US20020049880A1 - Method and apparatus for selecting a separate functional space in a low pin count memory device - Google Patents
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- US20020049880A1 US20020049880A1 US09/340,498 US34049899A US2002049880A1 US 20020049880 A1 US20020049880 A1 US 20020049880A1 US 34049899 A US34049899 A US 34049899A US 2002049880 A1 US2002049880 A1 US 2002049880A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
- G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
- G06F12/06—Addressing a physical block of locations, e.g. base addressing, module addressing, memory dedication
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- the present invention relates generally to memory in processor-based or microcontroller-based systems, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method of selecting functional space in a low pin count memory device.
- an address space may correspond to several functional spaces.
- extra signals or signal lines are used.
- a dedicated pin is typically provided on a chip so as to access a separate functional space in a memory component, such as register space.
- Such a separate functional space in the memory component is typically mapped to the same address space as the main memory, i.e., to memory space.
- This mapping scheme presents several problems, the most significant of which is the resulting error created when an access to the main memory is mapped to that intended for the register space.
- LPC Low Pin Count
- FIG. 1 is a system block diagram of an exemplary LPC processor system in which the apparatus and method of the present invention is used.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a detailed schematic diagram of the memory module 14 in which the present invention is implemented.
- FIG. 3A is a logic diagram illustrating the principles of the present invention.
- FIG. 3B is a logic diagram illustrating an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the process flow of the present invention.
- the present invention utilizes a memory configuration bit located in an address to indicate the use of either of the memory space or the register space in a low pin count (LPC) memory device, for the associated operation.
- the memory select bit is located adjacent the most significant address bit in the address.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary LPC processor system 10 which implements the processes of the present invention.
- the processor system 10 comprises a processor 12 (such as a central processing unit) and a memory module 14 .
- the memory module 14 includes a standard memory location 14 a , a register location 14 b and a memory decoder 14 c .
- the memory module 14 is a main memory that may be implemented by a random access memory (RAM) or a flash memory or a combination thereof.
- the processor 12 and memory module 14 are coupled to a system bus 16 .
- the memory module 14 is coupled to an I/O bus 20 .
- the processor system 10 may also include various I/O and peripheral modules (MISC I/O #1, #2, . . . #N) which are coupled along the I/O bus 20 that is in turn coupled to the system bus 16 via a bus bridge 22 .
- peripheral modules include a console, a printer and a mouse.
- the processor 12 includes any one of the x86, PentiumTM, Pentium IITM and Pentium ProTM microprocessors as marketed by Intel Corporation. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the technology that the present invention can be implemented in any processor-based system.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a detailed schematic diagram of the memory module 14 in which the present invention is implemented.
- an address 50 issued by the processor 12 in an LPC device is A bits long, where in one embodiment, A comprises bits A 1 -A 21 and bits A 22 -A 32 .
- bits A 1 -A 21 are the address bits, with A 1 being the least significant address bit, A 21 being the most significant address bit and A 22 -A 32 being additional information-bearing bits.
- flash memory in the firmware hub is typically divided into two zones: the first for storing Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) code and data, and the second, typically referred to as feature, is an alias to the memory space, such as memory element 14 a .
- the second zone provides a predetermined portion of register space, such as register element 14 b.
- the present invention utilizes bit A 22 as a memory select bit, to indicate if a corresponding operation is intended for the memory space or element 14 a or the register space or element 14 b .
- the memory select bit e.g., A 22
- the memory configuration bit may be located in any of the additional information-bearing bits (e.g., A 22 -A 32 ).
- A may comprise any predetermined number of bits sufficient for address identification.
- a control signal 52 issued by the processor includes at least two bits, one of which may be used to indicate if the corresponding cycle is a read operation while another bit may be used to indicate if the corresponding cycle is a write operation (see FIG. 3A). In alternate embodiments, a single bit in the control signal 52 may be used to indicate if the corresponding cycle is a read or write operation (see FIG. 3B).
