US20040218845A1 - Depolarizer - Google Patents
Depolarizer Download PDFInfo
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- US20040218845A1 US20040218845A1 US10/119,570 US11957002A US2004218845A1 US 20040218845 A1 US20040218845 A1 US 20040218845A1 US 11957002 A US11957002 A US 11957002A US 2004218845 A1 US2004218845 A1 US 2004218845A1
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- light
- birefringent
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- principal direction
- ray
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/27—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means
- G02B6/2746—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means comprising non-reciprocal devices, e.g. isolators, FRM, circulators, quasi-isolators
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to optical technology.
- Optical depolarizers, optical combiners, and optical isolators are commonly used in optical communication systems and optical measurement systems.
- An optical depolarizer is generally designed to change a beam of completely polarized light or a beam of partially polarized light into a beam of depolarized light.
- An optical combiner is a device generally designed to combine two beams of light into one beam of light.
- An optical isolator is a device generally designed to allow a beam of light to pass through the device in a chosen direction and to prevent the beam of light from passing through the device in the opposite of that chosen direction.
- the invention provides an optical depolarizer.
- the optical depolarizer includes a non-reciprocal combination-device, a birefringent block, and a reflector.
- the non-reciprocal combination-device has a principal direction and includes a first birefringent wedge, a second birefringent wedge, and a non-reciprocal rotating element.
- the first birefringent wedge has a first optical axis perpendicular to the principal direction.
- the second birefringent wedge has a second optical axis perpendicular to the principal direction, and the second optical axis forms a first angle with respect to the first optical axis.
- the non-reciprocal rotating element is optically coupled between the first and the second birefringent wedge.
- the non-reciprocal rotating element is designed to rotate the polarization of light passing through the non-reciprocal rotating element by a second angle.
- the non-reciprocal rotating element can be a Faraday rotator.
- the birefringent block is optically coupled to the second birefringent wedge.
- the birefringent block has a third optical axis perpendicular to the principal direction, and the third optical axis forms a third angle with respect to the second optical axis.
- the reflector is optically coupled to the birefringent block.
- the optical depolarizer can include a lens that is optically coupled to the first wedge.
- the optical depolarizer can include a capillary for holding at least a PM optical fiber and an output optical fiber.
- the invention provides an optical depolarizer.
- the optical depolarizer includes a non-reciprocal combination-device, a birefringent block, and a reflector.
- the non-reciprocal combination-device has a principal direction and includes a first birefringent wedge having a first optical axis, a second birefringent wedge having a second optical axis, and a non-reciprocal rotating element.
- the non-reciprocal rotating element can be a Faraday rotator.
- the birefringent block is optically coupled to the second birefringent wedge.
- the birefringent block has a third optical axis perpendicular to the principal direction, and the third optical axis forms an angle with respect to the second optical axis.
- the reflector is optically coupled to the birefringent block.
- the optical depolarizer can include a lens that is optically coupled to the first wedge.
- the optical depolarizer can include a capillary for holding at least a PM optical fiber and an output optical fiber.
- the non-reciprocal combination-device is configured for enabling at least the following functions: (1) light entering the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in a first input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the principal direction; (2) light entering the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in a second input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the principal direction; (3) light entering the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in a reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the reverse principal direction; and (4) light entering the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction.
- the invention provides a method of combing first and second polarized light to form depolarized light in an output port.
- the method includes the step of providing a birefringent block and a non-reciprocal combination-device having a principal direction and a reverse principal direction.
- the method includes the step of directing the first polarized light to enter the non-reciprocal combination-device in a first input direction and to exit from the non-reciprocal combination-device in the principal direction as first intermediate light.
- the method includes the step of directing the second polarized light to enter the non-reciprocal combination-device in a second input direction and to exit from the non-reciprocal combination-device in the principal direction as second intermediate light.
- the method includes the step of passing the first and the second intermediate light through the birefringent block in the principal direction.
- the method includes the step of reflecting the first and the second intermediate light back through the birefringent block in the reverse principal direction.
- the method includes the step of directing the first and the second intermediate light to pass through the non-reciprocal combination-device in the reverse principal direction and enter the output port as depolarized light.
- the invention provides a method of depolarizing a polarized light to form depolarized light in an output port.
- the method includes the step of providing a birefringent block and a non-reciprocal combination-device having a principal direction and a reverse principal direction.
- the method includes the step of directing the polarized light to enter the non-reciprocal combination-device in an input direction and to exit from the non-reciprocal combination-device in the principal direction as intermediate light.
- the method includes the step of passing the intermediate light through the birefringent block in the principal direction.
- the method includes the step of reflecting the intermediate light back through the birefringent block in the reverse principal direction.
- the method includes the step of directing the intermediate light to pass through the non-reciprocal combination-device in the reverse principal direction and enter the output port as depolarized light.
- Implementations of the invention provide an optical depolarizer and an optical depolarizing combiner that may also function as an optical isolator. Implementations of the invention provides an optical depolarizer and an optical depolarizing combiner that may have small insertion loss, compact size, and reduced manufacturing cost. Other advantages will be readily apparent from the attached figures and the description below.
- FIG. 1 a illustrates an implementation of a non-reciprocal combination-device.
- FIG. 1 b illustrates a specific configuration of birefringent wedges and a Faraday rotator of FIG. 1 a.
- FIGS. 1 c - 1 e illustrate alternative configurations of the birefringent wedges and the Faraday rotator of FIG. 1 a.
- FIG. 2 a illustrates the paths traveled by light that enters the non-reciprocal combination-device of FIG. 1 a in the principal direction.
- FIG. 2 b illustrates that light entering the first birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the principal direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the first output direction.
- FIG. 2 c illustrates that light entering the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the principal direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the second output direction.
- FIG. 3 a illustrates the paths traveled by light that enters the non-reciprocal combination-device of FIG. 1 a in the first and the second input direction.
- FIG. 3 b illustrates that light entering the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the first input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the principal direction.
- FIG. 3 c illustrates that light entering the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the second input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the principal direction.
- FIG. 4 a illustrates the paths traveled by the light that enters the non-reciprocal combination-device of FIG. 1 a in the reverse principal direction.
- FIG. 4 b illustrates that light entering the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the reverse principal direction.
- FIG. 4 c illustrates that light entering the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction.
- FIGS. 5 a - 5 d illustrate an implementation of an optical depolarizer 500 .
- FIGS. 6 a - 6 d illustrate an implementation of an optical depolarizing combiner 600 .
- FIGS. 7 a - 7 c shows that an optical depolarizing combiner 600 can also function as an optical isolator.
- FIGS. 8 a and 8 b illustrate an implementation of an optical combiner 800 .
- FIGS. 9 a and 9 b illustrate an implementation of a PM isolator 900 .
- FIG. 10 a illustrates an implementation of non-reciprocal combination-device 10 constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes n e larger than n o .
- FIG. 10 b illustrates an implementation of non-reciprocal combination-device 10 constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes n e smaller than n o .
- the present invention relates to an improvement in optical technology.
- the following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements.
- Various modifications to the invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principals herein may be applied to other embodiments.
- the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principals and features described herein.
