US20030186359A1 - Genes encoding insect odorant receptors and uses thereof - Google Patents

Genes encoding insect odorant receptors and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20030186359A1
US20030186359A1 US09/932,227 US93222701A US2003186359A1 US 20030186359 A1 US20030186359 A1 US 20030186359A1 US 93222701 A US93222701 A US 93222701A US 2003186359 A1 US2003186359 A1 US 2003186359A1
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Leslie Vosshall
Hubert Amrein
Richard Axel
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Priority to US11/825,626 priority patent/US20080009065A1/en
Assigned to NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT reassignment NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE ORDER 9424, CONFIRMATORY LICENSE Assignors: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK MORNINGSIDE
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • C07K14/43563—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from insects
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • C07K14/43563—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from insects
    • C07K14/43577—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from insects from flies
    • C07K14/43581—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from insects from flies from Drosophila

Definitions

  • olfactory information requires that the brain discern which of the numerous receptors have been activated by an odorant.
  • individual olfactory sensory neurons express only one of a thousand receptor genes such that the neurons are functionally distinct (Ngai et al., 1993; Ressler et al., 1993; Vassar et al., 1993; Chess et al., 1994; Dulac and Axel, unpublished).
  • the axons from olfactory neurons expressing a specific receptor converge upon two spatially invariant glomeruli among the 1800 glomeruli within the olfactory bulb (Ressler et al., 1994; Vassar et al., 1994; Mombaerts et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1998).
  • the bulb therefore provides a spatial map that identifies which of the numerous receptors has been activated within the sensory epithelium.
  • the quality of an olfactory stimulus would therefore be encoded by specific combinations of glomeruli activated by a given odorant.
  • Vertebrates create an internal representation of the external olfactory world that must translate stimulus features into neural information. Despite the elucidation of a precise spatial map, it has been difficult in vertebrates to discern how this information is decoded to relate the recognition of odors to specific behavioral responses. Genetic analysis of olfactory-driven behavior in invertebrates may ultimately afford a system to understand the mechanistic link between odor recognition and behavior. Insects provide an attractive model system for studying the peripheral and central events in olfaction because they exhibit sophisticated olfactory-driven behaviors under control of an olfactory sensory system that is significantly simpler anatomically than that of vertebrates (Siddiqi, 1987; Carlson, 1996).
  • olfactory-based associative learning for example, is robust in insects and results in discernible modifications in the neural representation of odors in the brain (Faber et al., 1998). It may therefore be possible to associate modifications in defined olfactory connections with in vivo paradigms for learning and memory.
  • Olfactory recognition in the fruit fly Drosophila is accomplished by sensory hairs distributed over the surface of the third antennal segment and the maxillary palp.
  • olfactory neurons within sensory hairs send projections to one of 43 glomeruli within the antennal lobe of the brain (Stocker, 1994; Laissue et al, 1999).
  • the glomeruli are innervated by dendrites of the projection neurons, the insect equivalent of the mitral cells in the vertebrate olfactory bulb, whose cell bodies surround the glomeruli.
  • These antennal lobe neurons in turn project to the mushroom body and lateral horn of the protocerebrum (reviewed in Stocker, 1994).
  • Identification of a large family of putative odorant receptors in insects indicates that, as in other species, the diversity and specificity of odor recognition is accommodated by a large family of receptor genes.
  • the identification of the family of putative odorant receptor genes may afford insight into the logic of olfactory perception in Drosophila.
  • Insects provide an attractive system for the study of olfactory sensory perception.
  • We have identified a novel family of seven transmembrane domain proteins, encoded by 100 to 200 genes, that is likely to represent the family of Drosophila odorant receptors.
  • Members of this gene family are expressed in topographically defined subpopulations of olfactory sensory neurons in either the antenna or the maxillary palp.
  • Sensory neurons express different complements of receptor genes, such that individual neurons are functionally distinct.
  • the isolation of candidate odorant receptor genes along with a genetic analysis of olfactory-driven behavior in insects may ultimately afford a system to understand the mechanistic link between odor recognition and behavior.
  • This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an insect odorant receptor.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprise: (a) one of the nucleic acid sequences as set forth in FIG. 8, (b) a sequence being degenerated to a sequence of (a) as a result of the genetic code; or (c) a sequence encoding one of the amino acid sequences as set forth in FIG. 8.
  • This invention provides a nucleic acid molecule of at least 12 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with the sequence of the above-described nucleic acid molecule.
  • This invention provides a vector which comprises the above-described isolated nucleic acid molecule.
  • the vector is a plasmid.
  • This invention also provides a host vector system for the production of a polypeptide having the biological activity of an insect odorant receptor which comprises the above described vector and a suitable host.
  • This invention provides a method of producing a polypeptide having the biological activity of an insect odorant receptor which comprising growing the above described host vector system under conditions permitting production of the polypeptide and recovering the polypeptide so produced.
  • This invention also provides a purified, insect odorant receptor.
  • This invention further provides a polypeptide encoded by the above-described isolated nucleic acid molecule.
  • This invention provides an antibody capable of specifically binding to an insect odorant receptor. This invention also provides an antibody capable of competitively inhibiting the binding of the antibody capable of specifically binding to an insect odorant receptor.
