US20060112682A1 - Working medium supply control system in heat exchanger - Google Patents
Working medium supply control system in heat exchanger Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20060112682A1 US20060112682A1 US10/524,011 US52401105A US2006112682A1 US 20060112682 A1 US20060112682 A1 US 20060112682A1 US 52401105 A US52401105 A US 52401105A US 2006112682 A1 US2006112682 A1 US 2006112682A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- working medium
- temperature
- transfer tube
- exhaust gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 86
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 64
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 18
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 5
- 101150099047 apip gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008236 heating water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/04—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust using liquids
- F01N3/043—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust using liquids without contact between liquid and exhaust gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
- F01N3/2046—Periodically cooling catalytic reactors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N5/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy
- F01N5/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy the devices using heat
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F27/00—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F27/00—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus
- F28F27/02—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
- F01N2240/02—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat exchanger
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/0061—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for phase-change applications
- F28D2021/0064—Vaporizers, e.g. evaporators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a heat exchanger that carries out heat exchange between a high temperature heat medium whose thermal energy changes and a low temperature working medium flowing through the interior of a heat transfer tube.
- Japanese Utility Model Registration Publication No. 2-38162 describes an arrangement in which the temperature of steam generated by a waste heat once-through boiler employing as a heat source exhaust gas of an engine rotating at a constant speed is compared with a target steam temperature, and the rate of water supplied to the waste heat once-through boiler is feedback controlled so that the temperature of the steam coincides with the target steam temperature, wherein the control precision is improved by compensating for variations in the load of the engine by adding to a feedback signal a feedforward signal calculated on the basis of the steam pressure at the outlet of the waste heat once-through boiler.
- FIG. 15 shows evaporator efficiency, which is determined by the exhaust gas temperature and the steam temperature, and when the exhaust gas temperature is low, the heat exchange efficiency for generating high temperature steam is low.
- Japanese Utility Model Registration Publication No. 2-38162 has as an object making the steam temperature coincide precisely with the target steam temperature, and does not have as an object reducing thermal mass loss occurring in the heat transfer tube of the waste heat once-through boiler.
- control is carried out to increase the target temperature for steam generated in the evaporator in response to an increase in the temperature of the exhaust gas when a vehicle is being accelerated, that is, when the vehicle is in a transition period from the engine being at low load to the engine being at high load, since in the above transition period there is a time lag of a few seconds to around ten seconds between the load of the engine becoming high and the temperature of the exhaust gas increasing because of the influence of the thermal mass of an exhaust passage and the thermal mass of the evaporator, there is a time lag of a few tens of seconds in the temperature of the steam generated when the temperature of the evaporator heat transfer tube increases reaching the target temperature.
- the length of the transition period for the change in output of the engine is often on the order of a few seconds; even if the target steam temperature is changed in response to a change in the exhaust gas temperature in order to obtain maximum efficiency of the evaporator under steady running conditions of the engine, a thermal mass loss occurs in the transition period, and there is the problem that the thermal energy of the exhaust gas cannot be recovered effectively.
- the present invention has been carried out under the above-mentioned circumstances, and it is an object thereof to maximize the efficiency of recovery of thermal energy of a heat medium by minimizing the thermal mass loss in a heat transfer tube of a heat exchanger in a transition period in which the thermal energy of the heat medium changes.
- a working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger that carries out heat exchange between a high temperature heat medium whose thermal energy changes and a low temperature working medium flowing through the interior of a heat transfer tube, the system including a heat medium measurement sensor for detecting the temperature, the pressure, and the mass flow rate of the heat medium; a working medium measurement sensor for detecting the temperature, the pressure, and the mass flow rate of the working medium; reference supply rate prediction means for predicting a future working medium reference supply rate on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor; heat quantity change calculation means for calculating a heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube; supply rate correction calculation means for calculating a working medium supply rate correction on the basis of the heat quantity change calculated by the heat quantity change calculation means; and target supply rate calculation means for calculating a target working medium supply rate on the basis of the reference supply rate predicted by the reference supply rate prediction means and the supply rate correction calculated by the supply
- the target working medium supply rate is calculated by correcting the future working medium reference supply rate predicted on the basis of the values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor using the supply rate correction calculated on the basis of the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube, it is possible to minimize the thermal mass loss occurring in the heat transfer tube even when the thermal energy of the heat medium changes transiently.
- the working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger, wherein the heat quantity change calculation means calculates the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor.
- the working medium supply control system in addition to the first aspect, there is proposed the working medium supply control system, wherein the system further includes a heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor for measuring a temperature distribution of the heat transfer tube, and the heat quantity change calculation means calculates the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube on the basis of a value detected by the heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor.
- the working medium supply control system in addition to any one of the first to the third aspects, there is proposed the working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger, wherein the heat medium is an engine exhaust gas.
- FIG. 1 to FIG. 14 show one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the overall arrangement of a system for controlling the rate of water supplied to an evaporator
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing thermal mass loss in a Comparative Example
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing thermal mass loss in the Embodiment
- FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C are diagrams for explaining the principle of reducing the thermal mass loss
- FIG. 5 is the first part of a flow chart for control of the rate of water supplied to the evaporator
- FIG. 6 is the second part of the flow chart for control of the rate of water supplied to the evaporator
- FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining a method for predicting a mass flow rate of an exhaust gas
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing changes in exhaust gas temperature, rate of water supplied, and measured steam temperature of the Comparative Example
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing changes in exhaust gas heat exchange energy, steam heat exchange energy, and thermal mass loss energy of the Comparative Example
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between position and temperature of a heat transfer tube of the Comparative Example
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing changes in exhaust gas temperature, rate of water supplied, and measured steam temperature in the Embodiment,
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing changes in exhaust gas heat exchange energy, steam heat exchange energy, and thermal mass loss energy in the Embodiment,
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between position and temperature of a heat transfer tube in the Embodiment.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram of Claims.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing evaporator efficiency, which is determined by exhaust gas temperature and steam temperature.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing expander efficiency, which is determined by steam temperature and steam flow rate, and the steam flow rate when exhaust gas inlet temperature and steam temperature are changed.
