US20020037148A1 - Optical devices employing an optical thresholder - Google Patents
Optical devices employing an optical thresholder Download PDFInfo
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- US20020037148A1 US20020037148A1 US09/999,556 US99955601A US2002037148A1 US 20020037148 A1 US20020037148 A1 US 20020037148A1 US 99955601 A US99955601 A US 99955601A US 2002037148 A1 US2002037148 A1 US 2002037148A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F3/00—Optical logic elements; Optical bistable devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
- G02F1/3515—All-optical modulation, gating, switching, e.g. control of a light beam by another light beam
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
- G02F1/3523—Non-linear absorption changing by light, e.g. bleaching
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to an optical device employing an optical thresholder and, more particularly, to an optical comparator that employs an optical thresholding device positioned in a propagation path of an optical input beam that provides an indicator signal indicative of whether the intensity of the input beam is above a threshold.
- Optical comparators comprise an example of such a device that has not heretofore met basic design requirements.
- variable optical signal attenuator is another example of a device that has not heretofore met basic attenuator design requirements.
- An optical comparator that compares an optical signal with an optical threshold and indicates whether the threshold has been exceeded and/or an optical signal attenuator that decreases the intensity of an optical signal by a predetermined amount with little or no reliance on RF technology would reduce system complexity and provide for high speed and large bandwidth processing advances.
- two optical devices that employ an optical thresholding device positioned in the propagation path of an optical input beam.
- the optical thresholding device saturates and turns transparent if the intensity of the optical beam that impinges it is above a predetermined threshold level which is designed into the device. If the input beam to the optical comparator saturates the optical thresholder it outputs an indicator signal identifying the saturation and that the threshold has been exceeded. The presence of an indicator signal gives an indication of the intensity of the input beam.
- the optical thresholder is a saturable absorber that receives an optical control beam. If the saturable absorber saturates and turns transparent, the control beam passes through the thresholding device as an optical indicator beam. Photodetectors can be provided to convert the optical indicator beam to an electrical representation if desired.
- the optical thresholder is a semiconductor saturable absorber that is configured in a reverse-biased p-i-n layout, where the input beam generates electron/hole charge carriers in the saturable absorber that generate a current flow that can be measured as the indicator signal.
- the semiconductor saturable absorber saturates, it turns transparent and the maximum number of charge carriers are generated.
- the threshold level is varied and established by a control signal to selectively control the signal attenuation without saturating the optical thresholding device.
- the intensity of the optical beam is less than that of the control signal.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of an optical comparator employing an optical threshold device, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of an optical comparator employing a semiconductor optical thresholder, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view of an optical signal attenuator employing an optical thresholder according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graph of the transmission versus normalized input intensity for the optical thresholder illustrated in FIG. 3.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an optical comparator 10 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the comparator 10 receives an analog optical input beam 12 having an intensity between a minimum value, such as zero, and some known maximum value, which is normally normalized to a value of unity, from a suitable optical source 14 .
- the input beam 12 is modulated with an analog RF signal.
- the modulation of the beam 12 can be by any suitable signal, both analog and digital.
- the output of the comparator 10 is an indicator beam that gives a representation of whether the intensity of the optical beam 12 exceeds a predetermined threshold as will be discussed below.
- the comparator 10 includes a saturable absorber 16 , acting as an optical thresholding device (OTD), that is positioned along the propagation path of the optical beam 12 .
- a saturable absorber 16 is a known optical device that is generally opaque or lossy in a normal state, but when an optical beam having an intensity above a threshold level of the absorber impinges it, the absorber will saturate and become transparent or “bleached”. Saturable absorbers of this type that exhibit these properties have been well known in the art for their use in mode-lock lasers. A discussion of saturable absorbers can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,256.
- the absorber 16 measures the intensity of the beam 12 , and if it exceeds the predetermined threshold level designed into the absorber 16 , the beam 12 will pass as an optical signal output 18 . Therefore, if the optical beam 12 has a large enough intensity when it impinges the absorber 16 , it exceeds the threshold and passes to the output 18 . If the beam 12 does not have a large enough intensity to saturate absorber 16 , then it is absorbed by the absorber 16 and does not pass through.
