US20020088515A1 - Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries - Google Patents

Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20020088515A1
US20020088515A1 US09/991,702 US99170201A US2002088515A1 US 20020088515 A1 US20020088515 A1 US 20020088515A1 US 99170201 A US99170201 A US 99170201A US 2002088515 A1 US2002088515 A1 US 2002088515A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
lead
alloy
lead alloy
temperature
strip
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US09/991,702
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Karl Aust
David Limoges
Francisco Gonzalez
Gino Palumbo
Klaus Tomantschger
Peter Lin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Integran Technologies Inc
Original Assignee
Aust Karl T.
Limoges David L.
Francisco Gonzalez
Gino Palumbo
Klaus Tomantschger
Lin Peter K.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/412,610 external-priority patent/US6342110B1/en
Application filed by Aust Karl T., Limoges David L., Francisco Gonzalez, Gino Palumbo, Klaus Tomantschger, Lin Peter K. filed Critical Aust Karl T.
Priority to PCT/US2001/044061 priority Critical patent/WO2003046243A1/fr
Priority to US09/991,702 priority patent/US20020088515A1/en
Publication of US20020088515A1 publication Critical patent/US20020088515A1/en
Priority to US10/716,507 priority patent/US20040112486A1/en
Assigned to INTEGRAN TECHNOLOGIES INC. reassignment INTEGRAN TECHNOLOGIES INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LIN, PETER K., AUST, KARL T., GONZALEZ, FRANCISCO, LIMOGES, DAVID L., PALUMBO, GINO, TOMANTSCHGER, KLAUS
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/12—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of lead or alloys based thereon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C11/00—Alloys based on lead
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/68—Selection of materials for use in lead-acid accumulators
    • H01M4/685—Lead alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/82—Multi-step processes for manufacturing carriers for lead-acid accumulators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This invention relates to wrought and recrystallized lead and lead alloys, with increased resistance to creep and intergranular cracking and corrosion.
  • This invention is more particularly concerned with positive lead and lead alloy current collectors and connectors used in lead-acid batteries which, via recrystallization treatment to generate new grain boundaries in the microstructure, have improved resistance to corrosion and growth, so as to provide enhanced battery reliability, extended service life and greater energy density.
  • Intergranular degradation i.e., creep deformation, cracking and corrosion
  • lead-based positive current collector grids, tubular spines, foils and connectors are the principal cause of premature failure of lead-acid batteries.
  • Intergranular corrosion occurs when Pb current collector and its components are transformed to PbO 2 .
  • Intergranular corrosion limits the life of automotive batteries and affects the life of industrial batteries.
  • Creep deformation which arises primarily from grain boundary sliding processes, results in dimensional expansion of the positive current collector.
  • the so-called “growth” causes a loss of contact between the electrode surface and the PbO 2 paste and leads to shorting between adjacent electrodes.
  • the growth of the positive current collector also contributes to intergranular “cracking”.
  • Hardening is typically achieved by straining and then heat treating the lead alloy above the solvus temperature, to solutionize the second phase, and then quenching the metal to form a supersaturated solution of the alloyed element in the lead. Over time, the alloyed element precipitates out of solution to form a second phase, preferably in the form of small precipitates, in the metal. These second phase precipitates impede dislocation motion in the metal, inhibit grain boundary sliding, and consequently strengthen and harden the material. Quenching following the heat treatment is necessary to keep the precipitate size small and effective in terms of strengthening and growth resistance.
  • the deformation prior to heat treatment typically achieved through cold or hot working, forms dislocations in the crystallographic structure of the metal which act as the nucleation sites for the precipitation of the second phase, and result in a more uniform precipitate distribution.
  • Precipitation hardening processes involving the proper choice of alloying constituents, and prior deformation to enhance the uniformity of precipitate distribution from aging at ambient or elevated temperature, undoubtedly have a beneficial impact on minimizing grid growth from grain boundary sliding (i.e., grain boundary “pinning by precipitates”).
  • grain boundary sliding i.e., grain boundary “pinning by precipitates”.
  • Unlike precipitation-based processes such a new approach, according to the present invention, is also applicable to pure lead and lead alloys not containing precipitate-formers. This opens the way to the advantageous use of less expensive alloys.
  • Lehockey in U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,691 (2000) discloses a thermo-mechanical process for increasing the population of such special grain boundaries in commercial Pb-alloy electrowinning electrode materials to levels in excess of 50% by cold deforming a Pb-alloy sheet to achieve a thickness reduction of 30% to 80% and annealing the material at temperatures ranging from 180° C. to 300° C.
  • Peening is a non-conventional method of deformation in which compressive stresses are induced in the exposed surface layers of metallic parts by the impingement of a stream of shot, directed at the surface at high velocities under controlled conditions. Peening cleans the surface of the test article, increases the fatigue strength and relieves tensile stresses that contribute to stress-corrosion cracking.
  • Yamada in U.S. Pat. No. 5,816,088 (1998) describes a surface treatment method for a steel work piece using high speed shot peening.
  • Mannava in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,120 (1999) describes a laser shock peening apparatus using a low energy laser.
  • the current collector can be a bookmold grid, a tubular grid, a foil or sheet, a perforated strip, i.e. suitably punched or expanded, a continuous cast grid or a continuous cast grid which is subsequently rolled to its final dimension.