- an exhaust manifold 11 of an engine E is connected in line to an evaporator 12 , an exhaust pipe 13 , an exhaust gas purification catalyst 14 , and an exhaust pipe 15 , and the evaporator 12 is connected to a water supply unit 16 .
- water supplied from the water supply unit 16 flows within a heat transfer tube 17 , it carries out heat exchange with exhaust gas, turns into high temperature, high pressure steam, and is supplied to an expander, which is not illustrated.
- the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas can be calculated using an indicated value for the amount of fuel supplied and an indicated value for the air/fuel ratio or can be calculated using an indicated value for the amount of fuel supplied and a measurement value for the mass flow rate of the amount of air taken in.
- a water inlet measurement sensor S 3 provided at a water inlet of the evaporator 12 detects a water inlet temperature Tsteam_in, a water inlet pressure Psteam_in, and a water mass flow rate Gsteam.
- a steam outlet measurement sensor S 4 provided at a steam outlet of the evaporator 12 detects a steam outlet temperature Tsteam_out and a steam outlet pressure Psteam_out.
- the water mass flow rate Gsteam can be calculated using the pressure of water supplied from the water supply unit 16 or the degree of opening of a flow rate control valve, or can also be measured directly using a flow meter.
- a heat transfer tube measurement unit S 5 detects a heat transfer tube temperature Ti of each of a plurality of elements forming the heat transfer tube 17 .
- a water supply control system U into which are input the exhaust gas inlet temperature Tgas_in, the exhaust gas inlet pressure Pgas_in, the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas, the exhaust gas outlet temperature Tgas_out, the exhaust gas outlet pressure Pgas_out, the water inlet temperature Tsteam_in, the water inlet pressure Psteam_in, the water mass flow rate Gsteam, the steam outlet temperature Tsteam_out, the steam outlet pressure Psteam_out, and the heat transfer tube temperature Ti, controls the rate of water supplied to the evaporator 12 via the water supply unit 16 .
- FIG. 2 to FIG. 4C are conceptual drawings of the thermal mass loss occurring in a transition period of the running conditions of the engine E; the abscissa denotes positions of the heat transfer tube 17 within the evaporator 12 and the ordinate denotes the heat transfer tube temperature Ti detected by the heat transfer tube measurement unit S 5 .
- the dotted broken line shows a steady state temperature distribution when the load is low, the solid line shows a steady state temperature distribution when the load is high, and the broken line shows a temperature distribution in a transition period.
- FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C schematically show the amount of heat transferred from the exhaust gas to the heat transfer tube 17 and the amount of heat transferred from the heat transfer tube 17 to water (steam), FIG. 4A showing a steady state, FIG. 4B showing a transition period of a Comparative Example, and FIG. 4C showing a transition period of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the Comparative Example; the steady state temperature distribution when the load is low (dotted broken line) and the steady state temperature distribution when the load is high (solid line) intersect each other at point a.
- the temperature distribution when the load is high is higher than the temperature distribution when the load is low, and the difference therebetween is large
- the temperature distribution when the load is high is lower than the temperature distribution when the load is low, and the difference therebetween is small.
- the temperature of the heat transfer tube 17 increases in going from the temperature distribution when the load is low to the temperature distribution during the transition period, whereas on the exhaust gas outlet side of point a the temperature of the heat transfer tube 17 decreases in going from the temperature distribution when the load is low to the temperature distribution during the transition period, and a positive thermal mass loss shown by the hatched area and a negative thermal mass loss shown by the reverse hatched area occur concurrently.
- the negative thermal mass loss referred to here means a phenomenon in which, when the temperature of the heat transfer tube 17 decreases, the thermal energy of the heat transfer tube 17 is utilized to increase the steam temperature.
- the water supply control system U includes reference supply rate prediction means M 1 , heat quantity change calculation means M 2 , supply rate correction calculation means M 3 , and target supply rate calculation means M 4 .
- the reference supply rate prediction means M 1 predicts a future reference supply rate Gsteam_set of working medium on the basis of values detected by heat medium measurement sensors S 1 and S 2 (the exhaust gas inlet measurement sensor S 1 and the exhaust gas outlet measurement sensor S 2 ) and working medium measurement sensors S 3 and S 4 (the water inlet measurement sensor S 3 and the steam outlet measurement sensor S 4 ).
- the heat quantity change calculation means M 2 indirectly calculates a heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the heat transfer tube 17 on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensors S 1 and S 2 and the working medium measurement sensors S 3 and S 4 , or directly calculates a heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the heat transfer tube 17 on the basis of values detected by a heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor S 5 (the heat transfer tube measurement unit S 5 ).
- the supply rate correction calculation means M 3 calculates a supply rate correction dGsteam of working medium on the basis of the heat quantity change Qmas calculated by the heat quantity change calculation means M 2 .
- the target supply rate calculation means M 4 calculates a target supply rate Gsteam_target of working medium on the basis of the reference supply rate Gsteam_set predicted by the reference supply rate prediction means M 1 and the supply rate correction dGsteam calculated by the supply rate correction calculation means M 3 .
- step ST 1 data at time n are measured by each of the sensors S 1 to S 4 (excluding the heat transfer tube measurement unit S 5 ), and in the subsequent step ST 2 enthalpies Hgas_in, Hsteam_in, Hgas_out, and Hsteam_out of the exhaust gas and the water (steam) are calculated in order to determine the heat quantity changes per unit time Qgas and Qsteam of the exhaust gas and the water (steam).
- the enthalpy Hgas_in of the exhaust gas at the inlet of the evaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Pgas_in and the temperature Tgas_in of the exhaust gas at the inlet of the evaporator 12
- the enthalpy Hsteam_in of the water at the inlet of the evaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Psteam_in and the temperature Tsteam_in of the water at the inlet of the evaporator 12
- the enthalpy Hgas_out of the exhaust gas at the outlet of the evaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Pgas_out and the temperature Tgas_out of the exhaust gas at the outlet of the evaporator 12
- the enthalpy Hsteam_out of the water at the outlet of the evaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Psteam_out and the temperature Tsteam_out of the water at the outlet of the evaporator 12 .
- step ST 3 a heat exchange efficiency ⁇ in a steady state is looked up in a map using the exhaust gas inlet temperature Tgas_in and the steam outlet temperature Tsteam_out, and a correction is carried out using this heat exchange efficiency ⁇ .
