US20040099838A1 - Refrigerant compositions comprising performance enhancing additives - Google Patents

Refrigerant compositions comprising performance enhancing additives Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040099838A1
US20040099838A1 US10/638,230 US63823003A US2004099838A1 US 20040099838 A1 US20040099838 A1 US 20040099838A1 US 63823003 A US63823003 A US 63823003A US 2004099838 A1 US2004099838 A1 US 2004099838A1
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Prior art keywords
carbon atoms
carbon
aliphatic
represented
formula
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US10/638,230
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English (en)
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Thomas Leck
Paul Fagan
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EIDP Inc
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Individual
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Priority to US10/638,230 priority Critical patent/US20040099838A1/en
Priority to JP2004527973A priority patent/JP2005535755A/ja
Priority to RU2005106298/04A priority patent/RU2005106298A/ru
Priority to AU2003259731A priority patent/AU2003259731A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2003/025025 priority patent/WO2004015042A2/en
Priority to KR1020057002238A priority patent/KR20050087777A/ko
Priority to EP03785135A priority patent/EP1551934A2/en
Priority to CNA038192152A priority patent/CN1675332A/zh
Priority to ARP030102895A priority patent/AR040966A1/es
Priority to TW092121992A priority patent/TW200506040A/zh
Assigned to E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY reassignment E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LECK, THOMAS J., FAGAN, PAUL JOSEPH
Publication of US20040099838A1 publication Critical patent/US20040099838A1/en
Priority to US10/980,694 priority patent/US7157020B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
    • C10M171/008—Lubricant compositions compatible with refrigerants
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    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/10—Liquid materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
    • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
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    • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
    • C09K2205/24—Only one single fluoro component present
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/04—Ethers; Acetals; Ortho-esters; Ortho-carbonates
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/04—Ethers; Acetals; Ortho-esters; Ortho-carbonates
    • C10M2207/044—Cyclic ethers having four or more ring atoms, e.g. furans, dioxolanes
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    • C10M2207/04—Ethers; Acetals; Ortho-esters; Ortho-carbonates
    • C10M2207/046—Hydroxy ethers
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    • C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
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    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/2835—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
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    • C10M2207/284—Esters of aromatic monocarboxylic acids
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an alcohol or ester thereof; bound to an aldehyde, ketonic, ether, ketal or acetal radical
    • C10M2209/043—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an alcohol or ester thereof; bound to an aldehyde, ketonic, ether, ketal or acetal radical used as base material
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    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/101—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones and phenols, e.g. Also polyoxyalkylene ether derivatives thereof
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    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/1033—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/104—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/105—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing three carbon atoms only
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    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/106—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing four carbon atoms only
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    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/12—Polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, biopolymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2211/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2211/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only
    • C10M2211/022—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only aliphatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2211/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2211/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen, and oxygen
    • C10M2211/042—Alcohols; Ethers; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/08—Amides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/16—Nitriles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/046—Polyamines, i.e. macromoleculars obtained by condensation of more than eleven amine monomers
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    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/08—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals
    • C10M2219/082—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides; Mercaptals containing sulfur atoms bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/09—Characteristics associated with water
    • C10N2020/097—Refrigerants
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    • C10N2020/101—Containing Hydrofluorocarbons
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    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/30—Refrigerators lubricants or compressors lubricants
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present invention is related to refrigerant and lubricant compositions containing performance-enhancing additives.
  • the performance enhancing additives are found to improve the energy efficiency and/or the capacity of vapor compression refrigeration and air conditioning systems, which utilize hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and oxygenated refrigeration lubricants.
  • the present invention is directed to compositions containing commercially acceptable performance enhancing additives selected from the group consisting of polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, amides, nitriles, chlorocarbons, aryl ethers 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, fluoroethers, lactones, esters, crown compounds, cyclodextrins, and calixarenes.
  • commercially acceptable performance enhancing additives selected from the group consisting of polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, amides, nitriles, chlorocarbons, aryl ethers 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, fluoroethers, lactones, esters, crown compounds, cyclodextrins, and calixarenes.
  • compositions also contain at least one hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), perfluorocarbon (PFC), hydrofluoroether (HFE), ammonia and/or carbon dioxide refrigerant and at least one polyol ester (POE), polyalkylene glycol (PAG), or polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants.
  • HFC hydrofluorocarbon
  • PFC perfluorocarbon
  • HFE hydrofluoroether
  • POE polyol ester
  • PAG polyalkylene glycol
  • PVE polyvinyl ether
  • the additives increase the solubility of refrigerants, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluoroether (HFE), ammonia and carbon dioxide, in refrigeration lubricants such as polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), or polyvinyl ethers (PVEs).
  • HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
  • PFCs perfluorocarbons
  • HFE hydrofluoroether
  • ammonia and carbon dioxide in refrigeration lubricants
  • PEOs polyol esters
  • PAGs polyalkylene glycols
  • PVEs polyvinyl ethers
  • This increased solubility results in an increase in the heat of vaporization or latent heat.
  • Increased heat of vaporization improves energy efficiency, as well as cooling and heating capacity of vapor compression refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
  • the present additives solubilize marginally soluble fractions, such as low mole
  • FIG. 1 is a graph of HFC-134a absorption (mass %) versus time for POE 22 (Mobil Oil product Arctic EAL 22), and the compositions: 70 wt % POE 22, 30 wt % 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one (OP); and 70 wt % POE 22, 30 wt % dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether (DMM) as described in Example 2.
  • POE 22 Mobil Oil product Arctic EAL 22
  • OP 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one
  • DDM dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether
  • the present inventors discovered that using an effective amount of the present additives in vapor-compression refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment improves performance of these systems.
  • the additive is combined with POE, PAG or PVE lubricants and refrigerants selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluoroethers (HFEs), ammonia and carbon dioxide in a refrigeration system
  • HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
  • PFCs perfluorocarbons
  • HFEs hydrofluoroethers
  • ammonia and carbon dioxide ammonia and carbon dioxide
  • the present additives improve the energy efficiency and cooling capacity of a vapor-compression refrigeration system by increasing the heat of vaporization upon desorption of the refrigerant from the lubricant and additive composition in the evaporator.
  • the present additives also solubilize low molecular weight oligomers, contained in polymers such as Mylar® and other polyesters.
  • the additives also solubilize plasticizers, such as phthalate esters, stearates and other marginally soluble fractions, which can be extracted from elastomers or polymers by the HFC, PFC or HFE refrigerants, ammonia or carbon dioxide refrigerants or by POE, PAG or PVE lubricants. These extracted fractions can be redeposited in heat exchangers and expansion devices and cause loss of heat transfer and pluggage of tubes and control devices. By keeping these oligomers and plasticizers in solution, they do not form harmful deposits, thus increasing reliability, energy efficiency and overall performance of compression refrigeration equipment.
  • compositions comprising lubricant and additive from about 1 to about 99 weight percent, preferably from about 1 to about 60 weight percent, most preferably about 1 to about 20 weight percent of the combined lubricant and additive composition is additive.
  • the weight ratio of lubricant to additive is from about 99:1 to about 1:99, preferably from about 99:1 to about 40:60, most preferably about 99:1 to about 80:20.
  • Additive may be charged to vapor-compression, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems as a composition of additive, HFCs, PFCs, HFEs, ammonia and/or carbon dioxide refrigerant.
  • the additive and refrigerant composition will typically contain from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent additive in the combined additive and refrigerant composition.
  • the present compositions comprising HFCs, PFCs, HFEs, ammonia and/or carbon dioxide, lubricant and additive, from about 1 to about 70 weight percent, preferably from about 1 to about 60 weight percent of the refrigerant, lubricant and additive composition is lubricant and additive.
  • Fluorocarbon refrigerants of the present invention contain at least one carbon atom and one fluorine atom.
  • fluorocarbons having 1-6 carbon atoms containing at least one fluorine atom, optionally containing oxygen atoms, and having a normal boiling point of from ⁇ 90° C. to 80° C.
  • These fluorocarbons may be represented by the general formula C x F 2x+2 ⁇ y H y O z , wherein x is 1-6, y is 0-9, and z is 0-2.
  • Fluorocarbon refrigerants thus include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and hydrofluoroethers (HFEs).
  • fluorocarbons are those in which x is 1-6, y is 1-5 and z is 0-1.
  • Fluorocarbons are commercial products available from a number of sources such as E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, Del., 19898, USA, and additionally by synthetic processes disclosed in art such as Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds, edited by Milos Hudlicky, published by The MacMillan Company, New York, N.Y., 1962.
  • fluorocarbons include: CHF 3 (HFC-23), CH 2 F 2 (HFC-32), CH3F (HFC-41), CF3CF3 (PFC-116), CHF 2 CF 3 (HFC-125), CHF 2 CHF 2 (HFC-134), CH 2 FCF 3 (HFC-134a), CHF 2 CH 2 F (HFC143), CF 3 CH 3 (HFC-143a), CHF 2 CH 3 (HFC-152a), CH 2 FCH 3 (HFC-161), CF 3 CF 2 CF 3 (PFC-218), CHF 2 CF 2 CF 3 (HFC-227ca, CF 3 CFHCF 3 (HFC-227ea), CHF 2 CF 2 CHF 2 (HFC-236ca), CH 2 FCF 2 CF 3 (HFC-236cb), CHF 2 CHFCF 3 (HFC-236ea), CF 3 CH 2 CF 3 (HFC-236fa), CH 2 FCF 2 CHF 2 (HFC-245ca), CH
  • the fluorocarbon refrigerants of the present invention may optionally further comprise azeotropic and azeotrope-like fluorocarbon refrigerant compositions, such as, HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-404A), HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a (known by ASHRAE designations, R-407A, R-407B, and R-407C), HFC-32/HFC-125 (R-410A), and HFC-125/HFC-143a (known by the ASHRAE designation: R-507).
