Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
  • C07K14/29—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Richettsiales (O)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
  • A61K39/0233—Rickettsiales, e.g. Anaplasma
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
  • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
  • A61K2039/521—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells inactivated (killed)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
  • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
  • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
  • A61K2039/55566—Emulsions, e.g. Freund's adjuvant, MF59
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• Canine ehrlichiosis is a lethal disease caused by Ehrlichia canis ( E. canis ), a blood-borne intracellular pathogen, and infects all breeds of dogs at any growth phase.
• Canine ehrlichiosis is transmitted primarily by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineous , which is believed to be the primary reservoir for the disease.
• Canine ehrlichiosis is a potentially lethal disease that is endemic in the United States and occurs worldwide. Symptoms commonly progress from an acute to chronic disease state depending on the strain of the organism and immune status of the host.
• symptoms include mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge, dehydration, reticuloendothelial hyperplasia, fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia.
• variable signs of anorexia, depression, loss of stamina, stiffness and reluctance to walk, edema of the limbs or scrotum, and coughing or dyspnea may occur.
• the vaccine composition can protect dogs against multiple strains of E. canis originating in a variety of geographic regions.
• the present invention provides a safe and effective vaccine composition which comprises: an effective immunizing amount of an inactivated Ehrlichia canis bacterin, a pharmacologically acceptable carrier, and an immunogenically stimulating amount of an adjuvant system comprising or consisting essentially of an antibody response inducing agent and a cell-mediated immunity (CMI) response inducing agent.
• an effective immunizing amount of an inactivated Ehrlichia canis bacterin a pharmacologically acceptable carrier
• an immunogenically stimulating amount of an adjuvant system comprising or consisting essentially of an antibody response inducing agent and a cell-mediated immunity (CMI) response inducing agent.
• the present invention also provides a method for the prevention or amelioration of canine ehrlichiosis in dogs.
• the present invention further provides a method for the induction of clinical E. canis infection in a test animal, which is useful for the study and evaluation of host defenses and pathogenic mechanisms, and for the advanced development of the treatment and prevention of canine ehrlichiosis.
• the causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis is Ehrlichia canis ( E. canis ), a Gram-negative bacteria of the order Rickettsiales, that occurs either singly or in compact inclusions in circulating mammalian leukocytes and is transmitted by ticks.
• Canine ehrlichiosis is endemic in many parts of the United States and is known to occur worldwide. Acute, naturally occurring canine ehrlichiosis mimics Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Most acute cases occur in the warmer months, which is coincident with the greatest activity of the tick vector.
• Canine ehrlichiosis can be a lethal disease.
• variable symptoms such as anorexia, depression, loss of stamina, stiffness and a reluctance to walk, edema of the limbs or scrotum, coughing or dyspnea.
• variable symptoms such as anorexia, depression, loss of stamina, stiffness and a reluctance to walk, edema of the limbs or scrotum, coughing or dyspnea.
• a vaccine composition which comprises an effective immunizing amount of an inactivated E. canis bacterin, a pharmacologically acceptable carrier, and an immunogenically stimulating amount of an adjuvant system consisting essentially of an antibody response inducing agent and a cell-mediated immunity (CMI) response inducing agent, may be administered to dogs at any growth stage to prevent or ameliorate canine ehrlichiosis, preferably at 16 weeks of age or older.
• an adjuvant system consisting essentially of an antibody response inducing agent and a cell-mediated immunity (CMI) response inducing agent
• E. canis bacterin suitable for use in the vaccine composition of the invention may be of one or more strains.
• E. canis bacterin suitable for use in the vaccine composition of the present invention may be one or more strains, such as those designated as Ebony, Broadfoot, Florida, Israel 611, Kogashima 1, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Venezuela, the North Carolina State University (NCSU) strain Jake, the NCSU isolates Demon, DJ and Fuzzy, E. canis infected cell lines with any of the designated strains, E. canis infected DH82 cell lines with any of the designated strains or the E.
• NCSU North Carolina State University
• An E. canis bacterin suitable for use in the vaccine composition of the present invention may preferably be two strains of E. canis , such as Ebony and Broadfoot.