- the heat exchange efficiency ⁇ satisfies the following equation in the steady state.
- Mi denotes a mass of element i of the divided heat transfer tube 17
- Cpi denotes a specific heat of element i of the divided heat transfer tube 17
- Ti(n) denotes a temperature of element i at time n
- Ti(n ⁇ 1) denotes a temperature of element i at time n ⁇ 1
- dt is the time elapsed between time n and time n ⁇ 1.
- the symbol ⁇ denotes the summation of Mi ⁇ Cpi ⁇ Ti(n) ⁇ Ti(n ⁇ 1) ⁇ /dt for all elements i.
- an exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas_n+1 at time n+1 is predicted on the basis of data at time n. That is, as shown in FIG. 7 , when the load of the engine E is increased stepwise, a delay in response of the change of the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas is measured in advance, and the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas_n+1 at time n+1 is predicted while taking into consideration this delay in response.
- Graphs of FIG. 8 to FIG. 10 show a Comparative Example in which, while maintaining the rotational speed of the engine E at a predetermined rotational speed, the load (intake negative pressure) is changed stepwise in a predetermined range, and the target steam temperature is set at a predetermined temperature.
- the exhaust gas heat exchange energy (energy given to the water (steam) by the exhaust gas) gradually increases, whereas the steam heat exchange energy (energy that the water (steam) receives from the exhaust gas) first greatly decreases, and then increases.
- an energy corresponding to the difference between the exhaust gas heat exchange energy and the steam heat exchange energy becomes a thermal mass loss energy consumed for an increase in temperature of the entire region of the heat transfer tube 17 (see FIG. 10 ), and it can be seen that the efficiency of the evaporator 12 is degraded.
- graphs of FIG. 11 to FIG. 13 show the Embodiment; in FIG. 11 when the load of the engine E increases and the temperature of the exhaust gas increases, the rate of water supplied increases by tracking the increase in temperature of the exhaust gas without decreasing and then gradually decreases, and the measured steam temperature gradually increases toward a predetermined temperature, which is a target steam temperature.
- the exhaust gas heat exchange energy (energy given to the water (steam) by the exhaust gas) and the steam heat exchange energy (energy that the water (steam) receives from the exhaust gas) increase in an almost identical pattern.
- the thermal mass loss energy corresponding to the difference between the exhaust gas heat exchange energy and the steam heat exchange energy is almost 0, and it can be seen that the efficiency of the evaporator 12 improves.
- the reason is that the temperature of the heat transfer tube 17 increases on the exhaust gas inlet side and decreases on the outlet side, and the thermal energy taken from the exhaust gas by the heat transfer tube 17 and the thermal energy given to the water (steam) by the heat transfer tube 17 are counterbalanced (see FIG. 13 ).
- water steam
- any working medium can be employed.
- the exhaust gas of the engine E is illustrated as the heat medium, but any heat medium can be employed.
- the heat exchanger is exemplified by the evaporator 12 , but the present invention is also applicable to a heat exchanger other than the evaporator 12 .
- the present invention can be suitably applied to a heat exchanger for a Rankine cycle system that converts thermal energy of engine exhaust gas into mechanical energy, the present invention can also be applied to a heat exchanger for any purpose.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
- Control Of Steam Boilers And Waste-Gas Boilers (AREA)
Abstract
A working medium supply controller in heat exchanger comprising means (M1) for predicting a reference supply amount (Gsteam_set) of working medium in the future based on the detection values of heating medium measuring sensors (S1, S2) and working medium measuring sensors (S3, S4), means (M2) for calculating variation in the quantity of heat (Qmas) of a heat exchanger tube per unit time, means (M3) for calculating a correction supply amount (dGsteam) of the working medium based on the variation in the quantity of heat (Qmas) calculated by the means (M2) for calculating variation in the quantity of heat, and means (M4) for calculating a target supply amount (dGsteam_target) of the working medium based on the reference supply (Gsteam_set) calculated by the means (M1) for predicting a reference supply and the correction supply amount (dGsteam) calculated by the means (M3) for calculating a correction supply amount. Thermal energy recovery efficiency of heating medium can be maximized by minimizing heat mass loss in the heat exchanger tube of the heat exchanger during a transient period where thermal energy of heating medium varies.
Description
- The present invention relates to a heat exchanger that carries out heat exchange between a high temperature heat medium whose thermal energy changes and a low temperature working medium flowing through the interior of a heat transfer tube.
- Japanese Utility Model Registration Publication No. 2-38162 describes an arrangement in which the temperature of steam generated by a waste heat once-through boiler employing as a heat source exhaust gas of an engine rotating at a constant speed is compared with a target steam temperature, and the rate of water supplied to the waste heat once-through boiler is feedback controlled so that the temperature of the steam coincides with the target steam temperature, wherein the control precision is improved by compensating for variations in the load of the engine by adding to a feedback signal a feedforward signal calculated on the basis of the steam pressure at the outlet of the waste heat once-through boiler.
- In general, in an evaporator for generating steam by heating water with the exhaust gas of an engine, not only is the engine exhaust gas cooled by an exhaust valve seat, an exhaust valve, an exhaust port, etc. while flowing to the evaporator, but also, since the flow rate of the exhaust gas is small in a low load running region of the engine, there is a large decrease in the temperature of the exhaust gas.
