US20050235721A1 - Divide and chop shear arrangement - Google Patents
Divide and chop shear arrangement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20050235721A1 US20050235721A1 US11/106,344 US10634405A US2005235721A1 US 20050235721 A1 US20050235721 A1 US 20050235721A1 US 10634405 A US10634405 A US 10634405A US 2005235721 A1 US2005235721 A1 US 2005235721A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- paths
- segments
- shear
- tail end
- along
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B39/00—Arrangements for moving, supporting, or positioning work, or controlling its movement, combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
- B21B39/14—Guiding, positioning or aligning work
- B21B39/18—Switches for directing work in metal-rolling mills or trains
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/16—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B15/00—Arrangements for performing additional metal-working operations specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
- B21B15/0007—Cutting or shearing the product
- B21B2015/0014—Cutting or shearing the product transversely to the rolling direction
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to rolling mills producing hot rolled long products, e.g., bars, rods and the like, and is concerned in particular with the provision of an improved system for subdividing such products, with acceptable customer lengths being delivered to a cooling bed, and with unacceptable front and tail ends being diverted to a chopping shear.
- the principal objective of the present invention is to minimize the extent to which unacceptable front and tail ends are diverted on their way to the chopping shear, thus avoiding or at least significantly reducing the risk of cobbling.
- hot rolled product lengths exiting from a rolling mill along a first path are directed to a first switch which acts in concert with a first shear to subdivide each product length into successive segments including a front end segment, a plurality of intermediate segments, and a tail end segment.
- the successive segments are alternately delivered from the first shear to one or the other of two adjacent downstream second paths.
- Second switches on the second paths are selectively adjustable between first positions allowing the intermediate segments to continue along the second paths to a downstream cooling bed, and second positions diverting the front or tail end segments from the second paths to third paths.
- a second shear operates to chop the front and tail end segments traveling along the third paths into scrap lengths that are delivered to scrap receptacles.
- the second paths are arranged between the third paths to thereby minimize the deflection of the front and tail ends by the second switches.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a system in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged front view of the second shear
- FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the successive segments produced by the first shear
- FIG. 4 is a more detailed plan view of the arrangement of switches and shears shown in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 5 is an end view of the second shear
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line 6 - 6 of FIG. 5 .
- a system in accordance with the present invention is shown at 10 at a location along the mill pass line “X” between the last roll stand RS of the mill and a cooling bed CB.
- a first switch SW 1 operates in concert with a first shear SH 1 to subdivide the product lengths into successive segments, including front end segments, intermediate segments, and tail end segments.
- the intermediate segments comprise metallurgically acceptable customer lengths destined for delivery to the cooling bed.
- the front end segments may be metallurgically unacceptable due to inadequate upstream cooling.
- the tail end segments are often shorter than the desired customer length.
- the successive segments exiting from shear SH 1 are alternately received on adjacent downstream second paths A,B.
- the subdivided segments moving along path A are directed to a second switch SW 2 which is adjustable to either allow the acceptable intermediate segments to continue along path A or to deflect front and tail end segments to a different path C 1 .
- the subdivided segments traveling along path B are similarly directed to a third switch SW 3 which also is adjustable either to allow the acceptable intermediate segments to continue along path B or to deflect front and tail end segments to a different path C 2 .
- a chopping shear SH 2 is located downstream from the switches SW 2 ,SW 3 .
- the shear SH 2 has two sets of coacting shear blades B 1 ,B 1 and B 2 ,B 2 aligned respectively on paths C 1 , C 2 .
- the paths A, B pass freely between the laterally spaced blade sets of the chopping shear.
- the paths C 1 , C 2 lead to crop receptacles CR, and the paths A, B continue to the cooling bed CB.
- the shears SH 1 would operate to subdivide billet lengths of product delivered from the last roll stand RS into a short front end segment L 1 of metallurgically unacceptable product, intermediate segments typically comprising acceptable customer lengths L 2 -L 5 , and as is more often than not, an unacceptably short tail end segment L 6 .
- FIGS. 4-6 A more detailed illustration of the switches and shears of the present invention can be seen by reference to FIGS. 4-6 .