  • azeotropic and azeotrope-like fluorocarbon refrigerant compositions such as, HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-404A), HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a (known by ASHRAE designations, R-407A, R-407B, and R-40
  • Refrigerants of the present invention further comprise ammonia and/or carbon dioxide. Additionally, refrigerants may comprise mixtures of fluorocarbon refrigerants and ammonia and/or carbon dioxide.
  • Refrigerants of the present invention may optionally further comprise up to 10 weight percent of dimethyl ether or at least one C 3 to C 5 hydrocarbon, e.g., propane, propylene, cyclopropane, n-butane, i-butane, and n-pentane.
  • C 3 to C 5 hydrocarbon e.g., propane, propylene, cyclopropane, n-butane, i-butane, and n-pentane.
  • fluorocarbons containing such C 3 to C 5 hydrocarbons are azeotrope-like compositions of HFC-125/HFC-134a/n-butane (known by the ASHRAE designation R-417A).
  • Refrigeration lubricants of the present invention are those which have been designed for use with hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and are miscible with fluorocarbons of the present invention under compression refrigeration and air-conditioning systems' operating conditions. Such lubricants and their properties are discussed in “Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Fluids”, R. L. Shubkin, editor, Marcel Dekker, 1993. Typical refrigeration lubricants have viscosity of at least 9 centistokes at 40 degrees Celsius. Refrigeration lubricants include, but are not limited to, polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), and polyvinyl ethers (PVEs).
  • PEOs polyol esters
  • PAGs polyalkylene glycols
  • PVEs polyvinyl ethers
  • Additives of the present invention comprise polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers represented by the formula R 1 [(OR 2 ) x OR 3 ] y , wherein: x is selected from integers from 1-3; y is selected from integers from 1-4; R 1 is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites; R 2 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 4 carbon atoms; R 3 is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; at least one of R 1 and R 3 is said hydrocarbon radical; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 2.3 to about 5.0.
  • polyoxyalkylene glycol ether additives represented by R 1 [(OR 2 ) x OR 3 ] y : x is preferably 1-2; y is preferably 1; R 1 and R 3 are preferably independently selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R 2 is preferably selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 or 4 carbon atoms, most preferably 3 carbon atoms; the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether molecular weight is preferably from about 100 to about 250 atomic mass units, most preferably from about 125 to about 250 atomic mass units; and the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether carbon to oxygen ratio is preferably from about 2.5 to 4.0, most preferably from about 2.7 to about 3.5.
  • the R 1 and R 3 hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be linear, branched or cyclic.
  • Representative R 1 and R 3 hydrocarbon radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • free hydroxyl radicals on the present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether additives may be incompatible with certain compression refrigeration apparatus materials of construction (e.g.
  • R 1 and R 3 are preferably aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 carbon atom.
  • the R 2 aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 4 carbon atoms form repeating oxyalkylene radicals —(OR 2 ) x — that include oxypropylene radicals and oxybutylene radicals.
  • the oxyalkylene radical comprising R 2 in one polyoxyalkylene glycol ether additive molecule may be the same, or one molecule may contain different R 2 oxyalkylene groups.
  • the present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether additives preferably comprise at least one oxypropylene radical.
  • R 1 is an aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites
  • the radical may be linear, branched or cyclic.
  • Representative R 1 aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having two bonding sites include, for example, an ethylene radical, a propylene radical, a butylene radical, a pentylene radical, a hexylene radical, a cyclopentylene radical and a cyclohexylene radical.
  • R 1 aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having three or four bonding sites include residues derived from polyalcohols, such as trimethylolpropane, glycerin, pentaerythritol, 1,2,3-trihydroxycyclohexane and 1,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane, by removing their hydroxyl radicals.
  • Representative polyoxyalkylene glycol ether additives include: CH 3 OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )O(H or CH 3 ) (propylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH 3 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 (H or CH 3 ) (dipropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH 3 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 3 (H or CH 3 ) (tripropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), C 2 H 5 OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )O(H or C 2 H 5 ) (propylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C 2 H 5 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 2 (H or C 2 H 5 ) (dipropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C 2 H 5 O[CH 2 CH(CH 3 )O] 3 (H or C 2 H 5 ) (tripropylene glycol
  • the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether additives generally have a kinematic viscosity of less than about 5 centistokes at 40° C.