- In an evaporator that carries out heat exchange between exhaust gas and water, the larger the difference in temperature between high temperature exhaust gas and low temperature steam (water), the higher the heat exchange efficiency. A heat exchange energy Q of the heat exchanger can be expressed by
Q=Apip×K×(Tgas−Tsteam)
where the heat transfer area of the heat exchanger is Apip, the heat flow-through rate is K, the exhaust gas temperature is Tgas, and the steam (water) temperature is Tsteam. It is not desirable to increase the heat transfer area Apip in order to increase the heat exchange energy Q, since the dimensions of the evaporator increase, and it is necessary to increase the flow rate of the exhaust gas in order to increase the heat flow-through rate K, thus causing the problem that back pressure due to pressure loss is increased and the engine performance is degraded. -
FIG. 15 shows evaporator efficiency, which is determined by the exhaust gas temperature and the steam temperature, and when the exhaust gas temperature is low, the heat exchange efficiency for generating high temperature steam is low. - On the other hand, in an expander that is operated by steam generated in an evaporator, in principle, the higher the enthalpy of steam at an inlet of the expander, the higher the efficiency, but in reality, because of heat dissipation to walls of the expander and leakage of the steam, the smaller the rate of steam supplied, the greater the influence of the loss. The solid lines in
FIG. 16 show the expander efficiency, which is determined by the steam temperature and the steam flow rate, and the broken lines show the steam flow rates when the inlet temperature of the exhaust gas and the steam temperature in the evaporator are changed. Ideally, the higher the steam temperature, the higher the efficiency of the expander, but in reality the efficiency when the steam temperature is low and the supply flow rate is high is higher than that when the steam temperature is high and the supply flow rate is low. - The above-mentioned arrangement described in Japanese Utility Model Registration Publication No. 2-38162 has as an object making the steam temperature coincide precisely with the target steam temperature, and does not have as an object reducing thermal mass loss occurring in the heat transfer tube of the waste heat once-through boiler.
- For example, if control is carried out to increase the target temperature for steam generated in the evaporator in response to an increase in the temperature of the exhaust gas when a vehicle is being accelerated, that is, when the vehicle is in a transition period from the engine being at low load to the engine being at high load, since in the above transition period there is a time lag of a few seconds to around ten seconds between the load of the engine becoming high and the temperature of the exhaust gas increasing because of the influence of the thermal mass of an exhaust passage and the thermal mass of the evaporator, there is a time lag of a few tens of seconds in the temperature of the steam generated when the temperature of the evaporator heat transfer tube increases reaching the target temperature.
- When taking into consideration actual travel of the vehicle, the length of the transition period for the change in output of the engine is often on the order of a few seconds; even if the target steam temperature is changed in response to a change in the exhaust gas temperature in order to obtain maximum efficiency of the evaporator under steady running conditions of the engine, a thermal mass loss occurs in the transition period, and there is the problem that the thermal energy of the exhaust gas cannot be recovered effectively.
- The present invention has been carried out under the above-mentioned circumstances, and it is an object thereof to maximize the efficiency of recovery of thermal energy of a heat medium by minimizing the thermal mass loss in a heat transfer tube of a heat exchanger in a transition period in which the thermal energy of the heat medium changes.
- In order to attain this object, in accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is proposed a working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger that carries out heat exchange between a high temperature heat medium whose thermal energy changes and a low temperature working medium flowing through the interior of a heat transfer tube, the system including a heat medium measurement sensor for detecting the temperature, the pressure, and the mass flow rate of the heat medium; a working medium measurement sensor for detecting the temperature, the pressure, and the mass flow rate of the working medium; reference supply rate prediction means for predicting a future working medium reference supply rate on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor; heat quantity change calculation means for calculating a heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube; supply rate correction calculation means for calculating a working medium supply rate correction on the basis of the heat quantity change calculated by the heat quantity change calculation means; and target supply rate calculation means for calculating a target working medium supply rate on the basis of the reference supply rate predicted by the reference supply rate prediction means and the supply rate correction calculated by the supply rate correction calculation means.
- In accordance with this arrangement, since the target working medium supply rate is calculated by correcting the future working medium reference supply rate predicted on the basis of the values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor using the supply rate correction calculated on the basis of the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube, it is possible to minimize the thermal mass loss occurring in the heat transfer tube even when the thermal energy of the heat medium changes transiently.
- Furthermore, in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, in addition to the first aspect, there is proposed the working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger, wherein the heat quantity change calculation means calculates the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor.
- In accordance with this arrangement, since the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube is detected on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor and the working medium measurement sensor, it is possible to precisely detect the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube.
- Moreover, in accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, in addition to the first aspect, there is proposed the working medium supply control system, wherein the system further includes a heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor for measuring a temperature distribution of the heat transfer tube, and the heat quantity change calculation means calculates the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube on the basis of a value detected by the heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor.
- In accordance with this arrangement, since the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube is detected on the basis of the value detected by the heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor, it is possible to precisely detect the heat quantity change per unit time of the heat transfer tube.
- Furthermore, in accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, in addition to any one of the first to the third aspects, there is proposed the working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger, wherein the heat medium is an engine exhaust gas.
- In accordance with this arrangement, since the engine exhaust gas is utilized as the heat medium, it is possible to operate the heat exchanger by utilizing the waste heat of the engine effectively.
-
FIG. 1 toFIG. 14 show one embodiment of the present invention;FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the overall arrangement of a system for controlling the rate of water supplied to an evaporator, -
FIG. 2 is a graph showing thermal mass loss in a Comparative Example, -
FIG. 3 is a graph showing thermal mass loss in the Embodiment, -
FIG. 4A toFIG. 4C are diagrams for explaining the principle of reducing the thermal mass loss, -
FIG. 5 is the first part of a flow chart for control of the rate of water supplied to the evaporator, -
FIG. 6 is the second part of the flow chart for control of the rate of water supplied to the evaporator, -
FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining a method for predicting a mass flow rate of an exhaust gas, -
FIG. 8 is a graph showing changes in exhaust gas temperature, rate of water supplied, and measured steam temperature of the Comparative Example, -
FIG. 9 is a graph showing changes in exhaust gas heat exchange energy, steam heat exchange energy, and thermal mass loss energy of the Comparative Example, -
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between position and temperature of a heat transfer tube of the Comparative Example, -
FIG. 11 is a graph showing changes in exhaust gas temperature, rate of water supplied, and measured steam temperature in the Embodiment, -
FIG. 12 is a graph showing changes in exhaust gas heat exchange energy, steam heat exchange energy, and thermal mass loss energy in the Embodiment, -
FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between position and temperature of a heat transfer tube in the Embodiment, and -
FIG. 14 is a diagram of Claims. -
FIG. 15 is a graph showing evaporator efficiency, which is determined by exhaust gas temperature and steam temperature. -
FIG. 16 is a graph showing expander efficiency, which is determined by steam temperature and steam flow rate, and the steam flow rate when exhaust gas inlet temperature and steam temperature are changed. - An embodiment of the present invention is explained below with reference to the attached drawings.
