US20040088829A1 - Modified worker operation in textile carding - Google Patents

Modified worker operation in textile carding Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040088829A1
US20040088829A1 US10/296,420 US29642003A US2004088829A1 US 20040088829 A1 US20040088829 A1 US 20040088829A1 US 29642003 A US29642003 A US 29642003A US 2004088829 A1 US2004088829 A1 US 2004088829A1
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Prior art keywords
roller
rollers
fibre
textile machine
segment according
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Abandoned
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US10/296,420
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English (en)
Inventor
Kenneth Atkinson
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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO
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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO
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Priority claimed from AUPQ7896A external-priority patent/AUPQ789600A0/en
Priority claimed from AUPR1315A external-priority patent/AUPR131500A0/en
Application filed by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO filed Critical Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSIRO
Assigned to COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION OF LIMESTONE AVENUE reassignment COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION OF LIMESTONE AVENUE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ATKINSON, KENNETH ROSS
Publication of US20040088829A1 publication Critical patent/US20040088829A1/en
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
    • D01G15/00—Carding machines or accessories; Card clothing; Burr-crushing or removing arrangements associated with carding or other preliminary-treatment machines
    • D01G15/02—Carding machines
    • D01G15/04—Carding machines with worker and stripper or like rollers operating in association with a main cylinder
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
    • D01G15/00—Carding machines or accessories; Card clothing; Burr-crushing or removing arrangements associated with carding or other preliminary-treatment machines
    • D01G15/02—Carding machines
    • D01G15/12—Details
    • D01G15/14—Constructional features of carding elements, e.g. for facilitating attachment of card clothing
    • D01G15/18—Workers; Strippers; Doffers

Definitions

  • This invention is concerned generally with the working interaction between roller elements and cylinders of textile-carding machines.
  • the invention is applicable to working points throughout a textile card, including but not limited to the licker, breast, or swift.
  • Roller carding is one of the principal means of carding textile fibres.
  • the rollers are usually wound with card wire to provide a finely pinned surface that is used to reduce the clumps of fibre to individual fibres and eventually assemble them into either a web or a sliver.
  • the rollers have a specific relationship to each other in terms of diameter and direction of rotation.
  • the roller that individualises the fibres is called a worker and rotates in the opposite direction as the larger cylinder that carries the fibre forward through the machine.
  • the diameter of the worker roller is usually about 250 mm, including wire, and that of the cylinder on which it is located depends on the part of the card being considered, e.g., the breast may be about 1000 mm in diameter and the main cylinder up to 1500 mm diameter.
  • Strippers are usually about 150 mm in diameter and rotate in the same direction as the worker and in the opposite direction to the cylinder, usually with much higher surface speeds than the worker, but slower than that of the cylinder.
  • the purpose of a stripper is to remove fibre from the worker and return it to the cylinder for further processing by workers.
  • the important role of the stripper is to keep the pins of the worker free of fibre so that it can continue to tease open the clumps of fibre being presented by the cylinder. Stripping of the stripper by the cylinder is facilitated by the higher surface speed of the cylinder and the forward orientation of both sets of pins.
  • Workers provide a number of benefits for carding compared with flats. Firstly, workers always operate at maximum opening efficiency because the pins are never loaded with fibre. Secondly, there is no loss of fibre from the system because all of the fibre that is ‘worked’ is returned to the cylinder. Thirdly, worker-strippers provide good blending and evenning because of feedback of opened fibre onto the feed. Fourthly, because each worker-stripper unit is independent, it is possible to use individual settings, speeds, and pinnings to optimise performance.
  • the invention involves a reversal of the longstanding direction of rotation of the roller that conventionally is termed a worker.
  • a worker With this modification, which affords a number of advantages, it is beneficial to also alter the conventional size relationships between the cylinders or rollers of the textile machine.
  • By reversing the direction of worker rotation it is possible to substantially reduce the separation of a worker from the subsequent stripper on the cylinder, and this separation can be made still smaller by also reducing the relative size of the worker.
