US20060130333A1

US20060130333A1 - Method of forming bearing ring resistant to season cracking

Info

Publication number: US20060130333A1
Application number: US11/355,046
Authority: US
Inventors: Kazutoshi Toda; Shinichirou Kashiwagi; Daisaku Tomita
Original assignee: Koyo Seiko Co Ltd
Current assignee: JTEKT Corp
Priority date: 2001-10-15
Filing date: 2006-02-15
Publication date: 2006-06-22
Also published as: US20030072511A1; EP1302336B1; EP1302336A2; JP4127009B2; JP2003194073A; DE60227226D1; US7001078B2; EP1302336A3

Abstract

A method sets a retained austenite amount of an edge of a bearing ring of a bearing to between 3% or more and 20% or less. The method includes exposing the bearing ring to an environment having a temperature in the range of 850° C. to 930° C., an ammonia concentration, and a carbon concentration C·P in a range of 0.9 to 1.1%, for a period of not more than 5 hours. The ammonia concentration of the environment is in a range of 4 to 7 CFH. The temperature of the environment is then reduced to a temperature in a range of 800° C. to 830° C. for a second period of at least 30 minutes. The bearing ring is next quenched in oil and then heat treated in an environment set to a temperature of 160° C. to 200° C. and then air cooled.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a rolling bearing unit having a rolling bearing attached to the outer periphery of a shaft body such as a vehicle-use hub unit.
The vehicle-use hub unit, in general, has a hub wheel and a double row rolling bearing. The rolling bearing is mounted on the outer periphery of the shaft body of a hub wheel so as not to slip off the shaft body.
The shaft body of the hub wheel has on its free end side a cylindrical portion used for preventing the bearing from slipping off the shaft body. The cylindrical portion is bent and deformed outward in a radial direction using a caulking jig to be caulked onto an axial outer end face of an inner ring of the bearing. Thereby the cylindrical portion forms a caulking portion. The caulking portion prevents the bearing from slipping off the hub wheel. At the same time, a pre-load is applied from the caulking portion to the inner ring of the bearing. Carbon steel is used as the material of the inner ring of the bearing.
In order to enhance the life of the bearing, the inner ring is heat-treated to increase the strength of a raceway surface thereof.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

When the rolling bearing unit is left for the purpose of storage or the like with the inner ring caulked onto the shaft body of the hub wheel, a phenomenon in which the inner ring is cracked and broken (hereinafter, referred to as season cracking) may be generated.
Accordingly, it is a main object of the invention to provide a rolling bearing unit preventing the generation of season cracking in the edge of an inner ring of a rolling bearing.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description.
In one aspect of the invention, this is accomplished by providing a rolling bearing unit comprising a shaft body, an inner ring and a fastening member. The inner ring is mounted on an outer peripheral surface of the shaft body. The inner ring is formed of carbon steel. The surface of the inner ring is heat treated and has a surface layer in which retained austenite exists. The fastening member is fastened to an axial outer end face of the inner ring for applying a tensile stress in an outer peripheral direction of the inner ring. The inner ring has an edge on an outside in a radial direction thereof. The surface layer is removed from the edge of the inner ring.
According to the rolling bearing unit of the invention, the surface layer, which causes season cracking, is removed from the edge of the inner ring. Therefore, the influence of a volume increase in the transformation of retained austenite into martensite, is reduced. As a result, the generation of the season cracking on the edge of the inner ring due to an increase in a tensile strength is prevented.
Preferably, the surface layer is removed from edge of the inner ring by polishing or turning. More preferably, an amount of the retained austenite existing in the edge of the inner ring is set between 3% or more and 20% or less by removing the surface layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURE.