- Saturable absorbers are used by way of a non-limiting example, in that any optical thresholding device having the properties described herein can be used as would be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
- U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,337,180 and 4,934,782 disclose other types of optical thresholding devices that may be applicable.
- the comparator 10 further includes a control laser 20 that generates a laser beam 22 , also referred to as a control or indicator beam.
- the indicator beam 22 is directed towards the absorber 16 .
- an optical reflector could be used to direct the indicator beam 22 into the saturable absorber 16 if the control laser is not directed toward the absorber 16 .
- the indicator beam 22 impinges the absorber 16 from a direction relative to the propagation direction of the beam 12 so that the beam 22 does not couple with the beam 12 , and obscure the signal strength of the beam 12 .
- the indicator beam 22 and the input beam 12 are oriented at substantially 90° relative to each other at the absorber 16 .
- the wavelengths of the beam 12 and the laser beam 20 should be the same or nearly the same, although that is not required for all applications.
- the wavelengths of the input beam 12 and the indicator beams 22 may need to be nearly the same because a saturable absorber may only operate over a certain range of wavelengths.
- the indicator beam 22 will pass through the absorber 16 unabsorbed. If, however, the input beam 12 does not saturate the absorber 16 , then the indicator beam 22 is absorbed by the absorber 16 and does not pass through. The intensity of the indicator beam 22 is not large enough to saturate the absorber 16 by itself, and in one embodiment, the intensity of the indicator beam 22 is much less than the intensity of the input beam 12 when it is greater than zero. So, for practical purposes, the intensity of the indicator beam 22 is negligible with respect to saturating the absorber 16 . It should be recognized that if the intensity of the beam 12 is large enough to saturate an absorber 16 , a small amount of light in the beam 12 is still absorbed by the absorber 16 by the saturation process.
- the indicator beam 22 passes through the absorber 16 it causes the comparator 10 to represent that the input beam 12 exceeds the threshold. Also note that the output of the comparator 10 is the modified indicator beam 22 after passing through the absorber 16 , not the output signal output 18 .
- the threshold level for the absorber 16 By carefully designing the threshold level for the absorber 16 , an accurate comparison of the intensity of the beam 12 can be obtained.
- the threshold level can effectively be lowered if additional optical intensity is input to the device.
- adding a threshold control beam 32 of intensity one-half (1 ⁇ 2) of the threshold intensity effectively lowers the threshold by one-half (1 ⁇ 2).
- the threshold control beam 32 from a laser 34 should be introduced such that it does not couple or interfere with either the passed input beam 12 or the indicator beam 22 .
- the indicator beams 22 that passes through the absorber 16 can be directed to other optical devices (not shown) for optical processing in accordance with the particular application that is used in connection with the comparator 10 .
- the indicator beam 22 can be directed to a photodetector 30 to convert the indicator beam 22 into a corresponding electrical signal for applications requiring electrical signals.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a comparator 36 that is an alternate embodiment of the comparator 10 .
- the comparator 36 specifically uses a semiconductor saturable absorber 38 .
- Semiconductor saturable absorbers absorb light energy and create electron/hole charge pairs from the incident photons.
- the semiconductor saturable absorber 38 is configured as a reverse-biased p-i-n structure, so that the reverse bias will induce a photocurrent in the absorber 38 by this process of photo-absorption.
- a negative voltage potential is applied to the absorber 38 to provide the reverse bias. Once the absorber 38 generates all of the electron/hole pairs that it is capable of, it saturates and becomes transparent.
- the absorber 38 When the absorber 38 saturates, it produces its maximum current flow in the reverse-bias case.
- the semiconductor saturable absorber can be used to produce an electrical signal proportional to the intensity of an impinging beam that it absorbs, allowing an indicator current to be produced.
- the absorber 38 is positioned along the propagation path of an input beam 42 so that the beam 42 impinges the absorber 38 . If the intensity of the beam 42 is greater than the saturation threshold level of the absorber 38 , the absorber 38 will turn transparent and pass the beam 42 with some attenuation of intensity.
- the measure of the current flow acts in the same manner as the indicator beams 22 , discussed above, to give an indication of whether the intensity of the beam 42 is greater than the threshold.
- the threshold level of the absorber 38 can be designed in the manner as discussed above to provide a desired indication of the intensity of the beam 42 . Also, as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the threshold level can be effectively lowered by use of the laser 34 emitting the threshold control beam 32 .