  • This invention provides a method for identifying cDNA inserts encoding an insect odorant receptors comprising: (a) generating a cDNA library which contains clones carrying cDNA inserts from antennal or maxillary palp sensory neurons; (b) hybridizing nucleic acid molecules of the clones from the cDNA libraries generated in step (a) with probes prepared from the antenna or maxillary palp neurons and probes from heads lacking antenna or maxillary palp neurons or from virgin female body tissue; (c) selecting clones which hybridized with probes from the antenna or maxillary palp neurons but not from head lacking antenna or maxillary palp neurons or virgin female body tissue; and (d) isolating clones which carry the hybridized inserts, thereby identifying the inserts encoding odorant receptors.
  • This invention also provides cDNA inserts identified by the above method.
  • This invention further provides a method for identifying DNA inserts encoding an insect odorant receptors comprising: (a) generating DNA libraries which contain clones carrying inserts from a sample which contains at least one antennal or maxillary palp neuron; (b) contacting clones from the cDNA libraries generated in step (a) with nucleic acid molecule capable of specifically hybridizing with the sequence which encodes an insect odorant receptor in appropriate conditions permitting the hybridization of the nucleic acid molecules of the clones and the nucleic acid molecule; (c) selecting clones which hybridized with the nucleic acid molecule; and (d) isolating the clones which carry the hybridized inserts, thereby identifying the inserts encoding the odorant receptors.
  • This invention also provides a method to identify DNA inserts encoding an insect odorant receptors comprising:
  • step (a) (b) generating DNA libraries which contain clones with inserts from a sample which contains at least one antenna or maxillary palp sensory neuron; (b) contacting the clones from the DNA libraries generated in step (a) with appropriate polymerase chain reaction primers capable of specifically binding to nucleic acid molecules encoding odorant receptors in appropriate conditions permitting the amplification of the hybridized inserts by polymerase chain reaction; (c) selecting the amplified inserts; and (d) isolating the amplified inserts, thereby identifying the inserts encoding the odorant receptors.
  • This invention also provides a method to isolate DNA molecules encoding insect odorant receptors comprising:(a) contacting a biological sample known to contain nucleic acids with appropriate polymerase chain reaction primers capable of specifically binding to nucleic acid molecules encoding insect odorant receptors in appropriate conditions permitting the amplification of the hybridized molecules by polymerase chain reaction; (b) isolating the amplified molecules, thereby identifying the DNA molecules encoding the insect odorant receptors.
  • This invention also provides a method of transforming cells which comprises transfecting a host cell with a suitable vector described above. This invention also provides transformed cells produced by the above method.
  • This invention provides a method of identifying a compound capable of specifically bind to an insect odorant receptor which comprises contacting a transfected cells or membrane fractions of the above described transfected cells with an appropriate amount of the compound under conditions permitting binding of the compound to such receptor, detecting the presence of any such compound specifically bound to the receptor, and thereby determining whether the compound specifically binds to the receptor.
  • This invention provides a method of identifying a compound capable of specifically binding to an insect odorant receptor which comprises contacting an appropriate amount of the purified insect odorant receptor with an appropriate amount of the compound under conditions permitting binding of the compound to such purified receptor, detecting the presence of any such compound specifically bound to the receptor, and thereby determining whether the compound specifically binds to the receptor.
  • This invention also provides a method of identifying a compound capable of activating the activity of an insect odorant receptor which comprises contacting the transfected cells or membrane fractions of the above-described transfected cells with the compound under conditions permitting the activation of a functional odorant receptor response, the activation of the receptor indicating that the compound is capable of activating the activity of a odorant receptor.
  • This invention also provides a method of identifying a compound capable of activating the activity of an odorant receptor which comprises contacting a purified insect odorant receptor with the compound under conditions permitting the activation of a functional odorant receptor response, the activation of the receptor indicating that the compound is capable of activating the activity of a odorant receptor.
  • the purified receptor is embedded in a lipid bilayer.
  • This invention also provides a method of identifying a compound capable of inhibiting the activity of a odorant receptor which comprises contacting the transfected cells or membrane fractions of the above-described transfected cells with an appropriate amount of the compound under conditions permitting the inhibition of a functional odorant receptor response, the inhibition of the receptor response indicating that the compound is capable of inhibiting the activity of a odorant receptor.
  • This invention provides a method of identifying a compound capable of inhibiting the activity of a odorant receptor which comprises contacting an appropriate amount of the purified insect odorant receptor with an appropriate amount of the compound under conditions permitting the inhibition of a functional odorant receptor response, the inhibition of the receptor response indicating that the compound is capable of activating the activity of a odorant receptor.
  • the purified receptor is embedded in a lipid bilayer.
  • This invention also provides the compound identified by the above-described methods.
  • This invention provides a method of controlling pest populations which comprises identifying odorant ligands by the above-described method which are alarm odorant ligands and spraying the desired area with the identified odorant ligands.
  • this invention provides a method of controlling a pest population which comprises identifying odorant ligands by the above-described method which interfere with the interaction between the odorant ligands and the odorant receptors which are associated with fertility.
  • FIG. 1 Identification of Rare Antennal- and Maxillary Palp-Specific Genes
  • FIG. 2 Expression of DOR104 in a Subset of Maxillary Palp Neurons
  • FIG. 3 Predicted Amino Acid Sequences of Drosophila odorant Receptor Genes
  • FIG. 4 Receptor Gene Expression in Spatially Restricted Regions of the Antenna Digoxigenin-labeled antisense RNA probes against 8 DOR genes each hybridize to a small number of cells distributed in distinct regions in the antenna.