- the switch SW comprises a guide pipe 12 mounted for movement about a pivot 14 , and pivotally adjustable to deliver products through shear SH 1 to paths A,B by a piston-cylinder unit 16 .
- the shear SH 1 may be of conventional design well known to those skilled in the art.
- An entry guide 18 directs segments passing along paths A,B to respective switches SW 2 ,SW 3 , each being mounted for movement about a pivot 20 .
- Switch SW 2 is adjustable by a piston-cylinder unit 22 to allow acceptable intermediate segments to continue along path A to the cooling bed, or to divert unacceptable front and tail end segments to path C 1 .
- Switch SW 3 is similarly adjustable by a piston-cylinder unit 24 to allow acceptable intermediate segments to continue along path B, or alternatively, to divert unacceptable front and tail end segments to path C 2 .
- the chopping shear SH 2 has parallel shafts 26 carrying intermeshed gears 28 .
- the lower shaft 26 is driven by a motor 30 (shown in FIG. 1 ).
- the externally projecting ends of the shafts carry the laterally spaced pairs of coacting shear blades B 1 ,B 1 and B 2 ,B 2 aligned respectively on the paths C 1 ,C 2 .
- Guides 32 direct product segments along paths A,B between the chopping shear blades.
- the switches SW 2 ,SW 3 need only pivot through small angles in order to deflect product end segments from the paths A,B to their respective diversion paths C 1 ,C 2 .
- the front and tail end segments of relatively stiff products e.g., those with larger diameters and/or lower temperatures, can be processed without the risk of cobbling.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
- Wire Processing (AREA)
- Control And Other Processes For Unpacking Of Materials (AREA)
- Shearing Machines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This application claims priority from Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/564,067 filed on Apr. 21, 2004.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- This invention relates generally to rolling mills producing hot rolled long products, e.g., bars, rods and the like, and is concerned in particular with the provision of an improved system for subdividing such products, with acceptable customer lengths being delivered to a cooling bed, and with unacceptable front and tail ends being diverted to a chopping shear.
- 2. Description of the Prior Art
- Conventional systems of the above-mentioned type typically involve laterally diverting the hot rolled product from one path to another, usually by switches acting in concert with flying shears and the like. However, for certain products, particularly those with increased stiffness, other than minor lateral diversions of the unacceptable front and tail ends can prove to be problematical, resulting in a cobble and an interruption of the rolling process.
- The principal objective of the present invention is to minimize the extent to which unacceptable front and tail ends are diverted on their way to the chopping shear, thus avoiding or at least significantly reducing the risk of cobbling.
- In accordance with the present invention, hot rolled product lengths exiting from a rolling mill along a first path are directed to a first switch which acts in concert with a first shear to subdivide each product length into successive segments including a front end segment, a plurality of intermediate segments, and a tail end segment. The successive segments are alternately delivered from the first shear to one or the other of two adjacent downstream second paths. Second switches on the second paths are selectively adjustable between first positions allowing the intermediate segments to continue along the second paths to a downstream cooling bed, and second positions diverting the front or tail end segments from the second paths to third paths. A second shear operates to chop the front and tail end segments traveling along the third paths into scrap lengths that are delivered to scrap receptacles.
- The second paths are arranged between the third paths to thereby minimize the deflection of the front and tail ends by the second switches.
- These and other features and advantages of the present invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings; wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of a system in accordance with the present invention; -
FIG. 2 is an enlarged front view of the second shear; -
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the successive segments produced by the first shear; -
FIG. 4 is a more detailed plan view of the arrangement of switches and shears shown inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 5 is an end view of the second shear; and -
FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line 6-6 ofFIG. 5 . - With reference initially to the schematic illustrations of
FIGS. 1 and 2 , a system in accordance with the present invention is shown at 10 at a location along the mill pass line “X” between the last roll stand RS of the mill and a cooling bed CB. - A first switch SW1 operates in concert with a first shear SH1 to subdivide the product lengths into successive segments, including front end segments, intermediate segments, and tail end segments. The intermediate segments comprise metallurgically acceptable customer lengths destined for delivery to the cooling bed. Depending on the type of product being produced, the front end segments may be metallurgically unacceptable due to inadequate upstream cooling. The tail end segments are often shorter than the desired customer length. The successive segments exiting from shear SH1 are alternately received on adjacent downstream second paths A,B.