- the optical signal attenuator 100 shown in this embodiment uses a control or indicator beam 22 that is significantly larger than the optical input signal 12 and serves to change the transmission characteristic of the optical tresholding device 16 , but does not cause it to bleach.
- the changing transmissiveness of the OTD 16 causes it to correspondingly attenuate the optical input signal.
- Many of the elements of the optical signal attenuator 100 are identical in construction to like elements in the optical comparator 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 described above, and accordingly, there have been applied to each item of the attenuator 100 in FIG. 4 a reference numeral corresponding to the reference numeral that was applied to the like item of the optical comparator described above and shown in FIG. 1.
- the fundamental difference between the optical devices of FIGS. 1 and 4 is that the optical input signal 12 of FIG. 4 is relatively small, typically about 1% of the threshold level of the OTD 16 .
- the control source 20 generates a control beam 22 having an intensity that varies and is approximately the level of the threshold of the OTD 16 .
- the control source 20 could either be a laser or an optical beam produced by some other optical system.
- the variation in the intensity of the control beam 22 serves to control the transmission of the OTD 16 , but does not cause it to saturate, as will be subsequently described.
- the optical input signal 12 is attenuated by 0.5 by the saturable absorber 16 .
- the present invention is amenable to integrating into optical devices on to a single substrate and could replace today's optical signal attenuators that are packaged in large electronic boxes.
- the specific frequencies of the modulating signal of the input beams are not important, except that there is a finite response time associated with the devices.
Abstract
An optical device for use with an optical input beam comprises and optical thresholding device having a predetermined threshold level, and is positioned along an optical path defined by the propagation direction of the optical input beam. A source generates a control beam through the optical thresholding device, wherein if the combined intensity of the optical input beam and the control beam is large enough to exceed the threshold level of the thresholding device, the optical beam passes through he thresholding device. The thresholding device attenuates the optical beam as it passes therethrough. In a preferred embodiment, the optical thresholding device is a saturable absorber. When the device is configured as an optical comparator, the intensity of the optical input beam is large enough to exceed the threshold level of the thresholding device, the thresholding device saturates and turns transparent so that the control beam passes through the thresholding device as an optical indicator beam and the optical input beam passes through the thresholding device. When configured as an optical signal attenuator and the intensity of the optical input signal is negligible compared to that of the control beam the combined intensity of the optical input signal and the control beam do not saturate the thresholding device.
Description
- This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/133,032, filed on Aug. 11, 1998, entitled “Saturable Absorber Based Optical Inverter”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/343,733, filed on Jun. 30, 1999, entitled “Repetitive Absorptive Thresholding Optical Quantizer”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/345,295, filed on Jun. 30, 1999, entitled “Delayed Pulse Saturable Absorber-Based Downward-Folding Optical A/D”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/133,038, filed on Aug. 11, 1998, entitled “Upward Folding Successive Approximation Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter and Method for Performing Conversion”.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- This invention relates generally to an optical device employing an optical thresholder and, more particularly, to an optical comparator that employs an optical thresholding device positioned in a propagation path of an optical input beam that provides an indicator signal indicative of whether the intensity of the input beam is above a threshold.
- 2. Discussion of the Related Art
- Advances in signal processing technology, including the need for greater processing speeds, increased channel bandwidths and improved transmission reliability, has resulted in a steadily growing focus on the optical domain and the vast potential that lies therein with respect to these parameters. However, optical technology, as compared to electrical and radio frequency based technology, lacks the necessary technical sophistication in many areas. Particularly, the desire for high-speed, large-bandwidth processing devices employing digital optics has been hampered by the lack of many basic optical devices and technologies readily available in the RF domain.
- Optical comparators comprise an example of such a device that has not heretofore met basic design requirements. Similarly, variable optical signal attenuator is another example of a device that has not heretofore met basic attenuator design requirements. An optical comparator that compares an optical signal with an optical threshold and indicates whether the threshold has been exceeded and/or an optical signal attenuator that decreases the intensity of an optical signal by a predetermined amount with little or no reliance on RF technology would reduce system complexity and provide for high speed and large bandwidth processing advances.