  • the total number of cells per antenna expressing a given receptor was obtained by counting positive cells in serial sections of multiple antennae. There are approximately 20 positive cells per antenna for DOR67 (A), 53 (B), and 24 (data not shown); 15 positive cells for DOR62 (C) and 87 (D); and 10 positive cells for DOR64 (E). The actual number of cells staining in these sections is a subset of this total number.
  • DOR53 and DOR67 which strongly cross-hybridize, the receptor genes likely identify different olfactory neurons, such that the number of cells staining with a mixed probe (F) is equal to the sum of those staining with the individual probes (A-E).
  • the mixture of DOR53, 67, 62, 87 and 64 labels a total of about 60 cells per antenna. A total of 34 cells stain with the mixed probe in this 15 ⁇ m section.
  • Expression of the linked genes DOR71, DOR72, and DOR73 is shown in panels (G), (H), and (I), respectively.
  • DOR71 is expressed in approximately 10 cells in the maxillary palp. Five positive cells are seen in the horizontal section in panel (G).
  • FIG. 5 Odorant Receptors are Restricted to Distinct Populations of Olfactory Neurons
  • Panels (A-C) show confocal images of a horizontal maxillary palp section from such a fly incubated with an antisense RNA probe against DOR104 (red) and anti- ⁇ -galactosidase antibody (green). DOR104 recognizes five cells in this maxillary palp section (A), all of which also express elav-lacZ (B), as demonstrated by the yellow cells in the merged image in panel ⁇ ).
  • DOR64 and DOR87 are expressed in non-overlapping neurons at the tip of the antenna.
  • Antisense RNA probes for DOR64 (digoxigenin-RNA; red) and DOR87 (FITC-RNA; green) were annealed to the same antennal sections and viewed by confocal microscopy.
  • Panel (D) is a digital superimposition of confocal images taken at 0.5 ⁇ m intervals through a 10 ⁇ m section of the antenna. Cells at different focal planes express both receptors, but no double labeled cells are found.
  • FIG. 6 Receptor Expression is conserveed Between Individuals
  • DOR53 labels approximately 20 cells on the proximal-medial edge of the antenna, of which approximately 5 are shown labeling in these sections.
  • DOR87 is expressed in about the same number of cells at the distal tip. Both the position and number of staining cells is conserved between different individuals and is not sexually dimorphic.
  • FIG. 7 Drosophila Odorant Receptors are Highly Divergent
  • Oregon R genomic DNA isolated from whole flies was digested with BamHI (B), EcoRI (E), or HindIII (H), electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gels, and blotted to nitrocellulose membranes. Blots were annealed with 32 P-labeled probes derived from DOR53 cDNA (A), DOR67 cDNA (B), or DNA fragments generated by RT-PCR from antennal mRNA for DOR 24 (C), DOR62 (D), and DOR72 (E).
  • BamHI B
  • EcoRI EcoRI
  • H HindIII
  • FIG. 8 DOR 62, 104, 87, 53, 67, 64, 71g, 72g, 73g, 46, 19g, and 24g
  • FIG. 9 Analysis of axonal projections of olfactory receptor neurons expressing a given Drosophila odorant receptor. Result: all neurons expressing a given receptor send their axons to a single glomerulus, or discrete synaptic structure, in the olfactory processing center of the fly brain. This result is identical to that obtained with mouse odorant receptors: each glomerulus is dedicated to receiving axonal input from neurons expressing a given odorant receptor. Therefore, this result strengthens the argument that these genes indeed function as odorant receptors in Drosophila.
  • FIG. 10 ClustalW alignments of two subfamilies of the Drosophila odorant receptors, the DOR53 (A-1 and A-2) and DOR64 (B) families. This figure highlights sequence similarities between DOR genes, that are diagnostic hallmarks of the proteins. Residues that are identical in different DOR genes are highlighted in black, while residues that are similar are highlighted in gray.
  • This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an insect odorant receptor.
  • the nucleic acid includes but is not limited to DNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA or RNA.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encodes a Drosophila odorant receptor.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprise: (a) one of the nucleic acid sequences as set forth in FIG. 8, (b) a sequence being degenerated to a sequence of (a) as a result of the genetic code; or (c) a sequence encoding one of the amino acid sequences as set forth in FIG. 8.
  • the nucleic acid molecules encoding a insect receptor includes molecules coding for polypeptide analogs, fragments or derivatives of antigenic polypeptides which differ from naturally-occurring forms in terms of the identity or location of one or more amino acid residues (deletion analogs containing less than all of the residues specified for the protein, substitution analogs wherein one or more residues specified are replaced by other residues and addition analogs where in one or more amino acid residues is added to a terminal or medial portion of the polypeptides) and which share some or all properties of naturally-occurring forms.
  • These molecules include but not limited to: the incorporation of codons “preferred” for expression by selected non-mammalian hosts; the provision of sites for cleavage by restriction endonuclease enzymes; and the provision of additional initial, terminal or intermediate sequences that facilitate construction of readily expressed vectors. Accordingly, these changes may result in a modified insect odorant receptor. It is the intent of this invention to include nucleic acid molecules which encodes modified insect odorant receptor. Also, to facilitate the expression of receptor in different host cells, it may be necessary to modify the molecule such that the expressed receptors may reach the surface of the host cells. The modified insect odorant receptor should have biological activities similar to the unmodified insect odorant receptor. The molecules may also be modified to increase the biological activity of the expressed receptor.