• the Ebony strain for example, is 99.9 percent homologous with the Oklahoma strain based on the 16S recombinant DNA (rDNA) sequence (i.e., one nucleotide difference) [Mathew J S et al., Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia canis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus after passage in cell culture, Am J Vet Res 1996 November; 57(11):1594-8], and has been shown to be transmissible to dogs by nymphal and adult brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) (Mathew 1996).
• rDNA recombinant DNA
• the Florida strain has been disclosed to contain a conserved major immunoreactive 28-kDa protein gene (U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,942) and a p 30 gene belonging to the omp-1 multiple gene family (U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,649).
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,085 discloses that the Florida strain has a 120-kDa immunodominant antigenic protein, containing 14 repeats with 36 amino acids each, which are predicted to be surface-exposed.
• the repeat units are hydrophilic that form the core of the surface exposed regions of the protein, and are rich in serine and glutamic acid. Serine and glutamic acid each comprise 19% of the amino acids of a repeat unit.
• the Florida strain is believed to be less virulent than the E. canis strain NCSU Jake [Breithist et al. Doxycycline hyclate treatment of experimental canine Ehrlichiosis followed by challenge inoculation with two Ehrlichia canis strains, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1998 February; 42(2):362-68], while serological comparison with the Oklahoma strain revealed 100% specificity and 87.5% sensitivity (Dawson J E et al., Serological comparison of human ehrlichiosis using two Ehrlichia canis isolates. J Infect Dis. 1991 March; 163(3):564-71.
• Israel 611 has two forms of morulae: (1) tightly packed and (2) loosely packed, and its 16S rRNA gene sequence is three nucleotides different than the Oklahoma strain and four nucleotides different than the Florida strain, with a gap of one nucleotide in each (Keysary, 1996). The degree of homology difference from the Oklahoma strain is 0.54 percent while the difference from the Florida strain is 0.61 percent (Keysary, 1996).
• the Louisiana strain has a conserved major immunoreactive 28-kDa protein gene (U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,942), a p 30 gene belonging to the omp-1 multiple gene family (U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,649), and, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,085, a 120-kDa immunodominant antigenic protein, containing 14 repeats with 36 amino acids each, which are predicted to be surface-exposed.
• the repeat units are hydrophilic that form the core of the surface exposed regions of the protein, and are rich in serine and glutamic acid. Serine and glutamic acid each comprise 19% of the amino acids of a repeat unit.
• the Oklahoma strain has a conserved major immunoreactive 28-kDa protein gene (U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,942), a p 30 gene belonging to the omp-1 multiple gene family (U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,649), and, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,085, a 120-kDa immunodominant antigenic protein, containing 14 repeats with 36 amino acids each, which are predicted to be surface-exposed.
• the repeat units are hydrophilic that form the core of the surface exposed regions of the protein, and are rich in serine and glutamic acid. Serine and glutamic acid each comprise 19% of the amino acids of a repeat unit.
• the 140-kDa protein gene has fourteen (14) nearly identical, tandemly arranged 108-bp repeat units.
• the 14-repeat region (78%) of the P140 gene (1,620 bp) was expressed in Escherichia coli .
• the recombinant protein exhibited molecular masses ranging from 1.6 to 2 times larger than those predicted by the amino acid sequences. Antibodies against the recombinant proteins react with E. canis P140. Carbohydrate was detected on the E.
• a carbohydrate compositional analysis identified glucose, galactose, and xylose on the recombinant proteins.
• the presence of only one site for N-linked (Asn-Xaa-SerfThr) glycosylation, a lack of effect of N-glycosidase F, the presence of 70 and 126 Ser/Thr glycosylation sites in the repeat regions of P120 and P140, respectively, and a high molar ratio of carbohydrate to protein suggest that the glycans may be 0 linked (McBride J W et al. Glycosylation of Homologous Immunodominant Proteins of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia canis .
• the E. canis bacterin is grown in a canine monocyte macrophage cell line, sometimes referred to as continuous canine macrophage cells or canine macrophage cell line, supported by a medium containing RPMI1640 supplemented with fetal bovine serum, glucose and glutamine.