- What is needed is an efficient, cost effective and reliable optical comparator and variable optical signal attenuator that has application to be used in an optical signal processing system. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide such an optical comparator and an optical signal attenuator.
- In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, two optical devices are disclosed that employ an optical thresholding device positioned in the propagation path of an optical input beam.
- For the optical comparator the optical thresholding device saturates and turns transparent if the intensity of the optical beam that impinges it is above a predetermined threshold level which is designed into the device. If the input beam to the optical comparator saturates the optical thresholder it outputs an indicator signal identifying the saturation and that the threshold has been exceeded. The presence of an indicator signal gives an indication of the intensity of the input beam. In one particular embodiment of the optical comparator, the optical thresholder is a saturable absorber that receives an optical control beam. If the saturable absorber saturates and turns transparent, the control beam passes through the thresholding device as an optical indicator beam. Photodetectors can be provided to convert the optical indicator beam to an electrical representation if desired. In an alternate embodiment, the optical thresholder is a semiconductor saturable absorber that is configured in a reverse-biased p-i-n layout, where the input beam generates electron/hole charge carriers in the saturable absorber that generate a current flow that can be measured as the indicator signal. When the semiconductor saturable absorber saturates, it turns transparent and the maximum number of charge carriers are generated.
- For the optical signal attenuator the threshold level is varied and established by a control signal to selectively control the signal attenuation without saturating the optical thresholding device. In this embodiment, the intensity of the optical beam is less than that of the control signal.
- Additional objects, advantages, and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of an optical comparator employing an optical threshold device, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of an optical comparator employing a semiconductor optical thresholder, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view of an optical signal attenuator employing an optical thresholder according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graph of the transmission versus normalized input intensity for the optical thresholder illustrated in FIG. 3.
- The following discussion of the preferred embodiments directed to optical devices employing an optical thresholder is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention or its applications or uses.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an
optical comparator 10, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Thecomparator 10 receives an analogoptical input beam 12 having an intensity between a minimum value, such as zero, and some known maximum value, which is normally normalized to a value of unity, from a suitableoptical source 14. In one embodiment, theinput beam 12 is modulated with an analog RF signal. The modulation of thebeam 12 can be by any suitable signal, both analog and digital. The output of thecomparator 10 is an indicator beam that gives a representation of whether the intensity of theoptical beam 12 exceeds a predetermined threshold as will be discussed below. - The
comparator 10 includes asaturable absorber 16, acting as an optical thresholding device (OTD), that is positioned along the propagation path of theoptical beam 12. Asaturable absorber 16 is a known optical device that is generally opaque or lossy in a normal state, but when an optical beam having an intensity above a threshold level of the absorber impinges it, the absorber will saturate and become transparent or “bleached”. Saturable absorbers of this type that exhibit these properties have been well known in the art for their use in mode-lock lasers. A discussion of saturable absorbers can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,256. - The
absorber 16 measures the intensity of thebeam 12, and if it exceeds the predetermined threshold level designed into theabsorber 16, thebeam 12 will pass as anoptical signal output 18. Therefore, if theoptical beam 12 has a large enough intensity when it impinges theabsorber 16, it exceeds the threshold and passes to theoutput 18. If thebeam 12 does not have a large enough intensity to saturate absorber 16, then it is absorbed by theabsorber 16 and does not pass through. Saturable absorbers are used by way of a non-limiting example, in that any optical thresholding device having the properties described herein can be used as would be appreciated by those skilled in the art. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,337,180 and 4,934,782 disclose other types of optical thresholding devices that may be applicable. - The