- the address 50 and the control signal are both forwarded to the memory decoder 14 c which decodes the address 50 and determines if the cycle if the operation associated with the address is intended to access the memory location 14 a or the register location 14 b , and if the cycle is a read or a write operation.
- FIG. 3A is a logic diagram illustrating the principles of the present invention.
- separate bits in the control signal 52 are used to indicate if the operation associated with the address is a read or a write operation.
- the associated bits will hereinafter be referred to as the read and the write bits.
- the read bit When the read bit is true (or 1), it indicates that the associated operation involves a read operation.
- the write bit When the write bit is true (or 1), it indicates that the associated operation involves a write operation.
- a single bit may be used to represent the read/write operation status, as shown in FIG. 3B.
- FIG. 3B is a logic diagram illustrating an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
- a single bit in the control signal 52 is utilized to represent the read/write status associated with an address. As shown, when the read/write bit is false (or 0), the associated operation is a write operation. Conversely, when the read/write bit is true (or 1), the associated operation is a read operation.
- the address 50 may include information representative of whether access associated with the address 50 is a READ or a WRITE operation.
- the decoder such as memory decoder 14 c will decode the address signal to determine the type of access associated with the address 50 , prior to performing the process of the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the process flow of the present invention. Beginning from a start state, the process 100 proceeds to process block, where it receives the address signal 110 . It then advances to decision block 115 , where it determines if the corresponding access is a READ operation. If so, the process 100 proceeds to decision block 120 , where it determines if the memory select bit is true or a “1”.
- process block 125 the process proceeds to perform a read operation from the associated memory location, such as memory element 14 a (process block 125 ). If, at decision block 120 , it is determined that the memory select bit is not true, or a “0”, the process 100 proceeds to process block 130 , where it proceeds to perform a READ operation from the corresponding register location, such as memory element 14 b.
- the process 100 proceeds to decision block 135 , where it determines if the memory select bit is true or a “1”. If so, the process 100 proceeds to process block 140 , where it performs a WRITE operation to the corresponding memory location, such as memory element 14 a . If, at decision block 135 , it was determined that the memory select bit is not true, or a “0”, the process 100 proceeds to process block 145 , where it proceeds to perform a WRITE operation to the corresponding register location, such as memory element 14 b . After performing each process 125 , 130 , 140 or 145 , the process 100 terminates.
- an apparatus and method for selecting at least one of two separate functional spaces in a memory component is provided.
- the present invention facilitates selection of at least two separate functional spaces in a memory component without the need to add additional pins to a chip.
- the use of the present invention also prevents mapping of accesses to a register space to the same address space as the main memory.
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Abstract
The present invention is an apparatus and method for selecting one of a first and a second storage element in response to a control signal issued by a processor in a low pin count device. The apparatus comprises a decoder to receive the control signal and an address signal having a select bit indicative of one of the first and the second storage elements. The decoder generates a select signal to access one of the first and the second storage elements based on the select bit.
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates generally to memory in processor-based or microcontroller-based systems, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method of selecting functional space in a low pin count memory device.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- In processor-based systems such as computers, an address space may correspond to several functional spaces. To allow the processor to access these functional spaces, extra signals or signal lines are used. For example, a dedicated pin is typically provided on a chip so as to access a separate functional space in a memory component, such as register space. Such a separate functional space in the memory component is typically mapped to the same address space as the main memory, i.e., to memory space. This mapping scheme presents several problems, the most significant of which is the resulting error created when an access to the main memory is mapped to that intended for the register space. The implementation of a dedicated pin for accessing one of several functional spaces is particularly problematic in Low Pin Count (LPC) (refer to http://developer.intel.com/design/chipsets/industry/lpc—100.pdf) memory devices, as a minimal number of pins are implemented in these devices so as to reduce the requirements for space, cost and testing procedures.
- Accordingly, there is a need in the technology for an apparatus and method for overcoming the aforementioned problem. In particular, there is a need for an apparatus and method for allocating functional space in an LPC memory device so as to overcome the aforementioned problem.