  • This feature enables the treatment of finished parts, e.g. bookmould cast lead-acid battery grids, tubular grids, Pb and Pb-alloy straps and posts as well as “Conroll” grids without substantial deformation of the part.
  • thermo-mechanical treatment employed to treat the lead or lead alloy current collectors or their precursors substantially increases the percentage of special grain boundaries to increase at least one of the resistance of the lead or lead alloy to creep and resistance to intergranular corrosion and intergranular cracking, wherein the lead or lead alloy has been subjected to at least one processing cycle comprising: suitably deforming the lead alloy below the solvus temperature, and subsequently annealing the lead alloy for a time and temperature sufficient to effect recrystallization to substantially increase the concentration of special grain boundaries.
  • deformation involves mechanical deformation on an article at a low enough temperature that dislocations are retained, leading to a structure of non-recrystallized, deformed grains.
  • This invention relies on deforming at least part of the surface layer of the article or the entire article below the solvus temperature, preferably between about 40° C. and the solvus temperature, followed by an annealing treatment. Suitable deformation treatments comprise rolling, extruding, punching, expanding, repeated bending or peening.
  • any of these deformation treatments can be used to induce work into the material.
  • the deformation treatment temperature e.g. as determined by the temperature of the strip exiting the rolling mills or extrusion chamber, can be between 25° C. and 250° C., more preferably between 35° C. and 200° C., 40° C. to 150° C. and 60° C. to 125° C.
  • the maximum deformation temperature needs to be below the solvus temperature of the alloy being treated.
  • the billet or thick strip generally ranges from about 0.030′′ (0.76 mm) to 1′′ (25.4 mm).
  • the rolling process can be carried out by any of the conventionally known techniques, e.g. using equipment provided by Continuus S.p.A. of Milan, Italy.
  • the thickness of the strip can be adjusted to meet the particular battery application, typically the thickness ranges from 0.002′′ (0.05 mm) to 0.125′′ (3.2 mm) inches. Small, e.g.
  • cylindrical thin film type batteries may utilize the foil treated according to this invention in a thickness range of about 0.002′′ (0.05 mm) to 0.010′′ (0.25 mm); automotive 12 to 42 V batteries typically use strip thickness ranges of 0.010′′ (0.25 mm) to 0.045′′ (1.14 mm) and industrial battery the strip thickness can reach 0.150′′ (3.8 mm). It is obvious from comparing the strip thickness before and after rolling that significant mechanical work is induced into the strip during the deformation treatment.
  • the deformation treatment required prior to the recrystallization step is performed at temperatures ranging from above room temperature (15° C. to 25° C.) up to the solvus temperature of the material. More typically, the deformation treatment is carried out between 30° C. and 125° C., and even more typically between 40° C. and 95° C.
  • the thickness reduction ratios can be suitably chosen to deform e.g. a billet to the desired strip thickness and the deformation temperature is adjusted to optimize the creation of special grain boundaries in the subsequent recrystallization heat-treatment.
  • a reference to lead means either pure lead or a lead alloy
  • a reference to deformation means any forming operation such as rolling, extruding, punching, expanding, bending and peening etc. conducted at between ambient temperature and the solvus temperature of the lead or lead alloy
  • a reference to lead alloy denotes lead that includes one or more specific alloying elements alloyed with the lead.
  • the steps of deforming the lead alloy and annealing to recrystallize the lead alloy are repeated a plurality of times. Excessive strain between recrystallization steps can have a negative effect on the present process.
  • the inventors have found that, at least for some alloys, an improved concentration of special grain boundaries can be obtained with a single step of deforming or straining and annealing.
  • the lead alloys may be comprised of at least one alloying element selected from the group comprising, of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Na, Se, Sb, Sn, Sr, and Zn, but the alloy can also include two or more alloying elements.
  • the alloying element(s) need not be soluble in lead.
  • the lead alloy is preferably reduced in thickness or strained by approximately 1%-99% in each deformation step, and the lead alloy is then recrystallized, in the annealing step, at a temperature and time sufficient to allow recrystallization to occur, generally in the range of approximately 100° to 325° C.
  • the percentage of special grain boundaries is at least 50% of the total grain boundaries; however, it was found that at least 20%, 30% or 40% of special grain boundaries already improve the corrosion performance.
  • the lead or lead alloy is subsequently processed into components for lead-acid batteries, for example positive grids or foils and cell interconnects. It is preferred for the lead or lead alloy to be subject, first, to processing according to the present invention, and that this processing be applied to at least a portion of the lead article.
  • the degree of uniformity may depend on the method of deforming the lead alloy, e.g. stamping, extrusion, rolling, expanding, forging, peening, etc., and component geometry.
  • thermomechanical treatment process according to this invention is different from the prior art approaches which require precipitation or age hardening. Therefore, unlike prior-art precipitation processes, the process described herein is applicable to pure lead and lead-alloys which do not contain the required precipitate formers of the prior art.
  • the process described in this invention enhances the corrosion resistance of lead or lead-alloys regardless of whether the lead alloy contains an alloying material which is precipitated during the deformation step or steps of a precipitation hardening procedure.