- the present invention will be described in terms of a non-reciprocal combination-device, an optical depolarizer, an optical depolarizing combiner, an optical combiner, and a Polarization Maintenance (“PM”) isolator each having specific components having specific configurations.
- PM Polarization Maintenance
- the present invention will be described in terms of components having specific relationships, such as distances or angles between components.
- components having specific relationships such as distances or angles between components.
- devices and systems described can include other components having similar properties, other configurations, and other relationships between components.
- non-reciprocal combination-device generally includes two birefringent wedges and a non-reciprocal rotating element such as a Faraday rotator.
- FIGS. 1 a and 1 b illustrate an implementation of a non-reciprocal combination-device 10 that includes a birefringent wedge 15 , a birefringent wedge 17 , and a non-reciprocal rotating element such as Faraday rotator 16 .
- Birefringent wedges 15 and 17 are in the form of tapered plates.
- Surface 11 of birefringent wedge 15 faces surface 12 of birefringent wedge 17 .
- surface 11 of birefringent wedge 15 substantially parallels surface 12 of birefringent wedge 17 .
- a coordinate system is illustrated including the x-direction, the y-direction and the z-direction.
- the optical axis of birefringent wedge 15 is in the x-direction.
- the optical axis of birefringent wedge 17 is in the x ⁇ y direction.
- Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that, when light passes through the Faraday rotator 16 either in the positive or the negative z-direction, the polarization of the light will be rotated 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis.
- Non-reciprocal combination-device 10 has a principal direction that is in the positive z-direction.
- Non-reciprocal combination-device 10 also has a first input direction that is in the z ⁇ y direction, a second input direction that is in the z+ ⁇ y direction, a first output direction that is in the z+ ⁇ y direction, and a second output direction that is in the z ⁇ y direction.
- ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ are positive numbers.
- non-reciprocal combination-device 10 including a first and a second birefringent wedge, is constructed to perform one or more of the following six functions:
- FIGS. 2 a and 2 b illustrate the first function in detail.
- FIGS. 2 a and 2 c illustrate the second function in detail.
- FIGS. 3 a and 3 b illustrate the third function in detail.
- FIGS. 3 a and 3 c illustrate the fourth function in detail.
- FIGS. 4 a and 4 b illustrate the fifth function in detail.
- FIGS. 4 a and 4 c illustrate the sixth function in detail.
- light 220 ( e ) traveling in the principal direction enters birefringent wedge 15 as an e-ray with the x polarization.
- Light 220 ( e ) is refracted at surface 11 .
- the polarization of light 220 ( e ) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 220 ( e ) becomes light 221 ( o ) with the x+y polarization.
- Light 221 ( o ) is refracted again at surface 12 and enters birefringent wedge 17 as an o-ray.
- Light 221 ( o ) exits from birefringent wedge 17 traveling generally in the first output direction (i.e., the z+ ⁇ y direction).
- light 210 ( o ) traveling in the principal direction enters birefringent wedge 15 as an o-ray with the y polarization.
- Light 210 ( o ) is refracted at surface 11 .
- the polarization of light 210 ( o ) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 210 ( o ) becomes light 211 ( e ) with the x ⁇ y polarization.
- Light 211 ( e ) is refracted again at surface 12 and enters birefringent wedge 17 as an e-ray.
- Light 211 ( e ) exits from birefringent wedge 17 traveling generally in the second output direction (i.e., the z ⁇ y direction).
- light 320 ( e ) traveling in the first input direction enters birefringent wedge 15 as an e-ray with the x polarization.
- Light 320 ( e ) is refracted at surface 11 .
- the polarization of light 320 ( e ) is rotated 45 positive degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 320 ( e ) becomes light 321 ( o ) with the x+y polarization.
- Light 321 ( o ) is refracted again at surface 12 and enters birefringent wedge 17 as an o-ray.
- Light 321 ( o ) exits from birefringent wedge 17 traveling in the principal direction (i.e., the positive z-direction).
- light 310 ( o ) traveling in the second input direction enters birefringent wedge 15 as an o-ray with the y polarization.
- Light 310 ( o ) is refracted at surface 11 .
- the polarization of light 310 ( o ) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 310 ( o ) becomes light 311 ( e ) with the x ⁇ y polarization.
- Light 311 ( e ) is refracted again at surface 12 and enters birefringent wedge 17 as an e-ray.
- Light 311 ( e ) exits from birefringent wedge 17 traveling in the principal direction (i.e., the positive z-direction).
- light 420 ( e ) traveling in the reverse principal direction enters birefringent wedge 17 as an e-ray with the x ⁇ y polarization.
- Light 420 ( e ) is refracted at surface 12 .
- the polarization of light 420 ( e ) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 420 ( e ) becomes light 421 ( e ) with the x polarization.
- Light 421 ( e ) is refracted again at surface 11 and enters birefringent wedge 15 as an e-ray.
- Light 421 ( e ) exits from birefringent wedge 15 traveling in the reverse principal direction (i.e., the negative z-direction).
- light 410 ( o ) traveling in the reverse principal direction enters birefringent wedge 17 as an o-ray with the x+y polarization.
- Light 410 ( o ) is refracted at surface 12 .
- the polarization of light 410 ( o ) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 410 ( o ) becomes light 411 ( o ) with the y polarization.
- Light 410 ( o ) is refracted again at surface 11 and enters birefringent wedge 15 as an o-ray.
- light 421 ( e ) and 411 ( o ) can exit from birefringent wedge 15 with different paths. However, when the paths of 421 ( e ) and 411 ( o ) are substantially parallel, light 421 ( e ) and 411 ( o ) can be coupled to an optical fiber using a collimator.
- the optical axes of birefringent wedges 15 and 17 are, respectively, in the x direction and the x ⁇ y direction.
- Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that the polarization of light passing through the Faraday rotator 16 will be rotated a positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis.
- the optical axes of birefringent wedges 15 and 17 are, respectively, in the x direction and the x+y direction.
- Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that the polarization of light passing through the Faraday rotator 16 will be rotated a negative 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis.
- the optical axes of birefringent wedges 15 and 17 are, respectively, in the y direction and the x+y direction.
- Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that the polarization of light passing through the Faraday rotator 16 will be rotated a positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis.
- the optical axes of birefringent wedges 15 and 17 are, respectively, in the cos( ⁇ )x+sin( ⁇ )y direction and the cos( ⁇ 45)x+sin( ⁇ 45)y direction.
- Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that the polarization of light passing through the Faraday rotator 16 will be rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis.
- birefringent wedges 15 and 17 are essentially in contact with Faraday rotator 16 .
- other optical media including air can be inserted between birefringent wedge 15 and Faraday rotator 16 , and between birefringent wedge 17 and Faraday rotator 16 .
- FIG. 5 a illustrates an implementation of an optical depolarizer 500 that includes a non-reciprocal combination-device 10 .
- Depolarizer 500 also includes a lens 540 , a birefringent block 580 , and a reflector 590 .
- a single mode fiber 510 and a Polarization Maintenance (“PM”) fiber 520 are coupled to lens 540 .
- the positions of single mode fiber 510 and PM fiber 520 can be fixed with a capillary 530 .
- the optical axis of birefringent block 580 can be in the y-direction.
- Birefringent block 580 includes surface 585 of facing wedge 17 .
