US20050265882A1

US20050265882A1 - Open-porous molded body, method for production and use thereof

Info

Publication number: US20050265882A1
Application number: US10/521,082
Authority: US
Inventors: Dirk Naumann; Thomas Weibgarber; Hans-Dietrich Bohm; Beate Englemann; Gunnar Walther; Alexander Bohm
Original assignee: Vale Canada Ltd; Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Current assignee: Vale Canada Ltd; Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date: 2003-04-07
Filing date: 2004-04-05
Publication date: 2005-12-01
Also published as: DE602004000465D1; CA2496148A1; KR20050116804A; ES2260747T3; DE10316929B3; EP1620370A1; CA2496148C; DE602004000465T2; KR100734675B1; CN1700965A; ATE319664T1; EP1620370B1; CN1700965B; JP4180634B2; JP2006522215A; WO2004089564A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for fabricating an open-porous molded body which is formed from nickel or iron and at least another element which form solid solutions or intermetallic phases as well as a molded body which is correspondingly fabricated, and the use thereof. During the fabrication it is proceeded then, such that a coating with a metallic powder forming solid solutions or intermetallic phases is deposited upon an open-porous body made of nickel or iron by means of an organic binder. Subsequent thereto, the open-porous body provided with the coating is brought into the desired shape with observing minimum bending radii, and subsequently the organic components are removed in a first thermal treatment step. By means of a second thermal treatment the open-porous molded body is sintered, and the solid solution or the intermetallic phase are formed.