- The subdivided segments moving along path A are directed to a second switch SW2 which is adjustable to either allow the acceptable intermediate segments to continue along path A or to deflect front and tail end segments to a different path C1. The subdivided segments traveling along path B are similarly directed to a third switch SW3 which also is adjustable either to allow the acceptable intermediate segments to continue along path B or to deflect front and tail end segments to a different path C2.
- A chopping shear SH2 is located downstream from the switches SW2,SW3. As can best be seen in
FIG. 2 , the shear SH2 has two sets of coacting shear blades B1,B1 and B2,B2 aligned respectively on paths C1, C2. The paths A, B pass freely between the laterally spaced blade sets of the chopping shear. On the downstream side of shear SH2, the paths C1, C2 lead to crop receptacles CR, and the paths A, B continue to the cooling bed CB. - With reference to
FIG. 3 , in an exemplary sequence, the shears SH1 would operate to subdivide billet lengths of product delivered from the last roll stand RS into a short front end segment L1 of metallurgically unacceptable product, intermediate segments typically comprising acceptable customer lengths L2-L5, and as is more often than not, an unacceptably short tail end segment L6. - The switches SW2,SW3 would then process these segments as shown below in Table A.
TABLE A Product PATHS Cooling Bed Crop Receptacle Lengths A B C1 C2 Shear SH2 CB CR L1 x x x x L2 x x L3 x x L4 x x L5 x x L6 x x x x - The foregoing sequence is merely illustrative and will vary depending on the type of product being handled, the customer lengths into which it is to be subdivided, etc.
- A more detailed illustration of the switches and shears of the present invention can be seen by reference to
FIGS. 4-6 . FromFIG. 4 , it will be seen that the switch SW, comprises aguide pipe 12 mounted for movement about apivot 14, and pivotally adjustable to deliver products through shear SH1 to paths A,B by a piston-cylinder unit 16. The shear SH1 may be of conventional design well known to those skilled in the art. - An
entry guide 18 directs segments passing along paths A,B to respective switches SW2,SW3, each being mounted for movement about apivot 20. Switch SW2 is adjustable by a piston-cylinder unit 22 to allow acceptable intermediate segments to continue along path A to the cooling bed, or to divert unacceptable front and tail end segments to path C1. Switch SW3 is similarly adjustable by a piston-cylinder unit 24 to allow acceptable intermediate segments to continue along path B, or alternatively, to divert unacceptable front and tail end segments to path C2. - As can be seen from
FIGS. 5 and 6 , the chopping shear SH2 hasparallel shafts 26 carrying intermeshedgears 28. Thelower shaft 26 is driven by a motor 30 (shown inFIG. 1 ). The externally projecting ends of the shafts carry the laterally spaced pairs of coacting shear blades B1,B1 and B2,B2 aligned respectively on the paths C1,C2. Guides 32 direct product segments along paths A,B between the chopping shear blades. - With the above described arrangement, the switches SW2,SW3 need only pivot through small angles in order to deflect product end segments from the paths A,B to their respective diversion paths C1,C2. In this manner, the front and tail end segments of relatively stiff products, e.g., those with larger diameters and/or lower temperatures, can be processed without the risk of cobbling.