- Light 381 can be decomposed as light 381 ( x ) with the x-polarization and 381 ( y ) with the y-polarization. Because the optical axis of birefringent block 580 is in the y-direction, light 381 ( x ) and 381 ( y ) are, respectively, the o-ray and the e-ray in birefringent block 580 . Light 381 ( x ) travels in the positive z-direction with the phase velocity of an o-ray. Light 381 ( y ) travels in the positive z-direction with the phase velocity of an e-ray.
- Light 381 ( x ) and 381 ( y ) are reflected by reflector 590 , and become, respectively, light 382 ( x ) and 382 ( y ).
- Light 381 ( x ) travels in the negative z-direction with the phase velocity of an o-ray.
- Light 381 ( y ) travels in the negative z-direction with the phase velocity of an e-ray.
- Light 382 ( x ) and 382 ( y ) are recombined at surface 585 as light 382 .
- phase difference between the decomposed light 381 ( x ) and 381 ( y ) is zero.
- the phase difference between the decomposed light 382 ( x ) and 382 ( y ) is ⁇ f .
- the polarization of light 382 is x+exp(j ⁇ f )y.
- the phase difference ⁇ f can be zero, and the polarization of light 382 can be in the x+y direction.
- the phase difference ⁇ f can be equal to ⁇ , and the polarization of light 382 can be in the x ⁇ y direction.
- the phase difference ⁇ f can be equal to ⁇ /2, and the polarization of light 382 can be in the x+jy direction (i.e., light 382 is circularly polarized).
- light 382 When light 382 enters non-reciprocal combination-device 10 with the x+exp(j ⁇ f )y polarization, light 382 can be decomposed as light 420 ( e ) with the x ⁇ y polarization and light 410 ( o ) with the x+y polarization and given by equation
- the intensity of light 410 ( o ) is proportional to [sin( ⁇ f /2)] 2 .
- the intensity of light 410 ( o ) is proportional to [cos( ⁇ f /2)] 2 .
- light 420 ( e ) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 421 ( e ) with the x-polarization.
- Light 421 ( e ) passes through lens 540 , and enters single mode fiber 510 with the x-polarization.
- light 410 ( o ) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 411 ( o ) with the y-polarization.
- Light 411 ( o ) passes through lens 540 , and enters single mode fiber 510 with the y-polarization.
- FIG. 6 a illustrates an implementation of an optical depolarizing combiner 600 that includes non-reciprocal combination-device 10 .
- Depolarizing combiner 600 also includes a lens 540 , a birefringent block 580 , and a reflector 590 .
- a single mode fiber 510 , a first PM fiber 520 , and a second PM fiber 520 ′ are coupled to lens 540 .
- the positions of single mode fiber 510 , the first PM fiber 520 , and the second PM fiber 520 ′ can be fixed with a capillary 530 .
- the optical axis of birefringent block 580 can be in the y-direction. Surface 585 of birefringent block 580 faces wedge 17 .
- FIG. 6 a illustrates that light 320 ( e ) with the x-polarization exiting from PM fiber 520 can be directed into single mode fiber 510 as light 511 that in general has both the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component.
- FIG. 6 a also illustrates that light 310 ( o ) with the y-polarization exiting from PM fiber 520 ′ can be directed into single mode fiber 510 as light 511 ′ that in general has both the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component.
- FIGS. 6 b - 6 d show in detail the processing of light 310 ( o ).
- light 310 ( o ) with the y-polarization exiting from PM fiber 520 ′ is coupled to non-reciprocal combination-device 10 through lens 540 .
- Light 310 ( o ) enters non-reciprocal combination-device 10 in the second input direction (i.e., the z+ ⁇ y direction) as an o-ray.
- o-ray 310 ( o ) becomes e-ray 311 ( e ) in the principal direction (i.e., the positive z-direction) with the x ⁇ y polarization.
- E-ray 311 ( e ) enters surface 585 of birefringent block 580 as light 381 ′.
- Light 381 ′ can be decomposed as light 381 ′( x ) with the x-polarization and 381 ′( y ) with the y-polarization.
- Light 381 ′( x ) and 381 ′( y ) travels in the positive z-direction with the phase velocity of the o-ray and the e-ray respectively.
- Light 381 ′( x ) and 381 ′( y ) are reflected by reflector 590 , and become, respectively, Light 382 ′( x ) and 382 ′( y ).
- Light 382 ′( x ) and 382 ′( y ) travel in the negative z-direction with the phase velocity of the o-ray and the e-ray respectively.
- Light 382 ′( x ) and 382 ′( y ) are recombined at surface 585 as light 382 ′.
- light 382 ′ entering non-reciprocal combination-device 10 can be decomposed as light 410 ′( o ) with x+y polarization and as light ray 420 ′( e ) with x ⁇ y polarization.
- Light 410 ′( o ) and 420 ′( e ) exit from non-reciprocal combination-device 10 , respectively, as light 411 ′( o ) with the y-polarization and as light 421 ′( e ) with the x-polarization.
- Light 411 ′( o ) and 421 ′( e ) are combined and enter polarization single mode fiber 510 as light 511 ′.
- Light 511 ′ in general has both the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component.
- FIG. 6 a illustrates that optical depolarizing combiner 600 functions as both a depolarizer and a combiner. Light exiting from PM fiber 520 with the x-polarization and light exiting from PM fiber 520 ′ with the y-polarization are directed into single mode fiber 510 , and combined as depolarized light.
- FIG. 7 a illustrates that optical depolarizing combiner 600 can also function as an optical isolator.
- Light exiting from single mode fiber 510 can be decomposed as light 220 ( e ) with the x-polarization and light 210 ( o ) with the y-polarization.
- light 220 ( e ) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 221 ( o ) traveling in the first output direction (i.e., the z+ ⁇ y direction) with the x+y polarization.
- Light 221 ( o ) travels though birefringent block 580 and is deflected by reflector 590 . After deflected by reflector 590 , light 221 ( o ) does not travel back to single mode fiber 510 , first PM fiber 520 , or second PM fiber 520 ′.
- light 210 ( o ) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 211 ( e ) traveling in the second output direction (i.e., the z ⁇ y direction) with the x ⁇ y polarization.
- Light 211 ( e ) travels though birefringent block 580 and is deflected by reflector 590 . After being deflected by reflector 590 , light 211 ( e ) does not travel back to single mode fiber 510 , first PM fiber 520 , or second PM fiber 520 ′.
- FIGS. 8 a and 8 b illustrate an implementation of an optical combiner 800 that includes non-reciprocal combination-device 10 .
- Optical combiner 800 also includes a lens 540 , and a reflector 590 .
- a single mode fiber 510 , a first PM fiber 520 , and a second PM fiber 520 ′ are coupled to lens 540 .
- the positions of single mode fiber 510 , first PM fiber 520 , and second PM fiber 520 ′ can be fixed with a capillary 530 .
- FIG. 8 a illustrates that light 320 ( e ) with the x-polarization exiting from first PM fiber 520 and light 310 ( o ) with the y-polarization exiting from second PM fiber 520 ′ are coupled to non-reciprocal combination-device 10 .
- Light 320 ( e ) and light 310 ( o ) pass through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 321 ( o ) and light 311 ( e ) respectively.