Description

The invention relates to a method for fabricating an open-porous molded body which is formed from nickel or iron, and at least another element which form solid solutions or intermetallic phases or on the surface thereof such solid solutions or intermetallic phases are formed. In particular, due to the thermal properties of such solid solutions or intermetallic phases formed with nickel the open-porous molded bodies according to the invention are also thermally stable within the high temperature range at least beyond of 700° C., and are allowed to be employed there without any problems. Thus, the molded bodies according to the invention can be used for exhaust gas systems as particle filters. In addition, herein the good heat conductivity and electric conductivity in particular cases as well have an advantageous effect on it.
Thus, organic particles contained in such a particle filter can be converted into gaseous components by means of thermal regeneration methods, and can be removed from such a particle filter, for example. The temperature increase required to this as a rule, is not harmful for the used material. However, such a temperature increase can also be achieved by means of electric resistance heating of a particle filter designed this way.
Open-porous nickel type molded bodies belong to the prior art, and are available from INCO company as a commercial product having different porosities and a different number of pores, for example.
However, the heretofore available foam structures are limited to defined geometric shapes of formation, and in particular such geometries which are spherically curved around at least one axis are available to a limited extent only, if at all.
In addition, it is problematical if with further processing such an open-porous foam structure made of nickel or iron, the formation of solid solutions or intermetallic phases is to be achieved with other metals each suitable to this.
On that occasion, it will be usually proceeded in that each additional material is deposited in powdery form including an organic binder upon the surface of the powdery open-porous foam structure. Thereafter, the organic component of the binder is expelled by means of a corresponding thermal treatment, and in a second step at increased temperatures the formation of intermetallic phases and solid solutions is achieved in a process which is very similar to sintering.
It is obvious, that restrictions are placed with the application of the respective metallic powder including the organic binder, in particular, since it is not readily possible to uniformly provide large displacement, open-porous bodies with such a coating consisting of the binder and metallic powder, if possible.
It is more especially problematical, when such open-porous bodies are also shaped in a three-dimensional manner, and have surface areas which are not accessible or it is difficult to be accessed for a coating.
However, these problems cannot be solved with the solution described in DE 37 29 126 A1 as well.
Therein, for example, an iron chromium aluminium alloy is to be deposited in a similar way upon a metal foam body, and upon it again a catalytically acting metal oxide layer is to be formed.
In this publication, the metal foam body to be employed is not further specified, and it is merely to form the actual carrier for the layer system to be subsequently deposited.
The iron chromium aluminium alloy suggested therein has the disadvantages at least with respect to its thermal properties. Furthermore, such an alloy layer cannot be readily deposited upon the metals forming different foam bodies with sufficient durable adhesive strength.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to suggest possibilities how open-porous geometric shapes can be provided which are thermally resistant as well as mechanically resistant.
This object is solved according to the invention with a method comprising the features of claim 1. The respective open-porous molded bodies are defined in claim 20, and an advantageous use results from claim 34 accordingly.
Advantageous embodiments and improvements of the invention can be achieved with the features indicated in the subordinate claims, respectively.
With the fabrication of open-porous molded bodies according to the invention, it will be proceeded such that an open-porous body made of nickel or iron as being commercially available will be coated on its surface, but also on the surface of the inside open pores with an organic binder, and in addition with a powder of a metal which is allowed to form solid solutions or intermetallic phases with the nickel or iron of the open-porous body.
Subsequent to this coating of the open-porous body shaping the thus pretreated body is performed. During this shaping defined minimum bending radii have to be observed in order to avoid breaking of the open-porous body. The minimum bending radii will be generally determined by the porosity of the body as well as the respective thickness in the range of bending radius.
An open-porous structure pretreated this way which is shaped from the coated open-porous body is still allowed to be well deformed in order to form the desired shape of a molded body according to the invention. However, after the formation of solid solutions or intermetallic phases a deformation is not possible any longer without damage due to the brittleness thereof.
After this shaping, a two-stage thermal treatment is carried out. Hence, the predetermined shape of the molded body will be maintained, and the volume will only be changed slightly, if at all, wherein then it is allowed to get an enlargement of the volume, as the case may be, which can be advantageously used, however.
On that occasion, during a first thermal treatment the organic components being substantially the binder components are expelled, and sintering with a simultaneous formation of the respective solid solutions or intermetallic phase is carried out in a second thermal treatment to be subsequently performed.
As a rule, subsequent to the second thermal treatment the molded body according to the invention is finished.
However, it is also allowed to perform further additional processing steps to achieve a desired surface modification of the open-porous molded body already fabricated previously, as the case may be.
It is advantageous for the application of the organic binder and the application of the metallic powder each further required to be separated from each other.
Thus, the application of the organic binder upon the surface of the open-porous body made of nickel or iron can be provided by dipping and/or spraying, for example.
With this, the respective organic binder itself should solely have either a sufficiently low viscosity or should be employed in a preferably aqueous solution having a correspondingly lower viscosity.
With the application of the binder upon the surface of the open-porous body made of nickel or iron it should be observed that merely the respective surface is coated, and the open-porous structure is maintained.
This can be achieved by pressing and/or exhausting the excessive binder, for example.
An open-porous body provided with a binder coating is allowed to be coated then with the respective metallic powder, wherein this powder coating process should be supported, if possible, to ensure a uniform coating of the surface of the open-porous body in the inboard volume areas thereof as well. This can be achieved, for example, by setting into vibration the open-porous body during coating with the respective metallic powder or subsequent to it. For this, preferably high-frequent vibration with low amplitude is allowed to be effective.
Particularly advantageous is the use of aluminium powder since the nickel aluminide or iron aluminide formed after the second thermal treatment reach a high thermal and mechanical stability, and are electrically conductive and corrosion resistant as well.
In any case, further powdery metals can be added to the metallic powder forming the respective solid solutions or the respective intermetallic phase to further affect the desired properties advantageously. However, additional metals are used with correspondingly reduced portions. Thus, small quantities of other powdery elements can be added to a metallic powder, e.g. aluminium powder, or prealloyed powder can be used. Thus, the corrosion resistance of the molded body according to the invention can be enhanced such as with chromium. Other properties can be affected advantageously with boron or tantalum.