  • the process of this invention elevates the contents of special grain boundaries without hardening of the starting lead or lead alloy material. The avoidance of hardening is completely different from the alloys subjected to prior art processes since the prior art processes are specifically directed toward increasing the hardness of the alloy to improve various physical characteristics.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view through a conventional lead acid battery.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing variation of cycle life with a critical electrode dimension
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing a comparison of the creep rate for pure as cast lead and the creep rate of pure lead processed by the method of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a map of special grain boundary character distribution in ( a ) cast pure lead and ( b ) processed method of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a bar graph summarizing the increases in special grain boundary content for a range of lead-alloy compositions achieved using the method of the present invention
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B are bar graphs summarizing the improvements in corrosion and electrode growth for a range of lead-alloy compositions achieved using the method of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B are bar graphs summarizing the relative corrosion and electrode growth performance for a Pb-0.03Ca-0.7Sn-0.06Ag alloy in the cast, wrought, and wrought and recrystallized condition; the latter achieved using the method of the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to the processing of lead and lead alloys for application as positive current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries in order to provide superior resistance to creep deformation (growth) and intergranular corrosion and cracking in the batteries acidic environment.
  • a traditional lead-acid battery shown generally at 10 , comprises a housing 12 , an internal compartment 14 , electrodes 16 , a busbar 18 and electrolyte solution 20 .
  • Compartment 14 serves to contain the electrolyte solution 20 .
  • Electrodes 16 and busbar 18 have traditionally been made of either a cast or wrought lead alloy. Alloys have traditionally been used, as opposed to pure lead, since appropriate alloying elements are required to provide improved strength, creep resistance and improved gassing characteristics, for example. While traditional lead-acid batteries have proven to be dependable, they have a limited life span and energy density. The life span is due to the creep (growth), corrosion and cracking of the electrodes resulting from successive charge-discharge cycles.
  • lead-acid battery components are generally formed initially from cast lead or lead alloys. Although deformation is also frequently applied in the rolling of cast ingots or strip to sheet, and then subsequently by slitting and straining the lead alloy sheets to form grids, treatments that result in complete recrystalization of the microstructure have not been used in prior lead-acid battery components.
  • the percentage of special or coincident site lattice (CSL) grain boundaries in as-cast or wrought lead-based lead-acid battery components is always less than 20% and usually in the range of between 14% and 17%.
  • Traditional as- cast and wrought lead-based positive current collectors are susceptible to intergranular corrosion, cracking and creep deformation (growth).
  • the lead alloy positive current collector components of the battery are provided with a metallurgical microstructure having a high percentage, that is over 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%, of special grain boundaries.
  • Special grain boundaries can be defined crystallographically as lying within
  • the method of the present invention comprises processing the lead-based positive current collector components to improve the concentration of special grain boundaries. More particularly, this is achieved without invoking conventional strengthening mechanisms, such as precipitation hardening, and without substantially altering the tensile strength or hardness of the material.
  • the process is referred to as Grain Boundary Engineering (GBE).
  • GEB Grain Boundary Engineering
  • f o is the fraction of interfaces in the material which are unfavourably oriented to the applied stress axis (note that f o is strongly dependent on the grain shape and has a value of 1 ⁇ 3 for conventional equiaxed materials) and f sp is the fraction of special interfaces which are intrinsically resistant to cracking.
  • the probability ⁇ of arresting a crack within a length L from the initiating surface is given by,
  • Intergranular corrosion can also compromise the integrity of a positive lead acid electrode by general loss of cross-sectional thickness arising from ‘grain dropping’.
  • all of its bounding grain boundaries must be fully compromised by corrosion.
  • ‘special’ grain boundaries are immune to corrosion, and considering a material comprised of hexagonal prism grains, it can be shown that the probability of arresting such a grain dropping process at any junction is given by,
  • the probability (P) derived in eqn (4) can be applied with eqn (3), where it can be shown that, in a manner similar to intergranular cracking, decreasing grain size (d) and increasing special boundary frequency (f sp ) are expected to significantly increase resistance to section loss by intergranular corrosion.
  • the operating life of a lead acid battery can be considered to be inversely proportional to the probability of through-wall penetration at the minimum electrode dimension (D crit ), by either an intergranular-corrosion or cracking mechanism. From eqns.
  • X is the statistical certainty
  • P is the probability of arresting the degradation process, which is obtained from eqn. (3) or eqn. (4) for intergranular-cracking and -corrosion processes, respectively.
  • K is a constant which can be estimated from the typical performance of conventional lead-acid batteries. For example, in severe laboratory testing of typical SLI batteries, a charge-discharge cycle life, C, of approximately 200 is observed with grids having a minimum cross-section of approximately 1 mm, average grain size, d, of 50 ⁇ m, and a microstructure consisting of approximately 15% special grain boundaries (f sp ). Assuming a statistical certainty (X) of 99%, these conditions lead to K values of 408 cycles, and 48 cycles for intergranular cracking and corrosion processes, respectively.