- Light 321 ( o ) and light 311 ( e ) are reflected by reflector 590 , and enter non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 410 ( o ) and light 420 ( e ) respectively.
- Light 410 ( o ) and light 420 ( e ) pass back through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 411 ( o ) and light 421 ( e ) respectively.
- Light 411 ( o ) and light 421 ( e ) are directed into single mode fiber 510 , and are combined.
- FIG. 8 b illustrates that light exiting from single mode fiber 510 can be decomposed as light 220 ( e ) and 210 ( o ).
- Light 220 ( e ) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 221 ( o ) traveling in the first output direction (i.e., z+ ⁇ y).
- Light 210 ( o ) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 211 ( e ) traveling in the second output direction (i.e., z ⁇ y).
- Light 221 ( o ) and light 211 ( e ) are deflected by reflector 590 . After being deflected by reflector 590 , light 211 ( e ) and light 221 ( o ) do not travel back to single mode fiber 510 , first PM fiber 520 , or second PM fiber 520 ′.
- FIGS. 9 a and 9 b illustrate an implementation of a PM isolator 900 that includes non-reciprocal combination-device 10 .
- PM isolator 900 also includes a lens 540 , and a reflector 590 .
- An output PM fiber 910 , and an input PM fiber 920 are coupled to lens 540 .
- the positions of output PM fiber 910 , and input PM fiber 920 can be fixed with a capillary 530 .
- FIG. 9 a illustrates that light 320 ( e ) with the x-polarization exiting from input PM fiber 920 is coupled to non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as e-ray.
- Light 320 ( e ) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 321 ( o ).
- Light 321 ( o ) is reflected by reflector 590 , and enters non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 410 ( o ).
- Light 410 ( o ) pass back through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 411 ( o ) and is directed into output PM fiber 910 .
- FIG. 9 b illustrates that light 210 ( o ) exiting from input PM fiber 920 enters non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as o-ray.
- Light 210 ( o ) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 211 ( e ) traveling in the second output direction (i.e., z ⁇ y).
- Light 211 ( e ) is deflected by reflector 590 .
- After being deflected by reflector 590 light 211 ( e ) does not travel back to output PM fiber 910 or input PM fiber 920 .
- output PM fiber 910 and input PM fiber 920 are aligned in such a way that light exits from input PM fiber 920 as an e-ray and enters output PM fiber 910 from non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as an o-ray.
- output PM fiber 910 and input PM fiber 920 can be aligned in such a way that light exits from input PM fiber 920 as an o-ray and enters output PM fiber 910 from non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as an e-ray.
- the optical depolarizer of FIG. 5 a - 5 d and the optical depolarizing combiner of FIGS. 6 a - 6 e include birefringent block 580 with an optical axis in the y-direction that forms a 45 degree angle with the optical axis of birefringent wedge 17 .
- other angles between the optical axis of birefringent block 580 and the optical axis of birefringent wedge 17 can be selected.
- reflector 590 can be a mirror.
- reflective materials can be coated at the end of birefringent block 580 to function as reflector 590 .
- reflector 590 can be a mirror.
- reflective materials can be coated on surface 19 of birefringent wedge 17 to function as reflector 590 .
- Birefringent block 580 , birefringent wedge 15 , and birefringent wedge 17 can be constructed from birefringent crystal materials, such as, calcite, rutile, lithium niobate or yttrium orthvanadate.
- a birefringent crystal material in general has refractive indexes n e for e-ray and n o for o-ray.
- Non-reciprocal combination-device 10 can be constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes n e larger than n o , or birefringent crystal materials with indexes n e smaller than n o
- FIGS. 10 a and 10 b illustrate implementations of non-reciprocal combination-device 10 including birefringent wedges 15 and 17 in the form of tapered plate.
- Surface 11 of birefringent wedge 15 substantially parallels surface 12 of birefringent wedge 17 .
- the tapering angle of birefringent wedges 15 and 17 is ⁇ .
- FIG. 10 a illustrates an implementation of non-reciprocal combination-device 10 constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes n e larger than n o .
- FIG. 10 a also illustrates the paths traveled by e-ray 320 ( e ) and o-ray 310 ( o ).
- E-ray 320 ( e ) is incident upon surface 11 of birefringent wedge 15 in the cos( ⁇ e )z ⁇ sin( ⁇ e )y direction and exits from birefringent wedge 17 in the positive z-direction.
- O-ray 310 ( o ) is incident upon surface 11 of birefringent wedge 15 in the cos( ⁇ o )z+sin( ⁇ o )y direction and exits from birefringent wedge 17 in the positive z-direction.
- FIG. 10 b illustrates an implementation of non-reciprocal combination-device 10 constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes n e smaller than n o .
- FIG. 10 b also illustrates the paths traveled by e-ray 320 ( e ) and o-ray 310 ( o ).
- E-ray 320 ( e ) is incident upon surface 11 of birefringent wedge 15 in the cos( ⁇ e )z ⁇ sin( ⁇ e )y direction and exits from birefringent wedge 17 in the positive z-direction.
- O-ray 310 ( o ) is incident upon surface 11 of birefringent wedge 15 in the cos( ⁇ o )z+sin( ⁇ o )y direction and exits from birefringent wedge 17 in the positive z-direction.
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates generally to optical technology.
- Optical depolarizers, optical combiners, and optical isolators are commonly used in optical communication systems and optical measurement systems. An optical depolarizer is generally designed to change a beam of completely polarized light or a beam of partially polarized light into a beam of depolarized light. An optical combiner is a device generally designed to combine two beams of light into one beam of light. An optical isolator is a device generally designed to allow a beam of light to pass through the device in a chosen direction and to prevent the beam of light from passing through the device in the opposite of that chosen direction.
- In one aspect, the invention provides an optical depolarizer. The optical depolarizer includes a non-reciprocal combination-device, a birefringent block, and a reflector. The non-reciprocal combination-device has a principal direction and includes a first birefringent wedge, a second birefringent wedge, and a non-reciprocal rotating element. The first birefringent wedge has a first optical axis perpendicular to the principal direction. The second birefringent wedge has a second optical axis perpendicular to the principal direction, and the second optical axis forms a first angle with respect to the first optical axis. The non-reciprocal rotating element is optically coupled between the first and the second birefringent wedge. The non-reciprocal rotating element is designed to rotate the polarization of light passing through the non-reciprocal rotating element by a second angle. The non-reciprocal rotating element can be a Faraday rotator. The birefringent block is optically coupled to the second birefringent wedge. The birefringent block has a third optical axis perpendicular to the principal direction, and the third optical axis forms a third angle with respect to the second optical axis. The reflector is optically coupled to the birefringent block. The optical depolarizer can include a lens that is optically coupled to the first wedge. The optical depolarizer can include a capillary for holding at least a PM optical fiber and an output optical fiber.