These and other objects as well as advantages of the invention will become clear by the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a rolling bearing unit comprising a hub unit for a driving wheel according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing an inner ring of the rolling bearing unit according to the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing an inner ring of a rolling bearing unit;
FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a surface layer generated on the surface of the inner ring of the rolling bearing unit; and
FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing an inner ring of a rolling bearing unit according to another embodiment of the invention.
In all these figures, like components are indicated by the same numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a rolling bearing unit comprising a vehicle-use hub unit for a driving wheel according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. A hub wheel 1 on which a wheel is mounted has a shaft body 2 as a rotatable shaft. A double row rolling bearing 3, which is specifically an angular ball bearing as one example of rolling bearings, is pressed and fitted onto the outer peripheral surface of the shaft body 2 from the vehicle inner side.
The rolling bearing 3 has an inner ring 32. The inner ring 32 is attached to an annular groove 2 a in the outer peripheral surface of the vehicle inner side of the shaft body 2. The inner ring 32 has an inner ring raceway 32 d, while the shaft body 2 has an inner ring raceway 2 b on the outer peripheral surface in the middle in an axial direction thereof. The inner ring raceway 2 b constitutes a pair of inner ring raceways in the axial direction together with the inner ring raceway 32 d of the inner ring 32. Moreover, the shaft body 2 has an outward radial flange 2 c on the outer peripheral surface of the vehicle outer side thereof.
A tire wheel and a brake disk, not shown, are attached to a side of the vehicle outer side of the flange 2 c. Furthermore, the rolling bearing 3 has an outer ring 33. The outer ring 33 is fixed to a vehicle body through a steering knuckle, not shown, and is provided with outer ring raceways 38 and 39 in two rows in the axial direction on the inner peripheral surface thereof.
The outer ring 33 is situated coaxially on the outside in the radial direction with respect to the inner ring 32. The rolling bearing 3 includes; balls 34 and 35 in two rows in the axial direction interposed between the inner ring raceways 32 d and 2 b and outer ring raceways 38 and 39; cages 36 and 37 in two rows in the axial direction which hold the balls 34 and 35; and seal rings 7 and 8 for sealing both ends in the axial direction of the rolling bearing 3.
A shaft end of the vehicle inner side of the shaft body 2 is bent and deformed outward in a radial direction and is caulked onto an outer end face 32 a on the vehicle inner side of the inner ring 32, thereby forming a caulking portion 4. The caulking portion 4 as a fastening member applies an appropriate pre-load to the balls 34 and 35 and prevents the rolling bearing 3 from slipping from the shaft body 2.
With reference to FIG. 2, carbon steel such as high carbon chromium steel (Japanese Industrial Standards SUJ2, bearing steel) or carbon steels for machine structural use (Japanese Industrial Standards S55C) is used for the material of the inner ring 32.
In order to increase the surface strength of the raceway 32 d of the inner ring 32 to enhance the life of the bearing, the inner ring 32 is heat treated in a process for manufacturing the inner ring 32. The heat treatment is carried out in a slight carburizing atmosphere in order to prevent decarburization. Or the heat treatment is carried out in a carbonitriding atmosphere in which a small amount of NH₃(ammonia gas) is added to an atmospheric gas.
As a result of an examination of season cracking, the following matters are considered. With reference to FIGS. 4 and 5, description will be given to the phenomenon in which the season cracking is generated. Numeral 32 denotes an inner ring and numeral 2 denotes a shaft body of a hub wheel. The end of the shaft body 2 is caulked onto an outer end face 32 a on the end in the axial direction of the inner ring 32, thereby forming a caulking portion 4. A tensile stress in a circumferential direction is applied from the caulking portion 4 to a portion of the inner ring 32 in the vicinity of the caulking portion 4. Since the outer end face 32 a of the inner ring 32 is held by the caulking portion 4, the tensile stress thereof converges on an outer diameter side edge 32 b of the inner ring 32.
After the heat treatment of the inner ring, a surface layer L having an amount of retained austenite larger than other portions of the inner ring 32 is formed on the surface of the inner ring 32 as shown in FIG. 4.
An outer diameter side edge 32 b of the outer end face 32 a of the inner ring 32 is constituted by the outer end face 32 a of the inner ring 32 and an outer peripheral surface 32 c in a shoulder portion of the inner ring. In the surface layer L of the outer diameter side edge 32 b, the retained austenite amount becomes larger than that of the other surface layer due to heating and carbon diffusion from the outer end face 32 a and the outer peripheral surface 32 c in the inner ring 32 during the heat treatment of the inner ring 32.
After the heat treatment, the retained austenite in the surface layer L is transformed into martensite, so that the volume of the surface layer L is increased.
Together with the tensile stress applied in the outer diameter side edge 32 b of the inner ring 32, the increase in the volume of the surface layer L by the martensite results in an increase in a tensile stress. As a result the season cracking may be caused over the diameter side edge 32 b of the inner ring 32.
As described above, it is considered that the retained austenite amount in the outer diameter side edge 32 b of the inner ring 32 causes the generation of the season cracking phenomenon.
Thus, in order to prevent the season cracking, this invention proposes a rolling bearing unit capable of preventing the season cracking phenomenon by decreasing the retained austenite amount in the outer diameter side edge 32 b of the inner ring 32.
Hereinafter, description will be given of a method of decreasing the retained austenite amount in the outer diameter side edge 32 b of the inner ring 32.
According to a first method, in view of a point that the retained austenite amount in the surface layer L gradually decreases from the surface of the inner ring to the inside, the surface layer L in the outer diameter side edge 32 b of the inner ring 32 is removed until a predetermined depth by polishing or turning, thereby decreasing the retained austenite amount in the outer diameter side edge 32 b.
