US20040030356A1 - Method and apparatus for automatic determination of hemodynamically optimal cardiac pacing parameter values - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for automatic determination of hemodynamically optimal cardiac pacing parameter values Download PDF

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US20040030356A1
US20040030356A1 US10/402,230 US40223003A US2004030356A1 US 20040030356 A1 US20040030356 A1 US 20040030356A1 US 40223003 A US40223003 A US 40223003A US 2004030356 A1 US2004030356 A1 US 2004030356A1
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pacing
pacemaker
parameter values
cardiac
pacing parameter
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Markus Osypka
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Osypka Medical GmbH
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Priority to US11/956,669 priority Critical patent/US8219195B2/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/365—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential
    • A61N1/368—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential comprising more than one electrode co-operating with different heart regions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/365—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential
    • A61N1/368—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential comprising more than one electrode co-operating with different heart regions
    • A61N1/3684—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential comprising more than one electrode co-operating with different heart regions for stimulating the heart at multiple sites of the ventricle or the atrium
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/3627—Heart stimulators for treating a mechanical deficiency of the heart, e.g. congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/365—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential
    • A61N1/368—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential comprising more than one electrode co-operating with different heart regions
    • A61N1/3682—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential comprising more than one electrode co-operating with different heart regions with a variable atrioventricular delay
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/365—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential
    • A61N1/368—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential comprising more than one electrode co-operating with different heart regions
    • A61N1/3684—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential comprising more than one electrode co-operating with different heart regions for stimulating the heart at multiple sites of the ventricle or the atrium
    • A61N1/36843—Bi-ventricular stimulation

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to cardiac rhythm management, and more particularly to a combination of cardiac pacing and optimizing pacing parameter values.
  • Dual-Chamber pacemakers are used increasingly in patients with varying degrees of heart block, symptomatic bradydysrhythmias, and drug-refractory cardiomyopathy.
  • Clinical benefits of the dual-chamber pacemaker include enhancement of forward blood flow, a feature that can alleviate symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF), and prevention of atrial fibrillation caused by the atria contracting against a closed valve (Gadler F, Linde C, Darpo B. Modification of atrioventricular conduction as adjunct therapy for pacemaker-treated patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1998; 19:132-138).
  • CHF congestive heart failure
  • atrial fibrillation caused by the atria contracting against a closed valve
  • Dual-chamber pacing can improve hemodynamics in some patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, likely by abolishing diastolic mitral regurgitation through the establishment of mechanical atrial and ventricular synchrony (Nishimura R, Hayes D, Holmes D, Tajik A. Mechanism of hemodynamic improvement by dual-chamber pacing for severe left ventricular dysfunction: An acute Doppler and catheterization hemodynamic study. J Am Coil Cardiol 1995; 25:281-288).
  • AV atrioventricular
  • dual-chamber pacemakers often are left at the default value, which the manufacturer sets to approximately 170 milliseconds (Kindermann M, Frohlig G, Doerr T, Schieffer H.
  • the goal of AV optimization is the synchronization of the completion of end-diastolic filling exactly at the onset of left ventricular contraction. Obviously, to accomplish this objective, precise physiological measurements of the events of the cardiac cycle must be obtained. Because of a wide range of cardiac conditions, status of the ventricles, and cardioactive medications, each and every patient is unique. Leonelli et al. (Leonelli F, Wang K, Youssef M, Brown D. Systolic and diastolic effects of variable atrioventricular delay in patients with pacemakers. Eur Heart J 1995; 15:1431-1440) observed that an optimal setting of the AV delay value improved stroke volume up to 42%.
  • biventricular pacing may offer some important options in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).
  • CHF congestive heart failure
  • a significant percentage of patients with CHF have conduction abnormalities on EGG. These conduction abnormalities result in abnormal activation of ventricular myocardium and asynchronous activation of the atrial and ventricular chambers.
  • Biventricular pacing attempts to activate the right and left ventricles simultaneously, producing what is termed “ventricular resynchronization”.
