US20030138524A1 - Compositions and processes for providing amino acids and carbohydrates in ruminant feed - Google Patents
Compositions and processes for providing amino acids and carbohydrates in ruminant feed Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030138524A1 US20030138524A1 US10/246,720 US24672002A US2003138524A1 US 20030138524 A1 US20030138524 A1 US 20030138524A1 US 24672002 A US24672002 A US 24672002A US 2003138524 A1 US2003138524 A1 US 2003138524A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- zinc
- rumen
- protein
- metal
- rup
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 11
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 title description 10
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 title description 5
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 title description 5
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 82
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 62
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 61
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 22
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 58
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 abstract description 26
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 abstract description 22
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 22
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 abstract description 22
- 210000001198 duodenum Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 36
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 36
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 36
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 28
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 20
- 235000019750 Crude protein Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 235000019764 Soybean Meal Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000004455 soybean meal Substances 0.000 description 14
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 12
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 11
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 10
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 230000013777 protein digestion Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000014698 Brassica juncea var multisecta Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000006008 Brassica napus var napus Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 240000000385 Brassica napus var. napus Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000006618 Brassica rapa subsp oleifera Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000219823 Medicago Species 0.000 description 4
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000021238 nutrient digestion Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000283903 Ovis aries Species 0.000 description 3
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- WJZHMLNIAZSFDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese zinc Chemical compound [Mn].[Zn] WJZHMLNIAZSFDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 description 3
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 244000260524 Chrysanthemum balsamita Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000005633 Chrysanthemum balsamita Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 108010082495 Dietary Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010068370 Glutens Proteins 0.000 description 2
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102000014171 Milk Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010011756 Milk Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- PNNCWTXUWKENPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].NC(N)=O Chemical compound [N].NC(N)=O PNNCWTXUWKENPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006053 animal diet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000012041 food component Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021312 gluten Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000936 intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 159000000014 iron salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006651 lactation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000021243 milk fat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021239 milk protein Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000813 small intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000010444 Acidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VCBRPAWXBLKZEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[Mn].[Zn] Chemical compound [Mn].[Mn].[Zn] VCBRPAWXBLKZEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007950 acidosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000026545 acidosis disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004469 amino acid formulation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021257 carbohydrate digestion Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006047 digesta Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002183 duodenal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001516 effect on protein Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000021050 feed intake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001447 ferric ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014105 formulated food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000144993 groups of animals Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 metals salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000005706 microflora Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940029985 mineral supplement Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020786 mineral supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000013642 negative control Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014075 nitrogen utilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004465 oilseed meal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005974 protein supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940116540 protein supplement Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000017854 proteolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000018553 tannin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001864 tannin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001648 tannin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/30—Oligoelements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S426/00—Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
- Y10S426/807—Poultry or ruminant feed
Definitions
- the specific feed value of a dietary ingredient varies both with animal productivity and diet formulation or composition. As animal productivity increases, so do the nutritional requirements for amino acids, metabolizable protein and energy. At low levels of production, nutrition demands are more readily satisfied by the end products of rumen fermentation, as well as volatile fatty acids as energy sources, and by the use of microbial protein to supply metabolizable protein and amino acids. At elevated production levels the gross efficiency of nutrient digestion decreases, increasing the proportion of nutrients escaping rumen fermentation. The specific efficiency of microbial protein produced in the rumen is somewhat variable and difficult to predict, but does not increase sufficiently, such that rumen fermentation is unable to supply the quantity of metabolizable protein required to meet productive demands.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,619,200 proposes a rumen-inert coating of vegetable meal for protection against rumen microbial digestion.
- Treatment of feeds with tannin, formaldehyde, or other aldehydes can denature the protein and reduce ruminal fermentation (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,186,213), and rumen digestion of protein can be reduced by heating (Tagari et al., Brit. J. Nutr. 16:237-243 (1982)).
- Endres, et al., 1996 disclose a method to produce heat treated vegetable protein incorporating zinc at a lower level than previously discovered (0.003 to 0.008 parts zinc per part protein).
- the use of lower zinc levels is beneficial in reducing the excretion of zinc into the environment via animal manure while retaining efficacy of reducing rumen protein digestion of the protein feed.
- the present invention relates to methods and compositions for the improvement of ruminant diets. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of metal ions and/or their salts in feed to improve productive efficiency where alterations in rumen digestion rates of protein or starch are desirable.
- the present invention relates to improved animal feed compositions comprising one or more metal ion(s) or metal salt(s) at a concentration of from about 0.25 gram to about 1 gram per Kilogram of feed dry matter.
- the present invention further relates to ruminant diet formulations comprising such improved feeds, and the process for making such improved feed compositions.
