US20020070486A1 - Method and device for removing decay heat from liquid metal reactors using thermosyphon - Google Patents
Method and device for removing decay heat from liquid metal reactors using thermosyphon Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20020070486A1 US20020070486A1 US09/814,819 US81481901A US2002070486A1 US 20020070486 A1 US20020070486 A1 US 20020070486A1 US 81481901 A US81481901 A US 81481901A US 2002070486 A1 US2002070486 A1 US 2002070486A1
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- United States
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- thermosyphon
- section
- heat
- reactor
- psdrs
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
- G21C15/18—Emergency cooling arrangements; Removing shut-down heat
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and device for removing passive decay heat from liquid metal reactors and, more particularly, to a method and device for effectively removing passive decay heat from liquid metal reactors using a thermosyphon heating part in place of a conventional air separator typically set in the heat transfer section of such a liquid metal reactor, thus improving its heat transfer capacity for transferring heat from a containment vessel, desirably reducing the temperature of exhaust air, and improving its decay heat removal capacity.
- a passive safety decay heat removal system (PSDRS) for liquid metal reactors has been actively and recently studied, developed and designed in the USA and Korea.
- PSDRS passive safety decay heat removal system
- the cooling operation for cooling the hot sidewall of a containment vessel surrounding a reactor vessel is accomplished by a natural circulation of atmospheric air, with circulation force for the air passively generated by a difference in the density between hot air flowing in a hot air passage and heated by the hot sidewall of the containment vessel and atmospheric air flowing in a cold air passage outside the hot air passage.
- the conventional PSDRS for liquid metal reactors is designed to use such a passive safety decay heat removal technique, it has a high degree of operational reliability.
- Another advantage of the conventional PSDRS resides in that it effectively and naturally removes decay heat from a liquid metal reactor without requiring any separate power source or any operator's control.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view, showing the construction of the conventional PSDRS for liquid metal reactors recently studied in Korea. As shown in the drawing, this PSDRS is designed to dissipate decay heat from a liquid metal reactor to the atmosphere through a containment vessel 4 surrounding a reactor vessel 3 .
- a concrete wall 2 entirely surrounds the PSDRS, with an air separator 11 set in the channel between the concrete wall 2 and the containment vessel 4 and dividing the channel into a hot air passage and a cold air passage.
- the hot air passage is defined between the containment vessel 4 and the air separator 11
- the cold air passage is defined between the concrete wall 2 and the air separator 11 as best seen in FIG. 5.
- FIG. 7 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of the conventional PSDRS having the air separator 11 .
- the heat transfer from the hot containment vessel 4 of the PSDRS to the air separator 11 is the radiant heat transfer (Rad).
- the heat transfer from the hot containment vessel 4 of the PSDRS to air in the hot air passage is the first convective heat transfer (Conv1), and the heat transfer from the air separator 11 to the air in the hot air passage is the second convective heat transfer (Conv2).
- the present invention is to provide a method and device for removing decay heat from liquid metal reactors, which uses the heating part of a thermosyphon or heat pipe in place of a conventional air separator, thus improving its decay heat removal capacity for liquid metal reactors.
- the air separator wall temperature (wall temperature of the thermosyphon heating part) is reduced and the heat dissipation from the hot wall, i.e. containment vessel 4 is increased.
- the increase is estimated to be 20% ⁇ 40%.
- This increase results in the overall heat transfer capacity of a decay heat removal device such as PSDRS.
- a thermosyphon induces a reduction in the air temperature since the thermosyphon provides an additional path of heat transfer to the final heat sink, i.e. the environment air.
- the reduction in the air temperature introduces decrease of the temperature of the concrete wall 2 that is relatively weak to high temperature. The decrease helps the system in maintaining mechanical integrity for long term operation of a decay heat removal device such as PSDRS at a plant accident.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view, showing the construction of a PSDRS using a thermosyphon in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of the PSDRS using a thermosyphon heating part according to the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the PSDRS using the thermosyphon according to the present invention, showing an arrangement of the parts of the PSDRS;
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view, showing the construction of a conventional PSDRS having an air separator for KALIMERs currently developed by KAERI of Korea;
- FIG. 5 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of a conventional PSDRS using both an air separator and a separate radiation structure
- FIG. 6 is a view, showing the construction and operational theory of a conventional two-phase closed thermosyphon.
