US20020042839A1 - HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor - Google Patents

HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor Download PDF

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Publication number
US20020042839A1
US20020042839A1 US09/882,375 US88237501A US2002042839A1 US 20020042839 A1 US20020042839 A1 US 20020042839A1 US 88237501 A US88237501 A US 88237501A US 2002042839 A1 US2002042839 A1 US 2002042839A1
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Prior art keywords
server
http
client
requests
responses
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Abandoned
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US09/882,375
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English (en)
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Christopher Peiffer
Israel L'Heureux
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Juniper Networks Inc
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Individual
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Filing date
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Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US09/882,375 priority Critical patent/US20020042839A1/en
Priority to US09/975,522 priority patent/US7231446B2/en
Priority to AU2002214574A priority patent/AU2002214574A1/en
Priority to AT01983121T priority patent/ATE370455T1/de
Priority to PCT/US2001/031854 priority patent/WO2002031676A1/fr
Priority to EP01983121A priority patent/EP1332437B1/fr
Priority to DE60130011T priority patent/DE60130011T2/de
Publication of US20020042839A1 publication Critical patent/US20020042839A1/en
Priority to US10/136,030 priority patent/US7055028B2/en
Assigned to REDLINE NETWORKS, INC. reassignment REDLINE NETWORKS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PEIFFER, CHRISTOPHER, L'HEUREUX, ISREAL
Assigned to JUNIPER NETWORKS, INC. reassignment JUNIPER NETWORKS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: REDLINE NETWORKS, INC.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/02—Protocols based on web technology, e.g. hypertext transfer protocol [HTTP]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/40—Network security protocols
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
    • H04L69/161—Implementation details of TCP/IP or UDP/IP stack architecture; Specification of modified or new header fields
    • H04L69/162—Implementation details of TCP/IP or UDP/IP stack architecture; Specification of modified or new header fields involving adaptations of sockets based mechanisms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
    • H04L69/165—Combined use of TCP and UDP protocols; selection criteria therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/14—Session management
    • H04L67/142—Managing session states for stateless protocols; Signalling session states; State transitions; Keeping-state mechanisms
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S370/00—Multiplex communications
    • Y10S370/916—Multiplexer/demultiplexer

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to data transmission on computer networks, and more particularly to a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Multiplexor/Demultiplexor.
  • HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
  • the Internet has experienced explosive growth in recent years.
  • the emergence of the World Wide Web has enabled millions of users around the world to download easily web resources containing text, graphics, video, and sound data while at home, work, or from remote locations via wireless devices.
  • These web resources often are large in size and therefore require a long time to download, causing the user delay and frustration. Delay often causes users to abandon the requested web page and move on to another web page, resulting in lost revenue and exposure for many commercial web sites.
  • HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
  • TCP Transfer Control Protocol
  • a system, method and device for multiplexing and demultiplexing HTTP requests are provided.
  • the method may include receiving HTTP requests from a client and routing those requests to a plurality of sockets on a server.
  • the requests may be routed based on socket response time, the type or size of data being requested, or on other parameters related to the HTTP requests.
  • the method may also include receiving HTTP responses over a plurality of connections from the server and routing those responses to the client.
  • the method typically includes at an intermediate networking device, listening for a series of HTTP requests from an originating client, receiving the series of HTTP requests from the originating client, demultiplexing the series of HTTP requests into discrete HTTP requests, and sending each discrete HTTP request to an optimal server socket.
  • the method further includes listening for HTTP responses from a plurality of server sockets, receiving the HTTP responses from the plurality of server sockets, multiplexing the HTTP responses from the plurality of server sockets into a series of HTTP responses, and sending the series of HTTP responses to the originating client.
  • the system typically includes a server, a client configured to connect to the server via a computer network, and a computer networking device positioned intermediate the server and the client on the computer network.
  • the computer networking device typically has an HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor configured to receive HTTP requests from the client and to distribute those requests over a plurality of TCP connections to a plurality of corresponding sockets on the server.
  • the device typically includes an HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor configured to receive HTTP requests from a client and to distribute those requests to a plurality of sockets on a server.
  • the device typically is further configured to receive HTTP responses from the plurality of sockets on the server and to route those responses to the client.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a prior art network configuration.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor system of FIG. 2, showing HTTP requests and responses.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a client computing device of the system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view of one embodiment of a networking device of the system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view of another embodiment of a networking device of the system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method of demultiplexing and multiplexing HTTP requests and responses according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Prior art system 5 includes a plurality of remote clients 5 a and a server 5 b .