- the present invention also further relates to a process for improvement of the productive efficiency of a ruminant diet by providing to a ruminant a diet comprising such an improved animal feed.
- This invention has a primary objective of retaining the efficacy equivalent to previous zinc use while further reducing the levels of zinc needed.
- a further objective of this invention is to utilize zinc singly and in combination with other metals or metal salts to modify the rumen degradation of both protein and carbohydrates.
- the present invention takes advantage of the surprising finding that the effects of metal salts may be generalized to all dietary ingredients contributing protein, including forages, although the magnitude of effect is ingredient specific.
- the present invention relates to the use of metals salts, in combination with both amino acid formulation, and the formulation of the entire diet, to influence the amino acid and nutrient profile appearing at the duodenum, allowing increased animal performance.
- the present invention proposes the use of zinc in combination with heat processing at levels from about 0.25 to about 1 g per kg dry matter (DM) of the feed (meal or forage) being utilized.
- water soluble salts preferably sulfate salts, although it is important to note that all water soluble salts, and combinations of metals or metal salts, may be used in the practice of the invention
- zinc, manganese and iron preferably the ferrous form of iron
- incorporation of water soluble zinc, manganese, or iron salts may be utilized to modify the profile of amino acids appearing in the post-ruminal digesta flow.
- the present invention may be practiced in any ruminant diet.
- diets may be formulated to contain single metal ion forms or combinations of metal ions at a concentrations from about 0.25 to about 1 g/kg of diet dry matter.
- metal salts may be incorporated directly into the animal diets, or mixed into commercial supplements or liquid feeds.
- absolute concentrations of the metal salts incorporated into supplements will be dependent on the dietary inclusion rate of the supplemental feed. For example, and not by way of limitation, to an animal eating 25 kg dry matter per day, a mineral supplement or liquid feed offered at 1 kg dry matter per day may be expected to contain between 6.25 to 25 g metal ion per kg of the supplement. If the supplemental inclusion rate were to increase to 10 kg dry matter per day the corresponding concentrations would be 0.625 to 2.5 g metal ion per kg of supplement dry matter.
- This invention may also be used to improve the bypass protein content of animal feeds in combination with moist heat treatment.
- Heilingerer, 1998 discloses the use of a moist heat treatment process.
- zinc or metal combinations may be blended into the protein meal entering the process at a rate to obtain from about 0.25 to about 1 g of metal ion per kg of feed dry matter, utilizing either dry mixtures or liquid application of salts.
- the metal blends may be incorporated into the feed ingredient after the initial cooking process but prior to the drying of the final mixture.
- Samples of soybean meal (SBM), heat treated soybean meal, canola meal, heat treated canola meal, and cottonseed meal were fermented in vitro in combination with zinc sulfate, or ferric or ferrous iron sulfate.
- metal ions were added to obtain a concentration of 150 mg/L.
- Relative to controls with no metal addition all metals increased RUP content measured after 16 h of fermentation (Table 4).
- the ferrous form of iron was substantially more effective than the ferric ion for decreasing rumen protein digestion.
- Lactating Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into two groups based on production, days in milk and parity. Both groups of animals received diets based on alfalfa and corn silage supplemented with a commercial concentrate. The treatment diet was formulated to provide 300 ppm of a 50:50 blend of zinc and mangenous sulfate. Calculated soluble protein supplied was 40% of dietary crude protein (CP). The level of heat treated soybean meal was reduced in the metal containing diet to account for the effects on protein digestion (calculated as two percentage decrease in RUP, % of dietary CP). Both diets were formulated to contain RUP of a similar amino acid profile. There were no differences in milk production or milk component levels.
- Feeding the 16% CP High RUP diet or adding metals to the 16% CP: Low RUP tended to decrease gain and feed efficiency with only small effects on feed intake relative to that obtained with the 16%, low RUP diet (Table 6). TABLE 6 Performance of lambs receiving zinc, or zinc, manganese, iron combinations High CP High CP High CP Negative High CP High CP Low RUP Low RUP Low RUP + Low RUP + Diet Description Control Low RUP High RUP Zn Zn/Mn Zn/Mn/Fe CP, % 14.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 RUP, % 5.0 5.2 6.4 5.2 5.2 5.2 SEM Initial weight, kg 24.4 23.2 24.7 24.7 24.0 23.9 1.2 42 day weight, kg 40.1 b 44.2 a 43.7 a 43.8 a 42.7 a,b 41.8 a,b 1.4 DMI 1 , kg/day 1.50 b 1.59 a,b 1.62 a,b 1.66 a 1.51 b
- a six week lactation study was conducted using 59 Holstein cows to test the effects of zinc on performance and the interaction with dietary bypass protein content (RUP).
