive upon loading. In an alternative embodiment, the grid is ceramic coated to prevent wear from the abrasiveness of the granules falling onto the grid. Other suitable materials include scratch-resistant rubber and other high durometer-scale materials. Thegrid 50 is mounted adjacent theloading port 26. A plurality of grid layers may be employed as well. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a series of granular material flow interruption members mounted within thehopper 22. Rather than havinggrid 50 near loadingport 26, thehopper 22 itself contains a series of members represented byrods 42, and/orinverted angle irons 44, and/or other shapedbeams 45 throughout thehopper 22. Thus, when the granules of the mixture enter thehopper 22, they will hitmembers members adjacent members hopper 22 is filled (as shown by arrows 49). - The
members partition 24 and endwalls additional members side walls main storage area 28 of the hopper so as not to interrupt flow upon discharge of the material from theintermodal container 10. -
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of ahopper 22 in anintermodal container 10 being filled withgranular material 25. In this embodiment, a cone 55 is placed just below loadingport 26. Cone 55 is constructed of the same materials as thegrid 50 or that which comprises thehopper 22. The cone 55 creates a radial flow of the materials entering thehopper 22. As such, when the falling granules strike the cone 55, part of the kinetic energy is removed creating a randomization of the granule materials entering thehopper 22. In yet another embodiment (not illustrated), granular material enters thehopper 22 through a tube that contains outlet ports spaced circumferentially around the tube. The end of the tube may be closed, so the tube acts as a distributor, which creates a spreading effect of the granules as they enter thehopper 22. This creates a randomization of the particles as they enter. Also, the tube can be made to minimize the free fall of the particles within the hopper thus removing some of the associated kinetic energy as the particles enter the hopper. In all of the above embodiments, the objective is to obtain a homogenous load mixture that is being introduced into the hopper for storage. The arrangements described above help keep the randomization of size and maintain a homogenous load by minimizing segregation as the bulk particulate material entersintermodal container 10. - The
intermodal container 10 of the present invention may also be designed to minimize segregation upon unloading of the particulate material therein. Specifically, the lower portion of the hopper should be designed to allow gravitational flow of substantially all material out ofhopper 22. Also, becauseintermodal container 10 has been filled by a method of randomizing particle size and minimizing segregation, the material stored will be of a homogenous load prior to unloading. Preventing segregation upon unloadingintermodal container 10 eliminates the need for remixing the bulk granular material being stored and transported. - When piling granular material, the material creates a pile that has a slope at an angle with the horizon. This slope is called the angle of repose. Small particulate matter, such as fine sand, has an angle of repose of about twenty-five degrees. More course material, such as some of the particulate matter contained in the roofing granules disclosed, has an angle of repose closer to forty degrees. When designing the hopper, in order to unload all the material within
hopper 22, the sloped walls of the lower portion of the hopper should be designed with an angle that is greater than that of the angle of repose of the material, which in the case of the #11 roofing granules is thirty-eight degrees. - In designing
hopper portions 30 ofhoppers FIGS. 1 and 6 ), it is preferred that the sloped walls extend at an angle of greater than forty degrees.FIG. 6 is and end view ofintermodal container 10. In the embodiment shown inFIG. 6 , wherein each hopper contains two unloadingports 32, slopedwalls 60 of thehopper portion 30 near theside walls intermodal container 10 are as close to vertical as possible to maximize the amount of storage space withinhopper 22. The remaining sloped walls, walls 62 (seeFIGS. 6 and 7 ) are designed to contain an angle greater than the angle of repose of the particulate material being stored and transported within theintermodal container 10. Where the bulk material is #11 roofing granules, the angle must be greater than thirty-eight degrees. The remaining two sides of thehopper 22 also create planes that terminate at the unloadingport 32, so that the hopper is generally pyramidal or trapezoidal shaped. - The
hopper 22 itself is constructed from hardened metal or is ceramic coated to maintain integrity and prevent abrasion while being filled. In one embodiment, thehopper 22 is lined with a polymeric material to promote flow of the granular material.Lower hopper portions 30 are designed depending upon the selected material which will be filled withinhopper 22. A selected material may differ in color, size, or composition, or a combination of these or similar properties, and thus will have its own specific angle of repose. In this case, a hopper design of forty-five degrees will allow most particulate materials to discharge from thehopper 22 from gravitational flow. - In addition to hopper design, another way of minimizing segregation upon discharge is the use of a Binsert™ such as sold by Jenike & Johanson Inc., Billerica, Mass. As the material is discharged from