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/106,344 US7140221B2 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-14 | Divide and chop shear arrangement |
CA002504275A CA2504275C (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-15 | Divide and chop shear arrangement |
TW094112296A TWI285139B (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-18 | Divide and chop shear arrangment |
ES05103168T ES2320146T3 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-20 | SHEAR DIPOSITIVE TO DIVIDE AND CUT. |
EP05103168A EP1598123B1 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-20 | Divide and crop shear arrangement |
RU2005111920/02A RU2298446C2 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-20 | Method and apparatus for subdividing hot rolled article cut pieces fed from rolling mill |
AT05103168T ATE418401T1 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-20 | DEVICE FOR CUTTING AND SHEARING |
DE602005011885T DE602005011885D1 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-20 | Device for cutting and shearing |
JP2005123128A JP3987861B2 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-21 | Division and cutting machine configuration |
MXPA05004269A MXPA05004269A (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-21 | Divide and chop shear arrangement. |
KR1020050033016A KR100591229B1 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-21 | Divide and chop shear arrangement |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US56406704P | 2004-04-21 | 2004-04-21 | |
US11/106,344 US7140221B2 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-14 | Divide and chop shear arrangement |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20050235721A1 true US20050235721A1 (en) | 2005-10-27 |
US7140221B2 US7140221B2 (en) | 2006-11-28 |
Family
ID=34939401
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/106,344 Expired - Fee Related US7140221B2 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-04-14 | Divide and chop shear arrangement |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7140221B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1598123B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3987861B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100591229B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE418401T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2504275C (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005011885D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2320146T3 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA05004269A (en) |
RU (1) | RU2298446C2 (en) |
TW (1) | TWI285139B (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101653787B (en) * | 2009-08-25 | 2014-04-02 | 武汉钢铁(集团)公司 | High-speed wire double production line swinging wire separation device |
EP2821153A1 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2015-01-07 | Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH | System and method for cutting to length long rolled products coming from different strands of a rolling mill |
CN105682839A (en) * | 2013-10-09 | 2016-06-15 | 丹尼尔和科菲森梅克尼齐有限公司 | Single shear for cutting and conveying multiple rolled sections |
EP3108976A1 (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2016-12-28 | Primetals Technologies USA LLC | Rolling mill delivery guide |
CN117733228A (en) * | 2024-02-21 | 2024-03-22 | 成都金中机械设备制造有限公司 | Aluminium pole shearing equipment |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITMI20050315A1 (en) † | 2005-03-02 | 2006-09-03 | Danieli Off Mecc | COMPACT PLANT FOR THE CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF E-O PROFILE BARS |
GB2488386B (en) | 2011-10-07 | 2013-01-16 | David Teng Pong | Method and apparatus for producing cut to length bars in a steel mill |
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US3236084A (en) * | 1963-06-13 | 1966-02-22 | Hitachi Ltd | Apparatus for delivering steel bar sections onto the cooling bed of a bar mill |
US3251212A (en) * | 1964-04-16 | 1966-05-17 | Morgan Construction Co | Rod cropping apparatus |
US3258951A (en) * | 1963-08-22 | 1966-07-05 | Morgan Construction Co | Rod switching apparatus |
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US4554813A (en) * | 1982-12-03 | 1985-11-26 | Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft | Live-roller feed bed for conveying individual lengths of rolled stock in close succession to cooling beds |
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US5517887A (en) * | 1991-08-08 | 1996-05-21 | Morgardshammar Ab | Method and arrangement for removing leading and trailing ends from rapidly moving rolled material |
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DD258378B5 (en) | 1987-03-13 | 1997-03-20 | Sket Schwermamaschinenbau Gmbh | Process for the continuous production of steel rod finishing lengths |
-
2005
- 2005-04-14 US US11/106,344 patent/US7140221B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-04-15 CA CA002504275A patent/CA2504275C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-04-18 TW TW094112296A patent/TWI285139B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-04-20 ES ES05103168T patent/ES2320146T3/en active Active