  • This invention provides a nucleic acid molecule of at least 12 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with the sequence of the above-described nucleic acid molecule.
  • the nucleic acid molecule hybridizes with a unique sequence within the sequence of the above-described nucleic acid molecule.
  • This nucleic acid molecule may be DNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA or RNA.
  • This invention provides a vector which comprises the above-described isolated nucleic acid molecule.
  • the vector is a plasmid.
  • the above described isolated nucleic acid molecule is operatively linked to a regulatory element.
  • Regulatory elements required for expression include promoter sequences to bind RNA polymerase and transcription initiation sequences for ribosome binding.
  • a bacterial expression vector includes a promoter such as the lac promoter and for transcription initiation the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the start codon AUG.
  • a eukaryotic expression vector includes a heterologous or homologous promoter for RNA polymerase II, a downstream polyadenylation signal, the start codon AUG, and a termination codon for detachment of the ribosome.
  • Such vectors may be obtained commercially or assembled from the sequences described by methods well-known in the art, for example the methods described above for constructing vectors in general.
  • This invention also provides a host vector system for the production of a polypeptide having the biological activity of an insect odorant receptor which comprises the above described vector and a suitable host.
  • This invention also provides a host vector system, wherein the suitable host is a bacterial cell, yeast cell, insect cell, or animal cell.
  • the host cell of the above expression system may be selected from the group consisting of the cells where the protein of interest is normally expressed, or foreign cells such as bacterial cells (such as E. coli ), yeast cells, fungal cells, insect cells, nematode cells, plant or animal cells, where the protein of interest is not normally expressed.
  • Suitable animal cells include, but are not limited to Vero cells, HeLa cells, Cos cells, CV1 cells and various primary mammalian cells.
  • This invention provides a method of producing a polypeptide having the biological activity of an insect odorant receptor which comprising growing the above described host vector system under conditions permitting production of the polypeptide and recovering the polypeptide so produced.
  • This invention also provides a purified, insect odorant receptor.
  • This invention further provides a polypeptide encoded by the above-described isolated nucleic acid molecule.
  • This invention provides an antibody capable of specifically binding to an insect odorant receptor.
  • This invention also provides an antibody capable of competitively inhibiting the binding of the antibody capable of specifically binding to an insect odorant receptor.
  • the antibody is monoclonal. In another embodiment, the antibody is polyclonal.
  • Monoclonal antibody directed to an insect odorant receptor may comprise, for example, a monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope of an insect odorant receptor present on the surface of a cell.
  • Amino acid sequences may be analyzed by methods well known to those skilled in the art to determine whether they produce hydrophobic or hydrophilic regions in the proteins which they build. In the case of cell membrane proteins, hydrophobic regions are well known to form the part of the protein that is inserted into the lipid bilayer which forms the cell membrane, while hydrophilic regions are located on the cell surface, in an aqueous environment.
  • Antibodies directed to an insect odorant receptor may be serum-derived or monoclonal and are prepared using methods well known in the art.
  • monoclonal antibodies are prepared using hybridoma technology by fusing antibody producing B cells from immunized animals with myeloma cells and selecting the resulting hybridoma cell line producing the desired antibody.
  • Cells such as NIH3T3 cells or 293 cells which express the receptor may be used as immunogens to raise such an antibody.
  • synthetic peptides may be prepared using commercially available machines.
  • DNA such as a cDNA or a fragment thereof, encoding the receptor or a portion of the receptor may be cloned and expressed.
  • the expressed polypeptide recovered and used as an immunogen.
  • the resulting antibodies are useful to detect the presence of insect odorant receptors or to inhibit the function of the receptor in living animals, in humans, or in biological tissues or fluids isolated from animals or humans.
  • This antibodies may also be useful for identifying or isolating other insect odorant receptors.
  • antibodies against the Drosophila odorant receptor may be used to screen an cockroach expression library for a cockroach odorant receptor.
  • Such antibodies may be monoclonal or monospecific polyclonal antibody against a selected insect odorant receptor.
  • Different insect expression libraries are readily available and may be made using technologies well-known in the art.
  • One means of isolating a nucleic acid molecule which encodes an insect odorant receptor is to probe a libraries with a natural or artificially designed probes, using methods well known in the art.
  • the probes may be DNA or RNA.
  • the library may be cDNA or genomic DNA.
  • This invention provides a method for identifying cDNA inserts encoding an insect odorant receptors comprising: (a) generating a cDNA library which contains clones carrying cDNA inserts from antennal or maxillary palp sensory neurons; (b) hybridizing nucleic acid molecules of the clones from the cDNA libraries generated in step (a) with probes prepared from the antenna or maxillary palp neurons and probes from heads lacking antenna or maxillary palp neurons or from virgin female body tissue; (c) selecting clones which hybridized with probes from the antenna or maxillary palp neurons but not from head lacking antenna or maxillary palp neurons or virgin female body tissue; and (d) isolating clones which carry the hybridized inserts, thereby identifying the inserts encoding odorant receptors.
  • step (c) after step (c), it further comprises: (a) amplifying the inserts from the selected clones by polymerase chain reaction; (b) hybridizing the amplified inserts with probes from the antennal or maxillary palp neurons; and (c) isolating the clones which carry the hybridized inserts, thereby identifying the inserts encoding the odorant receptors.
  • the probes are cDNA probes.
  • the appropriate polymerase chain reaction primers may be chosen from the conserved regions of the known insect odorant receptor sequences. Alternatively, the primers may be chosen from the regions which are the active sites for the binding of ligands.