• the cells are cultured on a supporting medium which may be RPMI1640, OptiMEM, or AIM V, preferably RPMI1640, supplemented with up to 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.5% lactalbumin hydrolysate, 30 ⁇ g/mL Polymyxin B, 110 ⁇ g/mL sodium pyruvate, 2.5 mg/mL sodium bicarbonate, 4 mg/mL glucose, 6 mg/mL L-glutamine, 0.55 mg/mL magnesium sulfate, and cultured for up to 95 days, preferably for up to 35 days, most preferably about 5 to 10 days, to achieve a titer of ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 4 TCID 50 (Tissue Culture Infectious Dose), and then the culture is harvested and processed for inactivation.
• a supporting medium which may be RPMI1640, OptiMEM, or AIM V, preferably RPMI1640, supplemented with up to 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.5% lactalbumin hydroly
• the thus-obtained E. canis bacterin can then be inactivated by conventional inactivation means.
• chemical inactivation using chemical inactivating agents such as binary ethyleneimine, beta-propiolactone, formalin, merthiolate, gluteraldehyde, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or the like, or a mixture thereof, with formalin being the preferred inactivation agent.
• the bacterin may also be inactivated by heat or psoralen in the presence of ultraviolet light.
• the effective immunizing amount of the inactivated E. canis bacterin can vary depending upon the chosen strain or strains and may be any amount sufficient to evoke a protective immune response. Amounts wherein the dosage unit comprises at least about 1 ⁇ 10 4 TCID 50 inactivated E. canis bacterin are suitable.
• antibody response-inducing agent designates any compound, or combination of compounds, capable of enhancing a humoral immunity response.
• Typical examples are ethylene maleic anhydrate (EMA) copolymer, latex emulsions of a copolymer of styrene with a mixture of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, such as NEOCRYL® A-640 (Avecia Neo Resius, Frankfort, IN), aluminum hydroxide, or the like, or a mixture thereof.
• EMA ethylene maleic anhydrate
• NEOCRYL® A-640 Avecia Neo Resius, Frankfort, IN
• the antibody response-inducing agent of the present invention is preferably a mixture of EMA and NEOCRYL®.
• NEOCRYL® is a registered trade name of Avecia BV, Sluisweg 12 P.O.
• NEOCRYL® A640 is an uncoalesced aqueous styrenated acrylic copolymer, having a pH of about 7.5, a viscosity of about 100 cps (Brookfield 25° C.), a weight per gallon of 8.6 pounds as supplied containing 40 percent solids by weight, a specific gravity of 1.30 mg/L, a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 44° C., a minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) of 40° C., and an acid number (nonvolatile) of 50.
• NEOCRYL® A640 is an uncoalesced aqueous acrylic copolymer with styrene. More specifically, NEOCRYL® A640 is a latex emulsion of a copolymer of styrene with a mixture of acrylic and methacrylic acid.
• Suitable grades of the EMA copolymer useful in this invention are the linear ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymers, such as EMA-31 (Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo.), which is an acid functional copolymer. These copolymers are water soluble, fine, white, free-flowing powders having the following typical properties: a softening point of about 170° C., a decomposition temperature of about 247° C., a pH (1% solution) of 2.3, and a specific viscosity (1% solution in dimethyl formamide) of 0.9-1.2 g/100 mL.
• EMA-31 Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo.
• CMV response inducing agent designates any agent, or combination of agents, capable of enhancing a cellular immunity response.
• Typical examples are biologics, such as an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis , Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (Calbiochem, La Jolla, Calif.) or the like, and Th1-related cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-18 (IL-18), gamma interferon or the like, preferably IL-12; or substances that are oil-in-water emulsions, such as a paraffin oil-in-water emulsion like EMULSIGEN® SA (MVP Laboratories, Ralston, Nebr.), SP oil (a composition of squalane, Pluronic® L 121 and Tween® 80(squalane is from VWR/Kodak, Rochester, N.Y., and the Pluronic® L121 available from BA
• BCG Bacille Calmette-Gu
• EMULSIGEN® SA is a registered trademark of Modern Veterinary Products, 5404 Miller Ave. Omaha, Nebr. 68127, U.S.A., for veterinary antigen adjuvants of an emulsified oil-in-water nature.