hopper 22, material is free flowing which allows the material to segregate upon its shifting as it is discharged from the hopper. Material segregates by sifting, which occurs on the top surface of a pile of material as fine particles sift through the voids between larger particles as the hopper is emptied. Due to the emptying flow pattern within the hopper, fine material at the center will be withdrawn first followed by the courser material second, which creates a segregation of material. A Binsert™ is an insert near the discharge port which controls exit velocity to minimize the problem of sifting segregation. The use of a Binsert™ also allows a shallower hopper to be used, which increases the storage capacity and maximizes the efficiency of the inventiveintermodal container 10. - In an alternative embodiment, if an unloading port is offset from the center of the
bottom surface 17, it is preferable to have the loading port offset an equal distance in the opposite direction. Locating the ports on the same side will result in a larger angle going back to an asymmetrical side so course granules will be diverted down the side which will discharge first. Offsetting the ports will result in a more uniform angle of repose, thus keeping the mixture within the hopper more uniform as it is discharged fromhopper 22. - The hopper(s) of
intermodal container 10 may also be equipped with cleaning devices to help assure all material is discharged from thehopper 22 to prevent cross contamination if thehopper 22 is used for a different material such as one different in color, size, or composition. One method for cleaning is to provide a series of air nozzles strategically placed throughout the container, including above a randomization grid (i.e., grid 50), and at other critical areas that tend to impede flow such as weld seams withinhopper 22. The air nozzles are connected to a series of pneumatic lines, which are then connected to compressed air. Whenhopper 22 contains a minimal amount of material to be discharged, compressed air is hooked up to the pneumatic line which then is blown through the strategically placed air nozzles to force all remaining granules to the base of thehopper 22. In another embodiment,hopper 22 can contain a shaker. A shaker is a mechanism which provides vibration at a certain harmonic tohopper 22. The resulting vibration of thehopper 22 acts to provide energy to bounce all remaining granules from critical areas such as seams or therandomization grid 50. - Additionally, to assure complete emptying of the
hopper 22, moisture content is controlled withinintermodal container 10. Absent venting, moisture content of the granules may vary and leave moisture on the surfaces ofhopper 22. This prevents granules from leaving as granules will adhere to the moisture and create cross contamination if the hopper is later used for a different material. Also, moisture left behind can have a corrosive effect on the container. A solution for this is to create venting within the container. Systems of passive venting, such as gable vents, which are vents that contains a series of louvers to allow air to flow in and out ofintermodal container 10, but prevents moisture from rain or other precipitation from entering the container, are provided on theintermodal container 10. For more active venting, a fan can be installed within thehopper 22 which will force air to flow through the granulated material and escape through the gable vent, or similar structure. - With the above design of an intermodal container, a method of handling bulk granular material that minimizes segregation of the granular material can be achieved. First,
intermodal container 10 is filled with granular material at a granular material processing facility. While filling, segregation of the granular material is minimized by one or more of the arrangements described herein. The filled intermodal container can be stored until an order for the granular material is received from a customer. Alternatively, the container can be filled upon receiving an order from a customer. The container is then transported from the manufacturing facility to the customer upon receiving the customer order. The customer can store the filled intermodal container at its facility until the granular material is required for processing. Once the material is required for processing,intermodal container 10 can be moved to a dispensing station of a manufacturing process where the material is required. The granular material is discharged from the intermodal container at this dispensing station as described above. With the minimization of the segregation of the granular material during the filling and dispensing steps, it is not necessary for a manufacturer to have to remix the material that has been transported. - In the embodiment where the intermodal container contains a plurality of hoppers, each hopper may contain a selected material. The selected material in each hopper may be a different size, a different color, or different composition as that of an adjoining hopper. The customer can then dispense the granular material from the desired hopper of the intermodal container at its facility. For instance, a customer may request a shipment of number eleven red and number fourteen gray roofing granules. One hopper of the intermodal container will be filled with the number eleven red roofing granules while the other hopper will be filled with the number fourteen gray. The container is then stored until it is requested by the customer. Upon receiving a request by the customer, the container is transported via railroad, truck or ship. Once it reaches the customer's location, the container can store the granular materials in the intermodal container at the facility until the granular materials therein are required for use.