  • FIG. 2 summarizes the estimated improvements in lead-acid battery performance from increases in special grain boundary content as calculated from eqn (5) for material having a conventional grain size of 50 ⁇ m.
  • significant improvements in cycle life are expected for both intergranular-cracking and corrosion dominated degradation processes, by increasing the population of special grain boundaries, f sp .
  • increasing the special grain boundary population from that typically observed (i.e., 15%) to 50% is expected to result in approximately a 4-fold improvement in cycle life.
  • this improvement in performance would allow the use of grids having a minimum dimension of as low as 0.2 mm, while still retaining the current performance of SLI batteries.
  • Such a reduction in positive grid thickness would be expected to significantly reduce the size and weight of lead-acid batteries (1 mm positive grid accounts for 25% of total battery weight), or result in commensurate increases in energy density.
  • grain boundary engineering increases the resistance of the metal to crack propagation and strain deformation (creep) by altering the crystallographic structure of the grain boundaries. This is in contrast to previous efforts at providing improved components for lead-acid batteries, such as precipitation or age hardening, which were directed at changing the composition, size and distribution of the microconstituents within the grains.
  • the special grain boundary fraction can be beneficially increased.
  • the method of the present invention is based on the discovery that the special grain boundary fraction can be increased through careful selection of process parameters for deforming and then recrystallizing the lead or lead alloy.
  • the specified steps maybe repeated until the desired concentration of special grain boundaries is achieved.
  • the deformation can take the form of drawing, stamping, rolling, pressing, extruding, expanding, forging, bending or any other physical deformation.
  • special grain boundary concentrations or fractions of greater than 40% to 50% can be achieved with only one deformation and recrystallization step; however, additional deformation and recrystallization steps may yield a more uniform product having a smaller overall average grain size.
  • a smaller grain size increases the amount of special grain boundaries and thereby improves crack resistance.
  • the temperature at which the lead is recrystallized is critical to the present invention. Typically, recrystallization will occur in a metal at temperatures over 0.5 Tm, where Tm is the absolute melting temperature in degrees Kelvin. For pure lead, ambient temperature is approximately 0.5 Tm . In the present invention, the temperature at which recrystallization occurs must be chosen so that the special grain boundary fraction is maximized. The temperature must not be so high, however, that excessive grain growth occurs. Moreover, the desired recrystallization temperature must be achieved within a relatively short period of time in order to prevent premature recovery, and in certain alloys, precipitation of secondary phases during prolonged heat-up, which can excessively harden the alloy and hinder the nucleation of new grains and grain boundaries.
  • grain boundary concentrations of greater than 50% can be produced in one or more cycles comprised of induced deformations or strains in the range between 1% to 70% per step, and recrystallization at temperatures within the range of 150° C. to 325° C. for annealing times in the range of 5 seconds to 360 minutes.
  • X elements are comprised of the strong precipitate formers and Y elements are the weak or non-precipitating elements.
  • the X elements are comprised of the Group I and Group II elements of the periodic table, which in terms of common and potential battery alloying constituents include: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Sb.
  • the Y elements are comprised of other common lead alloying constituents which include: Ag, Sn, Cu, Zn, As, and Bi.
  • the treatment time varies, depending on the material, but typically ranges from 1 seconds to three days, more typically from 5 seconds to 12 hours, and preferably from 10 seconds to 3 hours.
  • the deformations were performed on a rolling mill at room temperature and were limited to 20% reduction in thickness per step.
  • Each recrystallization treatment was carried out at 160° C. for 15 minutes.
  • a Pb-0.073 wt % Ca-0.07 wt % Sn alloy (Class II) was processed by three cycles each comprised of cold rolling at room temperature to achieve a 40% reduction in thickness, annealing at 270° C. for 10 minutes in air followed by air cooling.
  • the resulting microstructural improvement in terms of special grain boundary content is summarized in FIG. 5 (identified as PbCaSn in FIG. 5).
  • the special grain boundary content was increased from 11% in the as-cast starting material, to 51% in the material processed by the method described.
  • a Pb-0.065 wt % Ca-0.07 wt % Sn 0.03 wt % Ag alloy (Class II) was processed by two cycles each comprised of cold rolling at room temperature to achieve a 40% reduction in thickness, annealing at 250° C. for 10 minutes in air followed by air cooling.
  • the resulting microstructural improvement in terms of special grain boundary content is summarized in FIG. 5 (identified as PbCaSnAg in FIG. 5).
  • the special grain boundary content was increased from 12% in the as-cast starting material, to 70% in the material processed by the method described.
  • a Pb-0.073 wt % Ca-1.4 wt % Sn alloy (Class II) was processed by two cycles each comprised of cold rolling at room temperature to achieve a 40% reduction in thickness, annealing at 250° C. for 10 minutes in air followed by air cooling.
  • the resulting microstructural improvement in terms of special grain boundary content is summarized in FIG. 5 (identified as PbCa“Hi”Sn in FIG. 5).
  • the special grain boundary content was increased from 17% in the as-cast starting material, to 70% in the material processed by the method described.