- Treatments were administered by adjusting the RUP in the 20% CP dairy complete feed from 8.0% (Control) to 9.0% RUP (Control+RUP) and zinc from 245 ppm (Control) to 1020 ppm of zinc (Control+Zinc). This provided 755 ppm zinc from zinc sulfate in a ratio of 0.003 part zinc ion per part protein in the complete feed.
- the source of RUP was a combination of heated soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and distiller dried grains. Increasing dietary zinc numerically improved milk yield by 1.1 kg/d or 3.4%.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/246,720 US20030138524A1 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2002-09-19 | Compositions and processes for providing amino acids and carbohydrates in ruminant feed |
| CA002457931A CA2457931C (fr) | 2001-09-25 | 2002-09-25 | Compositions alimentaires pour ruminants contenant des metaux |
| AU2002343409A AU2002343409A1 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2002-09-25 | Ruminant feed compositions containing metals |
| ARP020103613A AR036629A1 (es) | 2001-09-25 | 2002-09-25 | Composiciones alimenticias para rumiantes enriquecidas en iones metalicos, alteracion de los indices de digestion de proteinas o almidon en el rumen |
| PCT/US2002/030372 WO2003026435A1 (fr) | 2001-09-25 | 2002-09-25 | Compositions alimentaires pour ruminants contenant des metaux |
| US11/445,555 US7951408B2 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2006-06-02 | Methods of feeding animals |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US32459301P | 2001-09-25 | 2001-09-25 | |
| US10/246,720 US20030138524A1 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2002-09-19 | Compositions and processes for providing amino acids and carbohydrates in ruminant feed |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/445,555 Continuation-In-Part US7951408B2 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2006-06-02 | Methods of feeding animals |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US20030138524A1 true US20030138524A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
Family
ID=26938173
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/246,720 Abandoned US20030138524A1 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2002-09-19 | Compositions and processes for providing amino acids and carbohydrates in ruminant feed |
| US11/445,555 Active 2026-06-21 US7951408B2 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2006-06-02 | Methods of feeding animals |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/445,555 Active 2026-06-21 US7951408B2 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2006-06-02 | Methods of feeding animals |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US20030138524A1 (fr) |
| AR (1) | AR036629A1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2002343409A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2457931C (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2003026435A1 (fr) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10206415B2 (en) * | 2016-08-02 | 2019-02-19 | Zinpro Corporation | Folic acid rumen by-pass method and composition |
| US10219528B2 (en) * | 2016-08-02 | 2019-03-05 | Zinpro Corporation | Folic acid, metal complexes for rumen by-pass nutritional supplementation of ruminants |
| US10920255B2 (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2021-02-16 | Evonik Operations Gmbh | Process for producing L-methionine from methional |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2384516B1 (fr) | 2008-12-30 | 2017-07-19 | Philips Lighting Holding B.V. | Lampe aux halogénures métalliques munie d'un récipient de décharge en céramique |
| WO2013165566A1 (fr) * | 2012-05-02 | 2013-11-07 | Contact Marketing Solutions Innovative Technologies | Additif aqueux pour une eau pour volaille |
| US20140274886A1 (en) * | 2013-03-14 | 2014-09-18 | Forage Genetics International, Llc | Methods and systems for adjusting rumen undegraded protein in animal diets |
Citations (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2295643A (en) * | 1941-04-23 | 1942-09-15 | Harshaw Chemicald Company | Mineral feedstuff |
| US2960486A (en) * | 1957-05-20 | 1960-11-15 | Dow Chemical Co | Polymer composition and method |
| US3619200A (en) * | 1966-06-21 | 1971-11-09 | Commw Scient Ind Res Org | Method and food composition for feeding ruminants |
| US4186213A (en) * | 1977-07-12 | 1980-01-29 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Method of feeding cattle for maximized protein utilization |
| US4664917A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1987-05-12 | Central Soya Company, Inc. | Method of providing cattle with proteinaceous feed materials |
| US4664905A (en) * | 1982-10-21 | 1987-05-12 | Central Soya Company, Inc. | Method of feeding cattle to improve protein utilization |