comparator 10 further includes acontrol laser 20 that generates alaser beam 22, also referred to as a control or indicator beam. Theindicator beam 22 is directed towards theabsorber 16. Alternately, an optical reflector could be used to direct theindicator beam 22 into thesaturable absorber 16 if the control laser is not directed toward theabsorber 16. Theindicator beam 22 impinges theabsorber 16 from a direction relative to the propagation direction of thebeam 12 so that thebeam 22 does not couple with thebeam 12, and obscure the signal strength of thebeam 12. In this example, theindicator beam 22 and theinput beam 12 are oriented at substantially 90° relative to each other at theabsorber 16. Also, for efficient operation, the wavelengths of thebeam 12 and thelaser beam 20 should be the same or nearly the same, although that is not required for all applications. The wavelengths of theinput beam 12 and theindicator beams 22 may need to be nearly the same because a saturable absorber may only operate over a certain range of wavelengths. - If the intensity of the
beam 12 is large enough to saturate theabsorber 16 and make it transparent, theindicator beam 22 will pass through theabsorber 16 unabsorbed. If, however, theinput beam 12 does not saturate theabsorber 16, then theindicator beam 22 is absorbed by theabsorber 16 and does not pass through. The intensity of theindicator beam 22 is not large enough to saturate theabsorber 16 by itself, and in one embodiment, the intensity of theindicator beam 22 is much less than the intensity of theinput beam 12 when it is greater than zero. So, for practical purposes, the intensity of theindicator beam 22 is negligible with respect to saturating theabsorber 16. It should be recognized that if the intensity of thebeam 12 is large enough to saturate anabsorber 16, a small amount of light in thebeam 12 is still absorbed by theabsorber 16 by the saturation process. - When the
indicator beam 22 passes through theabsorber 16 it causes thecomparator 10 to represent that theinput beam 12 exceeds the threshold. Also note that the output of thecomparator 10 is the modifiedindicator beam 22 after passing through theabsorber 16, not theoutput signal output 18. - By carefully designing the threshold level for the
absorber 16, an accurate comparison of the intensity of thebeam 12 can be obtained. The threshold level can effectively be lowered if additional optical intensity is input to the device. With reference to FIG. 2, adding athreshold control beam 32 of intensity one-half (½) of the threshold intensity effectively lowers the threshold by one-half (½). Thethreshold control beam 32 from alaser 34 should be introduced such that it does not couple or interfere with either the passedinput beam 12 or theindicator beam 22. - The indicator beams22 that passes through the
absorber 16 can be directed to other optical devices (not shown) for optical processing in accordance with the particular application that is used in connection with thecomparator 10. Alternately, theindicator beam 22 can be directed to aphotodetector 30 to convert theindicator beam 22 into a corresponding electrical signal for applications requiring electrical signals. - FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a
comparator 36 that is an alternate embodiment of thecomparator 10. Instead of using the genericoptical threshold device 16, thecomparator 36 specifically uses asemiconductor saturable absorber 38. Semiconductor saturable absorbers absorb light energy and create electron/hole charge pairs from the incident photons. Thesemiconductor saturable absorber 38 is configured as a reverse-biased p-i-n structure, so that the reverse bias will induce a photocurrent in theabsorber 38 by this process of photo-absorption. A negative voltage potential is applied to theabsorber 38 to provide the reverse bias. Once theabsorber 38 generates all of the electron/hole pairs that it is capable of, it saturates and becomes transparent. When theabsorber 38 saturates, it produces its maximum current flow in the reverse-bias case. Thus, the semiconductor saturable absorber can be used to produce an electrical signal proportional to the intensity of an impinging beam that it absorbs, allowing an indicator current to be produced. - As with the
comparator 10 discussed above, theabsorber 38 is positioned along the propagation path of aninput beam 42 so that thebeam 42 impinges theabsorber 38. If the intensity of thebeam 42 is greater than the saturation threshold level of theabsorber 38, theabsorber 38 will turn transparent and pass thebeam 42 with some attenuation of intensity. - When the
beam 42 impinges theabsorber 38, electron/hole charge carriers are created and the reverse-bias applied to theabsorber 38 causes the current generated by the carriers to flow to atransistor 44 connected to the n layer of theabsorber 38. This creates a voltage potential on the emitter of thetransistor 44 that is a measure of the current generated. A current orvoltage thresholding circuit 46 is provided that measures the current from thesaturable absorber 38. If thebeam 42 does not impinge theabsorber 38, no current is generated. Thetransistor 44 and thethresholding circuit 46 can be replaced by any suitable current detecting device to provide a measure of the current flow in theabsorber 38, as would be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Therefore, the measure of the current flow acts in the same manner as the indicator beams 22, discussed above, to give an indication of whether the intensity of thebeam 42 is greater than the threshold. The threshold level of theabsorber 38 can be designed in the manner as discussed above to provide a desired indication of the intensity of thebeam 42. Also, as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the threshold level can be effectively lowered by use of thelaser 34 emitting thethreshold control beam 32. - Referring now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated another embodiment according to the present invention. The