- Once a customer has emptied an intermodal container, the customer can refill the container with raw material and transport the intermodal container back to its original processing facility. This improves efficiency of a system, by not shipping empty containers. Additionally, the containers may contain a GPS tag, which will allow the customer and/or supplier to know the whereabouts of a given container at any one time. GPS tags are known in the art.
- Although the hopper is designed to discharge all material, such design leaves
non-used storage area 34 in each intermodal container. Although this is not the most efficient way of shipping, that is, there is not a maximum use of the shipping space, it is still a savings of efficiency. The savings of efficiency comes from the lack of requirement of remixing a product that has been segregated due to transportation. The elimination of this remixing step makes up for the void of thenon-used storage area 34 while shipping the container. - Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (18)
1. A method of handling bulk granular material, the method comprising:
filling an intermodal container with granular material at a granular material processing facility;
minimizing segregation of the granular material during the filling step;
storing the filled intermodal container until an order for granular material is received from a customer; and
transporting the filled intermodal container from the manufacturing facility to the customer upon receiving the customer order.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein transporting the filled intermodal container comprises placing the intermodal container on a standard shipping platform.
3. The method of claim 1 , and further comprising:
storing the filled intermodal container at a customer facility until the granular material therein is required for use.
4. The method of claim 3 and further comprising:
moving the filled intermodal container to a dispensing station of a manufacturing process where the granular material is required;
dispensing granular material from the filled intermodal container at the dispensing station; and
minimizing segregation of the granular material during the dispensing step.
5. A method of handling bulk granular material with minimal segregation of the granular material, the method comprising:
providing an intermodal container comprising a plurality of hoppers;
filling the hoppers of the intermodal container with a selected granular material for each hopper;
storing the intermodal container;
transporting the intermodal container upon receiving a request for an amount of granular material from a customer; and
storing the granular materials in the intermodal container at a customer facility until the granular materials are required for use.
6. The method of claim 5 and further comprising:
dispensing the granular materials from one or more of the hoppers of the intermodal container at the customer facility.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein filling the hoppers of the intermodal container comprises filling each hopper based on a request by the customer for an amount of selected granular material.
8. The method of claim 5 wherein filling the hoppers of the intermodal container comprises filling each of the plurality of hoppers with a plurality of roofing granules at a roofing granule processing facility.
9. The method of claim 8 and further comprising:
dispensing the roofing granules from one or more hoppers of the intermodal container;
loading one or more hoppers of the intermodal container with a raw material for use in manufacturing a roofing granule after the roofing granules have been dispensed; and
transporting the raw material to the roofing granule processing facility.
10. A method of supplying a customer with bulk granular material while minimizing segregation of the granular material due to transport and storage, the method comprising:
obtaining a request from a customer for an amount of bulk granular material;
loading an intermodal container having a plurality of hoppers with granular material, wherein each hopper contains an amount of granular material corresponding to the request by the customer; and
transporting the intermodal container to the customer.
11. The method of claim 10 and further comprising:
storing the intermodal container until a transport vehicle is available.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein transporting the intermodal container to the customer comprises transporting the intermodal container using a standard shipping platform.
13. The method of claim 10 and further comprising:
storing the intermodal container at the customer until the bulk granular material therein is required for use.
14. An intermodal container for handling of homogenous bulk granular material comprising:
a parallelepiped having two opposite side walls, two opposite end walls, a top wall and an opposite bottom wall, the walls defining a volume therein;
at least one loading port in the top wall;
at least one unloading port in the bottom wall; and
at least one hopper constructed within the volume defined by the walls comprising:
a main storage area in communication with the loading port;
a lower hopper portion in communication with the unloading port;
a mechanism to minimize segregation of the bulk granular material while loading the material into the hopper through the loading port; and
an apparatus to minimize segregation of the bulk granular material upon unloading the material from the hopper through the unloading port.
15. The intermodal container of claim 14 wherein the mechanism to minimize segregation while loading comprises a grid adjacent the loading port.
16. The intermodal container of claim 14 wherein the mechanism to minimize segregation while loading comprises members mounted between the side and end walls in the main storage area.
17. The intermodal container of claim 14 wherein the mechanism to minimize segregation while loading comprises a cone mounted below the loading port in the main storage area.
18. The intermodal container of claim 14 wherein the apparatus to minimize segregation upon unloading comprises the lower hopper portion comprising sloped walls at an angle from a horizon that is greater than the angle of repose of the bulk granular material.
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