- As shown in
FIG. 1 , anexhaust manifold 11 of an engine E is connected in line to anevaporator 12, anexhaust pipe 13, an exhaustgas purification catalyst 14, and anexhaust pipe 15, and theevaporator 12 is connected to awater supply unit 16. When water supplied from thewater supply unit 16 flows within aheat transfer tube 17, it carries out heat exchange with exhaust gas, turns into high temperature, high pressure steam, and is supplied to an expander, which is not illustrated. - An exhaust gas inlet measurement sensor S1 provided on the
exhaust manifold 11 on theevaporator 12 inlet side detects an exhaust gas inlet temperature Tgas_in, an exhaust gas inlet pressure Pgas_in, and an exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas. An exhaust gas outlet measurement sensor S2 provided on theexhaust pipe 13 on theevaporator 12 outlet side detects an exhaust gas outlet temperature Tgas-out and an exhaust gas outlet pressure Pgas_out. The exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas can be calculated using an indicated value for the amount of fuel supplied and an indicated value for the air/fuel ratio or can be calculated using an indicated value for the amount of fuel supplied and a measurement value for the mass flow rate of the amount of air taken in. - A water inlet measurement sensor S3 provided at a water inlet of the
evaporator 12 detects a water inlet temperature Tsteam_in, a water inlet pressure Psteam_in, and a water mass flow rate Gsteam. A steam outlet measurement sensor S4 provided at a steam outlet of theevaporator 12 detects a steam outlet temperature Tsteam_out and a steam outlet pressure Psteam_out. The water mass flow rate Gsteam can be calculated using the pressure of water supplied from thewater supply unit 16 or the degree of opening of a flow rate control valve, or can also be measured directly using a flow meter. A heat transfer tube measurement unit S5 detects a heat transfer tube temperature Ti of each of a plurality of elements forming theheat transfer tube 17. - A water supply control system U, into which are input the exhaust gas inlet temperature Tgas_in, the exhaust gas inlet pressure Pgas_in, the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas, the exhaust gas outlet temperature Tgas_out, the exhaust gas outlet pressure Pgas_out, the water inlet temperature Tsteam_in, the water inlet pressure Psteam_in, the water mass flow rate Gsteam, the steam outlet temperature Tsteam_out, the steam outlet pressure Psteam_out, and the heat transfer tube temperature Ti, controls the rate of water supplied to the
evaporator 12 via thewater supply unit 16. - In the present invention, while taking into consideration the temperature distribution (that is, the heat transfer tube temperatures Ti) of the
heat transfer tube 17 of theevaporator 12, an appropriate water supply rate is set according to changes in the running conditions of the engine E, thereby reducing the thermal mass loss of theevaporator 12. The principle thereof is explained below with reference toFIG. 2 andFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 2 toFIG. 4C are conceptual drawings of the thermal mass loss occurring in a transition period of the running conditions of the engine E; the abscissa denotes positions of theheat transfer tube 17 within theevaporator 12 and the ordinate denotes the heat transfer tube temperature Ti detected by the heat transfer tube measurement unit S5. The dotted broken line shows a steady state temperature distribution when the load is low, the solid line shows a steady state temperature distribution when the load is high, and the broken line shows a temperature distribution in a transition period. Furthermore,FIG. 4A toFIG. 4C schematically show the amount of heat transferred from the exhaust gas to theheat transfer tube 17 and the amount of heat transferred from theheat transfer tube 17 to water (steam),FIG. 4A showing a steady state,FIG. 4B showing a transition period of a Comparative Example, andFIG. 4C showing a transition period of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 shows the Comparative Example; the steady state temperature distribution when the load is low (dotted broken line) and the steady state temperature distribution when the load is high (solid line) intersect each other at point a. On the exhaust gas inlet side of point a, the temperature distribution when the load is high is higher than the temperature distribution when the load is low, and the difference therebetween is large, whereas on the exhaust gas outlet side of point a, the temperature distribution when the load is high is lower than the temperature distribution when the load is low, and the difference therebetween is small. In conventional control, in order to shift from a state in which relatively low temperature steam is generated when the load is low to a state in which relatively high temperature steam is generated when the load is high, the rate of water supplied to theevaporator 12 is decreased, thus increasing the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17. - During this process, on the exhaust gas inlet side of point a there is a relatively large increase in the temperature of the
heat transfer tube 17 from the temperature distribution when the load is low to the temperature distribution during the transition period, and on the exhaust gas outlet side of point a the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17 hardly changes from the temperature distribution when the load is low to the temperature distribution during the transition period, thus generating a thermal mass loss shown by the hatched area. That is, in the transition period the thermal energy of the exhaust gas is used for increasing the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17 on the exhaust gas inlet side of point a, and is not used for increasing the steam temperature, thus causing the thermal mass loss. - This is explained further with reference to
FIG. 4A andFIG. 4B ; when the state shifts from the steady state shown inFIG. 4A to the transition period shown inFIG. 4B , if the rate of water supplied to theevaporator 12 is reduced in order to increase the temperature of the steam generated, the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17 increases throughout theheat transfer tube 17 because of the relationship between the amount of heat transferred from the exhaust gas to theheat transfer tube 17 and the amount of heat transferred from theheat transfer tube 17 to the water (steam). - In contrast, in the present invention shown in