  • This invention also provides cDNA inserts identified by the above method.
  • This invention further provides a method for identifying DNA inserts encoding an insect odorant receptors comprising: (a) generating DNA libraries which contain clones carrying inserts from a sample which contains at least one antennal or maxillary palp neuron; (b) contacting clones from the cDNA libraries generated in step (a) with nucleic acid molecule capable of specifically hybridizing with the sequence which encodes an insect odorant receptor in appropriate conditions permitting the hybridization of the nucleic acid molecules of the clones and the nucleic acid molecule; (c) selecting clones which hybridized with the nucleic acid molecule; and (d) isolating the clones which carry the hybridized inserts, thereby identifying the inserts encoding the odorant receptors.
  • This invention also provides a method to identify DNA inserts encoding an insect odorant receptors comprising: (a) generating DNA libraries which contain clones with inserts from a sample which contains at least one antenna or maxillary palp sensory neuron; (b) contacting the clones from the DNA libraries generated in step (a) with appropriate polymerase chain reaction primers capable of specifically binding to nucleic acid molecules encoding odorant receptors in appropriate conditions permitting the amplification of the hybridized inserts by polymerase chain reaction; (c) selecting the amplified inserts; and (d) isolating the amplified inserts, thereby identifying the inserts encoding the odorant receptors.
  • This invention also provides a method to isolate DNA molecules encoding insect odorant receptors comprising:(a) contacting a biological sample known to contain nucleic acids with appropriate polymerase chain reaction primers capable of specifically binding to nucleic acid molecules encoding insect odorant receptors in appropriate conditions permitting the amplification of the hybridized molecules by polymerase chain reaction; (b) isolating the amplified molecules, thereby identifying the DNA molecules encoding the insect odorant receptors.
  • This invention also provides a method of transforming cells which comprises transfecting a host cell with a suitable vector described above.
  • This invention also provides transformed cells produced by the above method.
  • the host cells are not usually expressing odorant receptors.
  • the host cells are expressing odorant receptors.
  • This invention provides a method of identifying a compound capable of specifically binding to an insect odorant receptor which comprises contacting a transfected cells or membrane fractions of the above described transfected cells with an appropriate amount of the compound under conditions permitting binding of the compound to such receptor, detecting the presence of any such compound specifically bound to the receptor, and thereby determining whether the compound specifically binds to the receptor.
  • This invention provides a method of identifying a compound capable of specifically bind to an insect odorant receptor which comprises contacting an appropriate amount of the purified insect odorant receptor with an-appropriate amount of the compound under conditions permitting binding of the compound to such purified receptor, detecting the presence of any such compound specifically bound to the receptor, and thereby determining whether the compound specifically binds to the receptor.
  • the purified receptor is embedded in a lipid bilayer.
  • the purified receptor may be embedded in the liposomes with proper orientation to carry out normal functions. Liposome technology is well-known in the art.
  • This invention also provides a method of identifying a compound capable of activating the activity of an insect odorant receptor which comprises contacting the transfected cells or membrane fractions of the above-described transfected cells with the compound under conditions permitting the activation of a functional odorant receptor response, the activation of the receptor indicating that the compound is capable of activating the activity of a odorant receptor.
  • This invention also provides a method of identifying a compound capable of activating the activity of an odorant receptor which comprises contacting a purified insect odorant receptor with the compound under conditions permitting the activation of a functional odorant receptor response, the activation of the receptor indicating that the compound is capable of activating the activity of a odorant receptor.
  • the purified receptor is embedded in a lipid bilayer.
  • This invention also provides a method of identifying a compound capable of inhibiting the activity of a odorant receptor which comprises contacting the transfected cells or membrane fractions of the above-described transfected cells with an appropriate amount of the compound under conditions permitting the inhibition of a functional odorant receptor response, the inhibition of the receptor response indicating that the compound is capable of inhibiting the activity of a odorant receptor.
  • This invention provides a method of identifying a compound capable of inhibiting the activity of a odorant receptor which comprises contacting an appropriate amount of the purified insect odorant receptor with an appropriated amount of the compound under conditions permitting the inhibition of a functional odorant receptor response, the inhibition of the receptor response indicating that the compound is capable of activating the activity of a odorant receptor.
  • the purified receptor is embedded in a lipid bilayer.
  • the compound is not previously known.
  • This invention also provides the compound identified by the above-described methods.
  • This invention provides a method of controlling pest populations which comprises identifying odorant ligands by the above-described method which are alarm odorant ligands and spraying the desired area with the identified odorant ligands.
  • this invention provides a method of controlling a pest population which comprises identifying odorant ligands by the above-described method which interfere with the interaction between the odorant ligands and the odorant receptors which are associated with fertility.
  • Oregon R flies Drosophila melanogaster
  • standard cornmeal-agar-molasses medium 25° C.
  • Transgenic constructs were injected into yw embryos.
  • CISS elav-GAL4 flies were obtained from Corey Goodman (Lin and Goodman, 1994) and Gary Struhl provided the UAS- (cytoplasmic) lacZ stock.
  • Drosophila antennae and maxillary palps were obtained by manually decapitating and freezing 5000 adult flies and shaking antennae and maxillary palps through a fine metal sieve.
  • mRNA was prepared using a polyA+ RNA Purification Kit (Stratagene).
  • An antennal/maxillary palp cDNA library was made from 0.5 ⁇ g mRNA using the LambdaZAPIIXR kit from Stratagene.