- In another aspect, the invention provides an optical depolarizer. The optical depolarizer includes a non-reciprocal combination-device, a birefringent block, and a reflector. The non-reciprocal combination-device has a principal direction and includes a first birefringent wedge having a first optical axis, a second birefringent wedge having a second optical axis, and a non-reciprocal rotating element. The non-reciprocal rotating element can be a Faraday rotator. The birefringent block is optically coupled to the second birefringent wedge. The birefringent block has a third optical axis perpendicular to the principal direction, and the third optical axis forms an angle with respect to the second optical axis. The reflector is optically coupled to the birefringent block. The optical depolarizer can include a lens that is optically coupled to the first wedge. The optical depolarizer can include a capillary for holding at least a PM optical fiber and an output optical fiber. The non-reciprocal combination-device is configured for enabling at least the following functions: (1) light entering the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in a first input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the principal direction; (2) light entering the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in a second input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the principal direction; (3) light entering the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in a reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the reverse principal direction; and (4) light entering the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction.
- In another aspect, the invention provides a method of combing first and second polarized light to form depolarized light in an output port. The method includes the step of providing a birefringent block and a non-reciprocal combination-device having a principal direction and a reverse principal direction. The method includes the step of directing the first polarized light to enter the non-reciprocal combination-device in a first input direction and to exit from the non-reciprocal combination-device in the principal direction as first intermediate light. The method includes the step of directing the second polarized light to enter the non-reciprocal combination-device in a second input direction and to exit from the non-reciprocal combination-device in the principal direction as second intermediate light. The method includes the step of passing the first and the second intermediate light through the birefringent block in the principal direction. The method includes the step of reflecting the first and the second intermediate light back through the birefringent block in the reverse principal direction. The method includes the step of directing the first and the second intermediate light to pass through the non-reciprocal combination-device in the reverse principal direction and enter the output port as depolarized light.
- In another aspect, the invention provides a method of depolarizing a polarized light to form depolarized light in an output port. The method includes the step of providing a birefringent block and a non-reciprocal combination-device having a principal direction and a reverse principal direction. The method includes the step of directing the polarized light to enter the non-reciprocal combination-device in an input direction and to exit from the non-reciprocal combination-device in the principal direction as intermediate light. The method includes the step of passing the intermediate light through the birefringent block in the principal direction. The method includes the step of reflecting the intermediate light back through the birefringent block in the reverse principal direction. The method includes the step of directing the intermediate light to pass through the non-reciprocal combination-device in the reverse principal direction and enter the output port as depolarized light.
- Aspects of the invention can include one or more of the following advantages. Implementations of the invention provide an optical depolarizer and an optical depolarizing combiner that may also function as an optical isolator. Implementations of the invention provides an optical depolarizer and an optical depolarizing combiner that may have small insertion loss, compact size, and reduced manufacturing cost. Other advantages will be readily apparent from the attached figures and the description below.
- FIG. 1a illustrates an implementation of a non-reciprocal combination-device.
- FIG. 1b illustrates a specific configuration of birefringent wedges and a Faraday rotator of FIG. 1a.
- FIGS. 1c-1 e illustrate alternative configurations of the birefringent wedges and the Faraday rotator of FIG. 1a.
- FIG. 2a illustrates the paths traveled by light that enters the non-reciprocal combination-device of FIG. 1a in the principal direction.
- FIG. 2b illustrates that light entering the first birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the principal direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the first output direction.
- FIG. 2c illustrates that light entering the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the principal direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the second output direction.
- FIG. 3a illustrates the paths traveled by light that enters the non-reciprocal combination-device of FIG. 1a in the first and the second input direction.
- FIG. 3b illustrates that light entering the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the first input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the principal direction.
- FIG. 3c illustrates that light entering the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the second input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the principal direction.
- FIG. 4a illustrates the paths traveled by the light that enters the non-reciprocal combination-device of FIG. 1a in the reverse principal direction.
- FIG. 4b illustrates that light entering the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the reverse principal direction.
- FIG. 4c illustrates that light entering the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction.
- FIGS. 5a-5 d illustrate an implementation of an
optical depolarizer 500. - FIGS. 6a-6 d illustrate an implementation of an
optical depolarizing combiner 600. - FIGS. 7a-7 c shows that an
optical depolarizing combiner 600 can also function as an optical isolator. - FIGS. 8a and 8 b illustrate an implementation of an
optical combiner 800. - FIGS. 9a and 9 b illustrate an implementation of a
PM isolator 900. - FIG. 10a illustrates an implementation of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes ne larger than no. - FIG. 10b illustrates an implementation of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes ne smaller than no. - The present invention relates to an improvement in optical technology. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements. Various modifications to the invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principals herein may be applied to other embodiments. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principals and features described herein.
- The present invention will be described in terms of a non-reciprocal combination-device, an optical depolarizer, an optical depolarizing combiner, an optical combiner, and a Polarization Maintenance (“PM”) isolator each having specific components having specific configurations. Similarly, the present invention will be described in terms of components having specific relationships, such as distances or angles between components. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the devices and systems described can include other components having similar properties, other configurations, and other relationships between components.
- In the instant application, implementations of optical depolarizers, optical depolarizing combiners, optical combiners, and PM isolators using non-reciprocal combination-devices are described. The configuration and operation of the non-reciprocal combination device is described in greater detail below. The non-reciprocal combination-device generally includes two birefringent wedges and a non-reciprocal rotating element such as a Faraday rotator.
- FIGS. 1a and 1 b illustrate an implementation of a non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 that includes abirefringent wedge 15, abirefringent wedge 17, and a non-reciprocal rotating element such asFaraday rotator 16.Birefringent wedges Surface 11 ofbirefringent wedge 15 faces surface 12 ofbirefringent wedge 17. In one implementation of non-reciprocal combination-device 10,surface 11 ofbirefringent wedge 15 substantially parallelssurface 12 ofbirefringent wedge 17. - A coordinate system is illustrated including the x-direction, the y-direction and the z-direction. The optical axis of
birefringent wedge 15 is in the x-direction. The optical axis ofbirefringent wedge 17 is in the x−y direction.Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that, when light passes through theFaraday rotator 16 either in the positive or the negative z-direction, the polarization of the light will be rotated 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis. Non-reciprocal combination-device 10 has a principal direction that is in the positive z-direction. Non-reciprocal combination-device 10 also has a first input direction that is in the z−αy direction, a second input direction that is in the z+βy direction, a first output direction that is in the z+γy direction, and a second output direction that is in the z−δy direction. Where α, β, γ and δ are positive numbers. - In general, non-reciprocal combination-
device 10, including a first and a second birefringent wedge, is constructed to perform one or more of the following six functions: - (1) light entering the first birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the principal direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the first output direction;
- (2) light entering the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the principal direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the second output direction;
- (3) light entering the first birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the first input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the principal direction;
- (4) light entering the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the second input direction exits from the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the principal direction;
- (5) light entering the second birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an e-ray in the reverse principal direction; and
- (6) light entering the second birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction exits from the first birefringent wedge as an o-ray in the reverse principal direction.
- FIGS. 2a and 2 b illustrate the first function in detail. FIGS. 2a and 2 c illustrate the second function in detail. FIGS. 3a and 3 b illustrate the third function in detail. FIGS. 3a and 3 c illustrate the fourth function in detail. FIGS. 4a and 4 b illustrate the fifth function in detail. FIGS. 4a and 4 c illustrate the sixth function in detail.