  • TCP Transport Control Protocol
  • Each TCP connection is established between a single socket on each remote client and a corresponding socket on the server, such that a one-to-one socket ratio is established.
  • Remote clients 5 a send Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests via established TCP connections to a TCP buffer associated with a server socket. Requests received at the TCP buffer are processed only as quickly as the server can respond to them. Often, requests build up in the buffer because the server cannot respond to them quickly enough, and server-side delay (also referred to as latency) often results. This is inefficient and frustrating, and may cause a user to abandon downloading the page.
  • HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
  • System 10 typically includes a plurality of remote clients 12 configured to communicate with servers 14 via computer network 16 .
  • remote client 12 sends HTTP requests via a networking device 20 to server 14 and waits for HTTP responses to return.
  • Networking device 20 includes an HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 configured to route HTTP requests from a single socket on remote client 12 , to a plurality of sockets on server 14 .
  • HTTP requests are routed to an optimal server socket with optimal response time, in order to ensure efficient processing of the requests.
  • remote client 12 typically is a personal computer including a processor 13 a coupled to a communications bus 13 b .
  • a mass storage device 13 c such as a hard drive, CD ROM drive, tape drive, etc., and a memory 13 d are also linked to the communications bus 13 b .
  • Memory 13 d typically includes random access memory (RAM) 13 e , and read-only memory (ROM) 13 f .
  • ROM 13 f typically includes a basic input/output system (BIOS) 13 g , which is configured to start up and operate basic functions of the remote client.
  • Remote client 12 typically is configured to access computer network 16 via a network interface 13 h .
  • remote client 12 may be a portable data assistant, web-enabled wireless device, mainframe computer, or other suitable computing device.
  • Remote client 12 typically is configured to run an operating system (OS) 13 i to manage programs or applications.
  • Operating system 13 i is stored in mass storage device 13 c .
  • suitable operating systems include UNIX, Windows, MacOS, VMS, and OS/ 2 , although virtually any suitable operating system may be used.
  • Remote client 12 includes a browser program 13 i stored in mass storage device 13 c configured to display requested web resources to a user of remote client 12 .
  • Exemplary browser programs 34 include the Netscape browser commercially available from Netscape Communications Corporation of Santa Clara, California and the Internet Explorer browser commercially available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington.
  • Server 14 also typically is a computer similar to that shown in FIG. 4.
  • Server 14 typically includes a server program configured to communicate with remote clients using the HTTP protocol.
  • the server program typically is configured to receive HTTP requests, and, in response send HTTP responses to browser 13 i on remote client 12 via computer network 16 .
  • Computer network 16 typically is a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet and computer network 24 is a local area network (LAN).
  • WAN wide area network
  • LAN local area network
  • network 16 operates using TCP/IP protocols, although other protocols suitable for carrying HTTP requests and responses may be used.
  • Web site 18 typically includes a collection of web resources or URIs typically located at a web address called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
  • the term “web resource” refers generally to a data resource that may be downloaded by a web browser. Web resources may include web pages, code, graphics, video, sounds, text, and/or other data. Web resources may be static (e.g. stored file) or dynamic (e.g. dynamically generated output). Web resources may be stored on and served by a single server 14 or a number of servers 14 , as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, images may be stored on one server while code may be stored in another server, alternatively, copies of images and code may be stored on multiple redundant servers.
  • networking device 20 typically includes a controller 20 a having a memory 20 b and processor 20 c linked by a bus 20 d . Also coupled to bus 20 d is a mass storage device 20 e including a multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 , which may also be referred to as a “mux/demux.”
  • Networking device 20 also typically includes a network interface 20 f coupled to bus 20 d and to an external network connection to computer network 16 .
  • Network interface 20 f is configured to enable networking device 20 to communicate with remote client 12 via WAN computer network 16 and with server 14 via LAN computer network 24 .
  • An example of a suitable network interface is the Intel Ethernet Pro 100 network card, commercially available from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.
  • Networking device 20 ′ typically includes an integrated circuit board 20 g .
  • the integrated circuit board contains a bus 20 h connecting a network interface 20 i , memory 20 i , processor 20 k , Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) 20 m , and mass storage device 20 n .
  • Network interface 20 i is configured to enable networking device 20 ′ to communicate with remote client 12 via computer network 16 and with server 14 via LAN 24 .
  • ASIC 20 m typically contains a multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 .