• EMULSIGEN® SA a paraffin emulsified oil adjuvant base, is milky-white when mixed with Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) (20% final concentration), with a viscosity of 25-50 cps (Brookfield LV viscometer, spindle #18, at 30 rpm), and comprises at least 80% of oil phase droplets less than or equal to eight (8) microns.
• Pluronic® is a registered trademark of BASF Corporation for block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and the numeral L121 denotes a grade thereof.
• Immunogenically stimulating amounts of the adjuvant system may vary according to the antibody response inducing agent, the CMI inducing agent, the E. canis bacterin component, the degree of potential infectious exposure, the method of administration of the vaccine composition, the growth stage and size of the dog, or the like. Moreover, immunogenically stimulating amounts of the adjuvant system are an amount that is sufficient to enhance an immune response to the immunizing agent— E. canis bacterin. In general, amounts of about 1% to 6% vol/vol, preferably about 4% vol/vol of the antibody response inducing agent and about 3% to 7% vol/vol, preferably about 5% vol/vol, of the CMI inducing agent are suitable.
• Pharmacologically acceptable carriers suitable for use in the vaccine composition of the invention may be any conventional liquid carrier suitable for veterinary pharmaceutical compositions, and preferably is a balanced salt solution such as is suitable for use in tissue culture media.
• the vaccine composition of the invention may also contain other active components such as an antipathogenic component directed against rabies virus, Lime disease ( Borrelia burgdorferi ), canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus, canine corona virus, Giardia; leptospira interrogans such as serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, grippotyphosa or bratislava or the like, or a combination thereof.
• active components such as an antipathogenic component directed against rabies virus, Lime disease ( Borrelia burgdorferi ), canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus, canine corona virus, Giardia; leptospira interrogans such as serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, grippotyphosa or bratislava or the like, or a combination thereof.
• the inactivated E. canis bacterin component of the invention may be incorporated into liposomes using known technology such as that described in Nature, 1974, 252, 252-254 or Journal of Immunology, 1978, 120, 1109-13.
• the inactivated E. canis bacterin component of the invention may be conjugated to suitable biological compounds such as polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, or the like, or a combination thereof.
• the inventive vaccine composition may be formulated in a dosage unit form to facilitate administration and ensure uniformity of dosage.
• a dosage unit as it pertains to the vaccine composition refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for animals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of E. canis bacterin calculated to produce the desired immunogenic effect in association with the required adjuvant system and carrier or vehicle.
• inventive vaccine composition may be administered parenterally, for example, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intradermally or the like, preferably, subcutaneously or intradermally, and more preferably, subcutaneously; or said composition may be administered orally or intranasally.
• the present invention also provides a method for the prevention or amelioration of canine ehrlichiosis in dogs which comprises administering to said dog a safe and effective vaccine composition as described hereinabove.
• the vaccine composition of the invention is administered parenterally, orally, or intranasally, preferably parenterally, more preferably subcutaneously, in effective amounts according to a schedule determined by the time of potential exposure to a carrier of the E. canis bacterin.
• a typical treatment schedule may include parenteral administration, preferably subcutaneous injection, at least 5 weeks prior to potential exposure. At least two administrations are preferred, for example, the first at about 5 weeks and a second at about 2 weeks prior to potential exposure of the treated animal.
• an effective challenge model In order to effectively study and evaluate the pathogenic mechanisms of the E. canis bacterin and the defense mechanisms of the host canine and thereby to advance the vaccine art and improve vaccine products, an effective challenge model must be created.
• different challenge models for canine ehrlichiosis are known, none has been effective in causing a high percentage of test animals to demonstrate persistent and severe clinical symptoms that are commonly associated with canine ehrlichiosis, such as mucopurulent ocular discharge, dehydration, or the like. Therefore, a better, more consistently effective challenge model is needed for the evaluation of vaccines and pharmaceuticals, and the study of E. canis bacterin and disease caused thereby.