  • TEB thoracic electrical bioimpedance
  • Rate-responsive cardiac pacemakers address the adaptation of the pacing rate according to the physiological demands related to the activity of the pacemaker patient. Sensors determine, for example, posture and movement of the patient, or respiration, characterized by respiration rate and tidal volume, and even stroke volume by measurement of thoracic electrical bioimpedance.
  • the pacemaker adapts the pacing rate depending on the information obtained by the sensors and processed usually by the pacemaker.
  • the pacemaker's rate adapted to the patient's activity is not within the scope of the aforementioned optimization techniques, and the invention.
  • the new method and apparatus defined in the appended claims incorporate a cardiac pacemaker and thoracic electrical bioimpedance (TEB) measuring approach.
  • TEB diagnostic
  • pacemaker therapeutic method and apparatus
  • a specific optimization cycle triggered by an operator or upon the expiration of a preset time interval, automatically permutates the values of one or more pacing parameters, such as AV delays, inter-atrial delay, inter-ventricular delay, or heart rate, within operator-defined ranges, and determines at each permutation of parameter values hemodynamic parameters, such as stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), ejection fraction (EF), and other indices of ventricular performance.
  • pacing parameters such as AV delays, inter-atrial delay, inter-ventricular delay, or heart rate
  • the operator defines one or more pacing parameters, such as atrioventricular delays, inter-atrial delay, inter-ventricular delay, or heart rate, which are subject to variation during an optimization cycle. Furthermore, the operator defines a variation range for values of each pacing parameter and a variation step width for stepping through the variation range during the optimization cycle. The number of pacing parameters subject to variation and the number of applicable variation steps for each parameter determine the number of permutations of pacing parameter values and, thus, the sequence of the optimization cycle. Each permutation of pacing parameter values is applied, for example, for a pre-defined period in the range of 30 to 120 seconds.
  • the pacing parameter value which results in the maximum value of a hemodynamic parameter, or a combination thereof, is the output of the optimization cycle and adapted by the cardiac pacemaker for further stimulation.
  • the optimization cycle automatically executed for a number of permutations of pacing parameter values to obtain maximal left-ventricular function enhances significantly the time-efficacy of an otherwise cumbersome and time-consuming, but nevertheless beneficial method.
  • This automatic optimization method can be applied during pacing system analysis (PSA) prior to permanent pacemaker implantation, during temporary pacing following cardiothoracic surgery, during follow-up of a patient with an implantable pacemaker, or during the investigation of efficacy of pacing algorithms for patients undergoing treatment for congestive heart failure (CHF).
  • PSA pacing system analysis
  • CHF congestive heart failure
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a first preferred embodiment where the optimization apparatus and the cardiac pacemaker are integrated into one system.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a second preferred embodiment where the optimization apparatus and the cardiac pacemaker are separate units.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart about the various steps of the automatic optimization process.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates schematically the sensing and pacing sequence of the AVV-Mode.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the sensing and pacing sequence of the AVAV-Mode.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a first preferred embodiment which is employed, for example, but not limited to, in a Pacing System Analyzer (PSA) or external cardiac pulse generator (temporary cardiac pacemaker).
  • PSA Pacing System Analyzer
  • external cardiac pulse generator temporary cardiac pacemaker
  • FIG. 1 shows a patient 10 and his stylized heart containing four chambers: right atrium 12 , right ventricle 14 , left atrium 16 and left ventricle 18 .
  • surface ECG-type electrodes as part of an electrode array are attached to the patient's right side of neck and the left side of lower thorax.
  • the outer surface electrodes 20 , 22 are connected to the alternating current (AC) source 122 of the heart monitor 120 , which is part of the optimization apparatus 100 .
  • the inner surface electrodes 24 , 26 are connected to the voltmeter 124 of the heart monitor 120 .
  • the heart monitor 120 determines from the ratio of the AC applied by 122 and the voltage measured by 124 the thoracic electrical bioimpedance.