- As shown in FIGS. 2a and 2 b, light 220(e) traveling in the principal direction (i.e., the positive z-direction) enters
birefringent wedge 15 as an e-ray with the x polarization. Light 220(e) is refracted atsurface 11. After passing throughFaraday rotator 16, the polarization of light 220(e) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 220(e) becomes light 221(o) with the x+y polarization. Light 221(o) is refracted again atsurface 12 and entersbirefringent wedge 17 as an o-ray. Light 221(o) exits frombirefringent wedge 17 traveling generally in the first output direction (i.e., the z+γy direction). - As shown in FIGS. 2a and 2 c, light 210(o) traveling in the principal direction (i.e., the positive z-direction) enters
birefringent wedge 15 as an o-ray with the y polarization. Light 210(o) is refracted atsurface 11. After passing throughFaraday rotator 16, the polarization of light 210(o) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 210(o) becomes light 211(e) with the x−y polarization. Light 211(e) is refracted again atsurface 12 and entersbirefringent wedge 17 as an e-ray. Light 211(e) exits frombirefringent wedge 17 traveling generally in the second output direction (i.e., the z−δy direction). - As shown in FIGS. 3a and 3 b, light 320(e) traveling in the first input direction (i.e., the z−αy direction) enters
birefringent wedge 15 as an e-ray with the x polarization. Light 320(e) is refracted atsurface 11. After passing throughFaraday rotator 16, the polarization of light 320(e) is rotated 45 positive degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 320(e) becomes light 321(o) with the x+y polarization. Light 321(o) is refracted again atsurface 12 and entersbirefringent wedge 17 as an o-ray. Light 321(o) exits frombirefringent wedge 17 traveling in the principal direction (i.e., the positive z-direction). - As shown in FIGS. 3a and 3 c, light 310(o) traveling in the second input direction (i.e., the z+βy direction) enters
birefringent wedge 15 as an o-ray with the y polarization. Light 310(o) is refracted atsurface 11. After passing throughFaraday rotator 16, the polarization of light 310(o) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 310(o) becomes light 311(e) with the x−y polarization. Light 311(e) is refracted again atsurface 12 and entersbirefringent wedge 17 as an e-ray. Light 311(e) exits frombirefringent wedge 17 traveling in the principal direction (i.e., the positive z-direction). - As shown in FIGS. 4a and 4 b, light 420(e) traveling in the reverse principal direction (i.e., the negative z-direction) enters
birefringent wedge 17 as an e-ray with the x−y polarization. Light 420(e) is refracted atsurface 12. After passing throughFaraday rotator 16, the polarization of light 420(e) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 420(e) becomes light 421(e) with the x polarization. Light 421(e) is refracted again atsurface 11 and entersbirefringent wedge 15 as an e-ray. Light 421(e) exits frombirefringent wedge 15 traveling in the reverse principal direction (i.e., the negative z-direction). - As shown in FIGS. 4a and 4 c, light 410(o) traveling in the reverse principal direction (i.e., the negative z-direction) enters
birefringent wedge 17 as an o-ray with the x+y polarization. Light 410(o) is refracted atsurface 12. After passing throughFaraday rotator 16, the polarization of light 410(o) is rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis, and light 410(o) becomes light 411(o) with the y polarization. Light 410(o) is refracted again atsurface 11 and entersbirefringent wedge 15 as an o-ray. Light 411(o) exits frombirefringent wedge 15 traveling in the reverse principal direction (i.e., the negative z-direction). - Due to the differences in the refractive index between the o-ray and the e-ray, light421(e) and 411(o) can exit from
birefringent wedge 15 with different paths. However, when the paths of 421(e) and 411(o) are substantially parallel, light 421(e) and 411(o) can be coupled to an optical fiber using a collimator. - In the implementation of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 shown in FIG. 1b, the optical axes ofbirefringent wedges Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that the polarization of light passing through theFaraday rotator 16 will be rotated a positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis. - In another implementation of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10, as shown FIG. 1c, the optical axes ofbirefringent wedges Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that the polarization of light passing through theFaraday rotator 16 will be rotated a negative 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis. - In a third implementation of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10, as shown in FIG. 1d, the optical axes ofbirefringent wedges Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that the polarization of light passing through theFaraday rotator 16 will be rotated a positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis. - In a fourth implementation of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10, as shown in FIG. 1e, the optical axes ofbirefringent wedges Faraday rotator 16 is designed in such a way that the polarization of light passing through theFaraday rotator 16 will be rotated positive 45 degrees with respect to the positive z-axis. - In the implementation of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10, as shown in FIG. 1a,birefringent wedges Faraday rotator 16. In other implementations, other optical media (including air) can be inserted betweenbirefringent wedge 15 andFaraday rotator 16, and betweenbirefringent wedge 17 andFaraday rotator 16. - FIG. 5a illustrates an implementation of an
optical depolarizer 500 that includes a non-reciprocal combination-device 10.Depolarizer 500 also includes alens 540, abirefringent block 580, and areflector 590. Asingle mode fiber 510 and a Polarization Maintenance (“PM”)fiber 520 are coupled tolens 540. The positions ofsingle mode fiber 510 andPM fiber 520 can be fixed with a capillary 530. The optical axis ofbirefringent block 580 can be in the y-direction.Birefringent block 580 includessurface 585 of facingwedge 17. - As shown in FIGS. 5a and 5 b, light with the x-polarization exiting from
PM fiber 520 is coupled to non-reciprocal combination-device 10 throughlens 540, and enters non-reciprocal combination-device 10 in the first input direction (i.e., the z−αy direction) as e-ray 320(e). After passing through non-reciprocal combination-device 10, e-ray 320(e) becomes o-ray 321(o) traveling in the principal direction (i.e., the positive z-direction) with the x+y polarization. O-ray 321(o) enterssurface 585 ofbirefringent block 580 aslight 381. -
Light 381 can be decomposed as light 381(x) with the x-polarization and 381(y) with the y-polarization. Because the optical axis ofbirefringent block 580 is in the y-direction, light 381(x) and 381(y) are, respectively, the o-ray and the e-ray inbirefringent block 580. Light 381(x) travels in the positive z-direction with the phase velocity of an o-ray. Light 381(y) travels in the positive z-direction with the phase velocity of an e-ray. Light 381(x) and 381(y) are reflected byreflector 590, and become, respectively, light 382(x) and 382(y). Light 381(x) travels in the negative z-direction with the phase velocity of an o-ray. Light 381(y) travels in the negative z-direction with the phase velocity of an e-ray. Light 382(x) and 382(y) are recombined atsurface 585 aslight 382. - When light381 traveling in the positive z-direction enters
surface 585, the phase difference between the decomposed light 381(x) and 381(y) is zero. The polarization oflight 381 is x+exp(jθi)y, with θi=0. When light 382(x) and 382(y) are recombined atsurface 585 as light 382 traveling in the negative z-direction, the phase difference between the decomposed light 382(x) and 382(y) is θf. Phase difference θf is given by θf=4π(ne−no)L/λ, where L is the length of thebirefringent block 580, λ is the wavelength of light 382 (and light 381), ne and no are respectively the refractive indexes of the e-ray and the o-ray. The polarization oflight 382 is x+exp(jθf)y. - For a selected wavelength λ1, the phase difference θf can be zero, and the polarization of
light 382 can be in the x+y direction. For another selected wavelength λ2, the phase difference θf can be equal to π, and the polarization oflight 382 can be in the x−y direction. For a third selected wavelength λ3, the phase difference θf can be equal to π/2, and the polarization oflight 382 can be in the x+jy direction (i.e., light 382 is circularly polarized). - When light382 enters non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 with the x+exp(jθf)y polarization, light 382 can be decomposed as light 420(e) with the x−y polarization and light 410(o) with the x+y polarization and given by equation - [x+exp(jθ f)y]21/2=[cos(θf/2)o−j sin(θf/2)e]exp(jθ f/2),
- where o=[x+y]/21/2 and e=[x−y]/21/2. The intensity of light 410(o) is proportional to [sin(θf/2)]2. The intensity of light 410(o) is proportional to [cos(θf/2)]2.