• a particularly effective E. canis challenge may be obtained in a test animal by administering to said test animal a challenge stock of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) containing a virulent culture of live E. canis bacteria.
• PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• the virulent E. canis culture is prepared by repeatedly passaging the E. canis microorganism such as E. canis Ebony, E. canis Broadfoot or the like, preferably E. canis Ebony, in a host; separating the PBMC from the host blood sample; and mixing the separated PBMC with 20% fetal bovine serum and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide.
• the present invention also provides a method for the induction of clinical canine ehrlichiosis in a test animal which comprises administering to said animal an effective amount of an E. canis challenge stock, consisting essentially of a virulent E. canis microorganism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
• an E. canis challenge stock consisting essentially of a virulent E. canis microorganism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
• E. canis Broadfoot sometimes referred to as E. canis BF, or Broadfoot
• E. canis Ebony sometimes referred to as Ebony
• the virulence of the E. canis microorganism is increased by repeated passages in a host animal.
• Whole blood samples from the host are placed on a gradient medium such as Histopaque® 1077, centrifuged, and the PBMC layer is separated.
• the thus-obtained PBMC are admixed with 20% fetal bovine serum and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and frozen in liquid nitrogen for storage to provide a consistent and continual supply of challenge stock.
• This challenge stock may be diluted with buffer saline solution prior to administration to a test animal.
• Administration may be by any conventional inoculation route such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, or the like, and most preferably is by subcutaneous administration.
• Live E. canis Ebony strain bacteria are repeatedly passaged in dogs. Whole blood samples from the infected dogs are centrifuged at 2500 ⁇ g for 15 min. The buffy coat is collected and diluted with phosphate buffered solution (PBS), then layered over Histopaquee® 1077 and the layered material is centrifuged at 400 ⁇ g for 45 min. The PBMC are collected and washed with PBS. The washed PBMC are mixed with 20% fetal bovine serum and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Prior to use, the challenge stock is diluted with buffered saline solution to a final dilution of 1:3 or 1:4 challenge stock: buffered saline solution.
• PBS phosphate buffered solution
• 20 dogs ranging in age from 8 to 12 months are randomized into 2 groups.
• the dogs are challenged via the subcutaneous route with 1 mL of the diluted challenge stock.
• One group is challenged with a 1:3 dilution of challenge stock and the remaining group is challenged with a 1:4 dilution of challenge stock.
• After challenge the dogs are observed and blood samples are taken 3 ⁇ per week in order to monitor the clinical signs of disease, including thrombocytopenia, for a total of 56 days.
• One incidence per observation time point for each clinical sign is recorded and the total incidence between the groups is compared. Of the observed time points, 53% (1:3 dilution) and 35% (1:4 dilution) had mucopurulent ocular discharge and 44% (1:3 dilution) and 30% (1:4) had dehydration.
• Thrombocytopenia blood platelet counts below 200,000/ ⁇ L was observed starting at about 12 days post challenge (DPC) and throughout the remainder of the observed period. The data are shown in Table Ill.
• the challenge model described hereinabove produces severe clinical signs of canine ehrlichiosis in dogs and provides a case definition of ehrlichiosis disease for use in further study and evaluation of treatments therefor.
• the clinical case definition of canine ehrlichiosis will be defined by mortality, at least three consecutive observation days of mucopurulent ocular discharge and/or at least three consecutive observation days of dehydration.
• CMI cell-mediated immunity
• the vaccine contains 5 log TCID 50 (pre-inactivated titer) E. canis Ebony strain bacterin adjuvanted with the following combinations of adjuvants.
• Vaccine A contained borrelia burgdoferi bacterin (BBB) and EMA/Neocryl®.
• Vaccine B contained borrelia burgdoferi bacterin (BBB), EMA/Neocryl® and 100 ug/dose of BCG.
• Vaccine C contained borrelia burgdoferi bacterin (BBB), EMA/Neocryl® and 1.0 mg/dose of BCG.