FIG. 3 , on the exhaust gas inlet side of point a the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17 increases in going from the temperature distribution when the load is low to the temperature distribution during the transition period, whereas on the exhaust gas outlet side of point a the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17 decreases in going from the temperature distribution when the load is low to the temperature distribution during the transition period, and a positive thermal mass loss shown by the hatched area and a negative thermal mass loss shown by the reverse hatched area occur concurrently. The negative thermal mass loss referred to here means a phenomenon in which, when the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17 decreases, the thermal energy of theheat transfer tube 17 is utilized to increase the steam temperature. By controlling the rate of water supplied to theevaporator 12 appropriately so as to counterbalance the positive thermal mass loss with the negative thermal mass loss, the thermal energy of the exhaust gas can be utilized effectively for increasing the steam temperature. - This is explained further with reference to
FIG. 4A andFIG. 4C ; when the state shifts from the steady state shown inFIG. 4A to the transition period shown inFIG. 4C , if the rate of water supplied to theevaporator 12 is increased appropriately, the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17 on the exhaust gas inlet side increases and the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17 on the exhaust gas outlet side decreases as a result of the relationship between the amount of heat transferred from exhaust gas to theheat transfer tube 17 and the amount of heat transferred from theheat transfer tube 17 to the water (steam). - As shown in the diagram of the Claims of
FIG. 14 , the water supply control system U includes reference supply rate prediction means M1, heat quantity change calculation means M2, supply rate correction calculation means M3, and target supply rate calculation means M4. The reference supply rate prediction means M1 predicts a future reference supply rate Gsteam_set of working medium on the basis of values detected by heat medium measurement sensors S1 and S2 (the exhaust gas inlet measurement sensor S1 and the exhaust gas outlet measurement sensor S2) and working medium measurement sensors S3 and S4 (the water inlet measurement sensor S3 and the steam outlet measurement sensor S4). The heat quantity change calculation means M2 indirectly calculates a heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of theheat transfer tube 17 on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensors S1 and S2 and the working medium measurement sensors S3 and S4, or directly calculates a heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of theheat transfer tube 17 on the basis of values detected by a heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor S5 (the heat transfer tube measurement unit S5). The supply rate correction calculation means M3 calculates a supply rate correction dGsteam of working medium on the basis of the heat quantity change Qmas calculated by the heat quantity change calculation means M2. The target supply rate calculation means M4 calculates a target supply rate Gsteam_target of working medium on the basis of the reference supply rate Gsteam_set predicted by the reference supply rate prediction means M1 and the supply rate correction dGsteam calculated by the supply rate correction calculation means M3. - Details of the control, by the water supply control system U, of the rate of water supplied to the
evaporator 12 are now explained with reference to flow charts ofFIG. 5 andFIG. 6 . There are indirect and direct methods for calculating the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of theheat transfer tube 17, and the indirect method is explained first. - Firstly in step ST1, data at time n are measured by each of the sensors S1 to S4 (excluding the heat transfer tube measurement unit S5), and in the subsequent step ST2 enthalpies Hgas_in, Hsteam_in, Hgas_out, and Hsteam_out of the exhaust gas and the water (steam) are calculated in order to determine the heat quantity changes per unit time Qgas and Qsteam of the exhaust gas and the water (steam).
- That is, the enthalpy Hgas_in of the exhaust gas at the inlet of the
evaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Pgas_in and the temperature Tgas_in of the exhaust gas at the inlet of theevaporator 12, the enthalpy Hsteam_in of the water at the inlet of theevaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Psteam_in and the temperature Tsteam_in of the water at the inlet of theevaporator 12, the enthalpy Hgas_out of the exhaust gas at the outlet of theevaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Pgas_out and the temperature Tgas_out of the exhaust gas at the outlet of theevaporator 12, and the enthalpy Hsteam_out of the water at the outlet of theevaporator 12 is looked up in a map using the pressure Psteam_out and the temperature Tsteam_out of the water at the outlet of theevaporator 12. - The heat quantity change per unit time Qgas of the exhaust gas is calculated from
Qgas=Ggas×(Hgas_in−Hgas_out)
using the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas, the enthalpy Hgas_in of the exhaust gas at the inlet of theevaporator 12, and the enthalpy Hgas_out of the exhaust gas at the outlet of theevaporator 12. Furthermore, the heat quantity change per unit time Qsteam of the water (steam) is calculated from
Qsteam=Gsteam×(Hsteam_in−Hsteam_out)
using the water mass flow rate Gsteam, the enthalpy Hsteam_in of the water at the inlet of theevaporator 12, and the enthalpy Hsteam_out of the water at the outlet of theevaporator 12. - The heat quantity change per unit time Qgas of the exhaust gas and the heat quantity change per unit time Qsteam of the water (steam) calculated above in principle satisfy Qgas=heat quantity change Qsteam, but in reality because of heat dissipation loss within the
evaporator 12, in step ST3 a heat exchange efficiency η in a steady state is looked up in a map using the exhaust gas inlet temperature Tgas_in and the steam outlet temperature Tsteam_out, and a correction is carried out using this heat exchange efficiency η. The heat exchange efficiency η satisfies the following equation in the steady state.
Qgas×η=Qsteam - In the subsequent step ST4, a heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the
heat transfer tube 17 is calculated from
Qmas=Qgas×η−Qsteam
and in step ST5 the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of theheat transfer tube 17 is determined. - The direct method for calculating the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the
heat transfer tube 17 is now explained. - Firstly, in step ST1, a temperature Ti of each section of the
heat transfer tube 17 at time n is measured by the heat transfer tube measurement unit S5, and then in step ST6 the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of theheat transfer tube 17 is calculated from
Qmas=ΣMi×Cpi×{Ti(n)−Ti(n−1)}/dt.