- FIG. 1 is a system block diagram of an exemplary LPC processor system in which the apparatus and method of the present invention is used.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a detailed schematic diagram of the
memory module 14 in which the present invention is implemented. - FIG. 3A is a logic diagram illustrating the principles of the present invention.
- FIG. 3B is a logic diagram illustrating an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the process flow of the present invention.
- The present invention utilizes a memory configuration bit located in an address to indicate the use of either of the memory space or the register space in a low pin count (LPC) memory device, for the associated operation. In one embodiment, the memory select bit is located adjacent the most significant address bit in the address.
- The present embodiment is described in reference to a
processor system 10. FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplaryLPC processor system 10 which implements the processes of the present invention. Theprocessor system 10 comprises a processor 12 (such as a central processing unit) and amemory module 14. Thememory module 14 includes astandard memory location 14 a, aregister location 14 b and amemory decoder 14 c. In one embodiment, thememory module 14 is a main memory that may be implemented by a random access memory (RAM) or a flash memory or a combination thereof. Theprocessor 12 andmemory module 14 are coupled to asystem bus 16. In one alternate embodiment, thememory module 14 is coupled to an I/O bus 20. Theprocessor system 10 may also include various I/O and peripheral modules (MISC I/O # 1, #2, . . . #N) which are coupled along the I/O bus 20 that is in turn coupled to thesystem bus 16 via abus bridge 22. Examples of the peripheral modules include a console, a printer and a mouse. In one embodiment, theprocessor 12 includes any one of the x86, Pentium™, Pentium II™ and Pentium Pro™ microprocessors as marketed by Intel Corporation. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the technology that the present invention can be implemented in any processor-based system. - FIG. 2 illustrates a detailed schematic diagram of the
memory module 14 in which the present invention is implemented. As shown, anaddress 50 issued by theprocessor 12 in an LPC device, is A bits long, where in one embodiment, A comprises bits A1-A21 and bits A22-A32. In one embodiment, bits A1-A21 are the address bits, with A1 being the least significant address bit, A21 being the most significant address bit and A22-A32 being additional information-bearing bits. In the embodiment as implemented in an LPC device, flash memory in the firmware hub is typically divided into two zones: the first for storing Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) code and data, and the second, typically referred to as feature, is an alias to the memory space, such asmemory element 14 a. The second zone provides a predetermined portion of register space, such asregister element 14 b. - In one embodiment, the present invention utilizes bit A22 as a memory select bit, to indicate if a corresponding operation is intended for the memory space or
element 14 a or the register space orelement 14 b. As described in the present embodiment, the memory select bit (e.g., A22) is located adjacent to the most significant address bit (e.g., A21). However, it is understood that in alternate embodiments, the memory configuration bit may be located in any of the additional information-bearing bits (e.g., A22-A32).). It is understood that in alternate embodiments, A may comprise any predetermined number of bits sufficient for address identification. - In addition, a
control signal 52 issued by the processor includes at least two bits, one of which may be used to indicate if the corresponding cycle is a read operation while another bit may be used to indicate if the corresponding cycle is a write operation (see FIG. 3A). In alternate embodiments, a single bit in thecontrol signal 52 may be used to indicate if the corresponding cycle is a read or write operation (see FIG. 3B). Theaddress 50 and the control signal are both forwarded to thememory decoder 14 c which decodes theaddress 50 and determines if the cycle if the operation associated with the address is intended to access thememory location 14 a or theregister location 14 b, and if the cycle is a read or a write operation. - FIG. 3A is a logic diagram illustrating the principles of the present invention. In this embodiment, separate bits in the
control signal 52 are used to indicate if the operation associated with the address is a read or a write operation. For discussion purposes, the associated bits will hereinafter be referred to as the read and the write bits. When the read bit is true (or 1), it indicates that the associated operation involves a read operation. When the write bit is true (or 1), it indicates that the associated operation involves a write operation. However, it is understood that a single bit may be used to represent the read/write operation status, as shown in FIG. 3B. - As shown in FIG. 3A, when the read and write are both zero, there is no associated cycle or operation, regardless of the state of the memory configuration bit (e.g., A22). When the read bit is false (or 0) and the write bit is true (or 1), then the associated operation is a write to the
register location 14 c if the memory configuration bit is false (or 0). When the read bit is false (or 0) and the write bit is true (or 1), then the associated operation is a write to thememory location 14 b if the memory configuration bit is true (or 1). - When the read bit is true (or 1) and the write bit is false (or 0), then the associated operation is a read from the
register location 14 c if the memory configuration bit is false (or 0). When the read bit is true (or 1) and the write bit is false (or 0), then the associated operation is a read from thememory location 14 b if the memory configuration bit is true (or 1). - Finally, when the read and write are both true (or 1), the associated operation is invalid, regardless of the state of the memory configuration bit (e.g., A22).