- As shown in FIG. 5a and FIG. 5c, light 420(e) passes through non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 as light 421(e) with the x-polarization. Light 421(e) passes throughlens 540, and enterssingle mode fiber 510 with the x-polarization. - As shown in FIG. 5a and FIG. 5d, light 410(o) passes through non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 as light 411(o) with the y-polarization. Light 411(o) passes throughlens 540, and enterssingle mode fiber 510 with the y-polarization. - Therefore, light320(e) with the x-polarization exiting from
PM fiber 520 can be directed intosingle mode fiber 510 as light 511 that in general has both the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component. If light 320(e) has wavelength λ1 and θf=0, then, light 511 has mostly the y-polarization component. If light 320(e) has wavelength λ2, and θf=π, then, light 511 has mostly the x-polarization component. If light 320(e) has wavelength between λ2 and λ1, then, light 511 in general has both the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component. - When light320(e) has a certain bandwidth, with wavelengths ranging from λ2 to λ1, light 511 entering
single mode fiber 510 can become depolarized. - FIG. 6a illustrates an implementation of an
optical depolarizing combiner 600 that includes non-reciprocal combination-device 10.Depolarizing combiner 600 also includes alens 540, abirefringent block 580, and areflector 590. Asingle mode fiber 510, afirst PM fiber 520, and asecond PM fiber 520′ are coupled tolens 540. The positions ofsingle mode fiber 510, thefirst PM fiber 520, and thesecond PM fiber 520′ can be fixed with a capillary 530. The optical axis ofbirefringent block 580 can be in the y-direction.Surface 585 ofbirefringent block 580 faceswedge 17. - FIG. 6a illustrates that light 320(e) with the x-polarization exiting from
PM fiber 520 can be directed intosingle mode fiber 510 as light 511 that in general has both the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component. - FIG. 6a also illustrates that light 310(o) with the y-polarization exiting from
PM fiber 520′ can be directed intosingle mode fiber 510 as light 511′ that in general has both the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component. FIGS. 6b-6 d show in detail the processing of light 310(o). - As shown FIGS. 6a and 6 b, light 310(o) with the y-polarization exiting from
PM fiber 520′ is coupled to non-reciprocal combination-device 10 throughlens 540. Light 310(o) enters non-reciprocal combination-device 10 in the second input direction (i.e., the z+βy direction) as an o-ray. After passing through non-reciprocal combination-device 10, o-ray 310(o) becomes e-ray 311(e) in the principal direction (i.e., the positive z-direction) with the x−y polarization. E-ray 311(e) enterssurface 585 ofbirefringent block 580 as light 381′. -
Light 381′ can be decomposed as light 381′(x) with the x-polarization and 381′(y) with the y-polarization.Light 381′(x) and 381′(y) travels in the positive z-direction with the phase velocity of the o-ray and the e-ray respectively.Light 381′(x) and 381′(y) are reflected byreflector 590, and become, respectively,Light 382′(x) and 382′(y).Light 382′(x) and 382′(y) travel in the negative z-direction with the phase velocity of the o-ray and the e-ray respectively.Light 382′(x) and 382′(y) are recombined atsurface 585 as light 382′. - As shown FIG. 6c and FIG. 6d, light 382′ entering non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 can be decomposed as light 410′(o) with x+y polarization and aslight ray 420′(e) with x−y polarization.Light 410′(o) and 420′(e) exit from non-reciprocal combination-device 10, respectively, as light 411′(o) with the y-polarization and as light 421′(e) with the x-polarization.Light 411′(o) and 421′(e) are combined and enter polarizationsingle mode fiber 510 as light 511′.Light 511′ in general has both the x-polarization component and the y-polarization component. - When light310(o) has a certain bandwidth, with wavelengths ranging from λ2 to λ1, light 511′ entering
single mode fiber 510 can become depolarized. - FIG. 6a illustrates that
optical depolarizing combiner 600 functions as both a depolarizer and a combiner. Light exiting fromPM fiber 520 with the x-polarization and light exiting fromPM fiber 520′ with the y-polarization are directed intosingle mode fiber 510, and combined as depolarized light. - FIG. 7a illustrates that
optical depolarizing combiner 600 can also function as an optical isolator. Light exiting fromsingle mode fiber 510 can be decomposed as light 220(e) with the x-polarization and light 210(o) with the y-polarization. - As shown in FIG. 7b, light 220(e) passes through non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 as light 221(o) traveling in the first output direction (i.e., the z+γy direction) with the x+y polarization. Light 221(o) travels thoughbirefringent block 580 and is deflected byreflector 590. After deflected byreflector 590, light 221(o) does not travel back tosingle mode fiber 510,first PM fiber 520, orsecond PM fiber 520′. - As shown in FIG. 7c, light 210(o) passes through non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 as light 211(e) traveling in the second output direction (i.e., the z−δy direction) with the x−y polarization. Light 211(e) travels thoughbirefringent block 580 and is deflected byreflector 590. After being deflected byreflector 590, light 211(e) does not travel back tosingle mode fiber 510,first PM fiber 520, orsecond PM fiber 520′. - FIGS. 8a and 8 b illustrate an implementation of an
optical combiner 800 that includes non-reciprocal combination-device 10.Optical combiner 800 also includes alens 540, and areflector 590. Asingle mode fiber 510, afirst PM fiber 520, and asecond PM fiber 520′ are coupled tolens 540. The positions ofsingle mode fiber 510,first PM fiber 520, andsecond PM fiber 520′ can be fixed with a capillary 530. - FIG. 8a illustrates that light 320(e) with the x-polarization exiting from
first PM fiber 520 and light 310(o) with the y-polarization exiting fromsecond PM fiber 520′ are coupled to non-reciprocal combination-device 10. Light 320(e) and light 310(o) pass through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 321(o) and light 311(e) respectively. Light 321(o) and light 311(e) are reflected byreflector 590, and enter non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 410(o) and light 420(e) respectively. Light 410(o) and light 420(e) pass back through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 411(o) and light 421(e) respectively. Light 411(o) and light 421(e) are directed intosingle mode fiber 510, and are combined. - FIG. 8b illustrates that light exiting from
single mode fiber 510 can be decomposed as light 220(e) and 210(o). Light 220(e) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 221(o) traveling in the first output direction (i.e., z+γy). Light 210(o) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 211(e) traveling in the second output direction (i.e., z−δy). Light 221(o) and light 211(e) are deflected byreflector 590. After being deflected byreflector 590, light 211(e) and light 221(o) do not travel back tosingle mode fiber 510,first PM fiber 520, orsecond PM fiber 520′. - FIGS. 9a and 9 b illustrate an implementation of a