- 2005-04-20 AT AT05103168T patent/ATE418401T1/en active
- 2005-04-20 DE DE602005011885T patent/DE602005011885D1/en active Active
- 2005-04-20 EP EP05103168A patent/EP1598123B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-04-20 RU RU2005111920/02A patent/RU2298446C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-04-21 KR KR1020050033016A patent/KR100591229B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-04-21 JP JP2005123128A patent/JP3987861B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-04-21 MX MXPA05004269A patent/MXPA05004269A/en active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3236084A (en) * | 1963-06-13 | 1966-02-22 | Hitachi Ltd | Apparatus for delivering steel bar sections onto the cooling bed of a bar mill |
US3258951A (en) * | 1963-08-22 | 1966-07-05 | Morgan Construction Co | Rod switching apparatus |
US3251212A (en) * | 1964-04-16 | 1966-05-17 | Morgan Construction Co | Rod cropping apparatus |
US4176535A (en) * | 1977-05-05 | 1979-12-04 | Demag Aktiengesellschaft | Apparatus for cropping, dividing and reducing rolled material at high speed |
US4250729A (en) * | 1978-07-13 | 1981-02-17 | Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft | System for selectively transferring flexible and relatively bending-resistant shaped sections of different cross-sectional form between continuous small structural and merchant mills and cooling beds disposed downstream thereof |
US4554813A (en) * | 1982-12-03 | 1985-11-26 | Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft | Live-roller feed bed for conveying individual lengths of rolled stock in close succession to cooling beds |
US4977806A (en) * | 1987-07-13 | 1990-12-18 | Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche Spa | Plant to crop head and tail and to take samples |
US5031432A (en) * | 1989-02-23 | 1991-07-16 | Boehler Gesellschaft M.B.H | Process for the rolling of wire material |
US5040440A (en) * | 1990-05-09 | 1991-08-20 | Stelco, Inc. | Product switching mechanism |
US5517887A (en) * | 1991-08-08 | 1996-05-21 | Morgardshammar Ab | Method and arrangement for removing leading and trailing ends from rapidly moving rolled material |
US5307663A (en) * | 1993-01-12 | 1994-05-03 | Morgan Construction Company | Multiple outlet finishing mill |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101653787B (en) * | 2009-08-25 | 2014-04-02 | 武汉钢铁(集团)公司 | High-speed wire double production line swinging wire separation device |
EP3108976A1 (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2016-12-28 | Primetals Technologies USA LLC | Rolling mill delivery guide |
US9937632B2 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2018-04-10 | Primetals Technologies USA LLC | High speed traversing shear |
EP2821153A1 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2015-01-07 | Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH | System and method for cutting to length long rolled products coming from different strands of a rolling mill |
WO2015000779A1 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2015-01-08 | Siemens Vai Metals Technologies Gmbh | System and method for cutting to length long rolled products coming from different strands of a rolling mill |
CN105377457A (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2016-03-02 | 首要金属科技奥地利有限责任公司 | System and method for cutting to length long rolled products coming from different strands of a rolling mill |
EP2821153B1 (en) | 2013-07-05 | 2017-08-30 | Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH | System and method for cutting to length long rolled products coming from different strands of a rolling mill |
RU2655871C2 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2018-05-29 | Прайметалз Текнолоджиз Аустриа ГмбХ | System and method for cutting to length long rolled products coming from different strands of rolling mill |
US10994348B2 (en) | 2013-07-05 | 2021-05-04 | Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH | System and method for cutting to length long rolled products coming from different strands of a rolling mill |
CN105682839A (en) * | 2013-10-09 | 2016-06-15 | 丹尼尔和科菲森梅克尼齐有限公司 | Single shear for cutting and conveying multiple rolled sections |
US11772174B2 (en) * | 2013-10-09 | 2023-10-03 | Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. | Single shear for cutting and conveying multiple rolled sections |
CN117733228A (en) * | 2024-02-21 | 2024-03-22 | 成都金中机械设备制造有限公司 | Aluminium pole shearing equipment |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2005305548A (en) | 2005-11-04 |
CA2504275A1 (en) | 2005-10-21 |
EP1598123B1 (en) | 2008-12-24 |
RU2005111920A (en) | 2006-10-27 |
KR100591229B1 (en) | 2006-06-20 |
EP1598123A2 (en) | 2005-11-23 |
ES2320146T3 (en) | 2009-05-19 |
KR20060047310A (en) | 2006-05-18 |
TW200603909A (en) | 2006-02-01 |
US7140221B2 (en) | 2006-11-28 |
JP3987861B2 (en) | 2007-10-10 |
DE602005011885D1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
RU2298446C2 (en) | 2007-05-10 |
ATE418401T1 (en) | 2009-01-15 |
CA2504275C (en) | 2008-02-05 |
MXPA05004269A (en) | 2006-02-13 |
TWI285139B (en) | 2007-08-11 |
EP1598123A3 (en) | 2005-11-30 |
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