Accordingly, in the outer diameter side edge 32 b, the surface layer L is removed such that the retained austenite amount becomes between 3% or more and 20% or less in the range a in which at least tensile stress converges, thereby reducing the percentage of generation of the season cracking in the inner ring 32.
A concrete range a is determined as follows.
The range a in a radius r, in which the surface layer is removed from the edge 32 b, satisfies the following expression:
(φB−φA)/2≧r≧D
wherein φA represents an outer diameter of the caulking portion 4, φB represents an outer diameter of the outer peripheral surface 32 c in the shoulder portion of the inner ring 32, r represents a radius from the edge 32 b of the inner ring 32 in the vicinity of the caulking portion 4, and D (mm) represents a numeric value which is almost equal to the thickness of the surface layer in which an amount of retained austenite which generates on the surface of the inner ring 32 is much more than that of other portions of the inner ring (for example, 20% or more). The thickness of the surface layer is preferably 0.5 mm.
By removing the surface layer present within the range satisfying the expression by the radius r from the edge 32 b of the inner ring 32, thus, retained austenite amount on the edge 32 b is between 3% or more and 20% or less, preferably between 5% or more and 15% or less, more preferably between 5% or more and 10% or less.
When the retained austenite amount was equal to or less than 20%, the season cracking was not generated after the passage of the days. When the retained austenite amount was 23%, the season cracking was generated on a tenth day. When the retained austenite amount was 30%, the season cracking was generated on a seventh day.
According to the rolling bearing unit thus constituted, the retained austenite amount is set between 3% or more and 20% or less within the range of the radius r satisfying the expression from the edge 32 b of the inner ring 32 so that the influence of a volume dilatation can be reduced in the transformation of the retained austenite into martensite. As a result, it is possible to prevent the season cracking from being generated on the edge 32 b of the inner ring 32 due to an increase in a tensile stress caused by the caulking portion 4. Consequently, the reliability of the bearing can be enhanced.
The invention is not restricted to the embodiment in which the edge 32 b of the inner ring 32 is subjected to the polishing or the turning to set the retained austenite amount in the edge 32 b to be between 3% or more and 20% or less but the retained austenite amount in the edge 32 b may be set between 3% or more and 20% or less by the optimization of heat-treating conditions in the process for manufacturing the inner ring 32.
Conventional heat-treating conditions are as follows. More specifically, the inner ring 32 is put in a heat treatment furnace. At this time, the internal temperature of the heat treating furnace is set to 850° C. to 930° C. The heat treating time for the inner ring 32 is set to five hours. A carbon concentration C·P (Carbon·Potential) in the heat treatment furnace is set to 1.1 to 1.4%, and an ammonia concentration is set to 7 to 11 CFH. The CFH represents ft.sup.3/H (cubic foot per hour). Then, the internal temperature of the heat treatment furnace is dropped to 800° C. to 830° C. and the temperature dropping state is kept for 30 minutes. After that the inner ring 32 is taken out of the heat treatment furnace and is then thrown into the oil kept at temperatures of 60° C. to 100° C. to be quenched (oil cooling). After the oil cooling, the inner ring 32 is tempered again for two hours in a heat treatment furnace having an internal temperature of 160° C. to 200° C. Subsequently, the inner ring 32 is taken out of the heat treating furnace and is air cooled.
In the invention, the conventional heat-treating conditions for the inner ring 32 are improved. More specifically, the inner ring 32 is put in the heat treatment furnace. At this time, the internal temperature of the heat treating furnace is set to 850° C. to 930° C. The heat treating time of the inner ring 32 is set to five hours. A carbon concentration C·P (Carbon·Potential) in the heat treating furnace is set to 0.9 to 1.1%, and an ammonia concentration is set to 4 to 7 CFH. Then, the internal temperature of the heat treatment furnace is dropped to 800° C. to 830° C. The temperature dropping state is held for 30 minutes. Thereafter the inner ring 32 is then taken out of the heat treatment furnace and is thereafter put into oil kept at temperatures 60° C. to 100° C. to be quenched (oil cooling). After the oil cooling, the inner ring 32 is tempered again for two hours in a heat treatment furnace having an internal temperature of 160° C. to 200° C. Subsequently, the inner ring 32 is taken out of the heat treating furnace and is air cooled.
In the invention, thus, the carbon concentration and the Ammonia concentration in the heat-treating conditions are improved so that the retained austenite amount in the edge 32 b can be set between 3% or more and 20% or less without polishing or turning the edge 32 b of the inner ring 32.
The invention is not restricted to the inner ring 32 having the structure described in the embodiment. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, a step 32 e having a diameter reduced is provided on the vehicle inner side end of the shoulder portion of the inner ring 32, and the step 32 e is set to be the installation space of a rotating speed sensor and the vehicle inner side end of the step 32 e is set to be the edge 32 b. The retained austenite amount within the range of the radius r satisfying the expression may be set between 3% or more and 20% or less in the edge 32 b.
In the invention, a fastening member is not restricted to the caulking portion 4 in the embodiment but may be a nut screwed to the shaft body 2 and fastened to an outer end face in the axial direction of the inner ring 32. In brief, the shaft body 2 includes a fastening member which is fastened to the outer end face in the axial direction of the inner ring 32 and applies a tensile stress in the outer peripheral direction of the inner ring 32.
The invention is not restricted to the hub unit comprising a combination of the hub wheel and the angular ball bearing in the embodiment but the hub wheel or the like may be set to be the shaft body and a rolling bearing such as an angular ball bearing may be applied to various rolling bearing units provided on the outer periphery of the shaft body.