  • Positive grids were cycled between 0.8 V and 1.4 V at a rate of two cycles per day for 35 days in a solution of 1.27 specific gravity sulfuric acid at 70° C. Upon completion of the test, grids were cleaned of residual paste, and reweighed to the nearest milligram. Also, grid growth susceptibility was established by digitally scanning the area of the grids both prior to and following the test exposure.
  • a Pb-0.03 wt % Ca-0.7 wt. % Sn 0.06 wt % Ag alloy, representative of a Class I alloy was produced using a commercial rotary net shape casting process.
  • the cast strip of 0.86-0.89 mm thickness was subsequently subjected to a single processing cycle comprised of approximately 20% cold tensile strain (room temperature), and heat treatment in an air convection oven at a temperature of 250° C. for 5 minutes followed by cooling to ambient temperature.
  • the strain was introduced at room temperature solely through the grid expansion process and was controlled by the tool die geometry (i.e., diamond height of expanded mesh).
  • a wrought strip was produced without subsequent recrystallization heat treatment. In this case, cast strip of 1.72 mm thickness was cold rolled by 50% and similarly expanded to mesh.
  • the proportion of special grain boundaries present in the as-cast, wrought, and single step GBE processed materials were found to be 16.0%, 15.4% and 64.4%, respectively.
  • the f sp increased from 10% (as cast) to 59% (after subjecting the sample to the GBE processing).
  • one set of samples was processed according to Meyers (U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,688), more particularly, to nine sequential cold rolling cycles of 25% (without intermittent annealing) followed by a final heat treatment at 230° C. for one minute.
  • the hardness of the age hardenable lead alloy was measured immediately after completion of the respective treatments and at various times of aging at room temperature. The same hardness measurement technique described in example 4 above but using a 50 gram load was used. The hardness numbers are depicted in Table 3. The results clearly indicate that the Meyers process results in an as-processed hardness (VHN:12) which is greater than that of the as-cast material (VHN:11), and significantly higher than that of the GBE-processed material (VHN:8) It also shows significantly enhanced short term hardenability whereby its hardness increases to VHN:21 within the first 24 hours of aging. In comparison, the GBE material shows no increase from its initial value during the same time frame.
  • the Meyers-processed material shows a further hardness increase to 27 VHN. It is also noted that the GBE processed material even after 240 hours has a hardness which is not as great as the as-cast hardness.
  • Table 3 Hardness as a function of aging time at room temperature for Pb-2Sb-0.15As processed according to Meyers and according to this invention.
  • Meyers process GBE Processed Aging time [hours] [Vickers Hardness] [Vickers Hardness] 0 12 8 24 21 8 240 27 9.5
  • the treatment represented a 60% thickness reduction at room temperature followed by an annealing treatment of 3 minutes at 250° C.
  • the treatment represented three successive cycles of a 50% thickness reduction at room temperature followed by an annealing treatment of 10 minutes at 270° C.
  • the ultimate hardness of each of the metals was measured after four weeks of age hardening.
  • the hardness values were obtained using the measurement described above with a 50 gram load.
  • the hardness of each alloy prior to GBE processing i.e., the as cast hardness
  • the obtained hardness values for each of the alloys processed according to this invention and as cast are shown in Table 4, as is the f sp count and grain size for the GBE processed samples.
  • the as-cast samples ranged in f sp count from 10 to 15%.
  • a Pb-0.06Ca-1.2Sn alloy was cast and processed using rolling deformation at various temperatures as indicated in the table 5. As is evident from the data, working the strip at temperatures of 20, 40 and 80° C., followed by an annealing treatment, raised the f sp count of the samples to over 60% in all cases and lowered the UTS to a value below the one of the as cast or room temperature rolled sample. TABLE 5 Rolling temperature vs f sp , and UTS for various processing parameters. Annealing UTS (MPa Rolling Conditions Condition f sp (%) after 7 days) g N/A (as cast) N/A 14 46.8 h 20° C.
  • RT Room N/A N/A (not 51.0 Temp), reduced from recrystal-) 7 mm to 1 mm lized) a 20° C. (RT), reduced GBE(280° C./ 62 30.0 from 7 mm to 1 mm 5 min) b 40° C., reduced from GBE(280° C./ 62 32.0 7 mm to 1 mm 5 min) c 80° C., reduced from GBE(280° C./ 76 34.5 7 mm to 1 mm 5 min)
  • a Pb-0.06Ca-1.2Sn alloy was processed using hot deformation with and without a subsequent annealing treatment as indicated in Table 6.
  • the fsp count of hot deformed Pb-alloys using rolling or extrusion elevated the fsp count to over 40% even without a subsequent annealing step.
  • the corrosion test was performed by submersing test samples in a typical zinc electrowinning electrolyte (160 g/l sulfuric acid, 60 g/l Zn ++ at 60° C.) and anodizing them at 40 mA/cm2 against steel cathodes. The results are depicted in tables 9 and 10.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
  • Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
US09/991,702 1996-03-01 2001-11-26 Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries Abandoned US20020088515A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US2001/044061 WO2003046243A1 (fr) 2001-11-26 2001-11-26 Alliages de plomb traites de maniere thermo-mecanique
US09/991,702 US20020088515A1 (en) 1996-03-01 2001-11-26 Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries
US10/716,507 US20040112486A1 (en) 1996-03-01 2003-11-20 Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US60932796A 1996-03-01 1996-03-01
US83592697A 1997-04-08 1997-04-08
US97751897A 1997-11-24 1997-11-24
US09/412,610 US6342110B1 (en) 1996-03-01 1999-10-06 Lead and lead alloys with enhanced creep and/or intergranular corrosion resistance, especially for lead-acid batteries and electrodes therefor
PCT/US2001/044061 WO2003046243A1 (fr) 2001-11-26 2001-11-26 Alliages de plomb traites de maniere thermo-mecanique
US09/991,702 US20020088515A1 (en) 1996-03-01 2001-11-26 Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/412,610 Continuation-In-Part US6342110B1 (en) 1996-03-01 1999-10-06 Lead and lead alloys with enhanced creep and/or intergranular corrosion resistance, especially for lead-acid batteries and electrodes therefor