  • DDM dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether
  • dipropylene glycol methyl ether has viscosity of 2.7 centistokes at 40° C.
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise amides represented by the formulae R 1 CONR 2 R 3 and cyclo-[R 4 CON(R 5 )—], wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R 4 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20. The molecular weight of said amides is preferably from about 120 to about 250 atomic mass units.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 5 may optionally include substituted radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy).
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 5 may optionally include heteroatom-substituted radicals, that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms.
  • non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R 1-3 and R 5 , and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned ratio of carbon to oxygen and molecular weight limitations.
  • Preferred amide additives consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 5 aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 5 aromatic radicals include phenyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl and pyridyl.
  • a preferred embodiment of amide additives are those wherein R 4 in the aforementioned formula cyclo-[R 4 CON(R 5 )—] may be represented by the hydrocarbylene radical (CR 6 R 7 ) n , in other words, the formula: cyclo-[(CR 6 R 7 ) n CON(R 5 )—] wherein: the previously-stated values for (a) ratio of carbon to oxygen and (b) molecular weight apply; n is an integer from 3 to 5; R 5 is a saturated hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms; R 6 and R 7 are independently selected (for each n) by the rules previously offered defining R 1-3 .
  • R 6 and R 7 are preferably hydrogen, or contain a single saturated hydrocarbon radical among the n methylene units, and R 5 is a saturated hydrocarbon radical containing 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • R 5 is a saturated hydrocarbon radical containing 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • Representative amide additives include: 1-octylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-decylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-octyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butylcaprolactam, 1-isobutylcaprolactam, 1-cyclohexylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-cyclohexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butyl-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-pentyl-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-hexylcaprolactam, 1-hexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-heptyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-nonyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-undecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-dodecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 5-methyl-1-pentylpiperid-2-one, 1,3-dimethylpiperid-2-one, 1-
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise nitriles represented by the formula R 1 CN, wherein R 1 is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said nitriles have a molecular weight of from about 90 to about 200 atomic mass units and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of from about 6 to about 12.
  • R 1 in said nitrile additives is preferably selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 8 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • the molecular weight of said nitrile additives is preferably from about 120 to about 140 atomic mass units.
  • the carbon to nitrogen ratio in said nitrile additives is preferably from about 8 to about 9.
  • R 1 may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy).
  • R 1 may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms.
  • R 1 aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R 1 CN include pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl.
  • Representative nitrile additives include: 1-cyanopentane, 2,2-dimethyl-4-cyanopentane, 1-cyanohexane, 1-cyanoheptane, 1-cyanooctane, 2-cyanooctane, 1-cyanononane, 1-cyanodecane, 2-cyanodecane, 1-cyanoundecane and 1-cyanododecane.
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise chlorocarbons represented by the formula RCl x , wherein; x is selected from the integers 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said chlorocarbons have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units and carbon to chlorine ratio from about 2 to about 10.
  • the molecular weight of said chlorocarbon additives is preferably from about 120 to 150 atomic mass units.
  • the carbon to chlorine ratio in said chlorocarbon additives is preferably from about 6 to about 7.
  • R aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula RCl x include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers.
  • Representative chlorocarbon additives include: 3-(chloromethyl)pentane, 3-chloro-3-methylpentane, 1-chlorohexane, 1,6-dichlorohexane, 1-chloroheptane, 1-chlorooctane, 1-chlorononane, 1-chlorodecane, and 1,1,1-trichlorodecane.
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise aryl ethers represented by the formula R 1 OR 2 , wherein: R 1 is selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R 2 is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 20.
  • the carbon to oxygen ratio in said aryl ether additives is preferably from about 7 to about 10.
  • R 1 aryl radicals in the general formula R 1 OR 2 include phenyl, biphenyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl and pyridyl.
  • Representative R 2 aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R 1 OR 2 include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl.
  • Representative aromatic ether additives include: methyl phenyl ether (anisole), 1,3-dimethyoxybenzene, ethyl phenyl ether and butyl phenyl ether.
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the general formula CF 3 R 1 , wherein R 1 is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably primary, linear, saturated, alkyl radicals.
  • Representative 1,1,1-trifluoroalkane additives include: 1,1,1-trifluorohexane and 1,1,1-trifluorododecane.
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise fluoroethers represented by the general formula R 1 OCF 2 CF 2 H, wherein R 1 is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably primary, linear, saturated, alkyl radicals.
  • Representative fluoroether additives include: C 8 H 17 OCF 2 CF 2 H and C 6 H 13 OCF 2 CF 2 H.