  • the first or primary roller is a cylinder or swift
  • the second roller is usually referred to as a worker
  • the third roller is called a stripper.
  • workers pick up fibre from the cylinder and deposit it with the same orientation, i.e., the upper surface of a fibre tuft remains on top after re-deposition on the cylinder.
  • the arrangement is such that fibre clumps are inverted during re-deposition, i.e., the top surface of a tuft is on the bottom after re-deposition.
  • the second roller may conveniently be referred to as an inverter to distinguish its operation from that of a worker. Inverters, therefore, provide an additional degree of fibre mixing compared with conventional workers.
  • the invention provides a textile machine segment including a first or main roller adapted to support and convey a travelling fibre web, associated second and third rollers cooperable with each other and at respective nips with the first roller as the three rollers rotate, to open the web and detach a mat of fibre tufts at the nip between the first and second rollers and to return the tufts to the first roller at the nip between the first and third rollers, and drive means for rotating the rollers, wherein the drive means is arranged to rotate the second roller in a rotational direction that is the same as that of the first roller and opposite that of the third roller.
  • the invention also provides, in a second aspect, a method of treating a travelling fibre web, including supporting and conveying the web on a rotating first roller, and operating respective pairs of second and third rollers cooperable with each other and at respective nips with the first roller whereby to open the web and detach a mat of fibre tufts at the nip between the first and second rollers and to return the tufts to the first roller at the nip between the first and third rollers, wherein said operation of the respective pairs of second and third rollers is effected by rotating the second roller in a rotational direction which is the same as that of the first roller and opposite that of the third roller.
  • the second and third rollers may hereinafter be referred to as the inverter and stripper respectively.
  • the rollers preferably have wire clothing about their cylindrical surfaces, which clothing includes a multiplicity of projecting pins or teeth inclined at less than 90° to the respective surface.
  • the respective rollers each have a substantially uniform direction of this inclination.
  • the pins of the respective rollers are inclined in the same direction.
  • the direction of inclination is in the direction of rotation of the respective rollers.
  • the ratio of the diameters of the inverter and stripper rollers is less than 1.5, and preferably 1.0 or less. In a range of embodiments, the ratio may vary between 0.3 and 0.8, eg. 0.5 to 0.6.
  • the inverter roller is preferably of a diameter in the range 50 to 150 mm, more preferably in the range 75 to 100 mm, eg. about 80 to 90 mm.
  • the stripper roller is preferably of a diameter in the range 100 to 200 mm, more preferably in the range 110 to 150 mm, eg. about 110 to 130 mm.
  • the textile machine segment is adapted for treating a wool fibre web and the arc separation about the first roller between the nip of the inverter roller of a pair and the stripper of the next pair is no greater than 150 mm, more preferably less than 130 mm, eg. about 90 to 120 mm.
  • the arc is preferably greater than the mean fibre length of the wool fibres of the web.
  • the textile machine segment may be one of a number of similar card segments in a textile carding machine, eg, a worsted carding machine or card.
  • the invention may be applied to each working point on each of the carding cylinders, including for example, the licker, the breast, and the swift or main cylinder.
  • a further benefit of this mode of operation is that fibre, once hooked, cannot slip off, which is a problem for the operation of workers.
  • the transfer of fibre from the inverter to the stripper is smoother in the preferred case where the pins of both rollers face in the same (forward) direction, which also helps to retain fibre alignment.
  • Another consequence of smoother fibre transfer is the improvement of stripper function because the pins of the stripper are no longer loaded, i.e., the fibre is not pulled down to the bottom of the pins where it is difficult to remove.
  • High drafts conventionally used in worker-stripper operation by comparison, lead to loading of the pins of the stripper and loss of alignment of the fibre because of the opposed pins.
  • inverter-stripper pairs provide the opportunity to set the absolute or relative diameters of the rollers according to other more general machine-design criteria.
  • the aforedescribed textile machine segment may be one of a number of similar segments in a carding machine, e.g., a worsted carding machine or card.