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/716,507 Division US20040112486A1 (en) 1996-03-01 2003-11-20 Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20020088515A1 true US20020088515A1 (en) 2002-07-11

Family

ID=27736717

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/991,702 Abandoned US20020088515A1 (en) 1996-03-01 2001-11-26 Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries

Country Status (2)

Country Link
US (1) US20020088515A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003046243A1 (fr)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030183312A1 (en) * 2002-03-28 2003-10-02 Lu Zhang Expanded grid
WO2004038051A1 (fr) * 2002-10-24 2004-05-06 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Compositions de plomb pour accumulateurs au plomb
US20090258299A1 (en) * 2005-05-23 2009-10-15 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grid
US20090293996A1 (en) * 2007-11-05 2009-12-03 The Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd. Method for producing lead-base alloy grid for lead-acid battery
US20110259116A1 (en) * 2006-06-28 2011-10-27 Jan Ture Slycke Method of determining material dependent constants of a metal object on fatigue testing
US8252464B2 (en) 1999-07-09 2012-08-28 Johnson Controls Technology Company Method of making a battery grid
US8586248B2 (en) 2010-04-14 2013-11-19 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery, battery plate assembly, and method of assembly
US20150125748A1 (en) * 2013-11-06 2015-05-07 Northstar Battery Company, Llc Corrosion Resistant Positive Grid for Lead-Acid Batteries
US9130232B2 (en) 2010-03-03 2015-09-08 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grids and methods for manufacturing same
WO2014149254A3 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2015-11-05 Dhar Subhash K Alliages métalliques ayant une structure amorphe, nanocristalline ou microcristalline
US9232976B2 (en) 2010-06-23 2016-01-12 Rsem Limited Partnership Magnetic interference reducing surgical drape
US9577266B2 (en) 2007-03-02 2017-02-21 Johnson Controls Technology Company Negative grid for battery
US9595360B2 (en) 2012-01-13 2017-03-14 Energy Power Systems LLC Metallic alloys having amorphous, nano-crystalline, or microcrystalline structure
CN106636737A (zh) * 2016-12-21 2017-05-10 河南超威电源有限公司 一种动力型铅蓄电池正极板栅合金及制备方法
CN106702436A (zh) * 2017-03-30 2017-05-24 昆明理工大学 高强耐腐蚀电解锰用铅基多元合金阳极材料的制备方法
US9748578B2 (en) 2010-04-14 2017-08-29 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery and battery plate assembly
CN108808010A (zh) * 2018-06-12 2018-11-13 河北超威电源有限公司 一种电动助力车铅蓄电池正极板栅合金及其制备方法
US10170768B2 (en) 2013-10-08 2019-01-01 Johnson Controls Autobatterie Gmbh & Co. Kgaa Grid assembly for a plate-shaped battery electrode of an electrochemical accumulator battery
CN110073531A (zh) * 2016-10-28 2019-07-30 爱德温工业公司 导电薄片增强、聚合物稳定的电极组合物和制备方法
CN110129616A (zh) * 2019-04-18 2019-08-16 肇庆理士电源技术有限公司 一种铅酸蓄电池用耐腐蚀铅合金及其制备方法
US10418637B2 (en) 2013-10-23 2019-09-17 Johnson Controls Autobatterie Gmbh & Co. Kgaa Grid arrangement for plate-shaped battery electrode and accumulator
US10892491B2 (en) 2011-11-03 2021-01-12 CPS Technology Holdings LLP Battery grid with varied corrosion resistance
CN116287858A (zh) * 2023-03-30 2023-06-23 巨江电源科技有限公司 铅酸蓄电池负极板栅用铅基钡钠铝合金及其制备方法和应用

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4899467B2 (ja) * 2005-12-21 2012-03-21 新神戸電機株式会社 鉛蓄電池

Citations (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3853626A (en) * 1973-09-20 1974-12-10 Gen Motors Corp Method and apparatus for making expanded metal lead-acid battery grids
US3926247A (en) * 1974-10-29 1975-12-16 Cominco Ltd Lead sheet casting machine
US3953244A (en) * 1973-01-31 1976-04-27 St. Joe Minerals Corporation Method of fabricating stable wrought lead-calcium-tin alloys by means of cold working
US3959016A (en) * 1973-12-26 1976-05-25 The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Method for manufacturing lead grid plates for batteries
US3983244A (en) * 1972-11-13 1976-09-28 Uniroyal Inc. Method of controlling pests using certain ketones of furan
US4050961A (en) * 1974-11-22 1977-09-27 Knight Bill J Method for casting anodes
US4151331A (en) * 1978-02-23 1979-04-24 The Gates Rubber Company Offset perforated lead-acid battery grid
US4517065A (en) * 1980-10-20 1985-05-14 Samin Societe Azionaria Minero-Metallurgicia S.P.A. Alloyed-lead corrosion-resisting anode
US4725404A (en) * 1985-06-20 1988-02-16 Accumulatorenfabrik Sonnenschein Gmbh Lead calcium alloy and process of making same
US4978601A (en) * 1989-10-30 1990-12-18 International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. Lead alloy battery grids by laser treatment
US5131451A (en) * 1990-12-14 1992-07-21 Olin Corporation Belt casting of molten metal
US5298350A (en) * 1991-03-26 1994-03-29 Gnb Incorporated Calcium-tin-silver lead-based alloys, and battery grids and lead-acid batteries made using such alloys
US5434025A (en) * 1991-03-26 1995-07-18 Gnb Battery Technologies Inc. Battery grids and plates and lead-acid batteries made using such grids and plates
US5518064A (en) * 1993-10-07 1996-05-21 Norandal, Usa Thin gauge roll casting method
US6003589A (en) * 1996-09-16 1999-12-21 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Company Limited Strip casting apparatus
US6086691A (en) * 1997-08-04 2000-07-11 Lehockey; Edward M. Metallurgical process for manufacturing electrowinning lead alloy electrodes
US6342110B1 (en) * 1996-03-01 2002-01-29 Integran Technologies Inc. Lead and lead alloys with enhanced creep and/or intergranular corrosion resistance, especially for lead-acid batteries and electrodes therefor