- FIG. 3B is a logic diagram illustrating an alternate embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a single bit in the
control signal 52 is utilized to represent the read/write status associated with an address. As shown, when the read/write bit is false (or 0), the associated operation is a write operation. Conversely, when the read/write bit is true (or 1), the associated operation is a read operation. - In addition, if the read/write bit is false (or 0), and the memory configuration bit is 0, then the associated operation is a write to the
register location 14 b. If the read/write bit is false (or 0), and the memory configuration bit is 1, then the associated operation is a write to thememory location 14 a. - If the read/write bit is true (or 1), and the memory configuration bit is 0, then the associated operation is a read from the
register location 14 b. If the read/write bit is true (or 1), and the memory configuration bit is 1, then the associated operation is a read from thememory location 14 a. - In an alternate embodiment, the address50 (see FIG. 2) may include information representative of whether access associated with the
address 50 is a READ or a WRITE operation. In this embodiment, the decoder, such asmemory decoder 14 c will decode the address signal to determine the type of access associated with theaddress 50, prior to performing the process of the invention. FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the process flow of the present invention. Beginning from a start state, theprocess 100 proceeds to process block, where it receives theaddress signal 110. It then advances to decision block 115, where it determines if the corresponding access is a READ operation. If so, theprocess 100 proceeds to decision block 120, where it determines if the memory select bit is true or a “1”. If so, the process proceeds to perform a read operation from the associated memory location, such asmemory element 14 a (process block 125). If, atdecision block 120, it is determined that the memory select bit is not true, or a “0”, theprocess 100 proceeds to process block 130, where it proceeds to perform a READ operation from the corresponding register location, such asmemory element 14 b. - If, at
decision block 115, it was determined that the corresponding access is not a READ operation, but is instead a WRITE operation, theprocess 100 proceeds to decision block 135, where it determines if the memory select bit is true or a “1”. If so, theprocess 100 proceeds to process block 140, where it performs a WRITE operation to the corresponding memory location, such asmemory element 14 a. If, atdecision block 135, it was determined that the memory select bit is not true, or a “0”, theprocess 100 proceeds to process block 145, where it proceeds to perform a WRITE operation to the corresponding register location, such asmemory element 14 b. After performing eachprocess process 100 terminates. - Through the use of the present invention, an apparatus and method for selecting at least one of two separate functional spaces in a memory component is provided. In particular, the present invention facilitates selection of at least two separate functional spaces in a memory component without the need to add additional pins to a chip. The use of the present invention also prevents mapping of accesses to a register space to the same address space as the main memory.
- Although the present invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are also within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is intended to be defined only by the claims which follow.
Claims (21)
1. An apparatus for selecting one of a first and a second storage elements in response to a signal issued by a processor in a low pin count device, comprising:
a decoder to receive an address signal having a select bit indicative of one of the first and the second storage elements, the decoder to generate a select signal to access one of the first and the second storage elements based on the select bit.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first storage element is a memory element and the second storage element is a register element.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the select bit has a first value representative of an access to or from the memory element, and a second value representative of an access to or from the register element.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the access is a read operation.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the access is a write operation.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the decoder also receives a control signal having a value indicating that the access is a read operation.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the control signal having a value indicating that the access is a write operation.