optical signal attenuator 100 shown in this embodiment uses a control orindicator beam 22 that is significantly larger than theoptical input signal 12 and serves to change the transmission characteristic of theoptical tresholding device 16, but does not cause it to bleach. The changing transmissiveness of theOTD 16 causes it to correspondingly attenuate the optical input signal. Many of the elements of theoptical signal attenuator 100 are identical in construction to like elements in theoptical comparator 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 described above, and accordingly, there have been applied to each item of theattenuator 100 in FIG. 4 a reference numeral corresponding to the reference numeral that was applied to the like item of the optical comparator described above and shown in FIG. 1. - The fundamental difference between the optical devices of FIGS. 1 and 4 is that the
optical input signal 12 of FIG. 4 is relatively small, typically about 1% of the threshold level of theOTD 16. Thecontrol source 20 generates acontrol beam 22 having an intensity that varies and is approximately the level of the threshold of theOTD 16. Thecontrol source 20 could either be a laser or an optical beam produced by some other optical system. Hence, the variation in the intensity of thecontrol beam 22 serves to control the transmission of theOTD 16, but does not cause it to saturate, as will be subsequently described. - Also, with reference to FIG. 5, a
characteristic graph 50 shows the transmission T of thesaturable absorber 16 plotted as a function of the intensity of the control beam normalized to the saturation intensity of the absorber. Note that the transmission varies from 0.3<T<0.8 when the normalized input intensity is varied from approximately 3 to 7. Hence the intensity of thecontrol beam 22 can be varied to create an OTD with the desired transmission. For example, consider the situation where the intensity of thecontrol beam 22 is adjusted to produce T=0.5. Since the intensity of theoptical input beam 12 is so small compared to the intensity of thecontrol beam 22, it is effectively negligible to the saturation process. Thus thecontrol beam 22 controls the amount of saturation of theOTD 16, and hence its transmission. Accordingly, theoptical input signal 12 is attenuated by 0.5 by thesaturable absorber 16. Should the intensity of thecontrol beam 22 be adjusted such that T=0.3, then the optical input signal would be attenuated or reduced to provide 0.3 of its intensity at theoutput port 18. It is not necessary that a linear relationship exist between the control beam intensity and the saturable absorber attenuation. All that is required is a monotonic mapping. - For comparison purposes recognize that an ideal saturable absorber has a
graph 52 in which the transmission curve resembles a step function that transitions from T=0 to T=1 at the threshold intensity. It should be recognized that this could not be employed in the present invention because there is not a range of intensities that could cause an incremental change in transmission of a signal through the absorber. - It should be noted that the present invention is amenable to integrating into optical devices on to a single substrate and could replace today's optical signal attenuators that are packaged in large electronic boxes.
- For the comparators and attenuator discussed above, the specific frequencies of the modulating signal of the input beams are not important, except that there is a finite response time associated with the devices.
- The foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion, and from the accompanying drawings and claims, that various, changes, modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
Claims (25)
1. An optical device for use with an optical input beam, comprising:
an optical thresholding device having a predetermined threshold level, and being positioned along an optical path defined by the propagation direction of the optical input beam;
means for generating a control beam through said optical thresholding device, wherein if the combined intensity of the optical input beam and the control beam is large enough to exceed the threshold level of said thresholding device, the optical beam passes through the thresholding device, said thresholding device attenuating the optical beam as it passes therethrough.
2. The device according to claim 1 wherein the control beam and the input beam impinge the optical thresholding device such that they do not interfere with each other.
3. The device according to claim 1 wherein the optical thresholding device is a saturable absorber, said optical beam and said control beam saturating the saturable absorber and making it transparent if the combined intensity of said beams is greater than the threshold level of the absorber.
4. The device according to claim 3 wherein the saturable absorber provides an optical indicator beam if the optical input beam saturates the absorber.
5. The device according to claim 1 , wherein it comprises an optical comparator.
6. The device according to claim 1 wherein the intensity of said optical beam and said control beam are below the threshold level, the intensity of said control beam serving to control the transmission of said saturable absorber and hence the attenuation of the intensity of said optical beam.