  • the heart monitor 120 determines from the reciprocal ratio of the AG applied by 122 and the voltage measured by 124 the thoracic electrical bioadmittance. This method is described in the above-mentioned Osypka EP application No. 02007310.2 which is herein incorporated by reference, which describes how the continuous measurement of thoracic electrical bioimpedance is used to determine stroke volume and cardiac output.
  • the thoracic electrical bioimpedance can be measured using different electrode configurations, including a second electrode array, and electrodes located on an esophageal catheter/probe, all described in Osypka EP Application No. 02007310.2.
  • a cardiac pacemaker 130 integrated into 100 is connected to at least two heart chambers of right atrium (RA) 12 , right ventricle (RV) 14 , left atrium (LA) 16 and left ventricle (LV) 18 .
  • the connection of the heart chambers and the apparatus is accomplished by permanent pacing leads (indicated by the dashed part of the connection 30 to the right atrium 12 , the dashed part of the connection 32 to the right ventricle 14 , the dashed part of the connection 34 to the left atrium 16 , and the dashed part of the connection 36 to the left ventricle 18 ), all of which are later connected to an implantable pacemaker, and extension cables (indicated by the solid part of the connection 30 to the right atrium 12 , the solid part of the connection 32 to the right ventricle 14 , the solid part of the connection 34 to the left atrium 16 , and the solid part of the connection 36 to the left ventricle 18
  • the processing unit 110 of the optimization apparatus 100 processes the permutations of the pacing parameter values, such as heart rate, and atrioventricular (AV), inter-atrial (AA) and inter-ventricular (VV) delays, and records the corresponding measurements of stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction (EF) and other indices of ventricular performance.
  • the pacing parameter values such as heart rate, and atrioventricular (AV), inter-atrial (AA) and inter-ventricular (VV) delays
  • a specific optimization cycle triggered by an operator or upon the expiration of a preset time interval, automatically varies one or more pacing parameters, such as AV delays, inter-atrial delay, inter-ventricular delay, or heart rate, within operator-defined ranges, and determines at each parameter setting hemodynamic parameters, such as stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (GO), and other indices of ventricular performance.
  • pacing parameters such as AV delays, inter-atrial delay, inter-ventricular delay, or heart rate
  • hemodynamic parameters such as stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (GO), and other indices of ventricular performance.
  • Each application of set pacing parameters is applied, for example, but not limited to, for a period in the range of 30 to 120 seconds.
  • the processing unit records the hemodynamic parameters with each permutation of pacing parameter values, and, upon completion of the optimization cycle, indicates the permutation of pacing parameter values leading to optimal stroke volume, cardiac output and other indices of ventricular performance.
  • results are numerically of graphically shown on a display 140 .
  • patient demographic parameters such as name, age, and weight
  • the optimization apparatus 100 features an interface 150 to a keyboard or a port allowing communication with peripheral devices.
  • Typical applications for the aforementioned preferred embodiment are, but not limited to, Pacing System Analysis (PSA) with permanent pacing leads connected to the apparatus, Temporary Pacing (T.P.) after cardiac surgery using temporary myocardial pacing leads (heart wires), and temporary pacing treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF Pacing).
  • PSA Pacing System Analysis
  • T.P. Temporary Pacing
  • CHF Pacing temporary pacing treatment of congestive heart failure
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a second preferred embodiment which employs, for example, but not limited to, in a combination of a permanent cardiac pacemaker and a corresponding external programmer for permanent pacemakers, with or without an Pacing System Analyzer (PSA) integrated into the programmer.
  • PSA Pacing System Analyzer
  • this embodiment is employed, for example, but not limited to, in a combination of a temporary cardiac pulse generator (temporary cardiac pacemaker) and a hemodynamic measurement unit interfacing with the pulse generator.
  • FIG. 2 shows the patient 10 after implantation of a permanent cardiac pacemaker 170 .