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5874186A (en) * 1991-03-26 1999-02-23 Gnb Technologies, Inc. Lead-acid cells and batteries
US5691087A (en) * 1991-03-26 1997-11-25 Gnb Technologies, Inc. Sealed lead-acid cells and batteries
US6057059A (en) * 1998-03-04 2000-05-02 General Motors Corporation Surface recrystallization of lead-alloy grid

Patent Citations (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3983244A (en) * 1972-11-13 1976-09-28 Uniroyal Inc. Method of controlling pests using certain ketones of furan
US3953244A (en) * 1973-01-31 1976-04-27 St. Joe Minerals Corporation Method of fabricating stable wrought lead-calcium-tin alloys by means of cold working
US3853626A (en) * 1973-09-20 1974-12-10 Gen Motors Corp Method and apparatus for making expanded metal lead-acid battery grids
US3959016A (en) * 1973-12-26 1976-05-25 The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Method for manufacturing lead grid plates for batteries
US3926247A (en) * 1974-10-29 1975-12-16 Cominco Ltd Lead sheet casting machine
US4050961A (en) * 1974-11-22 1977-09-27 Knight Bill J Method for casting anodes
US4151331A (en) * 1978-02-23 1979-04-24 The Gates Rubber Company Offset perforated lead-acid battery grid
US4517065A (en) * 1980-10-20 1985-05-14 Samin Societe Azionaria Minero-Metallurgicia S.P.A. Alloyed-lead corrosion-resisting anode
US4725404A (en) * 1985-06-20 1988-02-16 Accumulatorenfabrik Sonnenschein Gmbh Lead calcium alloy and process of making same
US4978601A (en) * 1989-10-30 1990-12-18 International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. Lead alloy battery grids by laser treatment
US5131451A (en) * 1990-12-14 1992-07-21 Olin Corporation Belt casting of molten metal
US5298350A (en) * 1991-03-26 1994-03-29 Gnb Incorporated Calcium-tin-silver lead-based alloys, and battery grids and lead-acid batteries made using such alloys
US5434025A (en) * 1991-03-26 1995-07-18 Gnb Battery Technologies Inc. Battery grids and plates and lead-acid batteries made using such grids and plates
US5518064A (en) * 1993-10-07 1996-05-21 Norandal, Usa Thin gauge roll casting method
US6342110B1 (en) * 1996-03-01 2002-01-29 Integran Technologies Inc. Lead and lead alloys with enhanced creep and/or intergranular corrosion resistance, especially for lead-acid batteries and electrodes therefor
US6592686B2 (en) * 1996-03-01 2003-07-15 Integran Technologies Inc. Lead and lead alloys with enhanced creep and/or intergranular corrosion resistance, especially for lead-acid batteries and electrodes therefor
US6003589A (en) * 1996-09-16 1999-12-21 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Company Limited Strip casting apparatus
US6086691A (en) * 1997-08-04 2000-07-11 Lehockey; Edward M. Metallurgical process for manufacturing electrowinning lead alloy electrodes