7. The device according to claim 6 wherein it comprises an optical signal attenuator.
8. An optical comparator for comparing an optical input beam with a threshold level, comprising:
an optical source for generating a control beam; and
an optical thresholding device having a predetermined threshold level, said optical thresholding device being positioned along an optical path defined by the propagation direction of the optical input beam and also receiving the control beam, wherein if the intensity of the optical input beam is large enough to exceed the threshold level of a thresholding device, the thresholding device saturates and turns transparent so that the control beam passes through the thresholding device as an optical indicator beam and the optical input beam passes through the thresholding device.
9. The optical comparator according to claim 8 wherein said optical thresholding device comprises a saturable absorber.
10. The optical comparator according to claim 8 and further including means for decreasing the predetermined threshold level.
11. The optical comparator according to claim 10 wherein said means for decreasing comprises a laser for emitting a threshold control beam into said optical thresholding device.
12. The optical comparator according to claim 8 wherein the control beam and the input beam impinge said optical thresholding device at an orientation relative to each other so that they do not interfere with each other in the thresholding device.
13. The optical comparator according to claim 8 wherein the input beam and the control beam have substantially the same wavelength.
14. The optical comparator according to claim 8 and further including a photodetector that is responsive to the optical indicator signal, said photodetector generating an electrical signal indicative of the indicator signal.
15. The optical comparator according to claim 14 and further including means for decreasing the predetermined threshold level.
16. The optical comparator according to claim 15 wherein said means for decreasing comprises a laser for emitting a threshold control beam into said optical thresholding device.
17. An optical comparator for comparing an optical input beam with a threshold level, comprising:
a semiconductor saturable absorber; and
an electrical measuring system, said semiconductor saturable absorber having a predetermined threshold level, being positioned along an optical path defined by the propagation direction of the optical input beam, and generating charge carriers in response to the input beam, wherein if the intensity of the optical input beam is large enough to exceed the threshold level of a semiconductor saturable absorber, the saturable absorber saturates and turns transparent allowing the optical input beam to pass through the absorber, and said electrical measuring system provides an electrical measurement of the charge carriers generated by the semiconductor saturable absorber as an indicator signal of the input beams intensity.
18. The device according to claim 13 wherein said semiconductor saturable absorber is configured as a reversed bias p-i-n structure.
19. A method of comparing an optical input beam to a threshold, comprising:
positioning an optical thresholding device having a predetermined threshold level along an optical path defined by the propagation direction of the optical input beam;
saturating said optical thresholding device if the intensity of the input beam is above the threshold level of the thresholding device, wherein if the intensity of the input beam is above the threshold level of the thresholding device, the thresholding device saturates and turns transparent allowing the input beam to pass therethrough with some attenuation; and
providing an indicator signal when the thresholding device has been saturated by the input beam.
20. A method of comparing an optical beam to a threshold as recited in claim 19 and further including selectively lowering the threshold level of said optical thresholding device.
21. An optical signal attenuator for use with an optical input beam and a control beam comprising:
means for generating a control beam; and
an optical thresholding device having inputs for receiving the optical input beam and the control beam and a transmission characteristic that varies with the combined intensity of the optical input beam and the control beam, wherein the intensity of the optical input beam is attenuated as it passes through said optical thresholding device.
22. The optical attenuator according to claim 21 wherein the combined intensity of the optical input signal and the control beam is less than that necessary to saturate said optical thresholding device.
23. The optical attenuator according to claim 21 wherein the intensity of the optical input signal is substantially less than the intensity of the control beam.
24. The optical attenuator according to claim 23 wherein the transmission characteristic varies generally monotonically over a range of intensities of the control beam.