  • phage were plated at low density (500-1000 pfu/150 mm plate) and UV-crosslinked after lifting in triplicate to Hybond-N+ (Amersham).
  • Complex probes were generated by random primed labeling (PrimeItII, Stratagene) of reverse transcribed mRNA (RT-PCR kit, Stratagene) from virgin adult female body mRNA and duplicate lifts hybridized at high stringency for 36 hours (65° C. in 0.5M Sodium Phosphate buffer [pH7.3] containing 1% bovine serum albumin, 4% SDS, and 0.5 mg/ml herring sperm DNA).
  • Genomic P1 sequences were first analyzed with the GENSCAN program (Burge and Karlin, 1997; http://CcR-081.mit.edu/GENSCAN.html), which predicts intron-exon structures and generates hypothetical coding sequences (CDS) and open reading frames. GENSCAN predicted proteins shorter than 50 amino acids were discarded.
  • DAS Dense Surface Alignment
  • M. Cserzo miklos@pugh.bip.bham.ac.uk
  • TMAP is available at ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/software/unix/, or by contacting the author, Bengt Persson (bpn@mbb.ki.se).
  • Scripts were written to apply the DAS and TMAP programs repeatedly to genome scale sequence sets. Genes showing significant sequence similarity to the NCBI non-redundant protein database using BLAST analysis (Altschul et al., 1990; Altschul et al., 1997) were eliminated. All scripts required for these computations were written in standard ANSI C and run on a SUN Enterprise 3000.
  • the chromosome position of DOR104 was determined by in situ hybridization of a biotin-labeled probe to salivary gland polytene chromosome squashes as described (Amrein et al., 1988).
  • RNA in situ hybridization was carried out essentially as described (Schaeren-Wiemers and Gerfin-Moser, 1993). This protocol was modified to include detergents in most steps to increase sensitivity and reduce background.
  • the hybridization buffer contained 50% formamide, 5 ⁇ SSC, 5 ⁇ Denhardts, 250 ⁇ g/ml yeast tRNA, 500 ⁇ g/ml herring sperm DNA, 50 ⁇ g/ml Heparin, 2.5 mM EDTA, 0.1% Tween-20, 0.25% CHAPS. All antibody steps were in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100, and the reaction was developed in buffer containing 0.1% Tween-20. Slides were mounted in Glycergel (DAKO) and viewed with Nomarski optics.
  • Fluorescent in situ hybridization was carried out as above with either digoxigenin or FITC labeled RNA probes.
  • the digoxigenin probe was visualized with sheep anti-digoxigenin (Boehringer) followed by donkey anti-sheep CY3 (Jackson).
  • FITC probes were visualized with mouse anti-FITC (Boehringer) and goat anti-mouse Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes) following preincubation with normal goat serum. Sections were mounted in vectashield reagent (Vector Labs) and viewed on a Biorad 1024 Confocal Microscope.
  • mice of the genotype C155 elav-Gal4; UAS-lacZ were sectioned and first hybridized with a digoxigenin labeled antisense DOR104 RNA probe and developed as described above.
  • Neuron-specific expression of lacZ driven by the elav-Gal4 enhancer trap was visualized with a polyclonal rabbit anti- ⁇ -galactosidase antibody (Organon-Technika/Cappel), visualized by a goat anti-rabbit Alexa488 conjugated secondary antibody (Molecular Probes) following preincubation with normal goat serum.
  • the proportion of neurons in the third antennal segment was calculated by comparing the number of nuclei staining with the 44C11 ELAV monoclonal (kindly provided by Lily Jan) and those staining with TOTO-3 (Molecular Probes), a nucleic acid counterstain, in several confocal sections of multiple antennae. On average, 36% of the nuclei in the antenna were ELAV positive.
  • a genomic clone containing the DOR104 coding region and several kb of upstream sequence was isolated from a genomic library prepared from flies isogenic for the third chromosome (a gift of Kevin Moses and Gerry Rubin). Approximately 3 kb of DNA immediately upstream of the putative translation start site of DOR104 were isolated by PCR and subcloned into the pCasperAUG ⁇ Gal vector (Thummel et al., 1988). ⁇ -galactosidase activity staining was carried out with whole mount head preparations essentially as described in Wang et al. (1998). Frozen sections of DOR104-lacZ maxillary palps were incubated with a polyclonal rabbit anti- ⁇ -galactosidase antibody and as described above.
  • DOR104 for Drosophila Odorant Receptor (FIG. 1, Lane 9), encodes a putative seven-transmembrane domain protein with no obvious sequence similarity to known serpentine receptors (FIG. 3).
  • In situ hybridization revealed that this cDNA anneals to about 15% of the 120 sensory neurons within the maxillary palp but does not anneal with neurons in either the brain or antenna. Seven cells expressing DOR104 are shown in the frontal maxillary palp section in FIG. 2A.
  • DOR104 might be one member of a larger family of odorant receptor genes within the Drosophila genome.
  • cDNA clones containing the coding regions for 5 of the 11 genes identified by GENSCAN analysis have been isolated from an antennal/maxillary palp cDNA library and their sequences are provided in FIG. 3. The remaining 6 protein sequences derive from GENSCAN predictions for intron-exon arrangement. Their organization conforms well to the actual structure determined from the cDNA sequences of other members of the gene family (FIG. 3).