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise lactones represented by formulas I, II, and III:
  • lactones contain the functional group —CO 2 — in a ring of six (I), or preferably five atoms (II), wherein for I and II, R 1 through R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen or linear, branched, cyclic, bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbyl radicals. Each R 1 though R 8 may be connected forming a ring with another R 1 through R 8 .
  • the lactone may have an exocyclic alkylidene group as in formula III, wherein R 1 through R 6 are independently selected from hydrogen or linear, branched, cyclic, bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbyl radicals. Each R 1 though R 6 may be connected forming a ring with another R 1 through R 6 .
  • the lactone additives of the present invention have a carbon to ester functional group carbonyl oxygen ratio from about 5 to about 15 preferred from about 5 to about 12. Said lactone additives also have a molecular weight range of from about 80 to about 300 atomic mass units, preferred from about 80 to about 200 atomic mass units. Representative lactone additives include the compounds listed in the table below.
  • the lactone additives generally have a kinematic viscosity of less than about 7 centistokes at 40° C.
  • gamma-undecalactone has kinematic viscosity of 5.4 centistokes and cis-(3-hexyl-5-methyl)dihydrofuran-2-one has viscosity of 4.5 centistokes at 40° C.
  • Lactone additives may be available commercially or prepared by methods as described in the concurrently filed U.S. provisional patent application, attorney docket no. CL-2362 US PRV, entitled “cis-3,5-Disubstituted-dihydro-furan-2-ones and the Preparation and Use Thereof”.
  • the inventors of this provisional application are P. J. Fagan and C. J. Brandenburg.
  • the aforesaid provisional application is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise esters represented by the general formula R 1 CO 2 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from linear and cyclic, saturated and unsaturated, alkyl and aryl radicals.
  • Preferred esters consist essentially of the elements C, H and O, have a molecular weight of from about 80 to about 550 atomic mass units, and have a carbon to ester functional group carbonyl oxygen ratio of from about 5 to about 15.
  • esters include: (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 OOC(CH 2 ) 2-4 OCOCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 (diisobutyl dibasic ester), ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, n-butyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, ethyl benzoate, di-n-propyl phthalate, benzoic acid ethoxyethyl ester, dipropyl carbonate, “Exxate 700” (a commercial C 7 alkyl acetate), “Exxate 800” (a commercial C 8 alkyl acetate), dibutyl phthalate, and tert-butyl acetate.
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise crown compounds with the repeating unit —(CH 2 —CH 2 —Y) n — joined in a circular structure, wherein Y is a heteroatom, such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur, and n is greater than 2.
  • Preferred crown compounds are crown ethers wherein Y is oxygen and n is greater than 4. Additionally, the crown compounds may be optionally substituted with side groups containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and/or halogen atoms.
  • Crown ethers are available commercially from chemical supply companies such as Aldrich. Representative crown ethers are 18-crown-6 ether, 15-crown-5 ether, and 12-crown-4 ether.
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise cyclodextrins wherein the repeating units represented by formula IV are connected in a circular structure:
  • each R group is independently selected from hydrogen or linear, branched, cyclic, bicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbyl radicals having up to 10 carbon atoms and n is equal to 6 (alpha-cyclodextrin), 7 (beta-cyclodextrin) or 8 (gamma-cyclodextrin).
  • n is equal to 6 (alpha-cyclodextrin), 7 (beta-cyclodextrin) or 8 (gamma-cyclodextrin).
  • Additives of the present invention further comprise calixarenes wherein the repeating units represented by formula V are connected in a circular structure:
  • Additives of the present invention may comprise a single additive species or multiple additive species together in any proportion.
  • an additive may comprise a mixture of compounds from within a single additive species (e.g. a mixture of polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers) or a mixture of compounds chosen from different additive species (e.g. a mixture of a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether with an amide).
  • Additives of the present invention may optionally further comprise ketones represented by the formula R 1 COR 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said ketones have a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 13.
  • R 1 and R 2 in said ketones are preferably independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 9 carbon atoms.
  • the molecular weight of said ketones is preferably from about 100 to 200 atomic mass units.
  • the carbon to oxygen ratio in said ketones is preferably from about 7 to about 10.
  • R 1 and R 2 may together form a hydrocarbylene radical connected and forming a five, six, or seven-membered ring cyclic ketone, for example, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cycloheptanone.
  • R 1 and R 2 may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy).
  • R 1 and R 2 may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms.
  • heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms.
  • no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R 1 and R 2 , and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned ratio of carbon to oxygen and molecular weight limitations.
  • R 1 and R 2 aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R 1 COR 2 include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl.
  • Representative ketone additives include: 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, acetophenone, butyrophenone, hexanophenone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, 2-heptanone, 3-heptanone, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 2-octanone, 3-octanone, diisobutyl ketone, 4-ethylcyclohexanone, 2-nonanone, 5-nonanone, 2-decanone, 4-decanone, 2-decalone, 2-tridecanone, dihexyl ketone and dicyclohexyl ketone.