| US4704287A (en) * | 1983-08-15 | 1987-11-03 | Central Soya Company, Inc. | Protein-protected ruminant feeds |
| US4737365A (en) * | 1986-01-13 | 1988-04-12 | Central Soya Company, Inc. | Method of feeding cattle to improve protein utilization |
| US5508058A (en) * | 1992-08-21 | 1996-04-16 | Consolidated Nutrition, L.C. | Proteinaceous feed substances having low levels of zinc and high rumen-bypass potentials, and a method for the production thereof |
| US5629038A (en) * | 1992-08-28 | 1997-05-13 | Kalmbach; Paul | Granular feed nutrient supplements |
| US5824355A (en) * | 1996-01-16 | 1998-10-20 | Ag Processing, Inc. | Method for manufacturing protein protected ruminant feed |
| US6123967A (en) * | 1998-06-25 | 2000-09-26 | Cattleman's Choice Loomix, Llc | Increased fiber digestion livestock supplement |
| US6265438B1 (en) * | 1998-12-03 | 2001-07-24 | Heritage Technologies, Llc | Vitamin compatible micronutrient supplement |
| US6312709B1 (en) * | 1998-02-27 | 2001-11-06 | Texas Tech University | Seaweed supplement diet for enhancing immune response in mammals and poultry |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2960406A (en) * | 1957-03-14 | 1960-11-15 | Erly Fat Livestock Feed Co | Chelated metals in feedstuffs for ruminants |
| US6261609B1 (en) * | 1994-05-24 | 2001-07-17 | Cates, Ii Thomas Gerald | Range mineral |
-
2002
- 2002-09-19 US US10/246,720 patent/US20030138524A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-09-25 WO PCT/US2002/030372 patent/WO2003026435A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-09-25 AR ARP020103613A patent/AR036629A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-09-25 AU AU2002343409A patent/AU2002343409A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-09-25 CA CA002457931A patent/CA2457931C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2006
- 2006-06-02 US US11/445,555 patent/US7951408B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2295643A (en) * | 1941-04-23 | 1942-09-15 | Harshaw Chemicald Company | Mineral feedstuff |
| US2960486A (en) * | 1957-05-20 | 1960-11-15 | Dow Chemical Co | Polymer composition and method |
| US3619200A (en) * | 1966-06-21 | 1971-11-09 | Commw Scient Ind Res Org | Method and food composition for feeding ruminants |
| US4186213A (en) * | 1977-07-12 | 1980-01-29 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Method of feeding cattle for maximized protein utilization |
| US4664905A (en) * | 1982-10-21 | 1987-05-12 | Central Soya Company, Inc. | Method of feeding cattle to improve protein utilization |
| US4704287A (en) * | 1983-08-15 | 1987-11-03 | Central Soya Company, Inc. | Protein-protected ruminant feeds |
| US4664917A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1987-05-12 | Central Soya Company, Inc. | Method of providing cattle with proteinaceous feed materials |
| US4737365A (en) * | 1986-01-13 | 1988-04-12 | Central Soya Company, Inc. | Method of feeding cattle to improve protein utilization |
| US5508058A (en) * | 1992-08-21 | 1996-04-16 | Consolidated Nutrition, L.C. | Proteinaceous feed substances having low levels of zinc and high rumen-bypass potentials, and a method for the production thereof |
| US5629038A (en) * | 1992-08-28 | 1997-05-13 | Kalmbach; Paul | Granular feed nutrient supplements |
| US5824355A (en) * | 1996-01-16 | 1998-10-20 | Ag Processing, Inc. | Method for manufacturing protein protected ruminant feed |
| US6312709B1 (en) * | 1998-02-27 | 2001-11-06 | Texas Tech University | Seaweed supplement diet for enhancing immune response in mammals and poultry |
| US6123967A (en) * | 1998-06-25 | 2000-09-26 | Cattleman's Choice Loomix, Llc | Increased fiber digestion livestock supplement |
| US6265438B1 (en) * | 1998-12-03 | 2001-07-24 | Heritage Technologies, Llc | Vitamin compatible micronutrient supplement |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10206415B2 (en) * | 2016-08-02 | 2019-02-19 | Zinpro Corporation | Folic acid rumen by-pass method and composition |
| US10219528B2 (en) * | 2016-08-02 | 2019-03-05 | Zinpro Corporation | Folic acid, metal complexes for rumen by-pass nutritional supplementation of ruminants |
| JP2019527556A (ja) * | 2016-08-02 | 2019-10-03 | ジンプロ コーポレーション | 葉酸の第一胃をバイパスする方法及び組成物 |
| US10920255B2 (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2021-02-16 | Evonik Operations Gmbh | Process for producing L-methionine from methional |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US7951408B2 (en) | 2011-05-31 |
| WO2003026435A8 (fr) | 2004-01-15 |
| US20060222685A1 (en) | 2006-10-05 |
| CA2457931C (fr) | 2009-01-06 |
| CA2457931A1 (fr) | 2003-04-03 |
| AR036629A1 (es) | 2004-09-22 |
| WO2003026435A1 (fr) | 2003-04-03 |
| AU2002343409A1 (en) | 2003-04-07 |
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