  • the receptors consist of a short extracellular N-terminal domain (usually less than 50 amino acids) and seven presumed membrane-spanning domains. Analysis of presumed transmembrane domains (Kyte and Doolittle, 1982; Persson and Argos, 1994; Cserzo et al., 1997) reveals multiple hydrophobic segments, but it is not possible from this analysis to unequivocally determine either the number or placement of the membrane spanning domains. At present, our assignment of transmembrane domains is therefore tentative.
  • the individual family members are divergent and most exhibit from 17-26% amino acid identity.
  • Two linked clusters of receptor genes constitute small subfamilies of genes with significantly greater sequence conservation.
  • Two linked genes, DOR53 and DOR67 exhibit 76% amino acid identity, whereas the three linked genes, DOR71, 72 and 73, reveal 30-55% identity (FIG. 3; see below).
  • each of the genes shares short, common motifs in fixed positions within the putative seven transmembrane domain structure that define these sequences as highly divergent members of a novel family of putative receptor molecules.
  • this gene family encodes putative odorant receptors in the fly, we might expect that other members of the family in addition to DOR104 would also be expressed in olfactory sensory neurons.
  • olfactory sensory neurons are restricted to the maxillary palp and third antennal segment.
  • the third antennal segment is covered with approximately 500 fine sensory bristles or sensilla (Stocker, 1994), each containing from one to four neurons (Venkatesh and Singh, 1984).
  • the maxillary palp is covered with approximately 60 sensilla, each of which is innervated by two or three neurons (Singh and Nayak, 1985).
  • the third antennal segment and maxillary palp contain about 1500 and 120 sensory neurons, respectively.
  • RNA in situ hybridization experiments were performed with digoxigenin-labeled RNA antisense probes to each of the 11 new members of the gene family under conditions of high stringency.
  • One linked pair of homologous genes, DOR53 and DOR67 crosshybridizes, whereas the remaining 10 genes exhibit no crosshybridization under these conditions (see below).
  • Eight of the 11 genes hybridize to a small subpopulation (0.5-1.5%) of the 1500 olfactory sensory neurons in the third antennal segment (FIG. 4).
  • One gene, DOR71 is expressed in about 10% of the sensory neurons in the maxillary palp but not in the antenna (FIG. 4G).
  • An enhancer trap line carrying an insertion of GAL4 at the elav locus expresses high levels of lacZ in neurons when crossed to a transgenic UAS-lacZ responder line (Lin and Goodman, 1994).
  • Fluorescent antibody detection of lacZ identifies the sensory neurons in a horizontal section of the maxillary palp (FIG. 5B).
  • Hybridization with the receptor probe DOR104 reveals expression in 5 of the 12 lacZ positive cells in a horizontal section of the maxillary palp (FIG. 5A). All cells that express DOR104 are also positive for lacZ (FIG. 5C), indicating that this receptor is expressed only in neurons.
  • the probe DOR53 anneals to a non-overlapping subpopulation of neurons restricted to the medial-proximal domain of the antenna.
  • in situ hybridization with the odorant binding protein, OS-F identifies a spatially restricted subpopulation of support cells in the antenna
  • the DOR67 probe identifies a distinct subpopulation of neurons in a medial-proximal domain (FIG. 5G).
  • the putative odorant receptor genes are expressed in a subpopulation of sensory neurons distinct from the support cells that express the odorant binding proteins.
  • each receptor is expressed in a spatially restricted subpopulation of neurons in the antenna or maxillary palp (FIG. 4).
  • the total number of cells expressing each receptor per antenna was obtained by counting the positive cells in serial sections of antennae from multiple flies. These numbers are presented in the legend of FIG. 4.
  • DOR67 and 53 for example, anneal to about 20 neurons on the medial proximal edge of the antenna (FIGS. 4A and B), whereas DOR62 and 87 anneal to subpopulations of 20 cells at the distal edge of the antenna (FIGS. 4 C-D).
  • Approximately 10 cells in the distal domain express DOR64 (FIG. 4E).
  • DOR71, 72, and 73 are expressed in different neurons.
  • DOR72 is expressed in approximately 15 antennal cells (FIG. 4H), while DOR73 is expressed in 1 to 2 cells at the distal edge of the antenna (FIG. 4I).
  • DOR71 is expressed in approximately 10 maxillary palp neurons but is not detected in the antenna (FIG. 4G).
  • the three sensillar types are represented in a coarse topographic map across the third antennal segment.
  • the proximal-medial region for example, contains largely basiconic sensilla. Receptors expressed in this region (DOR53 and 67) are therefore likely to be restricted to the large basiconic sensilla. More distal regions contain a mixture of all three sensilla types and it is therefore not possible from these data to assign specific receptors to specific sensillar types.
  • the number of positive cells approximately 20 per maxillary palp, corresponds well with that seen for DOR104 RNA expression.
  • Immunofluorescent staining of sections with antibodies directed against ⁇ -galactosidase more clearly reveals the dendrites and axons of these bipolar neurons in the maxillary palp (FIG. 2C).
  • Levels of lacZ expression in these transgenic lines are low and further amplification will be necessary to allow us to trace the axons to glomeruli in the antennal lobe. Nonetheless, the data suggest that the information governing the spatial pattern of DOR104 expression in a restricted subpopulation of maxillary palp neurons resides within 3 kb of DNA 5′ to the DOR104 gene.
  • Southern blot hybridization with receptor probes DOR24, 62, and 72 reveals only a single hybridizing band following cleavage of genomic DNA with three different restriction endonucleases (FIGS. 7 C-E).