  • Ketone additives may have an objectionable odor, which can be masked by addition of an odor masking agent or fragrance.
  • odor masking agents or fragrances may include Evergreen, Fresh Lemon, Cherry, Cinnamon, Peppermint, Floral or Orange Peel or sold by Intercontinental Fragrance, as well as d-limonene and pinene.
  • Such odor masking agents may be used at concentrations of from about 0.001% to as much as about 15% by weight based on the combined weight of odor masking agent and additive.
  • Additives of the present invention may optionally further comprise from about 0.5 to about 50 weight percent (based on total amount of additive) of a linear or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon containing from 5 to 15 carbon atoms.
  • Representative hydrocarbons include pentane, hexane, octane, nonane, decane, Isopar® H (a high purity C 11 to C 12 iso-paraffinic), Aromatic 150 (a C 9 to C 11 aromatic), Aromatic 200 (a C 9 to C 15 aromatic) and Naptha 140. All of these hydrocarbons are sold by Exxon Chemical, USA.
  • Additives of the present invention may optionally further comprise polymeric additives.
  • the polymeric additive may be a random copolymer of fluorinated and non-fluorinated acrylates, wherein the polymer comprises repeating units of at least one monomer represented by the formulae CH 2 ⁇ C(R 1 )CO 2 R 2 , CH 2 ⁇ C(R 3 )C 6 H 4 R 4 , and CH 2 ⁇ C(R 5 )C 6 H 4 XR 6 , wherein X is oxygen or sulfur; R 1 , R 3 , and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 4 alkyl radicals; and R 2 , R 4 , and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon-chain-based radicals containing C, and F, and may further contain H, Cl, ether oxygen, or sulfur in the form of thioether, sulfoxide, or sulfone groups.
  • Zonyl® PHS is a random copolymer made by polymerizing 40 weight percent CH 2 ⁇ C(CH 3 )CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 (CF 2 CF 2 ) m F (also referred to as Zonyl® fluoromethacrylate or ZFM) wherein m is from 1 to 12, primarily 2 to 8, and 60 weight percent lauryl methacrylate (CH 2 ⁇ C(CH 3 )CO 2 (CH 2 ) 11 CH 3 , also referred to as LMA).
  • Zonyl® PHS is a random copolymer made by polymerizing 40 weight percent CH 2 ⁇ C(CH 3 )CO 2 CH 2 CH 2 (CF 2 CF 2 ) m F (also referred to as Zonyl® fluoromethacrylate or ZFM) wherein m is from 1 to 12, primarily 2 to 8, and 60 weight percent lauryl methacrylate (CH 2 ⁇ C(CH 3 )CO 2 (CH 2 ) 11 CH 3 , also referred to as L
  • Additives of the present invention may optionally further contain from about 0.01 to 30 weight percent (based on total amount of additive) of an additive which reduces the surface energy of metallic copper, aluminum, steel, or other metals found in heat exchangers in a way that reduces the adhesion of lubricants to the metal.
  • metal surface energy reducing additives include those disclosed in WIPO PCT publication WO 96/7721, such as Zonyl® FSA, Zonyl® FSP, Zonyl® FSJ and Zonyl® FS62, all products of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. In practice, by reducing the adhesive forces between the metal and the lubricant (i.e.
  • the lubricant circulates more freely through the heat exchangers and connecting tubing in an air conditioning or refrigeration system, instead of remaining as a layer on the surface of the metal. This allows for the increase of heat transfer to the metal and allows efficient return of lubricant to the compressor.
  • Commonly used refrigeration system additives may optionally be added, as desired, to compositions of the present invention in order to enhance lubricity and system stability.
  • These additives are generally known within the field of refrigeration compressor lubrication, and include anti wear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foaming and antifoam control agents, leak detectants and the like.
  • these additives are present only in small amounts relative to the overall lubricant composition. They are typically used at concentrations of from less than about 0.1% to as much as about 3% of each additives. These additives are selected on the basis of the individual system requirements.
  • additives may include, but are not limited to, lubrication enhancing additives, such as alkyl or aryl esters of phosphoric acid and of thiophosphates. These include members of the triaryl phosphate family of EP lubricity additives, such as butylated triphenyl phosphates (BTPP), or other alkylated triaryl phosphate esters, e.g. Syn-0-Ad 8478 from Akzo Chemicals, tricresyl phosphates and related compounds. Additionally, the metal dialkyl dithiophosphates (e.g.
  • antiwear additives include natural product oils and asymmetrical polyhydroxyl lubrication additives such as Synergol TMS (International Lubricants).