Here, Mi denotes a mass of element i of the dividedheat transfer tube 17, Cpi denotes a specific heat of element i of the dividedheat transfer tube 17, Ti(n) denotes a temperature of element i at time n, Ti(n−1) denotes a temperature of element i at time n−1, and dt is the time elapsed between time n and time n−1. The symbol Σ denotes the summation of Mi×Cpi×{Ti(n)−Ti(n−1)}/dt for all elements i. - After the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of the
heat transfer tube 17 is determined by the indirect or direct method, in step ST7 the heat quantity change per unit time Qmas of theheat transfer tube 17 is multiplied by a gain GAIN to calculate a water supply rate correction dGsteam from
dGsteam=Qmas×GAIN. - In the subsequent step ST8, an exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas_n+1 at time n+1 is predicted on the basis of data at time n. That is, as shown in
FIG. 7 , when the load of the engine E is increased stepwise, a delay in response of the change of the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas is measured in advance, and the exhaust gas mass flow rate Ggas_n+1 at time n+1 is predicted while taking into consideration this delay in response. In the subsequent step ST9, the reference water supply rate Gsteam_set is calculated from
In step ST10, the target water supply rate Gsteam_target is calculated from
Gsteam_target=Gsteam_set+dGsteam
using the reference water supply rate Gsteam_set and the water supply rate correction dGsteam, and the rate of water supplied to theevaporator 12 is controlled on the basis of the target water supply rate Gsteam_target. - Graphs of
FIG. 8 toFIG. 10 show a Comparative Example in which, while maintaining the rotational speed of the engine E at a predetermined rotational speed, the load (intake negative pressure) is changed stepwise in a predetermined range, and the target steam temperature is set at a predetermined temperature. - In
FIG. 8 , when the load of the engine E increases and the temperature of the exhaust gas increases, the rate of water supplied first greatly decreases, and then increases, and the measured steam temperature converges to the predetermined temperature, which is the target steam temperature, after about 5 seconds. - As shown in
FIG. 9 , the exhaust gas heat exchange energy (energy given to the water (steam) by the exhaust gas) gradually increases, whereas the steam heat exchange energy (energy that the water (steam) receives from the exhaust gas) first greatly decreases, and then increases. As a result, an energy corresponding to the difference between the exhaust gas heat exchange energy and the steam heat exchange energy becomes a thermal mass loss energy consumed for an increase in temperature of the entire region of the heat transfer tube 17 (seeFIG. 10 ), and it can be seen that the efficiency of theevaporator 12 is degraded. - On the other hand, graphs of
FIG. 11 toFIG. 13 show the Embodiment; inFIG. 11 when the load of the engine E increases and the temperature of the exhaust gas increases, the rate of water supplied increases by tracking the increase in temperature of the exhaust gas without decreasing and then gradually decreases, and the measured steam temperature gradually increases toward a predetermined temperature, which is a target steam temperature. - As shown in
FIG. 12 , the exhaust gas heat exchange energy (energy given to the water (steam) by the exhaust gas) and the steam heat exchange energy (energy that the water (steam) receives from the exhaust gas) increase in an almost identical pattern. As a result, the thermal mass loss energy corresponding to the difference between the exhaust gas heat exchange energy and the steam heat exchange energy is almost 0, and it can be seen that the efficiency of theevaporator 12 improves. The reason is that the temperature of theheat transfer tube 17 increases on the exhaust gas inlet side and decreases on the outlet side, and the thermal energy taken from the exhaust gas by theheat transfer tube 17 and the thermal energy given to the water (steam) by theheat transfer tube 17 are counterbalanced (seeFIG. 13 ). - Although an embodiment of the present invention is explained in detail above, the present invention can be modified in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
- For example, in the embodiment a transition period in which the load of the engine E increases is explained, but the same operational effect can be obtained in a transition period in which the load of the engine E decreases.
- Furthermore, in the embodiment water (steam) is illustrated as the working medium, but any working medium can be employed.
- Moreover, in the embodiment the exhaust gas of the engine E is illustrated as the heat medium, but any heat medium can be employed.
- Furthermore, in the embodiment the heat exchanger is exemplified by the
evaporator 12, but the present invention is also applicable to a heat exchanger other than theevaporator 12. - As hereinbefore described, although the present invention can be suitably applied to a heat exchanger for a Rankine cycle system that converts thermal energy of engine exhaust gas into mechanical energy, the present invention can also be applied to a heat exchanger for any purpose.
Claims (6)
1. A working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger that carries out heat exchange between a high temperature heat medium whose thermal energy changes and a low temperature working medium flowing through the interior of a heat transfer tube (17), the system comprising:
a heat medium measurement sensor (S1, S2) for detecting the temperature (Tgas_in, Tgas_out), the pressure (Pgas_in, Pgas_out), and the mass flow rate (Ggas) of the heat medium;
a working medium measurement sensor (S3, S4) for detecting the temperature (Tsteam_in, Tsteam_out), the pressure (Psteam_in, Psteam_out), and the mass flow rate (Gsteam) of the working medium;
reference supply rate prediction means (M1) for predicting a future working medium reference supply rate (Gsteam_set) on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor (S1, S2) and the working medium measurement sensor (S3, S4);
heat quantity change calculation means (M2) for calculating a heat quantity change per unit time (Qmas) of the heat transfer tube (17);
supply rate correction calculation means (M3) for calculating a working medium supply rate correction (dGsteam) on the basis of the heat quantity change (Qmas) calculated by the heat quantity change calculation means (M2); and
target supply rate calculation means (M4) for calculating a target working medium supply rate (Gsteam_target) on the basis of the reference supply rate (Gsteam_set) predicted by the reference supply rate prediction means (M1) and the supply rate correction (dGsteam) calculated by the supply rate correction calculation means (M3).
2. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the heat quantity change calculation means (M2) calculates the heat quantity change per unit time (Qmas) of the heat transfer tube (17) on the basis of values detected by the heat medium measurement sensor (S1, S2) and the working medium measurement sensor (S3, S4).
3. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises a heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor (S5) for measuring a temperature distribution of the heat transfer tube (17), and the heat quantity change calculation means (M2) calculates the heat quantity change per unit time (Qmas) of the heat transfer tube (17) on the basis of a value detected by the heat transfer tube temperature distribution measurement sensor (S5).
4. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according to claim 1 , wherein the heat medium is exhaust gas of an engine (E).
5. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according to claim 2 , wherein the heat medium is exhaust gas of an engine (E).