  • the cardiac pacemaker 170 is connected to at least two heart chambers of right atrium (RA) 12 via a permanent pacing lead 172 , right ventricle (RV) 14 via a permanent pacing lead 174 , left atrium (LA) 16 via a permanent pacing lead 176 , and left ventricle (LV) 18 via a permanent pacing lead 178 .
  • FIG. 2 shows the connections from the permanent cardiac pacemaker to the heart chambers, i.e. the pacing leads, by dashed lines to indicate that these pacemaker leads are implanted into the patient and, thus, not part of the optimization apparatus.
  • the optimization apparatus 100 incorporates a heart monitor 120 , a display 140 , an interface 150 , all controlled by a processing unit 110 .
  • the optimization apparatus communicates with the permanent cardiac pacemaker through the interface 150 and an external pacemaker telemetry unit 160 , which, for example, is provided by the manufacturer of the permanent cardiac pacemaker 170 .
  • the telemetry unit 160 is integrated into the optimization apparatus, which is indicated by the dashed lines 162 extending the apparatus 100 .
  • the communication between the optimization apparatus 100 and the permanent pacemaker 170 is important to synchronize any new permutation of pacing parameter values with the corresponding hemodynamic parameter measurements performed by the optimization apparatus 100 . If no communication can be established, then, at least, the physician programming the cardiac pacemaker 170 and operating the optimization apparatus 100 must know and record the related set pacing and measured hemodynamic parameters.
  • surface ECG-type electrodes as part of an electrode array are attached to the patient's right side of neck and the left side of lower thorax.
  • the outer surface electrodes 20 , 22 are connected to the alternating current (AC) source 122 of the heart monitor 120 , which is part of the optimization apparatus 100 .
  • the inner surface electrodes 24 , 26 are connected to the voltmeter 124 of the heart monitor 120 .
  • the heart monitor 120 determines from the ratio of the AC applied by 122 and the voltage measured by 124 the thoracic electrical bioimpedance.
  • the heart monitor 120 determines from the reciprocal ratio of the AC applied by 122 and the voltage measured by 124 the thoracic electrical bioadmittance.
  • the above-mentioned Osypka EP application No. 02007310.2 which is herein incorporated by reference, describes how the continuous measurement of thoracic electrical bioimpedance is used to determine stroke volume and cardiac output.
  • the thoracic electrical bioimpedance can be measured using different electrode configurations, including a second electrode array, and electrodes located on an esophageal catheter/probe, all described in the above-mentioned Osypka EP application No. 02007310.2.
  • Typical applications for the aforementioned preferred embodiment are, but not limited to, the examination of a pacemaker patient upon a follow-up visit, and hemodynamic optimization during temporary pacing after cardiothoracic surgery.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart about the various steps of the optimization process.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a generalized flowchart about the preparation steps of the optimization cycle, i.e. the process which executes the defined number of permutations of pacing parameter values and leads to a permutation of pacing parameter values providing the patient with maximum stroke volume, cardiac output, and other indices of ventricular performance, or any combination thereof.
  • the pacemaker which mayor may not be an integral part of the optimization apparatus, is connected to the pacing leads.
  • the pacing leads are already part of the implanted pacemaker system.
  • the cardiac pacemaker is stimulating on demand, or, asynchronously to the heart rhythm, with a fixed pacing rate 302 .
  • the physician decides whether the heart monitor integrated into the optimization apparatus utilizes the transthoracic electrical bioimpedance approach, where the alternating current is applied, and the resulting voltage measured, through surface electrodes 304 .
  • the esophageal approach is utilized, where the alternating current is applied, and the resulting voltage measured, through electrodes located on an esophageal catheteprobe 306 .
  • the operator defines the pacing parameter, namely the heart rate 310 , defines or determines the variation range for the value of the pacing parameter, and the variation step width for stepping through the variation range of the heart rate 310 .
  • the heart rate can be set to a fixed value, with no range to vary.
  • the operator determines the variation range, and the variation step width, for the atrioventricular (AV) delay 312 .