  • Natural or synthetic oil-based lubricity enhancing agents may include products such as Zerol ICE from Nu-Calgon, Inc.
  • stabilizers such as anti oxidants, free radical scavengers, and water scavengers may be employed.
  • Compounds in this category can include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), epoxides, and glycidyl ethers.
  • the present invention further comprises a method of producing refrigeration in a compression refrigeration system containing a HFC, PFC, HFE, ammonia and/or carbon dioxide refrigerant and a refrigeration lubricant selected from the group consisting of POEs, PAGs, and PVEs.
  • the method comprises the step of contacting said lubricant with said refrigerant in the presence of an effective amount of the present additive in said compression refrigeration system.
  • the present invention further comprises a method of lubricating a compressor in a compression refrigeration apparatus containing HFC, PFC, HFE, ammonia and/or carbon dioxide refrigerant.
  • the method of lubricating comprises the step of adding to said compressor a lubricant and additive composition of the present invention.
  • the present invention further comprises a process for producing refrigeration in vapor compression refrigeration or air-conditioning systems comprising condensing the present refrigerant compositions, and thereafter evaporating said compositions in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
  • the present invention further comprises a process for producing heat comprising condensing the present refrigerant compositions in the presence of a body to be heated, and thereafter evaporating said compositions.
  • the present invention further comprises a method for improving the energy efficiency and/or capacity of a compression refrigeration apparatus, which comprises the step of using a refrigerant composition of the present invention in a compression refrigeration apparatus.
  • the present invention further comprises a method for reducing deposits and pluggage in a compression refrigeration and/or air-conditioning apparatus comprising the step of using a composition of the present invention in said apparatus.
  • the present invention further comprises a method for delivering an additive to a compression refrigeration apparatus, comprising the step of adding any of the compositions of the present invention to said apparatus.
  • compositions of the present invention may further be used as cleaning agents, expansion agents for polyolefins and polyurethanes, aerosol propellants, heat transfer media, gaseous dielectrics, fire extinguishing agents, power cycle working fluids, polymerization media, particulate removal fluids, carrier fluids, buffing abrasive agents or displacement drying agents.
  • POE 22 is used herein as an abbreviation for Mobil Oil product Arctic EAL22, a polyol ester lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 22 centistokes at 40° C.
  • DDM dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether
  • OP used herein is an abbreviation for 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one (C 12 H 23 NO).
  • HDFO used herein is an abbreviation for a 1:1 mixture of 4-hexyl-dihydrofuran-2-one and 3-hexyl-dihydrofuran-2-one.
  • DMM, OP gamma-valerolactone, gamma-octalactone, gamma-nonalactone, gamma-decalactone, gamma-undecalactone, tetraglyme, 1-methylcaprolactam, 18-crown-6 ether, tert-butyl acetate, N-butylpropionate, N,N-dibutylformamide, and 2-octanone are available from Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, Wis.). The synthesis of 1-butylcaprolactam may be carried out as described in the art.
  • Tests were conducted to measure temperature rise during mixing of HFC and additives of the present invention. Equal volumes of additives and HFC-43-10mee (CF3CF2CHFCHFCF3) were mixed in an insulated Dewar flask outfitted with a temperature probe. Temperature rise was recorded 5 seconds after mixing. Results are shown below.
  • Results indicate compositions of the present invention have significant temperature rise indicating high heat of mixing.
  • a refrigerant cylinder and a flat bottom vessel are connected by a short manifold including isolation valves, a fill port, and a pressure transducer.
  • the volume of the entire assembly is pre-determined by mass of water to fill.
  • a known volume of POE 22 lubricant with or without additive (OP or DMM) is charged into the flat bottom vessel at 22° C. Air is evacuated from the headspace.
  • the isolation valve between the two cylinders is closed.
  • HFC-134a refrigerant is loaded into the other cylinder up to a pressure of 181 kPa. The pressure is continuously monitored as the isolation valve between the two cylinders is opened.
  • Tests were conducted to determine if the additive could improve performance of R407C (23 wt % HFC-32 and 25 wt % HFC-125, 52 wt % HFC-134a) and polyol ester (POE) oil.
  • a ductless split R22 Sanyo heat pump (evaporator Model KHSO951, condenser Model CHO951) was installed in an environmental chamber. The heat pump was outfitted with an R22 Sanyo rotary compressor (C-1R75H2R). The fan-coil unit was installed in the indoor room of an environmental chamber and the outdoor unit was installed in the outdoor room.