PM isolator 900 that includes non-reciprocal combination-device 10.PM isolator 900 also includes alens 540, and areflector 590. Anoutput PM fiber 910, and aninput PM fiber 920 are coupled tolens 540. The positions ofoutput PM fiber 910, andinput PM fiber 920 can be fixed with a capillary 530. FIG. 9a illustrates that light 320(e) with the x-polarization exiting frominput PM fiber 920 is coupled to non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as e-ray. Light 320(e) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 321(o). Light 321(o) is reflected byreflector 590, and enters non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 410(o). Light 410(o) pass back through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 411(o) and is directed intooutput PM fiber 910. FIG. 9b illustrates that light 210(o) exiting frominput PM fiber 920 enters non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as o-ray. Light 210(o) passes through non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as light 211(e) traveling in the second output direction (i.e., z−δy). Light 211(e) is deflected byreflector 590. After being deflected byreflector 590, light 211(e) does not travel back tooutput PM fiber 910 orinput PM fiber 920. - In the implementation of FIGS. 9a and 9 b,
output PM fiber 910 andinput PM fiber 920 are aligned in such a way that light exits frominput PM fiber 920 as an e-ray and entersoutput PM fiber 910 from non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as an o-ray. In an alternative implementation,output PM fiber 910 andinput PM fiber 920 can be aligned in such a way that light exits frominput PM fiber 920 as an o-ray and entersoutput PM fiber 910 from non-reciprocal combination-device 10 as an e-ray. - The optical depolarizer of FIG. 5a-5 d and the optical depolarizing combiner of FIGS. 6a-6 e include
birefringent block 580 with an optical axis in the y-direction that forms a 45 degree angle with the optical axis ofbirefringent wedge 17. In alternative implementations, other angles between the optical axis ofbirefringent block 580 and the optical axis ofbirefringent wedge 17 can be selected. - In the implementations of FIGS. 5a, 6 a and 7 a,
reflector 590 can be a mirror. In alternative implementations, reflective materials can be coated at the end ofbirefringent block 580 to function asreflector 590. - In the implementations of FIGS. 8a and 9 a,
reflector 590 can be a mirror. In alternative implementations, reflective materials can be coated onsurface 19 ofbirefringent wedge 17 to function asreflector 590. -
Birefringent block 580,birefringent wedge 15, andbirefringent wedge 17 can be constructed from birefringent crystal materials, such as, calcite, rutile, lithium niobate or yttrium orthvanadate. - A birefringent crystal material in general has refractive indexes ne for e-ray and no for o-ray. Non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 can be constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes ne larger than no, or birefringent crystal materials with indexes ne smaller than no - FIGS. 10a and 10 b illustrate implementations of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 includingbirefringent wedges Surface 11 ofbirefringent wedge 15 substantially parallelssurface 12 ofbirefringent wedge 17. The tapering angle ofbirefringent wedges - FIG. 10a illustrates an implementation of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes ne larger than no. FIG. 10a also illustrates the paths traveled by e-ray 320(e) and o-ray 310(o). E-ray 320(e) is incident uponsurface 11 ofbirefringent wedge 15 in the cos(θe)z−sin(θe)y direction and exits frombirefringent wedge 17 in the positive z-direction. Here θe satisfies equation ne sin(χ−θe)=no sin(χ). O-ray 310(o) is incident uponsurface 11 ofbirefringent wedge 15 in the cos(θo)z+sin(θo)y direction and exits frombirefringent wedge 17 in the positive z-direction. Here θo satisfies equation no sin(χ+θo)=ne sin(χ). - FIG. 10b illustrates an implementation of non-reciprocal combination-
device 10 constructed using birefringent crystal materials with indexes ne smaller than no. FIG. 10b also illustrates the paths traveled by e-ray 320(e) and o-ray 310(o). E-ray 320(e) is incident uponsurface 11 ofbirefringent wedge 15 in the cos(θe)z−sin(θe)y direction and exits frombirefringent wedge 17 in the positive z-direction. Here θe satisfies equation ne sin(χ+θe)=no sin(χ). O-ray 310(o) is incident uponsurface 11 ofbirefringent wedge 15 in the cos(θo)z+sin(θo)y direction and exits frombirefringent wedge 17 in the positive z-direction. Here θo satisfies equation no sin(χ−θo)=ne sin(χ). - A method and system has been disclosed for providing optical depolarizers, optical depolarizing combiners, optical combiners, and PM isolators. Although the present invention has been described in accordance with the embodiments shown, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that there could be variations to the embodiments and those variations would be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, many modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Claims (26)
Priority Applications (4)
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US10/119,570 US6819810B1 (en) | 2002-04-09 | 2002-04-09 | Depolarizer |
CN03109555.0A CN1232848C (en) | 2002-04-09 | 2003-04-09 | Depolarizer |
CNB2005101160282A CN100371750C (en) | 2002-04-09 | 2003-04-09 | Depolarizer |
US10/986,713 US7039262B2 (en) | 2002-04-09 | 2004-11-12 | Depolarizer |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US10/119,570 US6819810B1 (en) | 2002-04-09 | 2002-04-09 | Depolarizer |
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US10/986,713 Continuation US7039262B2 (en) | 2002-04-09 | 2004-11-12 | Depolarizer |
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US6987896B1 (en) * | 2002-04-09 | 2006-01-17 | Oplink Communications, Inc. | Optical isolator |
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US20100014093A1 (en) * | 2003-06-04 | 2010-01-21 | Feiling Wang | Measurements of Optical Inhomogeneity and Other Properties in Substances Using Propagation Modes of Light |
US20100201985A1 (en) * | 2007-04-24 | 2010-08-12 | Tomophase Corporation | Delivering Light Via Optical Waveguide and Multi-View Optical Probe Head |
US20110029049A1 (en) * | 2009-04-29 | 2011-02-03 | Tomophase Corporation | Image-Guided Thermotherapy Based On Selective Tissue Thermal Treatment |
US20110066035A1 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2011-03-17 | Tomophase Corporation | Temperature profile mapping and guided thermotherapy |
US20140016199A1 (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2014-01-16 | Oplink Communications, Inc. | Optical depolarizer |
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US20080049321A1 (en) * | 2006-08-25 | 2008-02-28 | Jds Uniphase Corporation | Passive Depolarizer |
CN102183848B (en) * | 2011-05-13 | 2013-02-27 | 暨南大学 | Optical depolarizer with high-polarization state space random distribution |
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US6987896B1 (en) * | 2002-04-09 | 2006-01-17 | Oplink Communications, Inc. | Optical isolator |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20050094919A1 (en) | 2005-05-05 |
CN1232848C (en) | 2005-12-21 |
US6819810B1 (en) | 2004-11-16 |
CN100371750C (en) | 2008-02-27 |
CN1769936A (en) | 2006-05-10 |
CN1450374A (en) | 2003-10-22 |
US7039262B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 |
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