  • ASIC 20 m , processor 20 k , and memory 20 i form a controller 20 p configured to process requests for web resources according to the methods described below. It will be appreciated that the embodiments of networking device 20 , 20 ′ may be a stand-alone network appliance or may be integrated with a web server.
  • Networking device 20 typically is connected to server 14 via LAN 24 . Because device 20 is connected to server 14 via LAN 24 and remote client 12 via WAN 16 , networking device 20 may be considered a “server-side” proxy server.
  • a proxy server is a program or device that acts as an intermediary between a browser and a server.
  • Networking device 20 acts as an intermediary by receiving HTTP requests from remote clients 12 and sending those requests to a socket on server 14 , and by receiving server-generated HTTP responses and sending those responses to the remote client that originated the requests.
  • Networking device 20 includes a software or firmware multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 configured to route requests from a single remote client to a plurality of sockets on server 14 , and to route server responses from various sockets back to the originating remote client.
  • each remote client 12 has an associated network connection 26 , 28 , 30 established with multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 via WAN 16 .
  • Remote clients 12 are typically configured to send HTTP requests and receive HTTP responses via connections 26 , 28 , and 30 .
  • Each server 14 has an associated network connection 32 , 34 , 36 established with multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 via LAN 24 .
  • Servers 14 are typically configured to receive HTTP requests and send HTTP responses via connections 32 , 34 , and 36 . It will be appreciated that multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 is configured to establish additional connections with additional remote clients and servers.
  • connections 26 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 34 , and 36 are persistent TCP connections.
  • Persistent TCP connections are connections that remain open until explicitly commanded to close or until the server times-out the connection.
  • a connection other than a persistent TCP connection may be used.
  • HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 is configured to receive a series of HTTP requests A over a single connection 26 from a remote client 12 at a corresponding remote client-side socket 26 a .
  • socket refers to a port, buffer, logical node, or object configured to receive data in the HTTP format from a remote device via a network connection, and is not limited to a “socket” as defined in the Unix operating system environment.
  • HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 is also configured to demultiplex the series of requests A into discrete requests A 1 -A 3 and to transport each discrete request A 1 -A 3 to one of a plurality of server-side sockets 32 a , 34 a , and 36 a .
  • This process is referred to as demultiplexing because a series of requests from a single TCP connection is broken up and routed over a plurality of TCP connections to a plurality of server sockets.
  • server-side sockets 32 a , 34 a , 36 a of mux/demux 22 are connected to corresponding server sockets 32 b , 34 b 36 b of server 14 via respective connections 32 , 34 , 36 , via LAN 24 .
  • HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 of one embodiment of the present invention is configured to route or distribute the incoming requests A from a single remote client-side socket such as 26 a to a plurality of server-side sockets 32 a , 34 a , and 36 a .
  • multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 is configured to route each of HTTP requests A to an optimal server socket, which typically is a least busy server socket.
  • multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 may be configured to detect the response time at each server socket 32 b , 34 b , 36 b by monitoring server-side sockets 32 a , 34 a , and 36 a .
  • the server socket with the fastest response time may be determined to be the least busy server socket.
  • another method may be used to determine the optimal server socket.
  • the HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor may be configured to determine the type of HTTP request being made and/or the type of data being requested and accordingly route the request to an optimal server-side socket, based on the requested data type or HTTP request type. For example, all image requests may be handled by a predetermined set of sockets on server 14 a , while all HTML requests may be handled by a predetermined set of sockets on server 14 b . In addition, all HTTP 1 . 0 requests may be detected by multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 and routed to an optimal socket on server 14 a , while all HTTP 1 . 1 requests may be detected and routed to an optimal socket on server 14 b .
  • Server 14 is configured to respond to the many incoming HTTP requests by sending out appropriate HTTP responses B, which may contain data requested by the HTTP requests.
  • HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 is configured to receive these responses at server-side sockets 32 a , 34 a , and 36 a and route these responses back to the appropriate remote client-side socket, such as 26 a , from which the corresponding HTTP request originated.
  • HTTP requests A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 all originate from remote client 12 a , and are routed to server sockets 32 b , 34 b , and 36 a , respectively, by HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 .
  • HTTP responses B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 are sent from server sockets 32 b , 34 b , and 36 b over persistent TCP connections 32 , 34 , and 36 to server-side sockets 32 a , 34 a , and 36 a , at which point the responses are all routed back to remote client-side socket 26 a for delivery to remote client 12 a via TCP connection 26 .
  • This process is referred to as multiplexing because discrete responses from a plurality of sockets are combined into a series of responses and sent over a single TCP connection to remote client 12 a .
  • HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 is configured to take a single series of HTTP requests received via a single socket and route the requests to a plurality of different sockets on server 14 , and route responses from the various server sockets back to the remote client, such that the performance of server 14 may be optimized.
  • HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 is configured to simultaneously demultiplex and multiplex HTTP requests and responses going to and from a plurality of remote clients 12 via a plurality of remote client-side sockets 26 a , 28 a , 30 a .
  • a method 100 may be practiced according to the present invention.
  • the steps of method 100 are typically accomplished by networking device 20 , utilizing remote client 12 , server 14 , WAN 16 , and LAN 24 .
  • the method may be accomplished by dedicated software on server 14 , or by some other suitable software or hardware device.
  • the method typically includes establishing persistent TCP connections between multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 and a plurality of sockets on server 14 typically via LAN 24 .
  • the method typically includes establishing persistent TCP connections between multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 and one or more remote clients 12 via WAN 16 .
  • the method further includes listening for a series of HTTP requests from an originating remote client 12 and/or for HTTP responses from various server sockets.
  • method 100 continues, at 108, to receive the series of HTTP requests from originating remote client 12 at a single remote client-side socket.
  • Method 100 further includes, at 110, demultiplexing the series of HTTP requests into a plurality of discrete HTTP requests.
  • the method further includes routing the series of requests to a plurality of sockets on an associated server, typically by sending each discrete HTTP request to an optimal server socket.
  • method 100 may also include monitoring server sockets 32 b , 34 b , and 36 b and determining an optimal server socket.
  • the multiplexor/demultiplexor typically determines an optimal server socket by determining a server socket with a least-lengthy response time.
  • the optimal server socket may be determined by determining a last-accessed server socket, determining a server socket with the fewest number of unfulfilled requests, determining the type or size of data being requested or other parameters related to the HTTP requests, or by weighing all or some of these conditions.
  • the multiplexor/demultiplexor is able to send a discrete HTTP request to the optimal server socket.
  • method 100 proceeds to 114 , and includes receiving HTTP responses from various server sockets.
  • the multiplexor/demultiplexor typically is able to determine the destination of the HTTP responses.
  • the method includes multiplexing the HTTP responses generated in response to requests from an originating remote client into a series of HTTP responses bound for the originating remote client.
  • method 100 includes sending the series of responses to the originating remote client.
  • the method includes returning to step 104 to establish a persistent TCP connection with the new remote client, or returning to step 102 to establish a persistent TCP connection with the new server, respectively.
  • HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor 22 may be configured to establish a plurality of TCP connections with a plurality of servers and a plurality of remote clients, and therefore may be configured to handle HTTP requests and HTTP responses from multiple servers and remote clients at once.
  • the method may include receiving a series of HTTP requests originating from a single remote client and routing those requests to a plurality of sockets on a server.
  • the method may also include receiving HTTP responses over a plurality of TCP connections from the server and routing those responses to a single remote client.
  • single remote 20 client refers to the fact that a plurality of requests originate from a single client.
  • the method may be practiced with more than one remote client.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Information Transfer Between Computers (AREA)
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US09/882,375 2000-10-10 2001-06-15 HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor Abandoned US20020042839A1 (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/882,375 US20020042839A1 (en) 2000-10-10 2001-06-15 HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor
EP01983121A EP1332437B1 (fr) 2000-10-10 2001-10-10 Multiplexeur/demultiplexeur http
AU2002214574A AU2002214574A1 (en) 2000-10-10 2001-10-10 Http multiplexor/demultiplexor
AT01983121T ATE370455T1 (de) 2000-10-10 2001-10-10 Http-multiplexer/demultiplexer
PCT/US2001/031854 WO2002031676A1 (fr) 2000-10-10 2001-10-10 Multiplexeur/demultiplexeur http
US09/975,522 US7231446B2 (en) 2000-10-10 2001-10-10 HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor
DE60130011T DE60130011T2 (de) 2000-10-10 2001-10-10 Http-multiplexer/demultiplexer
US10/136,030 US7055028B2 (en) 2000-10-10 2002-04-29 HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor system for use in secure transactions

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US23955200P 2000-10-10 2000-10-10
US09/882,375 US20020042839A1 (en) 2000-10-10 2001-06-15 HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor

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US09/975,522 Expired - Lifetime US7231446B2 (en) 2000-10-10 2001-10-10 HTTP multiplexor/demultiplexor

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US7231446B2 (en) 2007-06-12
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