  • the invention may be applied to each working point on any carding cylinder or roller as the primary roller, including for example, the licker, the breast, and the swift or main cylinder.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an inverter-stripper segment of a textile carding machine, showing the principle of operation, including the inversion of tufts;
  • FIGS. 2 to 4 illustrate schematically how the use of inverters saves space around carding cylinders.
  • FIG. 2 shows the situation when the diameters of the rollers are the same as for conventional worker-stripper pairs
  • FIG. 3 shows the additional saving in space made possible by reducing the diameters of the rollers
  • FIG. 4 shows that inverter-stripper pairs can be arranged to be almost touching if the fibre length is sufficiently short;
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment applicable to short-staple carding
  • FIG. 6 depicts the detail of the waste collection system of the embodiment of FIG. 5;
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 depict the use of inverters in combination with moving flats for short-staple carding; FIG. 7 showing an overall view whereas FIG. 8 is a local enlargement;
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 are respectively an isometric and side elevational view showing application of the inverters to the lickerin feed of a short-staple card, in a case where the overall length of the lickerin section is unaffected by the addition of the inverters.
  • FIG. 11 shows a dual mounting bracket accommodating a stripper and an inverter, for use in the embodiment of FIGS. 9 and 10;.
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 are views similar to FIGS. 9 and 10, for the case when the length of the lickerin is allowed to increase.
  • FIGS. 14 and 15 respectively show separate mounting brackets for the inverters and strippers, suitable for the embodiment of FIGS. 12 and 13;
  • FIGS. 16 and 17 show an application of the invention to non-woven carding, the card being shown in its existing dimensions in FIG. 16 and in its modified form in FIG. 17;
  • FIGS. 18 and 19 show schematically the reduction in the size of a modem worsted card that is possible with the use of inverters, the card being shown, on the same scale, in its existing dimensions in FIG. 18 and in its modified form in FIG. 19.
  • FIG. 1 shows a pair of inverter-stripper segments 10 , 10 ′ of a textile carding machine.
  • Each segment 10 , 10 ′ comprises a second or inverter roller 14 , 14 ′ and a. third or stripper roller 16 , 16 ′, each being a cylinder of a standard roller diameter for long-staple carding, operating on a larger diameter primary roller or cylinder 12 .
  • Use on smaller diameter primary rollers is possible within the broad concept of the invention.
  • the respective arrows in the diagram indicate the directions of rotation of the cylinders or rollers 12 , 14 , 16 .
  • Each of the rollers is clothed in an appropriate fine-toothed wire mesh according to conventional practice comprising pins or teeth 13 inclined to the respective cylindrical surface, at an acute angle to the direction of rotation, as illustrated.
  • the rollers 12 , 14 , 16 are driven by a conventional mechanism indicated diagrammatically at 100 and including the usual motors and transmission systems (not detailed).
  • a travelling fibre web is held and conveyed by cylinder 12 through the successive nips 24 , 25 with rollers 16 , 14 respectively.
  • the surface speed of the cylinder 12 is faster than that of the stripper 16 , which in turn is faster than the relatively slow-moving inverter 14 .
  • the slow-moving inverter opens up the fibre web and detaches a proportion of the fibres as a mat 22 of tufts on the surface of the Inverter 14 . This mat is carried up between the inverter and stripper, and in the region 23 of their closest approach, the mat is then transferred onto the stripper 16 , which returns the tufts into the main web at stripper/cylinder nip 24 .
  • the tails of fibre caught in the pins of the inverter may, depending on conditions in the nip such as pinning, setting, and fibre density, continue to be combed by the pins of cylinder 12 for a longer period until the inverter has rotated sufficiently to withdraw them. This considerably improves the effectiveness of the working action.
  • the extent to which the additional combing occurs may be controlled by selecting the appropriate operating conditions and pinning for the card.
  • Inversion of tufts is shown schematically in FIG. 1 by noting that the top of a tuft immediately after capture, denoted by a ‘+’ sign, is on the bottom after re-deposition on the cylinder, i.e., the tuft is inverted.