- FIG. 7 is a view, showing the heat transfer mechanism of the conventional PSDRS having an air separator.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view, showing the construction of a PSDRS using a thermosyphon in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of the PSDRS using a thermosyphon heating part according to this invention.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the PSDRS using the thermosyphon according to this invention, showing an arrangement of the parts of the PSDRS.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view, showing the construction of a PSDRS for KALIMERs.
- FIG. 5 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of a conventional PSDRS using both an air separator and a separate radiation structure.
- FIG. 6 is a view, showing the construction and operational theory of a conventional two-phase closed thermosyphon.
- FIG. 7 is a view, showing the heat transfer mechanism of the conventional PSDRS having an air separator.
- the decay heat removal method of this invention comprises the steps of absorption of decay heat from the reactor vessel 3 of the liquid metal reactor by the evaporator section 6 of a thermosyphon 5 , and dissipation of the absorbed decay heat to the atmosphere from the condenser section 8 of the thermosyphon 5 .
- the thermosyphon 5 of this invention has a vertical evaporator section 6 that is installed between the concrete wall 2 and a containment vessel 4 as shown in FIG.
- the condenser section 8 forms the heat dissipation part of the thermosyphon 5 .
- thermosyphon or heat pipe and its application for PSDRSs will be described in detail as follows:
- thermosyphons and heat pipes are heat transfer devices making use of a heat transfer cycle, in which vapor naturally flows from an evaporator section having a high vapor pressure to a condenser section having a low vapor pressure due to a difference in the vapor pressure between the evaporator section and the condenser section.
- condensed fluid flows from the condenser section to the evaporator section due to natural force, such as capillary attraction or gravity.
- FIG. 6 is a view, showing the construction and operational theory of a conventional two-phase closed thermosyphon.
- the evaporator section vaporizes the working fluid, thus forming vapor.
- the vapor flows from the evaporator section to the condenser section through the adiabatic section due to a difference in the vapor pressure between the evaporator section and the condenser section.
- the vapor is condensed in the condenser section, while latent heat of condensation is dissipated from the heat dissipation part to the surroundings.
- the condensed fluid flows down from the condenser section along the sidewall of the thermosyphon vessel due to gravity, thus passing through the adiabatic section prior to reaching the evaporator section.
- the condensed fluid reaches the evaporation section, one cycle of the working fluid is accomplished.
- FIG. 1 shows the construction of PSDRS using a thermosyphon in accordance with the preferred embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a heat transfer mechanism of the above PSDRS.
- the construction of this PSDRS remains the same as that of the conventional PSDRS, except that the PSDRS of this invention has the thermosyphon, different from the conventional PSDRS.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the PSDRS using the thermosyphon of this invention, showing an embodiment of the arrangement of the parts of said PSDRS.
- numbers of thermosyphon pipes are located around the containment and containment vessel, and each thermosyphon pipe consists of evaporator, adiabatic, and condenser sections.
- the adiabatic section 7 connects the evaporator section 6 to the condenser section 8 .
- This adiabatic section 9 is covered with an insulator 9 around its sidewall, and so it does not perform any heat exchanging operation with the surroundings, but forms an inclined passage having a proper gradient suitable for allowing a downward flow of liquid-phase working fluid in addition to an upward flow of vapor-phase working fluid.
- finned pipes are used to enhance heat transfer between the condenser section and the atmosphere.
- Conv1 first convective heat transfer from the hot sidewall of the containment vessel to air flowing in the hot air passage.
- Conv2 second convective heat transfer from the hot sidewall of the thermosyphon to air flowing in the hot air passage.