  • the system was charged with about 1200 grams of R407C and 350 ml of POE oil with a viscosity at 40° C. of 46 centistokes. Tests were conducted at ASHRAE cooling B conditions where the indoor room was controlled at 80° F. and 67° F. wet bulb temperature, the outdoor room at 82° F. and 65° F. wet bulb temperature. Tests were also conducted at ASHRAE heating conditions where the indoor room was controlled at 70° F. and 60° F. wet bulb temperature, the outdoor room at 17° F. and 15° F. wet bulb temperature relative humidity. Air side capacity, energy efficiency ratio (EER) measurements and oil volume measurements were made.
  • EER energy efficiency ratio
  • Viscosity at Capacity Oil Composition 40° C. (cs) (Kbtu/H) EER R407C/50 wt % POE 46 5.91 7.59 Emkarate RL32CF/50 wt % POE RL 68H R407C/10% tetraglyme in 37 5.68 7.41 POE RL68H R407C/10 wt % n-octyl 46 6.51 8.23 pyrrolidin-2-one in POE RL68H
  • Viscosity at Capacity Oil Composition 40° C. (cs) (Kbtu/H) EER R407C/50 wt % POE 46 3.71 4.57 Emkarate RL32CF/50 wt % POE RL 68H R407C/10% tetraglyme in 37 2.92 3.66 POE RL68H R407C/10 wt % n-octyl 46 4.01 4.81 pyrrolidin-2-one in POE RL68H
  • Results show significantly increased energy efficiency and capacity when n-octyl-pyrrolidin-2-one is added to R407C/POE. Performance is surprisingly improved versus tetraglyme.
  • Tests were conducted to determine if HFC-134a/POE performance could be improved in a domestic refrigerator (Frigidaire 21 cubic foot, Model FRT21P5) using additives of the present invention.
  • the refrigerator was outfitted with pressure and temperature measuring devices as well as power measurement to the hermetic reciprocating compressor and two fans.
  • the compressor was also fitted with a sight glass to monitor lubricant level during operation.
  • the refrigerator was tested in a room controlled at 32.2° C.
  • the refrigerated and freezer compartments were tested at two conditions mid-mid and warm-warm. The compartment temperatures were monitored and the integrated daily power requirement was calculated. The system was thoroughly flushed between runs to remove residual lubricant. Results are shown below.
  • Results show an improvement in energy efficiency when n-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one is added to R134a/POE 10. N-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one performance is also surprisingly improved versus tetraglyme.

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US10/638,230 2002-08-08 2003-08-07 Refrigerant compositions comprising performance enhancing additives Abandoned US20040099838A1 (en)

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US10/638,230 US20040099838A1 (en) 2002-08-08 2003-08-07 Refrigerant compositions comprising performance enhancing additives
KR1020057002238A KR20050087777A (ko) 2002-08-08 2003-08-08 성능 개선 첨가제를 포함하는 냉매 조성물
RU2005106298/04A RU2005106298A (ru) 2002-08-08 2003-08-08 Композиции хладагентов, содержащих добавки, улучшающие рабочие характеристики
AU2003259731A AU2003259731A1 (en) 2002-08-08 2003-08-08 Refrigerant compositions comprising performance enhancing additives
PCT/US2003/025025 WO2004015042A2 (en) 2002-08-08 2003-08-08 Refrigerant compositions comprising performance enhancing additives
JP2004527973A JP2005535755A (ja) 2002-08-08 2003-08-08 性能強化添加剤を含む冷却剤組成物
EP03785135A EP1551934A2 (en) 2002-08-08 2003-08-08 Refrigerant compositions comprising performance enhancing additives
CNA038192152A CN1675332A (zh) 2002-08-08 2003-08-08 含有增强性能添加剂的制冷剂组合物
ARP030102895A AR040966A1 (es) 2002-08-08 2003-08-11 Composiciones refrigerentes y lubricantes que comprenden aditivos mejoradores del rendimiento
TW092121992A TW200506040A (en) 2003-08-07 2003-08-11 Refrigerant compositions comprising performance enhancing additives
US10/980,694 US7157020B2 (en) 2002-08-08 2004-11-03 Refrigerant compositions comprising performance enhancing additives

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FR2910016A1 (fr) * 2006-12-19 2008-06-20 Arkema France Compositions utilisables comme fluide frigorigene
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EP2069455A1 (en) 2006-09-01 2009-06-17 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Terpene, terpenoid, and fullerene stabilizers for fluoroolefins
US20090095014A1 (en) * 2007-10-12 2009-04-16 Andrew Sun Working fluid of a blend of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane and method and apparatus for using
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CN109370529B (zh) * 2018-10-17 2021-03-02 浙江豪瓦特节能科技有限公司 一种适用于空气源热泵热水器的制冷剂
CN113544446B (zh) 2019-03-07 2023-07-14 艾默生环境优化技术有限公司 具有吸收冷却器的气候控制系统

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FR2910016A1 (fr) * 2006-12-19 2008-06-20 Arkema France Compositions utilisables comme fluide frigorigene
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