• BBB borrelia burgdoferi bacterin
• BBB EMA/Neocryl®
• the other components of the three vaccines were identical.
• the control group of dogs was not vaccinated.
• the 27 dogs were randomized into 4 groups. The first three groups of 7 dogs each were vaccinated twice with vaccine A, B, or C through subcutaneous route at an interval of 21 days. The forth group of 6 dogs served as control and was not vaccinated. Sixteen days after the second vaccination, all dogs were challenged with virulent E. canis and observed for clinical signs, rectal temperatures and changes of blood platelet counts for a total of 56 days.
• CMI is necessary to protect dogs from E. canis infection.
• the E. canis bacterin adjuvanted solely with a conventional canine adjuvant, is not effective in inducing protective immunity in vivo.
• E. canis bacterin Two strains of E. canis bacterin, Ebony and Broadfoot, are each cultivated in DH82 cells supported by a medium containing RPMI1640 supplemented with 5% to 7% fetal bovine serum, 2% glucose and 2 mmole glutamine for 5 to 14 days.
• the resultant cultures are harvested at a titer of ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 4 TCID 50 .
• the harvests are titrated, lysed, and then inactivated by adding an 0.1% formalin solution, incubating at 36° ⁇ 2 C. for a period of 24-48 hours, adding another portion of 0.1% formalin and incubating a second time at 36° ⁇ C. for 24-48 hours.
• Vaccine Composition A Ingredient Description Amount per mL Inactivated E. canis, Ebony 1 ⁇ 10 4.5 TCID 50 Inactivated E. canis , Broadfoot 1 ⁇ 10 4.5 TCID 50 EMA 1 -31 1% vol/vol NEOCRYL ® 2 A-640 3% vol/vol Emulsigen ® 3 SA 5% vol/vol MEM 4 QS to 100% 1 Manufactured by Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO. 2 Manufactured by AVECIA Neo Resius, Frankfort, IN 3 Manufactured by MVP Laboratories, Inc., Ralston, NE 4 Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) manufactured by LTI, Grand Island, NY
• 15- to 16-week old beagles are divided into 2 groups, a control (unvaccinated) group of 15 dogs and a vaccinated group of 27 dogs.
• the vaccinated group receives two 1 mL doses of the vaccine composition A, described in Example 3, at an interval of 21 days.
• Twelve months after vaccination all test animals are challenged with a 1:3 dilution of an established frozen challenge pool of E. canis infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pmbc), as described in Example 1, by the subcutaneous route.
• the test animals are observed 3 ⁇ per week starting at 12 days post challenge (DPC).
• DPC days post challenge
• IACUC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
• Serum samples are evaluated for E. canis antibodies using a K-ELISA to quantitate the immune response following vaccination.
• the serum samples are added in duplicate to wells coated with E. canis whole cell extract protein.
• Peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-dog immunoglobulin (IgG) is then added to each well and the plates are incubated at 36° ⁇ 2° C. for 30 minutes. After removal of unbound conjugate, the plates are developed using an ATBS substitute system. The plates are read at 405-490 ⁇ m for 20 minutes at 35-second intervals using a kinetic mode.
• the serological results are shown in Table V wherein DPVI designates days post-first dose of vaccine; DPV2 designates days post-second dose of vaccine; MPV2 designates months post-second dose of vaccine; and DPC designates days post challenge.
• the vaccinated group showed a significant increase in antibodies over the control (unvaccinated) group. A significant difference in antibodies between the vaccinated and control groups is also observed post challenge.
• hematocrit values, platelet counts, rectal temperatures and weekly body weights are recorded. The hematocrit percentage was significantly less lowered in the vaccinated group as compared to the control group. The platelet counts were significantly less lowered in the vaccinated group as compared to the control group by 44 days post challenge. The weight loss was significantly less in the vaccinates when compared to the controls.
• the E. canis vaccine composition of Example 3 significantly reduces clinical canine ehrlichiosis in dogs. Administration of two 1 mL doses of said vaccine induces immunity over a period of at least 12 months. A significant increase in antibodies against E. canis in dogs is obtained by the administration of the vaccine composition of Example 3. TABLE V Antibody Response to Inactivated E.