Claims

1. A method of producing a bearing ring with a retained austenite concentration of 3% to 20% in an edge surface, comprising:

forming a bearing ring of carbon steel; and

exposing the bearing ring to an environment having a temperature in the range of 850° C. to 930° C. an ammonia concentration, and a carbon concentration C·P in a range of 0.9 to less than 1.1%, for a period of not more than 5 hours.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising setting the ammonia concentration of the environment in a range of 4 to 7 CFH.

3. The method of claim 2 further comprising reducing the temperature of the environment to a temperature in a range of 800° C. to 830° C. for a second period of at least 30 minutes after the period of not more than 5 hours is expired.

4. The method of claim 3 further comprising removing the bearing ring from the environment at the end of the second period and quenching the bearing ring in oil at a temperature in a range of 60° C. to 100° C.

5. The method of claim 4 further comprising tempering the bearing ring after the quenching in an environment set to a temperature of 160° C. to 200° C.

6. The method of claim 5 further comprising air cooling the bearing ring after the quenching.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the carbon steel is high carbon chromium steel corresponding to Japanese Industrial Standards SUJ2.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein the carbon steel is machine structural use steel corresponding to Japanese Industrial Standards S55C.

9. The method of claim 1 further comprising setting an ammonia concentration of the environment is in the range of 4 to less than 7 CFH.

10. The method of claim 9 further comprising reducing the temperature of the environment to a temperature in a range of 800° C. to 830° C. for a second period of at least 30 minutes after the period of not more than 5 hours is expired.

11. The method of claim 10 further comprising removing the bearing ring from the environment at the end of the second period and quenching the bearing ring in oil at a temperature in a range of 60° C. to 100° C.

12. The method of claim 11 further comprising tempering the bearing ring after the quenching in an environment set to a temperature in a range of 160° C. to 200° C.

13. The method of claim 12 further comprising air cooling the bearing ring after the quenching.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the carbon steel is high carbon chromium steel corresponding to Japanese Industrial Standards SUJ2.

15. The method of claim 13 wherein the carbon steel is machine structural use steel corresponding to Japanese Industrial Standards S55C.

16. A method of producing a bearing ring with a retained austenite concentration of 3% to 20% in an edge surface, comprising:

forming a bearing ring of carbon steel; and

exposing the bearing ring to an environment having a temperature in the range of 850° C. to 930° C., an ammonia concentration of the environment in the range of 4 to less than 7 CFH, and a carbon concentration for a period of not more than 5 hours.

17. The method of claim 16 further comprising setting the carbon concentration C·P in a range of 0.9 to less than 1.1%,

18. The method of claim 17 further comprising reducing the temperature of the environment to a temperature in a range of 800° C. to 830° C. for a second period of at least 30 minutes after the period of not more than 5 hours is expired.

19. The method of claim 18 further comprising removing the bearing ring from the environment at the end of the second period and quenching the bearing ring in oil at a temperature in a range of 60° C. to 100° C.

20. The method of claim 19 further comprising tempering the bearing ring after the quenching in an environment set to a temperature in a range of 160° C. to 200° C.

21. The method of claim 20 further comprising air cooling the bearing ring after the quenching.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein the carbon steel is high carbon chromium steel corresponding to Japanese Industrial Standards SUJ2.

23. The method of claim 21 wherein the carbon steel is machine structural use steel corresponding to Japanese Industrial Standards S55C.