  • AV-Delay meant to be the right-sided AV-Delay
  • the AV-Delay can be set to a fixed value, with no range to vary.
  • the operator determines the variation range, and the variation step width, for the inter-atrial (M) delay 314 .
  • M-Delay meant to be the time delay applied between sensing or stimulation in the right atrium and stimulation in the left atrium.
  • the M-Delay can be set to a fixed value, for example to 0 ms, with no range to vary .
  • LAV-Delay is meant to be the left-sided AV-Delay, the time delay applied between sensing or stimulation in the left atrium and stimulation in the left ventricle.
  • the LAV-Delay can be set to a fixed value, with no range to vary.
  • VV-Delay meant to be the time delay applied between sensing or stimulation in the right ventricle and stimulation in the left ventricle.
  • the VV-Delay can be set to a fixed value, for example to 0 ms, with no range to vary .
  • the operator determines the time interval between a variation of pacing parameter values 320 .
  • the patient's hemodynamic response may take several cardiac cycles to establish. Consequently, the measurement of hemodynamic parameters immediately after the application of a new permutation of pacing parameter values may not reflect the actual hemodynamic changes induced by the changed pacing therapy. For example, within the later optimization cycle, each permutation of pacing parameters shall be held constant for 30 seconds, and measurements of the first cardiac cycles upon each permutation applied may be ignored.
  • the order of setting the variation ranges and variation step width for heart rate 310 , M-Delay 314 , AV-Delay 316 , VV-Delay 318 and time interval 320 is arbitrary and can be changed.
  • the physician When setting the variation ranges and variation step widths, as well as the time interval, the physician must take into account that there is a compromise between wide ranges and close step widths of pacing parameters values, and the time the automatic optimization cycle will take, that is, the time the patient can be exposed to the measurements.
  • the optimization apparatus Upon set pacing parameter variation ranges and variation step widths, the optimization apparatus calculates and displays the time required for the automatic optimization cycle or scan 330 . Depending on the calculated time and the time restrictions the patient's state of heath or situation mandates, the physician is able to readjust the previously set ranges and step widths. In the event the time required for the automatic optimization cycle is acceptable, the physician confirms the start of the automatic optimization cycle through the predefined pacing parameter variation ranges with the predefined variation step widths. The optimization apparatus stores the default set of pacing parameters prior to the start of the automatic optimization cycle, which can be reset upon termination of the automatic optimization cycle.
  • the hemodynamic parameter values obtained are displayed with the corresponding permutations of pacing parameter values.
  • the results are displayed in form of a table, with the permutation of pacing parameter values leading to maximum stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction and other indices of ventricular performance, marked.
  • two- or three-dimensional graphs are utilized to display a spectrum of pacing parameter value sets and their therapeutical impact on this particular patient.
  • the physician then has the choice of applying a preferred permutation of pacing parameter values parameter set, or a modification of it, for therapy, or return to the previously used and stored default set of pacing parameter values 350 .
  • any new placement of permanent pacing leads may suggest the execution of a new automatic optimization cycle 360 .
  • the physician has the option to reprogram the previously set pacing parameter value ranges and variation step widths 362 , or initiate a new automatic optimization cycle with the pacing parameter ranges and step widths previously used 364 .
  • the pacemaker optimization is ended 370 .
  • FIG. 4 illustrates schematically the sensing and pacing sequence of the AVV-Mode.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates schematically the four heart chambers, and their respective sensing and pacing channels, right atrium (RA) 200 , right ventricle (RV) 202 , left atrium (LA) 204 , and left ventricle (LV) 206 , and a preferred operating mode (AVV Mode) of the cardiac pacemaker integrated into the optimization apparatus of FIG. 1.
  • the pacemaker provides the functions to measure (sense) in each heart chamber the intrinsic activity, if extant, and to deliver a pacing stimulus.
  • the AV-Delay 210 is the programmed atrioventricular pacing interval, initiated by an atrial stimulus.