Shaping the open-porous body made of nickel or iron which is pretreated with the binder and metallic powder as already mentioned can be achieved such that a hollow cylinder can be preformed from a preferably plate-like open-porous body, and subsequent to the two thermal treatment stages already mentioned a hollow cylindrical body according to the invention can be fabricated. On that occasion, shaping can be supported with the aid of a winding mandrel which is correspondingly formed.
Taking up this idea, it is then possible to fabricate a plurality of such molded bodies having equivalent inner and outer diameters in a hollow cylinder shape, to join them into one another such that almost a multi-shell structure is achievable.
One or a plurality of such prepared molded bodies which still have not been subjected to thermal treatment are allowed to be inserted into an additional cylindrical body which is then allowed at least to form the outer circumferential surface of a complete molded body according to the invention. Then, the thermal treatment can be performed within this cylinder.
During the thermal treatment, the cylinder also forms the shape then, and is able to comply the function of a mold simultaneously.
The cylinder used for this can be formed as a hollow cylinder with open end faces opposing each other.
In particular, for removing the organic binder components, and as the case may be, also for the final application of the molded body according to the invention, it is advantageous to provide perforations, that means apertures formed in the circumferential surface correspondingly, at least in the outer circumferential surface of such a cylinder.
Most different materials can be used for the cylinder. Thus, different metals are suitable in particular such ones by means of which a form-closed connection with the formed solid solutions or intermetallic phases is achievable.
However, in certain cases ceramics can also be appropriate as cylinder material. Aluminium oxide would be an example for this.
However, such a formation with a cylinder forming an outer circumferential surface of the molded body according to the invention is also serviceable with an embodiment to be described in the following.
However, shaping can also be achieved such that a plate-like starting product as an open-porous body is wrapped around a continuous longitudinal axis a number of times in helical form. Thus, it results the possibility to fabricate a solid cylinder molded body according to the invention with a body being free of cavities except from the pores.
With such an embodiment it is further possible to place a flexible film between the individual helically wrapped layers of the open-porous structure which in this type of shaping is wrapped in with, and the individual layers are allowed to be separated from each other with such a film.
Such a film can be formed from a metal or a ceramic as well. In the case of ceramic sheets these should have a green strength allowing such a deformation.
Also, the film helically disposed between the individual layers can be perforated and is allowed to have apertures, accordingly. On that occasion, the permeability of the film for the different fluids should be less than being the case with the open-porous structure.
The open-porous bodies to be used for the final fabrication of the open-porous molded bodies according to the invention should not exceed a maximum thickness of 100 mm, preferably 60 mm in a reference plane in order to achieve that at least almost a uniform surface coating having an organic binder and metallic powder can be obtained over the total volume.
On that occasion, it is not obligatory for a starting body as an open-porous structure to have a constant thickness in the respective reference plane. Accordingly, open-porous bodies being wedge-shaped or having a continuously increasing thickness in the axial direction can also be used.
In particular, in the case already mentioned in that a molded body according to the invention has been formed from a plurality of hollow cylinders, an open-porous molded body can be fabricated in an advantageous manner, which starting from a central, inside longitudinal axis comprises different pore structures radially outwardly with different porosities and/or pore sizes. This is allowed to vary depending on hollow cylinder to hollow cylinder, for example.
However, it is also possible to achieve an almost continuous graduation wherein in this case a selective choice of the thickness of the open-porous body made of nickel or iron, and the deposited quantity of metallic powder and/or organic binder upon the surface of the open-porous structure are suitable parameters for such a formation of a molded body according to the invention. The open-porous molded bodies fabricated according to the invention achieve a minimum porosity of 85%, however, wherein porosities of above 90% or 95% can be obtained as well.
The pore size and the number of pores can be substantially predetermined by the selection of the open-porous body used for the fabrication. On that occasion, with the procedure according to the invention, thus with the formation of solid solutions or intermetallic phases, the respective pore sizes and porosities are influenced to a low extent.
In the following, the invention shall be explained in more detail by way of example.
For the fabrication according to the invention of an open-porous molded body an open-porous body made of nickel has been used with a porosity of about 94%. This body has measured the dimension of 300 mm*150 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm.
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) has been used as a binder. On that occasion, a 1% aqueous solution has been prepared, and the open-porous body made of nickel has been dipped into 50 ml of this low viscous solution containing the organic binder, and has been pressed subsequently upon an absorbent pad such that the binder could be removed out of the pores of the open-porous body made of nickel, and merely the ridges thereof remained wet with the binder.
Aluminium powder having a mass of 2 g with a flaky particle form and 8 g of spherical aluminium powder has been used as metallic powder, and has been dry mixed over a period of time of 10 min in an agitator.
This aluminium powder has been deposited upon the open-porous body made of nickel coated with the binder from at least two sides, wherein the application has been achieved in a vibration device to which the open-porous body made of nickel has been fixed. Thus, an almost uniform surface coating could be obtained also within the pores of the open-porous body made of nickel.
The open-porous body made of nickel thus prepared with the binder and aluminium powder coating has been rolled up into a cylindrical body in a helical form wherein the adhesion of the binder also ensures the adhesion of the aluminium powder particles on the nickel surface.
Subsequent to this shaping, the first thermal treating stage already mentioned has been achieved in an oven within a nitrogen atmosphere. With this first thermal treatment stage a minimum temperature of 250° C. should be maintained over a period of time of at least 15 min to be able to remove the organic components.
With the embodiment, the first thermal treatment stage has been achieved with a heating up rate of 5 K/min to a temperature of 300° C. which has been successively increased to 600° C. A holding time of approximately 30 min has been considered within this temperature range.
Subsequently, the second thermal treatment stage has been performed in which a minimum temperature of 600° C., preferably of at least 650° C., over a period of time of at least 15 min should be maintained.
With the actual embodiment, this thermal treatment stage has been carried out within a temperature range between 900° C. to 1000° C. over a period of time of 30 min.
Thus, it will be appreciated that the formation of the nickel aluminide can be achieved already at temperatures which are significantly below the melting temperature of nickel.
Subsequent to the second thermal treatment stage of sintering, the molded body thus fabricated with a length of 300 mm has completely consisted of nickel aluminide. Its porosity has reached 91%. A thus fabricated molded body disposed in the air is oxidation-resistant at temperatures up to 1050° C. In addition to this thermal stability it also achieves a sufficient mechanical strength which allows to employ it for a mobile use as a particle filter.
In an analogous form, an open-porous body made of iron can also be used by means of which iron aluminide is formed with aluminium. Herein, the temperatures during the second thermal treatment stage should merely be adapted.