• Canine IL-12 and IFN- ⁇ Elispot assays are used to evaluate the levels of IL-12 and IFN- ⁇ in dogs vaccinated with Ehrlichia canis ( E. canis ) bacterin. In comparison to control dogs, the higher number of IL-12 and IFN- ⁇ spots produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from vaccinated dogs indicates that a CMI response may play a role in the protection against E. canis infection.
• Vaccinates that received the E. canis bacterin and controls which did not receive the bacterin.
• Whole blood is drawn from vaccinated and control dogs after the first vaccination with E. canis bacterin.
• Whole blood samples from the control and vaccinated dogs are collected via sterile venipuncture into 10 mL EDTA tubes.
• Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are isolated by centrifugation on a Percoll gradient. After isolation, PBMC are counted and the cell concentration is determined for each sample. Isolated PBMC are then used immediately for an Elispot assay.
• the complete culture medium used for culturing canine PBMC consists of equal volumes of Aim V (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.; Cat. # 12055-083) and Ex-Cell (JRH Biosciences, Lenexa, Kans.; Cat. # 141610-500M), 10% heat inactivated equine serum (Hyclone, Logan, Utah; Cat. # SH30074.03) and 10 ⁇ g/mL gentamycin.
• Immobilon P plates (Millipore, Burlington, Mass.) are pre-wetted with 70% methanol, washed with Dulbecco-Vogt phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), coated with 100 ⁇ L/well of mouse anti-human IL-12 antibody (10 ⁇ g/mL; Mabtech, Sweden), diluted in carbonate buffer, pH 9.6, and incubated at 37° C., 5 ⁇ 2% CO 2 for 2 hours. Plates are then washed with DPBS+0.1% Tween 20 and blocked with complete Aim V/ExCell medium at 36° C., 5 ⁇ 2% CO 2 for a minimum of 2 hours.
• DPBS Dulbecco-Vogt phosphate buffered saline
• Elispot plates for canine IFN- ⁇ detection are prepared in a similar manner to canine IL-12 plates, using an antibody specific for canine IFN- ⁇ .
• the plates used in this study are purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, Minn.; Cat. # EL781) and prepared according to the manufacturer's instruction. These plates are pre-coated with anti-canine IFN- ⁇ polyclonal antibody.
• the first three preparations are used to stimulate IL-12 and IFN- ⁇ production.
• the second three preparations are used as negative controls in the test.
• live E. canis infected and un-infected DH82 cells are harvested, counted, and the cell concentration determined.
• the desired number of live cells and the equivalent cell numbers of cell lysate (treated with or without formalin) are resuspended in the complete Aim V/Excell culture medium and applied to the assay.
• the mitogens Concanavalin A (Con A) Sigma Cat# CO 412 and Lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA) Sigma Cat.# L-4144 are prepared in the complete culture medium and used as positive controls for the assay.
• the antibody coated plates following the 2 hour medium blocking, are washed with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)+0.1% Tween 20.
• DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline
• Live E. canis infected and un-infected DH82 cells, cell lysates, medium and positive control at appropriate dilution are added to the antibody coated wells in volumes of 150 ⁇ L per well.
• Diluted PBMC that have been diluted to a desired cell concentration in the complete culture medium and 50 ⁇ L/well of cell culture are added into the appropriate wells.
• the plates are then incubated at 36° C. ⁇ 2° C., 5 ⁇ 2% CO 2 from 20 to 50 hours depending on the assay being performed.
• Biotinylated detection antibody (Mabtech, Sweden; Cat. #3450-6) is diluted in DPBS+0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 1.0 ⁇ g/mL and filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ m syringe filter prior to use. 100 ⁇ L of detection antibody is added to appropriate wells. The plates are incubated at 36° C. ⁇ 2° C., 5 ⁇ 2% CO 2 for three hours. The detection antibody is removed and the plates are washed with DPBS+0.1% Tween. The plates are incubated with 100 ⁇ L/well StreptAvidin-HRP (KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.; Cat. # 14-30-00) diluted at 1:1000 in DPBS+0.1% Tween 20 at 36° C., 5 ⁇ 2% CO 2 for 1 hour.