  • the M Delay 212 is the programmed inter-atrial pacing interval, initiated by an atrial stimulus.
  • the W-Delay 214 is the programmed inter-ventricular pacing interval, initiated by a ventricular stimulus.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the most complex sensing and pacing therapy the AVV Mode provides.
  • the function of the complex cardiac is reduced to known and established pacing modes.
  • the left-atrial channel is disabled.
  • the three heart chambers remaining, and their respective sensing and pacing channels 216 , right atrium (RA) 200 , right ventricle (RV) 202 , and left ventricle (LV) 206 are of particular interest in pacing therapy addressing congestive heart failure, known as biventricular, or CHF, pacing.
  • RA right atrium
  • RV right ventricle
  • LV left ventricle
  • FIG. 5 illustrates schematically the sensing and pacing sequence of the AVAV-Mode.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates schematically the 4 heart chambers, and their respective sensing and pacing channels, right atrium (RA) 200 , right ventricle (RV) 202 , left atrium (LA) 204 , and left ventricle (LV) 206 , and another preferred operating mode (AVAV Mode) of the cardiac pacemaker integrated into the optimization apparatus of FIG. 1.
  • the pacemaker provides the functions to measure (sense) in each heart chamber the intrinsic activity, if extant, and to deliver a pacing stimulus.
  • the AV-Delay 210 is the programmed right-sided atrioventricular pacing interval, initiated by an atrial stimulus.
  • the AA Delay 212 is the programmed inter-atrial pacing interval, initiated by an atrial stimulus.
  • the LAV-Delay 220 is the programmed left-sided atrioventricular pacing interval, initiated by a left-atrial stimulus.
  • CO Cardiac Output measured in liters/minute
  • HR Heart rate measured in beats/minute
  • V EFF Volume of electrically participating tissue
  • T RR R-R interval
  • T LVE Left-ventricular ejection time
  • FT C Corrected flow time
  • V EFF is a factor, which is typical for a particular patient, as it is derived, among other factors, from the patient's weight. V EFF is considered quasi-constant, because, according to the afore-mentioned Osypka EP application No. 02007310.2, V EFF depends also on the basic impedance Z 0 . Considering the scope of possible applications, which require only several minutes for the optimization process, Z 0 varies, if at all, only by a small margin, and has practically no measurable influence on the SV or CO measured. If Z 0 and, consequently, V EFF being constant during the entire application for a particular patient, optimization without compromising accuracy can be achieved without knowledge of the patient's weight and, thus, VEFF.
  • SI 1 ( ⁇ ( ⁇ Z ⁇ ( t ) ⁇ t ) MIN ⁇ Z 0 ) n ⁇ ( 1 T RR ) m ⁇ T LVE
  • SI 2 ⁇ ( ⁇ Z ⁇ ( t ) ⁇ t ) MIN ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ FT C
  • a “Stroke Index” SI 4 is determined by normalizing ⁇ ( ⁇ Z ⁇ ( t ) ⁇ t ) MIN ⁇
  • T LVE omitting corrected flow time FT C or left-ventricular ejection time (known also as systolic flow time) T LVE is a simplification that compromises accuracy and may be suitable only within a narrow range of applicable heart rates.
  • Stroke volume, cardiac output and the aforementioned “Stroke Indices” are, within their constraints, suitable hemodynamic parameters for determination of the optimal setting of pacing parameters.
  • Ejection Fraction EF is an at least as suitable hemodynamic index for pacing parameter optimization.

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Cited By (19)

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US20040243192A1 (en) * 2003-06-02 2004-12-02 Hepp Dennis G. Physiologic stimulator tuning apparatus and method
US20050043895A1 (en) * 2003-08-20 2005-02-24 Schechter Stuart O. Method and apparatus for automatically programming CRT devices
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US8219195B2 (en) 2012-07-10
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EP1350539A1 (de) 2003-10-08
US20080103541A1 (en) 2008-05-01
EP1350539B1 (de) 2006-10-18

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