8. A method for selecting one of a first and a second storage elements, in response to a signal issued by a processor in a low pin count device, comprising:
(a) receiving an address signal having a select bit indicative of one of the first and the second storage elements;
(b) generating a select signal to access one of the first and the second storage elements based on the select bit; and
(c) accessing one of the first and the second storage elements.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein in (a), the first storage element is a memory element and the second storage element is a register element.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein in (a), the select bit has a first value representative of an access to or from the memory element, and a second value representative of an access to or from the register element.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein in (a) the access is a read operation.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein in (a) the access is a write operation.
13. The method of claim 8 , further comprising: receiving a control signal having a value indicating that the access is a read operation.
14. The method of claim 8 , further comprising: receiving a control signal having a value indicating that the access is a write operation.
15. A system for selecting one of a first and a second storage elements in a processor-based system, in response to a signal issued by a processor in a low pin count device, the system comprising:
a memory for storing instruction sequences by which the processor-based system is processed, the memory having a first and a second storage elements;
a processor coupled to said memory, the processor executes the stored instruction sequences;
wherein the stored instruction sequences cause the processor to: (a) receive an address signal having a select bit indicative of one of the first and the second storage elements; (b) generate a select signal to access one of the first and the second storage elements based on the select bit; and (c) access one of the first and the second storage elements.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the first storage element is a memory element and the second storage element is a register element.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the select bit has a first value representative of an access to or from the memory element, and a second value representative of an access to or from the register element.
18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the access is a read operation.
19. The system of claim 17 , wherein the access is a write operation.
20. The system of claim 15 , wherein the stored instruction sequences further cause the processor to receive a control signal having a value indicating that the access is a read operation.
21. The system of claim 15 , wherein the stored instruction sequences further cause the processor to receive a control signal having a value indicating that the access is a write operation.
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US20040255075A1 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2004-12-16 | Chung-Ching Huang | Apparatus and method for flash ROM management |
CN1320450C (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2007-06-06 | 英特尔公司 | Method for providing width-variable at least six-path addition instruction and apparatus thereof |
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US6948011B1 (en) * | 1999-12-07 | 2005-09-20 | Advanced Micro Devices | Alternate Register Mapping |
US6851014B2 (en) * | 2002-03-22 | 2005-02-01 | Programmable Microelectronics Corp. | Memory device having automatic protocol detection |
US7103701B2 (en) * | 2002-09-23 | 2006-09-05 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Memory bus interface |
US7249213B2 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2007-07-24 | Silicon Storage Technology, Inc. | Memory device operable with a plurality of protocols with configuration data stored in non-volatile storage elements |
US20050044297A1 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2005-02-24 | Eugene Feng | Memory device operable with a plurality of protocols |
US6944064B2 (en) * | 2003-12-22 | 2005-09-13 | Silicon Storage Technology, Inc. | Memory unit having programmable device ID |
US7069371B2 (en) * | 2004-03-10 | 2006-06-27 | Silicon Storage Technology, Inc. | Motherboard having a non-volatile memory which is reprogrammable through a video display port and a non-volatile memory switchable between two communication protocols |
TWI230859B (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2005-04-11 | Amic Technology Corp | Method and related system for accessing LPC memory or firmware memory in a computer system |
US20070147115A1 (en) * | 2005-12-28 | 2007-06-28 | Fong-Long Lin | Unified memory and controller |
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US7609562B2 (en) * | 2007-01-31 | 2009-10-27 | Intel Corporation | Configurable device ID in non-volatile memory |
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US5060192A (en) * | 1989-12-27 | 1991-10-22 | Harris Corporation | Cross-point switch |
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CN1320450C (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2007-06-06 | 英特尔公司 | Method for providing width-variable at least six-path addition instruction and apparatus thereof |
US20040255075A1 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2004-12-16 | Chung-Ching Huang | Apparatus and method for flash ROM management |
US7162568B2 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2007-01-09 | Via Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and method for flash ROM management |
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