6. The working medium supply control system in a heat exchanger according claim 3 , wherein the heat medium is exhaust gas of an engine (E).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2002/008195 WO2004015253A1 (en) | 2002-08-09 | 2002-08-09 | Working medium supply controller in heat exchanger |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20060112682A1 true US20060112682A1 (en) | 2006-06-01 |
Family
ID=31513602
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/524,011 Abandoned US20060112682A1 (en) | 2002-08-09 | 2002-08-09 | Working medium supply control system in heat exchanger |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060112682A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1541824A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3923496B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004015253A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20060036417A1 (en) * | 2004-08-11 | 2006-02-16 | Qunwei Wu | System and method for optimizing and simulating thermal management systems and predictive flow control |
US20110139094A1 (en) * | 2008-06-12 | 2011-06-16 | Brueckner Jan | Method for operating a continuous flow steam generator |
US20140224469A1 (en) * | 2013-02-11 | 2014-08-14 | Access Energy Llc | Controlling heat source fluid for thermal cycles |
US20150083111A1 (en) * | 2012-04-19 | 2015-03-26 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method and apparatus for operating a solar thermal power plant |
US20150136381A1 (en) * | 2012-04-23 | 2015-05-21 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Heat transport device |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007115579A2 (en) * | 2006-04-12 | 2007-10-18 | Man Diesel A/S | A large turbocharged diesel engine with energy recovery arrangment |
CN107575289A (en) * | 2017-10-26 | 2018-01-12 | 长沙双合盛企业管理有限公司 | Automobile exhaust gas processing apparatus with Waste Heat Reuse |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20010040061A1 (en) * | 1999-06-07 | 2001-11-15 | Kenji Matuda | Temperature controller of vehicular battery |
US6324849B1 (en) * | 1999-10-22 | 2001-12-04 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Engine waste heat recovering apparatus |
US6681619B2 (en) * | 2000-05-10 | 2004-01-27 | Volvo Car Corporation | System for determining the effectiveness of a catalytic coating on a radiator in a motor vehicle |
US6842718B2 (en) * | 2003-02-06 | 2005-01-11 | General Electric Company | Intelligent auxiliary cooling system |
US6894403B2 (en) * | 2003-02-25 | 2005-05-17 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Engine generator apparatus |
US6913068B2 (en) * | 2001-04-20 | 2005-07-05 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Engine exhaust heat recovering apparatus |
US20060249129A1 (en) * | 2005-05-04 | 2006-11-09 | Ozdemir Phillip N | Fuel Delivery System |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0712089Y2 (en) * | 1989-06-01 | 1995-03-22 | カルソニック株式会社 | Automotive heating system that uses exhaust heat |
JPH07247834A (en) * | 1994-03-07 | 1995-09-26 | Osaka Gas Co Ltd | Exhaust heat recovery system |
JPH0968363A (en) * | 1995-08-31 | 1997-03-11 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Engine type heat pump device |
JPH11229867A (en) * | 1998-02-16 | 1999-08-24 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Exhaust heat generation system |
-
2002
- 2002-08-09 WO PCT/JP2002/008195 patent/WO2004015253A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-08-09 JP JP2004527309A patent/JP3923496B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-08-09 EP EP02758824A patent/EP1541824A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-08-09 US US10/524,011 patent/US20060112682A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20010040061A1 (en) * | 1999-06-07 | 2001-11-15 | Kenji Matuda | Temperature controller of vehicular battery |
US6324849B1 (en) * | 1999-10-22 | 2001-12-04 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Engine waste heat recovering apparatus |
US6681619B2 (en) * | 2000-05-10 | 2004-01-27 | Volvo Car Corporation | System for determining the effectiveness of a catalytic coating on a radiator in a motor vehicle |
US6913068B2 (en) * | 2001-04-20 | 2005-07-05 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Engine exhaust heat recovering apparatus |
US6842718B2 (en) * | 2003-02-06 | 2005-01-11 | General Electric Company | Intelligent auxiliary cooling system |
US6894403B2 (en) * | 2003-02-25 | 2005-05-17 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Engine generator apparatus |
US20060249129A1 (en) * | 2005-05-04 | 2006-11-09 | Ozdemir Phillip N | Fuel Delivery System |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20060036417A1 (en) * | 2004-08-11 | 2006-02-16 | Qunwei Wu | System and method for optimizing and simulating thermal management systems and predictive flow control |
US7822586B2 (en) * | 2004-08-11 | 2010-10-26 | Entegris, Inc. | System and method for optimizing and simulating thermal management systems and predictive flow control |
US20110139094A1 (en) * | 2008-06-12 | 2011-06-16 | Brueckner Jan | Method for operating a continuous flow steam generator |
US9291345B2 (en) * | 2008-06-12 | 2016-03-22 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for operating a continuous flow steam generator |
US20150083111A1 (en) * | 2012-04-19 | 2015-03-26 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method and apparatus for operating a solar thermal power plant |
US20150136381A1 (en) * | 2012-04-23 | 2015-05-21 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Heat transport device |
US20140224469A1 (en) * | 2013-02-11 | 2014-08-14 | Access Energy Llc | Controlling heat source fluid for thermal cycles |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3923496B2 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
EP1541824A1 (en) | 2005-06-15 |
JPWO2004015253A1 (en) | 2005-12-02 |
EP1541824A4 (en) | 2005-12-28 |
WO2004015253A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN103216314B (en) | Generating method employing ship waste heat recovery system and waste heat recovery system thereof | |
US4767259A (en) | Cooling air flow controlling apparatus for gas turbine | |
CN102385356B (en) | Optimizing control method for sintering waste heat power generation system | |
US20060112682A1 (en) | Working medium supply control system in heat exchanger | |
US20110240080A1 (en) | Method of controlling temperature of a thermoelectric generator in an exhaust system | |
EP1361342A1 (en) | Working medium feed and control device for heat exchanger | |
JP6192707B2 (en) | Method for determining at least one combustion temperature for controlling a gas turbine, and gas turbine for performing the method | |
EP3149289A1 (en) | Exhaust heat recovery system control method and device | |
JP2007046504A (en) | Steam turbine control system | |
EP1298297A2 (en) | Control device for gas turbine cooling steam pressure | |
JP2002257667A (en) | Method and device for abnormality diagnosis of heat transfer member, thermal power plant, and absorption type refrigerator | |
CN110748466B (en) | Turbine output power self-adaptive control system and method for ocean temperature difference energy system | |
JPH01144101A (en) | Fuel cost minimum operation controller for co-generation plant | |
JP2008039224A (en) | Structure of constant pressure once-through boiler and operating method therefor | |
KR100340474B1 (en) | Double effect absorption refrigerating machine | |
US20060191678A1 (en) | Evaporator control system | |
JP3291467B2 (en) | Process prediction control method and apparatus | |
JPH0526055A (en) | Gas turbine equipment | |
JPH10299424A (en) | Steam temperature controlling method for refuse incinerating power plant | |
JP2008196754A (en) | Steam temperature control method and steam temperature control device for multitubular once-through boiler | |
JP3566758B2 (en) | Combustor air amount control device and method | |
JP2514593B2 (en) | Optimal temperature controller for cogeneration system | |
JPS63286609A (en) | Control of soot blower | |
JP2006177586A (en) | Exhaust gas charging type absorption water heater-cooler | |
JPS63162907A (en) | Control for combined power generation plant |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: HONDA GIKEN KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA, JAPAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BABA, TSUYOSHI;REEL/FRAME:017074/0508 Effective date: 20051020 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO PAY ISSUE FEE |