Claims

1. A method for fabricating an open-porous molded body which is formed from nickel or iron and at least another metal which form solid solutions or intermetallic phases, or on the surface thereof such solid solutions or intermetallic phases are formed, comprising

wherein an open-porous body made of nickel or iron is coated with a metallic powder forming solid solutions or intermetallic phases by means of an organic binder,

subsequently said open-porous body made of nickel or iron is brought into the desired shape with observing minimum bending radii,

then, the organic components are removed in a first thermal treatment step; and

with a second thermal treatment subsequent to said first thermal treatment said open-porous molded body is sintered and said solid solution or said intermetallic phase are formed.

2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic binder and subsequently said respective metallic powder is deposited upon said surface of said open-porous body made of nickel or iron, and shaping is first performed then.

3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that pure aluminium powder, aluminium powder containing additional metallic elements or being prealloyed is deposited.

4. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said body made of nickel or iron coated with said binder or said metallic powder is deformed into a hollow cylinder.

5. A method according to claim 4, characterized in that at least two of such said hollow cylinders are joined to each other with respectively adapted outer and inner diameters.

6. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said body made of nickel or iron coated with said binder is deformed in a plurality of layers helically around a longitudinal axis in a wrapped shape.

7. A method according to claim 6, characterized in that said deformed coated body made of nickel or iron is enclosed by a cylinder forming an outer circumferential surface.

8. A method according to claim 7, characterized in that said outer circumferential surface of said cylinder is perforated.

9. A method according to claim 7, characterized in that a cylinder made of a metal or a ceramic is used.

10. A method according to claim 6, characterized in that a film also being helically wrapped is wrapped in between helically wrapped layers.

11. A method according to claim 10, characterized in that a perforated film is used.

12. A method according to claim 10, characterized in that a film made of a metal or a ceramic is used.

13. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that said organic binder having low viscosity is deposited upon the surface of said open-porous body by dipping and/or spraying such that the open pore structure is maintained, and merely the ridges of said pores are coated.

14. A method according to claim 13, characterized in that excessive binder is removed by pressing together, blowing through and/or exhausting from said body made of nickel or iron.

15. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that during and/or after the application of said metallic powder said body made of nickel or iron is set into vibration.

16. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that an open-porous body made of nickel or iron is used which has a maximum thickness of 100 mm in a reference plane prior to coating and shaping.

17. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that during the first thermal treatment step a minimum temperature of 250° C. is achieved, and this is maintained over a period of time of at least 15 minutes.

18. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that during the second thermal treatment a minimum temperature of 600° C. is maintained over a period of time of at least 15 minutes.

19. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that in addition at least one further metal in powdery form is added to said respective metallic powder.

20. An open-porous molded body fabricated with a method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is formed from nickel or iron and a metal in the form of a solid solution or as an intermetallic phase, or said surface is formed as such a layer from these said solid solutions and said intermetallic phase, respectively; and said molded body comprises at least curved areas with observing minimum bending radii.

21. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that it has been formed from at least one generally plate-like, open-porous body made of nickel or iron obtained by subsequently shaping.

22. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that it is formed in shape of a hollow cylinder.

23. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that at least two hollow cylinders telescoped into one another are forming said molded body.

24. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that it has a helical shape formed around a longitudinal axis.

25. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that said porosity varies starting from said inside longitudinal axis radially outwardly step by step or in a graded form.

26. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that it is formed from nickel aluminide or iron aluminide, or is coated with it on its surfaces.

27. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that a minimum porosity of 85% is achieved.

28. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that at least one cylinder forming an outer circumferential surface encloses said open-porous molded body.

29. A molded body according to claim 28, characterized in that said cylinder is perforated.

30. A molded body according to claim 28, characterized in that said cylinder is formed from a metal or a ceramic.

31. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that a separating film is arranged is between layers of a helically wrapped, open-porous molded body.

32. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that said film is formed from a metal or a ceramic.

33. A molded body according to claim 20, characterized in that said film is perforated.

34. The use of a molded body according to claim 20 as a particle filter.