  • the pins of the rollers 14 , 16 point in the same direction instead of in opposite directions as with conventional workers and strippers. Provided the draft between the rollers is appropriate, this provides for a smoother transfer of fibre from the inverter to the stripper, eliminating, or at least reducing, the possibility of fibre breakage or nep formation. A further option is to reduce the stripper-inverter draft, allowing some fibre to recirculate around the inverter. The benefit of this mode of operation is to increase the blending capacity of the system, which may be beneficial for particular fibres or machine configurations, such as short-fibres and very small inverter diameters.
  • a parameter of practical interest in carding is the draft between the cylinder and the inverter, i.e., the ratio of surface speeds, and it is a potential concern that reversing the direction of rotation might upset common practice. It can easily be demonstrated, however, that, in respect to drafting effect, inverter operation is substantially identical to conventional worker operation except at very low drafts, which are uncommon. In most carding operations, the speed of the cylinder is usually 40 or more times faster than that of a worker. If the speed of the inverter is the same as that of a worker, calculations show that, contrary to expectation, the difference in draft is only 2 units, say 39 for a worker and 41 for the inverter. Given the large drafts commonly in use, differences of this magnitude are of no concern. This surprising and useful outcome means that the surface speed of the inverter can be set simply by the need to ensure that the pins are free of fibre and therefore able to work efficiently.
  • FIGS. 2 to 4 show the extent to which inverter-stripper pairs can be placed much closer to each other than the equivalent worker-stripper pairs.
  • Arc 34 (FIGS. 2 and 3) indicates the envelope of the tips of the fibres that would project from the inverter 14 if it was operating as a worker.
  • the following stripper 16 ′ must be located further away than this envelope otherwise it will strip fibre prematurely from the preceding worker. As shown in FIG. 2, the situation for inverter operation is quite different.
  • the closest position of the following stripper 16 ′ is set by either the surface of inverter 14 or the extent of the tips of the longest fibres from the nip 25 of inverter 14 and the cylinder 12 .
  • the significant advantage of the inverter format is that when multiple units are employed on a cylinder, the clearance between an inverter 14 and the subsequent stripper 16 ′ can be substantially decreased below the 180 mm normally provided between workers and the subsequent stripper for long-staple carding.
  • the clearance may be reduced to as little as 5 mm provided the distance between the nip of the inverter 14 and that of the subsequent stripper 16 ′ is longer that about half the longest fibre, which is about 100 mm for wool, but only about 20 mm for short-staple fibre such as cotton. This close packing of rollers about the cylinder is possible only because of the reverse direction of rotation of the inverter.
  • FIG. 3 In which the diameters of inverters 14 , 14 ′ and strippers 16 , 16 ′ are shown smaller, but equal.
  • the diameter of inverter 14 can be made reasonably small provided there is sufficient strength in the section to withstand the loads generated by the fibre. It is the diameter of stripper 16 , however, that must be kept large enough to allow efficient stripping by the cylinder 12 .
  • a reasonable rule of thumb is for the minimum circumference of the stripper to be set at about the same length as that of the longest fibre, e.g., about 200 mm for wool, which means that the diameter of the stripper can be as small as about 70 mm. This is not an absolute requirement and smaller values are consistent with the scope of the invention.
  • the invention will now be further described In terms of its application to carding processes widely used in the textile industry, viz., short-staple carding, non-woven carding, and worsted carding.
  • the maximum fibre length is typically less than 40 mm, which enables the diameter of the rollers to be decreased, thereby significantly increasing the number of pairs that can be installed. Consequently, the previous disadvantage of the roller system is overcome.
  • FIG. 5 One possible application of inverters to cotton carding is shown in FIG. 5.
  • inverter and stripper diameters are both set at about 31 mm and the cylinder at 1200 mm approximately.
  • FIG. 5 shows 15-inverter-stripper (worker-stripper) pairs fitted around the same arc as commonly used by moving flats.