- pore pores formed in a wick.
- Rad radiant heat transfer from the hot sidewall of the containment vessel to the air separator or the sidewall of the thermosyphon.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Structure Of Emergency Protection For Nuclear Reactors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to a method and device for removing passive decay heat from liquid metal reactors and, more particularly, to a method and device for effectively removing passive decay heat from liquid metal reactors using a thermosyphon heating part in place of a conventional air separator typically set in the heat transfer section of such a liquid metal reactor, thus improving its heat transfer capacity for transferring heat from a containment vessel, desirably reducing the temperature of exhaust air, and improving its decay heat removal capacity.
- 2. Description of the Prior Art
- A passive safety decay heat removal system (PSDRS) for liquid metal reactors has been actively and recently studied, developed and designed in the USA and Korea. In such a PSDRS, the cooling operation for cooling the hot sidewall of a containment vessel surrounding a reactor vessel is accomplished by a natural circulation of atmospheric air, with circulation force for the air passively generated by a difference in the density between hot air flowing in a hot air passage and heated by the hot sidewall of the containment vessel and atmospheric air flowing in a cold air passage outside the hot air passage. Since the conventional PSDRS for liquid metal reactors is designed to use such a passive safety decay heat removal technique, it has a high degree of operational reliability. Another advantage of the conventional PSDRS resides in that it effectively and naturally removes decay heat from a liquid metal reactor without requiring any separate power source or any operator's control.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view, showing the construction of the conventional PSDRS for liquid metal reactors recently studied in Korea. As shown in the drawing, this PSDRS is designed to dissipate decay heat from a liquid metal reactor to the atmosphere through a
containment vessel 4 surrounding areactor vessel 3. In a detailed description, aconcrete wall 2 entirely surrounds the PSDRS, with anair separator 11 set in the channel between theconcrete wall 2 and thecontainment vessel 4 and dividing the channel into a hot air passage and a cold air passage. In such a case, the hot air passage is defined between thecontainment vessel 4 and theair separator 11, while the cold air passage is defined between theconcrete wall 2 and theair separator 11 as best seen in FIG. 5. Air inlet and outlet chimneys (not shown) are provided at the sidewall of thecontainment vessel 4. FIG. 7 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of the conventional PSDRS having theair separator 11. As shown in this drawing, the heat transfer from thehot containment vessel 4 of the PSDRS to theair separator 11 is the radiant heat transfer (Rad). Meanwhile, the heat transfer from thehot containment vessel 4 of the PSDRS to air in the hot air passage is the first convective heat transfer (Conv1), and the heat transfer from theair separator 11 to the air in the hot air passage is the second convective heat transfer (Conv2). - Accordingly, the present invention is to provide a method and device for removing decay heat from liquid metal reactors, which uses the heating part of a thermosyphon or heat pipe in place of a conventional air separator, thus improving its decay heat removal capacity for liquid metal reactors.
- Through this configuration, the air separator wall temperature (wall temperature of the thermosyphon heating part) is reduced and the heat dissipation from the hot wall,
i.e. containment vessel 4 is increased. The increase is estimated to be 20%˜40%. This increase results in the overall heat transfer capacity of a decay heat removal device such as PSDRS. Also using a thermosyphon induces a reduction in the air temperature since the thermosyphon provides an additional path of heat transfer to the final heat sink, i.e. the environment air. The reduction in the air temperature introduces decrease of the temperature of theconcrete wall 2 that is relatively weak to high temperature. The decrease helps the system in maintaining mechanical integrity for long term operation of a decay heat removal device such as PSDRS at a plant accident. - The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view, showing the construction of a PSDRS using a thermosyphon in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 2 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of the PSDRS using a thermosyphon heating part according to the present invention;
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the PSDRS using the thermosyphon according to the present invention, showing an arrangement of the parts of the PSDRS;
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view, showing the construction of a conventional PSDRS having an air separator for KALIMERs currently developed by KAERI of Korea;
- FIG. 5 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of a conventional PSDRS using both an air separator and a separate radiation structure;
- FIG. 6 is a view, showing the construction and operational theory of a conventional two-phase closed thermosyphon; and
- FIG. 7 is a view, showing the heat transfer mechanism of the conventional PSDRS having an air separator.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view, showing the construction of a PSDRS using a thermosyphon in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of the PSDRS using a thermosyphon heating part according to this invention. FIG. 3 is a plan view of the PSDRS using the thermosyphon according to this invention, showing an arrangement of the parts of the PSDRS. FIG. 4 is a sectional view, showing the construction of a PSDRS for KALIMERs. FIG. 5 is a view, showing a heat transfer mechanism of a conventional PSDRS using both an air separator and a separate radiation structure. FIG. 6 is a view, showing the construction and operational theory of a conventional two-phase closed thermosyphon. FIG. 7 is a view, showing the heat transfer mechanism of the conventional PSDRS having an air separator.