25. The optical attenuator according to claim 21 wherein the optical threshold device is a saturable absorber.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/999,556 US20020037148A1 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 2001-11-30 | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/444,977 US6327399B1 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 1999-11-22 | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
US09/999,556 US20020037148A1 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 2001-11-30 | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/444,977 Division US6327399B1 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 1999-11-22 | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20020037148A1 true US20020037148A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 |
Family
ID=23767152
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/444,977 Expired - Lifetime US6327399B1 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 1999-11-22 | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
US09/998,545 Expired - Lifetime US6529674B2 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 2001-11-29 | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
US09/999,556 Abandoned US20020037148A1 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 2001-11-30 | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
Family Applications Before (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/444,977 Expired - Lifetime US6327399B1 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 1999-11-22 | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
US09/998,545 Expired - Lifetime US6529674B2 (en) | 1999-11-22 | 2001-11-29 | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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US (3) | US6327399B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1102113A3 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001215454A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6819817B2 (en) | 2001-06-20 | 2004-11-16 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Optical signal storage |
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US6697565B2 (en) * | 1998-05-15 | 2004-02-24 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Information recording method and information reproducing method |
US6327399B1 (en) * | 1999-11-22 | 2001-12-04 | Trw Inc. | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
JP2002214050A (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2002-07-31 | Agilent Technol Inc | Light sampling device |
US6515784B2 (en) * | 2001-04-24 | 2003-02-04 | Trw Inc. | Refractive index manipulating optical inverter |
JP4319523B2 (en) * | 2003-11-04 | 2009-08-26 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Protective relay device |
CN100385332C (en) * | 2006-04-26 | 2008-04-30 | 电子科技大学 | Whole light comparator based on double-beam interference and injection locking principle |
US11187963B2 (en) * | 2019-01-30 | 2021-11-30 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | System and method for programmable nonlinear silicon photonic circuit |
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US3270291A (en) * | 1962-10-22 | 1966-08-30 | Rca Corp | Laser control device using a saturable absorber |
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US4207561A (en) * | 1975-10-31 | 1980-06-10 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation | Intruder alarm arrangement for an optical communication system |
US4168126A (en) * | 1977-07-05 | 1979-09-18 | Altman Associates, Inc. | Electro-optical measuring system using precision light translator |
US4949389A (en) * | 1987-10-09 | 1990-08-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Optical ranked-order filtering using threshold decomposition |
US4934782A (en) | 1988-01-19 | 1990-06-19 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Optical thresholding apparatus and method |
US5129058A (en) * | 1988-07-06 | 1992-07-07 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Parallel optical image processing system |
DE3920158A1 (en) * | 1989-06-20 | 1991-01-10 | Siemens Ag | Optical analogue=digital converter for optical measuring system - uses optical comparator with optical bistable elements coupled to controlled light source |
US4973848A (en) * | 1989-07-28 | 1990-11-27 | J. Mccaughan | Laser apparatus for concurrent analysis and treatment |
DE69118615T2 (en) * | 1990-08-08 | 1996-11-28 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Organic light-emitting component and its production and use |
US5146517A (en) * | 1991-07-05 | 1992-09-08 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Low distortion all-optical threshold device |
IT1268194B1 (en) | 1994-12-23 | 1997-02-21 | Cselt Centro Studi Lab Telecom | NON-LINEAR OPTICAL ELEMENT FOR VERY HIGH DIGIT FREQUENCIES. |
JPH08234256A (en) * | 1995-02-27 | 1996-09-13 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | Optical power detector |
DE19514972A1 (en) * | 1995-04-24 | 1996-10-31 | Steinel Gmbh & Co Kg | Twilight switch |
US5793513A (en) | 1996-08-15 | 1998-08-11 | The Board Of Trustees Of Leland Stanford Junior University | Fiber optics digital communication system and method using an optical resonator for optical signal processing |
US6292119B1 (en) * | 1999-06-30 | 2001-09-18 | Trw Inc. | Delayed pulse saturable absorber-based downward-folding optical A/D |
US6327399B1 (en) * | 1999-11-22 | 2001-12-04 | Trw Inc. | Optical devices employing an optical thresholder |
-
1999
- 1999-11-22 US US09/444,977 patent/US6327399B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-11-21 EP EP00124398A patent/EP1102113A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-11-22 JP JP2000355210A patent/JP2001215454A/en active Pending
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2001
- 2001-11-29 US US09/998,545 patent/US6529674B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-30 US US09/999,556 patent/US20020037148A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6819817B2 (en) | 2001-06-20 | 2004-11-16 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Optical signal storage |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US6529674B2 (en) | 2003-03-04 |
US6327399B1 (en) | 2001-12-04 |
EP1102113A2 (en) | 2001-05-23 |
EP1102113A3 (en) | 2004-02-04 |
US20020034371A1 (en) | 2002-03-21 |
JP2001215454A (en) | 2001-08-10 |
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