  • FIG. 6 shows the detail of trash collection trays 60 and enclosure 62 of the inverter-stripper pairs. Enclosing the inverters and strippers with closely fitting covers 64 is now possible because of the mode of operation. )Previously, fibre was only loosely held by the worker because of the backward facing pins. In practice, this meant there was a significant risk that a closely fitting tray would strip fibre off the pins, impeding fibre transfer.
  • Inverters therefore offer a three-fold benefit for short-staple carding: firstly, a significant increase in the number of rollers that can be used; secondly, each roller operates at maximum efficiencies offering superior opening performance; and thirdly, reduced fibre loss for short-staple carding where contamination is not an issue.
  • the ducts to which trash is delivered from the trays 60 are designed to prevent return of trash to the cylinder and can be fitted with removable top covers to provide easy access for cleaning.
  • the leading edge 61 of the tray 60 adjacent to the cylinder is the normal mote knife arrangement for cotton cards and is indicated in the detail of Circle A, FIG. 6.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 show inverters being used in combination with a full system of moving flats 150 , with tree inverter-stripper pairs 152 , being used both before and after the moving flats.
  • Inverters 114 and strippers 116 are retained in respective mounting assemblies 157 , 158 . It is clearly possible to use more inverters and fewer moving flats, with many combinations being possible. Using inverters in this way would improve the flexibility of short-staple cards for handing a range of difficult fibres such as microfibres, bleached cotton, or wool for use on the short-staple system.
  • the inverters 114 may be used either with or without trays or ducts 155 to collect trash. If trash collection is not required, the inverters can be stacked much closer together, increasing the numbers that can be installed.
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 show three inverter pairs 252 fitted onto a larger diameter middle roller 212 together with four ducts 255 for removing trash if required. Two additional ducts can be placed adjacent to the cylinder and just after the first two inverters 214 for even more cleaning.
  • the diameter of the middle roller 212 has been set so that the overall length of the lickerin section remains unchanged, but clearly there are many other options employing rollers of various diameters that allow different combinations of inverters 214 and cleaning ducts 255 .
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 show one such arrangement where the diameter of middle roller 312 has been increased so that four inverter-strippers 352 can be fitted.
  • inverters When inverters are fitted to smaller diameter rollers, it is necessary to mount the inverters 214 and strippers 216 as a pair 252 on a single mounting 253 (FIG. 11), as shown in FIG. 10. If larger diameter rollers are used, it is possible to mount each roller 314 , 316 of the pair separately in respective mounting assemblies 357 , 358 (FIGS. 14, 15), as is shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, the advantage of which is that the settings of each roller can be adjusted independently. The details of the mounting arrangement for both methods are shown in FIGS. 11 and 14/ 15 respectively.
  • roller brackets has been modified in response to the smaller diameters of the inverter-stripper rollers and, in some cases, the smaller diameter of the cylinder.
  • the dual roller support 252 slides over a guide 256 that is bolted onto a side plate.
  • An adjustable nut on a thread then enables the height of the pair to be finely adjusted providing practical control of the setting.
  • Setting of the separation between the rollers is then provided by a slot in the holder for the stripper that allows fine adjustment of its position.
  • Another feature of the holder is the use of a spring to hold the roller in position rather than rely on gravity, as with conventional designs.
  • An advantage of using a spring is that all the holders are of the same shape, which contrasts with the normal situation where each holder has to be a different shape depending on its position around the cylinder. Another advantage is that the restoring force on the roller is always normal to the cylinder whereas with gravity this is only the case for the rollers at top-dead-centre of the card.
  • a preferred aspect of the design is the location of the pivot point at the lowest extremity of the support to reduce as much as possible the tendency for the setting to change with adjustment of the angular position of the roller.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates a conventional non-woven card format.
  • FIG. 17 shows the application of inverters in-which-the larger diameter workers 14 a are replaced by inverters 14 that have the same diameter as the conventional strippers 16 .