- As shown in the drawings, the decay heat removal method of this invention comprises the steps of absorption of decay heat from the
reactor vessel 3 of the liquid metal reactor by theevaporator section 6 of athermosyphon 5, and dissipation of the absorbed decay heat to the atmosphere from thecondenser section 8 of thethermosyphon 5. Thethermosyphon 5 of this invention has avertical evaporator section 6 that is installed between theconcrete wall 2 and acontainment vessel 4 as shown in FIG. 1 and surrounds thecontainment vessel 4 circumferentially at its heat absorption part, an inclinedadiabatic section 7 extending upward from the top end of theevaporator section 6, and avertical condenser section 8 extending upward from the top end of theadiabatic section 7. Thecondenser section 8 forms the heat dissipation part of thethermosyphon 5. - The general idea of the thermosyphon or heat pipe and its application for PSDRSs will be described in detail as follows:
- As well known to those skilled in the art, thermosyphons and heat pipes are heat transfer devices making use of a heat transfer cycle, in which vapor naturally flows from an evaporator section having a high vapor pressure to a condenser section having a low vapor pressure due to a difference in the vapor pressure between the evaporator section and the condenser section. In the heat transfer cycle of the thermosyphons or the heat pipes, condensed fluid flows from the condenser section to the evaporator section due to natural force, such as capillary attraction or gravity.
- FIG. 6 is a view, showing the construction and operational theory of a conventional two-phase closed thermosyphon. As shown in the drawing, when the heat absorption part absorbs heat from surroundings, the evaporator section vaporizes the working fluid, thus forming vapor. The vapor flows from the evaporator section to the condenser section through the adiabatic section due to a difference in the vapor pressure between the evaporator section and the condenser section. The vapor is condensed in the condenser section, while latent heat of condensation is dissipated from the heat dissipation part to the surroundings. On the other hand, the condensed fluid flows down from the condenser section along the sidewall of the thermosyphon vessel due to gravity, thus passing through the adiabatic section prior to reaching the evaporator section. When the condensed fluid reaches the evaporation section, one cycle of the working fluid is accomplished.
- FIG. 1 shows the construction of PSDRS using a thermosyphon in accordance with the preferred embodiment of this invention. FIG. 2 shows a heat transfer mechanism of the above PSDRS. As shown in the drawings, the construction of this PSDRS remains the same as that of the conventional PSDRS, except that the PSDRS of this invention has the thermosyphon, different from the conventional PSDRS. FIG. 3 is a plan view of the PSDRS using the thermosyphon of this invention, showing an embodiment of the arrangement of the parts of said PSDRS. As shown in the drawing, numbers of thermosyphon pipes are located around the containment and containment vessel, and each thermosyphon pipe consists of evaporator, adiabatic, and condenser sections. The
adiabatic section 7 connects theevaporator section 6 to thecondenser section 8. Thisadiabatic section 9 is covered with aninsulator 9 around its sidewall, and so it does not perform any heat exchanging operation with the surroundings, but forms an inclined passage having a proper gradient suitable for allowing a downward flow of liquid-phase working fluid in addition to an upward flow of vapor-phase working fluid. For thecondenser section 8, finned pipes are used to enhance heat transfer between the condenser section and the atmosphere. - Conv1: first convective heat transfer from the hot sidewall of the containment vessel to air flowing in the hot air passage.