• StreptAvidin-HRP KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.; Cat. # 14-30-00
• the substrate solution is prepared.
• AEC 3-Amino-9-Ethy-Carbazole, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.; Cat. # D4254
• DNF N,N-Dimethylformamide
• 58 mL of 0.1M sodium acetate (pH 5.0) and 30 ⁇ L hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) are added to the substrate solution, which is then filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter prior to use.
• the plates are washed with DPBS+0.1% Tween 20, followed by a wash with DPBS alone to remove residual detergent.
• One hundred ⁇ of substrate solution are added to each well and incubated at room temperature for a maximum of 20 minutes. The reaction is stopped by removing the substrate solution and rinsing with distilled water.
• the plates are dried at room temperature and the spot-producing units (SPC) are evaluated for quantity, area, and intensity using a Zeiss Elispot Reader (Carl Zeiss Vision, Oberkochen, Germany) with KS ELISPOT 4.4 software.
• SPC spot-producing units
• Biotinylated detection antibody is diluted in dilution buffer 1 (R&D System, Minneapolis, Minn.) according to the manufacturer's instructions and filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ m syringe filter prior to use.
• dilution buffer 1 R&D System, Minneapolis, Minn.
• One hundred ⁇ L of detection antibody are added to appropriate wells.
• the plates are then incubated at 36° C. ⁇ 2° C., 5 ⁇ 2% CO 2 for three hours.
• the detection antibody is removed and the plates are washed with wash buffer.
• the plates are incubated with 100 ⁇ L/well StreptAvidin-AP diluted according to the manufacturer's instruction (R&D System, Minneapolis, Minn.) at 36° C.+2° C., 5 ⁇ 2% CO 2 for 1 hour.
• the plates are washed with wash buffer and incubated with 100 ⁇ L per well BCIP/NBT (R&D System, Minneapolis, Minn.) at room temperature for 20 minutes. Removing the substrate solution and rinsing the plate with distilled water stops the reaction. The plates are dried at room temperature and the spot-producing units (SPC) are evaluated for quantity, area, and intensity using a Zeiss Elispot Reader (Carl Zeiss Vision, Oberkochen, Germany) with KS ELISPOT 4.4 software.
• SPC spot-producing units
• Results are read as spot-forming cells (SFC) and expressed differently depending on the nature of experiments. There are three possible ways to present the data: the original number of spots in each well, the average number of spots for each treatment for each sample and Stimulus Index. Stimulus Index is calculated by dividing the average number of spots in un-stimulated wells (cells+culture medium only) by the average number of spots in stimulated wells.
• This evaluation is performed to evaluate the number of IL-12 and IFN- ⁇ secreting cells in PBMC isolated from E. canis vaccinated dogs.
• Table VII shows the results of IFN- ⁇ Elispots for the same four dogs. Similar to IL-12, live E. canis DH82 cells showed the highest induction of IFN- ⁇ spots in all three vaccinated dogs. The induction is also E. canis cell number dependent, with the highest-level present at the 1:10 dilution and the lowest level at the 1:1000 dilution. The E. canis infected DH82 cell lysate resulted in lower spot number for the vaccinated dogs. The lysate treated with formalin resulted in a background at the 1:1000 dilution but no spots at the 1:10 or 1:100 dilutions. This may be due to the inhibitory effect of residual formalin on mononuclear cell activity.
• Un-infected DH82 cells for all three preparations yielded only background spotting in comparison to the live E. canis infected DH82 cells.
• the individual dog response was similar to that seen on the IL-12 Elispot.
• the same two vaccinated dogs showed a higher response than the third one and the control dog exhibited a low response to mitogen (Con A) stimulation alone.
• E. canis infected DH82 cells can induce both IL-12 and IFN- ⁇ production by PBMC.
• E. canis infected DH82 cell lysate or lysate treated with formalin cannot be used because of the low stimulation effect on T cell or monocyte on cell activity.

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