  • a major benefit of the inverter-stripper format is that, as discussed, the subsequent stripper can be brought-in very close, enabling close packing of the units.
  • the controlling parameter for the position of the adjacent stripper in this case is to ensure some clearance between the pins of an inverter and the subsequent stripper at closest approach.
  • the distance between the nips of the inverter and the adjacent stripper is 150 mm or more, much longer than required to avoid interference.
  • the other benefit of the close-packed arrangement of inverter-stripper pairs is the improved control of airflows around the periphery of the cylinder 12 , thereby reducing fibre loss and the generation of nep. This is particularly important with the very high cylinder speeds now in use, e.g., up to 2000 m/min on some machines.
  • Inverters could also be applied to woollen carding to increase the number of working points around the cylinders.
  • the output of a worsted card is a sliver that is typically subject to three stages of preparer gilling, combing, and two stages of finisher gilling to reach the final product (top).
  • the quality that is obtained from the number of workers normally used is sufficient given the extensive post-carding processing that is involved, i.e., in other words, there is less incentive to increase the number of working rollers.
  • the invention offers the alternative of significantly reducing current sizes while maintaining the existing number of opening rollers. The benefits would be in lower capital cost of the machine, because of shorter fabrication times, and greater flexibility in topmaking plants because of the reduced floor areas and ceiling heights required.
  • FIGS. 18 and 19 are the layout of an existing high speed carding machine, the CA7 manufactured by Thibeau, and FIG. 19 depicts, on the same scale as that of FIG. 18, a layout incorporating an embodiment of the present invention.
  • This card employs a cylinder denoted as a “pre swift” between the morels.
  • FIG. 19 indicates schematically the very significant reduction in card size that is possible from using smaller diameter inverters 14 in accordance with the previous description.
  • the length of the conventional CA7 high speed card (FIG. 18) is estimated as being some 8250 mm and the height is ca 2450 mm, without any allowance in the length for a hopper or can change or in the height for opening the covers above the swift. Reducing the inverter 14 diameter to 85 mm and maintaining the stripper 16 at 150 mm including wire clothing, reduces the length and height of the card to about 4650 mm and 1340 mm respectively (FIG. 19).
  • the actual space required for 5 inverter/stripper pairs 52 FIG. 19) reduces from about 2800 mm for conventional worker-stripper pairs 52 a FIG. 18) to only 1600 mm for 120 mm diameter inverters.
  • the diameters of the doffers 80 , 81 are about 900 mm and 550 mm, which means that the total circumference of swift 82 that must be provided is about 4100 mm.
  • the estimated total circumference is about 4700 mm.
  • the total circumference required is estimated to be about 2400 mm, which means that the diameter could be reduced to about 800 mm, provided the diameter of the upper doffer 81 ′ could be reduced to about 300 mm.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)
US10/296,420 2000-06-01 2001-06-01 Modified worker operation in textile carding Abandoned US20040088829A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPQ7896 2000-06-01
AUPQ7896A AUPQ789600A0 (en) 2000-06-01 2000-06-01 Modified worker operation in textile carding
AUPR1315A AUPR131500A0 (en) 2000-11-08 2000-11-08 Modified worker operation in textile carding
AUPR1315 2000-11-08
PCT/AU2001/000653 WO2001092614A1 (fr) 2000-06-01 2001-06-01 Modifications apportees a une operation relative au cardage de textiles

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EP (1) EP1290252B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE305060T1 (fr)
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DK (1) DK1290252T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2249437T3 (fr)
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DE60113531D1 (de) 2006-02-02
ES2249437T3 (es) 2006-04-01
EP1290252A4 (fr) 2003-08-06
WO2001092614A1 (fr) 2001-12-06
US6944915B2 (en) 2005-09-20
EP1290252A1 (fr) 2003-03-12
US20050071955A1 (en) 2005-04-07
DK1290252T3 (da) 2006-02-06
ATE305060T1 (de) 2005-10-15
DE60113531T2 (de) 2006-06-22

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