  • the two linked clusters of receptors contain genes with a greater degree of sequence conservation and define small subfamilies of receptor genes.
  • a cluster of three receptors, DOR71, 72, and 73, is located at map position 33B1-2.
  • the antennal receptors DOR72 and 73 are 55% identical and both exhibit about 30% identity to the third gene at the locus, DOR71, which is expressed in the maxillary palp.
  • DOR67 and DOR53 members of a second subfamily, reside within 1 kb of each other at map position 22A2-3 and exhibit 76% sequence identity. Not surprisingly, these two linked genes crosshybridize at low stringency. Southern blots probed with either DOR67 or DOR53 reveal two hybridizing bands corresponding to the two genes within the subfamily but fail to detect additional subfamily members in the chromosome (FIGS. 7A and B).
  • the members of the receptor gene family described here are present on all but the small fourth chromosome. No bias is observed toward telomeric or centromeric regions.
  • the map positions, as determined from P1 and cosmid clones (Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project; European Drosophila Genome Project) are provided in Experimental Procedures. A comparatively large number of receptor genes map to chromosome 2 because the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project has concentrated its efforts on this chromosome.
  • Vomeronasal sensory neurons express two distinct families of receptors each thought to contain from 100 to 200 genes: one novel family of serpentine receptors (Dulac and Axel, 1995), and a second related to the metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors (Herrada and Dulac, 1997; Matsunami and Buck, 1997; Ryba and Tirindelli, 1997).
  • chemosensory receptors are organized into four gene families that share 20-40% sequence similarity within a family and essentially no sequence similarity between families (Troemel et al., 1995; Sengupta et al., 1996; Robertson, 1998).
  • the four gene families in C. elegans together contain about 1,000 genes engaged in the detection of odors.
  • the nematode receptors exhibit no sequence conservation with the three distinct families of vertebrate odorant receptor genes.
  • Our studies reveal that Drosophila has evolved an additional divergent gene family of serpentine receptors comprised of from 100 to 200 genes. The observation that a similar function, chemosensory detection, is accomplished by at least eight highly divergent gene families, sharing little or no sequence similarity, is quite unusual.
  • mammalian receptors not only recognize odorants in the environment but are likely to recognize guidance cues governing formation of a sensory map in the brain (Wang et al., 1998).
  • the multiple properties required of the odorant receptors might change vastly over evolutionary time and this might underlie the independent origins of the multiple chemosensory receptor gene families.
  • the highly ordered pattern of expression observed in the Drosophila antenna might have important implications for patterning the projections to the antennal lobe.
  • the peripheral receptor sheet is highly ordered and neighbor relations in the periphery are maintained in the projections to the brain.
  • olfactory neurons express only one of the thousand odorant receptor genes. Neurons expressing a given receptor project with precision to 2 of the 1800 glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb. Odorants will therefore elicit spatially defined patterns of glomerular activity such that the quality of an olfactory stimulus is encoded by the activation of a specific combination of glomeruli (Stewart et al., 1979; Lancet et al., 1982; Kauer et al., 1987; Imamura et al., 1992; Mori et al., 1992; Katoh et al., 1993; Friedrich and Korsching, 1997).
  • an odorant to activate a combination of glomeruli allows for the discrimination of a diverse array of odors far exceeding the number of receptors and their associated glomeruli.
  • an equally large family of receptor genes is expressed in 16 pairs of chemosensory cells, only three of which respond to volatile odorants (Bargmann and Horvitz, 1991; Bargmann et al., 1993). This immediately implies that a given chemosensory neuron will express multiple receptors and that the diversity of odors recognized by the nematode might approach that of mammals, but the discriminatory power is necessarily dramatically reduced.
  • Drosophila odorant receptors comprise a family of from 100 to 200 genes. Moreover, the pattern of expression of these genes in the third antennal segment suggests that individual sensory neurons express a different complement of receptors and, at the extreme, our data are consistent with the suggestion that individual neurons express one or a small number of receptors. As in the case of mammals, the problem of odor discrimination therefore reduces to a problem of the brain discerning which receptors have been activated by a given odorant.
  • This model of olfactory coding is in sharp contrast with the main olfactory system of vertebrates in which sensory neurons express only a single receptor and converge on only a single pair of spatially fixed glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Moreover, each projection neuron in the mammalian bulb extends its dendrite to only a single glomerulus. Thus the integration and decoding of spatial patterns of glomerular activity, in vertebrates, must occur largely in the olfactory cortex. In the fruit fly, the observation that the number of receptors may exceed the number of glomeruli suggests that individual glomeruli will receive input from more than one type of sensory neuron.
  • a second level of integration in the antennal lobe is afforded by subsets of projection neurons that elaborate extensive dendritic arbors that synapse with multiple glomeruli.
  • the Drosophila olfactory system reveals levels of processing and integration of sensory input in the antennal lobe that is likely to be restricted to higher cortical centers in the main olfactory system of vertebrates.
  • accession numbers for the sequences reported in this paper are AF127921-AF127926.
  • a novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 65, 175-187.
  • Rhodopsin-family receptors associate with small G proteins to activate phospholipase D. Nature 392, 411-4.
  • Sengupta P., Chou, J. H., and Bargmann, C. I. (1996).
  • odr-10 encodes a seven transmembrane domain olfactory receptor required for responses to the odorant diacetyl. Cell 84, 899-909.

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