- Conv2: second convective heat transfer from the hot sidewall of the thermosyphon to air flowing in the hot air passage.
- pore: pores formed in a wick.
- Rad: radiant heat transfer from the hot sidewall of the containment vessel to the air separator or the sidewall of the thermosyphon.
- 1. Y. S. Sim et al,Analysis of Decay Heat removal Characteristics of PSDRS, KNS'98 Spring Collection of Academic Essays, pp. 653-659, 1998.
- 2. Y. S. Sim et al,Heat Transfer Enhancement by Structures for an Air Channel of LMR Decay Heat Removal, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 199, pp. 167-186, 2000.
- 3. A. S. Robertson & E. C. Cady,Heat Pipe Dry Cooling for Electrical Generating Stations, Proceedings of the 4th Int. Heat Pipe Conf., Sep. 7-10, 1981, London, UK, pp 745-758.
- 4. P. D. Dunn & D. A. Reay,Heat Pipes, 3rd Edition, Pergamon Press, 1982.
- 5. Y. Lee & U. Mital,A Two-Phase Closed Thermosyphon, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 15, pp 1695-1707, 1972.
- 6. Y. Lee & A. Bedrossian,The Characteristics of Heat Exchangers Using Heat Pipes or Thermosyphons, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 21, pp. 221-229, 1978.
- 7. Adrian Bejan,Convection Heat Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, 1984
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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KR00-74057 | 2000-12-07 | ||
KR10-2000-0074057A KR100419318B1 (en) | 2000-12-07 | 2000-12-07 | Decay heat removal apparatus using the thermosyphon in the liquid metal reactor |
Publications (1)
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US20020070486A1 true US20020070486A1 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
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US09/814,819 Abandoned US20020070486A1 (en) | 2000-12-07 | 2001-03-23 | Method and device for removing decay heat from liquid metal reactors using thermosyphon |
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US (1) | US20020070486A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3568911B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100419318B1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
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US20070253520A1 (en) * | 2004-01-02 | 2007-11-01 | Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute | Stable and passive decay heat removal system for liquid metal reactor |
JP2012255660A (en) * | 2011-06-07 | 2012-12-27 | Tohoku Univ | Powerless reactor cooling system |
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US8893513B2 (en) | 2012-05-07 | 2014-11-25 | Phononic Device, Inc. | Thermoelectric heat exchanger component including protective heat spreading lid and optimal thermal interface resistance |
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Family Cites Families (3)
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US4145708A (en) * | 1977-06-13 | 1979-03-20 | General Electric Company | Power module with isolated substrates cooled by integral heat-energy-removal means |
JPH05340656A (en) * | 1992-06-09 | 1993-12-21 | Toshiba Corp | Natural circulation type thermosiphon |
KR100238459B1 (en) * | 1995-08-02 | 2000-01-15 | 윤덕용 | Passive cooling system for concrete containment vessel of pressurized water reactors |
-
2000
- 2000-12-07 KR KR10-2000-0074057A patent/KR100419318B1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2001
- 2001-03-23 US US09/814,819 patent/US20020070486A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-04-05 JP JP2001107670A patent/JP3568911B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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US20070253520A1 (en) * | 2004-01-02 | 2007-11-01 | Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute | Stable and passive decay heat removal system for liquid metal reactor |
US7308070B2 (en) | 2004-01-02 | 2007-12-11 | Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute | Stable and passive decay heat removal system for liquid metal reactor |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR100419318B1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
JP2002214381A (en) | 2002-07-31 |
JP3568911B2 (en) | 2004-09-22 |
KR20020044842A (en) | 2002-06-19 |
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