Cited By (41)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8252464B2 (en) 1999-07-09 2012-08-28 Johnson Controls Technology Company Method of making a battery grid
US8709664B2 (en) 1999-07-09 2014-04-29 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grid
US6749950B2 (en) * 2002-03-28 2004-06-15 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Expanded grid
US20030183312A1 (en) * 2002-03-28 2003-10-02 Lu Zhang Expanded grid
WO2004038051A1 (fr) * 2002-10-24 2004-05-06 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Compositions de plomb pour accumulateurs au plomb
US20040091777A1 (en) * 2002-10-24 2004-05-13 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Lead compositions for lead-acid batteries
US8980419B2 (en) 2005-05-23 2015-03-17 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grid
US7955737B2 (en) 2005-05-23 2011-06-07 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grid
US20090258299A1 (en) * 2005-05-23 2009-10-15 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grid
US7767347B2 (en) 2005-05-23 2010-08-03 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grid
US8399135B2 (en) 2005-05-23 2013-03-19 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grid
US8974972B2 (en) 2005-05-23 2015-03-10 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grid
US8839679B2 (en) * 2006-06-28 2014-09-23 Aktiebolaget Skf Method of determining material dependent constants of a metal object on fatigue testing
US20110259116A1 (en) * 2006-06-28 2011-10-27 Jan Ture Slycke Method of determining material dependent constants of a metal object on fatigue testing
US9577266B2 (en) 2007-03-02 2017-02-21 Johnson Controls Technology Company Negative grid for battery
US20090293996A1 (en) * 2007-11-05 2009-12-03 The Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd. Method for producing lead-base alloy grid for lead-acid battery
US9093713B2 (en) 2007-11-05 2015-07-28 The Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd. Method for producing lead-base alloy grid for lead-acid battery
US9130232B2 (en) 2010-03-03 2015-09-08 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery grids and methods for manufacturing same
US8586248B2 (en) 2010-04-14 2013-11-19 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery, battery plate assembly, and method of assembly
US9748578B2 (en) 2010-04-14 2017-08-29 Johnson Controls Technology Company Battery and battery plate assembly
US11824204B2 (en) 2010-04-14 2023-11-21 Cps Technology Holdings Llc Battery and battery plate assembly with absorbent separator
US10985380B2 (en) 2010-04-14 2021-04-20 Cps Technology Holdings Llc Battery and battery plate assembly with highly absorbent separator
US9232976B2 (en) 2010-06-23 2016-01-12 Rsem Limited Partnership Magnetic interference reducing surgical drape
US11539051B2 (en) 2011-11-03 2022-12-27 Cps Technology Holdings Llc Battery grid with varied corrosion resistance
US10892491B2 (en) 2011-11-03 2021-01-12 CPS Technology Holdings LLP Battery grid with varied corrosion resistance
US9595360B2 (en) 2012-01-13 2017-03-14 Energy Power Systems LLC Metallic alloys having amorphous, nano-crystalline, or microcrystalline structure
WO2014149254A3 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2015-11-05 Dhar Subhash K Alliages métalliques ayant une structure amorphe, nanocristalline ou microcristalline
US11611082B2 (en) 2013-10-08 2023-03-21 Clarios Germany Gmbh & Co. Kg Grid assembly for a plate-shaped battery electrode of an electrochemical accumulator battery
US10170768B2 (en) 2013-10-08 2019-01-01 Johnson Controls Autobatterie Gmbh & Co. Kgaa Grid assembly for a plate-shaped battery electrode of an electrochemical accumulator battery
US10840515B2 (en) 2013-10-08 2020-11-17 Clarios Germany Gmbh & Co. Kgaa Grid assembly for a plate-shaped battery electrode of an electrochemical accumulator battery
US10418637B2 (en) 2013-10-23 2019-09-17 Johnson Controls Autobatterie Gmbh & Co. Kgaa Grid arrangement for plate-shaped battery electrode and accumulator
US20180248171A1 (en) * 2013-11-06 2018-08-30 Northstar Battery Company, Llc Corrosion Resistant Positive Grid for Lead-Acid Batteries
US10637044B2 (en) * 2013-11-06 2020-04-28 Northstar Battery Company, Llc Corrosion resistant positive grid for lead-acid batteries
US9985276B2 (en) * 2013-11-06 2018-05-29 Northstar Battery Company, Llc Corrosion resistant positive grid for lead-acid batteries
US20150125748A1 (en) * 2013-11-06 2015-05-07 Northstar Battery Company, Llc Corrosion Resistant Positive Grid for Lead-Acid Batteries
CN110073531A (zh) * 2016-10-28 2019-07-30 爱德温工业公司 导电薄片增强、聚合物稳定的电极组合物和制备方法
CN106636737A (zh) * 2016-12-21 2017-05-10 河南超威电源有限公司 一种动力型铅蓄电池正极板栅合金及制备方法
CN106702436A (zh) * 2017-03-30 2017-05-24 昆明理工大学 高强耐腐蚀电解锰用铅基多元合金阳极材料的制备方法
CN108808010A (zh) * 2018-06-12 2018-11-13 河北超威电源有限公司 一种电动助力车铅蓄电池正极板栅合金及其制备方法
CN110129616A (zh) * 2019-04-18 2019-08-16 肇庆理士电源技术有限公司 一种铅酸蓄电池用耐腐蚀铅合金及其制备方法
CN116287858A (zh) * 2023-03-30 2023-06-23 巨江电源科技有限公司 铅酸蓄电池负极板栅用铅基钡钠铝合金及其制备方法和应用

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2003046243A1 (fr) 2003-06-05
WO2003046243A8 (fr) 2003-09-04

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20020088515A1 (en) Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries
US20040112486A1 (en) Thermo-mechanical treated lead and lead alloys especially for current collectors and connectors in lead-acid batteries
US6342110B1 (en) Lead and lead alloys with enhanced creep and/or intergranular corrosion resistance, especially for lead-acid batteries and electrodes therefor
US6086691A (en) Metallurgical process for manufacturing electrowinning lead alloy electrodes
Prengaman The metallurgy and performance of cast and rolled lead alloys for battery grids
US20200365906A1 (en) Aluminum-alloy foil for current collector and method for manufacturing thereof
US4279977A (en) Lead-calcium-tin battery grid
US6749950B2 (en) Expanded grid
EP1461470A2 (fr) Alliages de plomb traites de maniere thermo-mecanique
US6802917B1 (en) Perforated current collectors for storage batteries and electrochemical cells, having improved resistance to corrosion
US4228580A (en) Process for making wrought, lead-calcium battery grid alloy having high temperature tensile strength stability
JP2005510628A5 (fr)
US4109358A (en) Method for making storage battery grid from lead-tin-zinc alloy
US4035556A (en) Lead base alloy for use in a storage battery grid
JPS6327825B2 (fr)
MXPA00001285A (en) Metallurgical process for manufacturing electrowinning lead and lead alloy electrodes
JPH0429191B2 (fr)
JPH03116657A (ja) 鉛蓄電池
JPH0147862B2 (fr)

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: INTEGRAN TECHNOLOGIES INC., CANADA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PALUMBO, GINO;LIMOGES, DAVID L.;LIN, PETER K.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:014735/0469;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040525 TO 20040529

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION