US20010034450A1 - Tetra-substituted phenyl derivatives and processes for their preparation - Google Patents
Tetra-substituted phenyl derivatives and processes for their preparation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20010034450A1 US20010034450A1 US09/800,023 US80002301A US2001034450A1 US 20010034450 A1 US20010034450 A1 US 20010034450A1 US 80002301 A US80002301 A US 80002301A US 2001034450 A1 US2001034450 A1 US 2001034450A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- alk
- group
- optionally substituted
- formula
- nhc
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 22
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical class [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 title claims description 18
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 196
- -1 thiocarboxamido Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 141
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052731 fluorine Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000001204 N-oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000005518 carboxamido group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000651 prodrug Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229940002612 prodrug Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000005346 substituted cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000001589 carboacyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 13
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910006074 SO2NH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical class [H]S* 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000882 C2-C6 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003601 C2-C6 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000000 cycloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910006069 SO3H Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003917 carbamoyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006772 olefination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000592 heterocycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- YXACTQMOBCFNGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(5-cyclopentyloxy-2-iodo-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyridine Chemical compound C1=C(OC2CCCC2)C(OC)=CC(I)=C1CCC1=CC=NC=C1 YXACTQMOBCFNGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004475 heteroaralkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RPXHIVRYGCLJMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[4-cyclopentyloxy-5-methoxy-2-(2-pyridin-4-ylethyl)phenyl]pyridine Chemical compound C1=C(OC2CCCC2)C(OC)=CC(C=2C=NC=CC=2)=C1CCC1=CC=NC=C1 RPXHIVRYGCLJMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SIUKEEPGYDFWLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(5-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-naphthalen-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]pyridine Chemical compound C1=C(OC2CCCC2)C(OC)=CC(C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)=C1CCC1=CC=NC=C1 SIUKEEPGYDFWLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HZZJGCBGAFOPRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(5-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-naphthalen-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]pyridine Chemical compound C1=C(OC2CCCC2)C(OC)=CC(C=2C=C3C=CC=CC3=CC=2)=C1CCC1=CC=NC=C1 HZZJGCBGAFOPRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JIQJBGNOYZNESL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-[5-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethenyl)phenyl]ethyl]pyridine Chemical compound C=1C=NC=CC=1CCC=1C=C(OC2CCCC2)C(OC)=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 JIQJBGNOYZNESL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ISJMXPATAVUERO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-[5-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)phenyl]ethyl]pyridine Chemical compound C=1C=NC=CC=1CCC=1C=C(OC2CCCC2)C(OC)=CC=1CCC1=CC=CC=C1 ISJMXPATAVUERO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006880 cross-coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000026030 halogenation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005658 halogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004397 aminosulfonyl group Chemical group NS(=O)(=O)* 0.000 claims 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 21
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
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- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 55
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 46
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 40
- 0 C.C.C.C.C.C#CC1=CC(*C)=[W]C=C1.CC Chemical compound C.C.C.C.C.C#CC1=CC(*C)=[W]C=C1.CC 0.000 description 36
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 34
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 31
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 27
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 24
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 102000004861 Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases Human genes 0.000 description 21
- 108090001050 Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases Proteins 0.000 description 21
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical compound BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 13
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical group [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 12
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 10
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 8
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- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 8
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- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- MHYCRLGKOZWVEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl acetate;hydrate Chemical compound O.CCOC(C)=O MHYCRLGKOZWVEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RIFGWPKJUGCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl chloroformate Chemical compound CCOC(Cl)=O RIFGWPKJUGCATF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000031 ethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006260 ethylaminocarbonyl group Chemical group [H]N(C(*)=O)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006192 iodination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- SUMDYPCJJOFFON-UHFFFAOYSA-N isethionic acid Chemical class OCCS(O)(=O)=O SUMDYPCJJOFFON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005990 isobenzothienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000904 isoindolyl group Chemical group C=1(NC=C2C=CC=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 229960001317 isoprenaline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002183 isoquinolinyl group Chemical group C1(=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001786 isothiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000842 isoxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003893 lactate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- CFHGBZLNZZVTAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lawesson's reagent Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1P1(=S)SP(=S)(C=2C=CC(OC)=CC=2)S1 CFHGBZLNZZVTAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UBJFKNSINUCEAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;2-methylpropane Chemical compound [Li+].C[C-](C)C UBJFKNSINUCEAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002688 maleic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- COTNUBDHGSIOTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N meoh methanol Chemical compound OC.OC COTNUBDHGSIOTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Natural products C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004184 methoxymethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- CZFNISFYDPIDNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylformamide;oxolane Chemical compound CN(C)C=O.C1CCOC1 CZFNISFYDPIDNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XVDBWWRIXBMVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[bis(dimethylamino)phosphanyl]-n-methylmethanamine Chemical compound CN(C)P(N(C)C)N(C)C XVDBWWRIXBMVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004593 naphthyridinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CN=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002858 neurotransmitter agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002560 nitrile group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002687 nonaqueous vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002734 organomagnesium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004965 peroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004344 phenylpropyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VBQCHPIMZGQLAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorane Chemical class [PH5] VBQCHPIMZGQLAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004193 piperazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003880 polar aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004309 pyranyl group Chemical group O1C(C=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003072 pyrazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002755 pyrazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000719 pyrrolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GZKMGAXTHYGXEO-UHFFFAOYSA-M ruthenium(1+);triphenylphosphane;chloride Chemical compound [Ru]Cl.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 GZKMGAXTHYGXEO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JPJALAQPGMAKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Se]=O JPJALAQPGMAKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000001044 sensory neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000017520 skin disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002460 smooth muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- WRIKHQLVHPKCJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)N([Na])[Si](C)(C)C WRIKHQLVHPKCJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BEOOHQFXGBMRKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium cyanoborohydride Chemical compound [Na+].[B-]C#N BEOOHQFXGBMRKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VILMUCRZVVVJCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium glycolate Chemical compound [Na+].OCC([O-])=O VILMUCRZVVVJCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007909 solid dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002048 spasmolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003019 stabilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003890 succinate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003774 sulfhydryl reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000565 sulfonamide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004354 sulfur functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran thf Chemical compound C1CCOC1.C1CCOC1 WHRNULOCNSKMGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004014 thioethyl group Chemical group [H]SC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004055 thiomethyl group Chemical group [H]SC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004568 thiomorpholinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009901 transfer hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)(Cl)Cl CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940029284 trichlorofluoromethane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- COIOYMYWGDAQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphane Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)C1=CC=CC=C1C COIOYMYWGDAQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
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- 201000005539 vernal conjunctivitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/28—Radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
- C07D213/30—Oxygen atoms
Definitions
- This invention relates to a novel series of tetra-substituted phenyl derivatives, to processes for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to their use in medicine.
- cAMP adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate
- the cellular levels of cAMP are regulated by mechanisms which control synthesis and breakdown.
- the synthesis of cAMP is controlled by adenyl cyclase which may be directly activated by agents such as forskolin or indirectly activated by the binding of specific agonists to cell surface receptors which are coupled to adenyl cyclase.
- the breakdown of cAMP is controlled by a family of phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes, which also control the breakdown of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP).
- PDE phosphodiesterase
- PDE I-VII the distribution of which varies from tissue to tissue. This suggests that specific inhibitors of PDE isoenzymes could achieve differential elevation of cAMP in different tissues, [for reviews of PDE distribution, structure, function and regulation, see Beavo & Reifsnyder (1990) TIPS, 11: 150-155 and Nicholson et al (1991) TIPS, 12: 19-27].
- PDE IV inhibitors have met with limited success to date, in that many of the potential PDE IV inhibitors which have been synthesised have lacked potency and/or have been capable of inhibiting more than one type of PDE isoenzyme in a non-selective manner. Lack of a selective action has been a particular problem given the widespread role of cAMP in vivo and what is needed are potent selective PDE IV inhibitors with an inhibitory action against PDE IV and little or no action against other PDE isoenzymes.
- ⁇ W— is (1) ⁇ C(Y)- where Y is a halogen atom, or an alkyl, or -X a R 1 group where X a is —O—, —S(O) m — [where m is zero or an integer of value 1 or 2], or —N(R a )- [where R a is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group] and R 1 is an optionally substituted alkyl group or, (2) ⁇ N—;
- X is as described above for X a or is a chain —CR ⁇ C(R b )- or —[—CH(R)] q —CH(R b )- where R is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom or a methyl group, R b is as described below for R 2 and q is zero or the integer 1;
- R 2 is (1) an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group when X is —O—, —S(O) m — or —N(R a )-; or when X is —CR ⁇ C(R b )- or —[—CH(R)] q CH(R b )— is (2) a hydrogen atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, —CO 2 R 9 (where R 9 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group), —CONR 10 R 11 (where R 10 and R 11 which may be the same or different is as described for R 9 ), —CSNR 10 R 11 , —CN or NO 2 group; or R 2 and R b , together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, are
- R 3 is an atom or group R 13 or -L 1 R 13 where L 1 is a linker group and R 13 is a halogen atom or an Alk 1 [where Alk 1 is an optionally substituted straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl or C 2-6 alkynyl group optionally interrupted by one, two, or three —O—, or —S— atoms or —S(O)p-, [where p is an integer 1 or 2], or —N(R a )- groups], or an amino (—NH 2 ), substituted amino, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl (—OH), substituted hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, formyl [HC(O)—], carboxyl (—CO 2 H), esterified carboxyl, thiol (—SH), substituted thiol, —C(O)Alk 1 , —SO 3 H, —SO 2 Alk
- R 4 is a hydrogen atom or is as defined for R 6 ;
- R 5 is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an OR c group where R c is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, formyl, carboxamido, thiocarboxamido, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group;
- R 6 is a group —(CH 2 ) n Ar where Ar is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl ring optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms —O—, —S— or —N— and n is zero or the integer 1, 2 or 3;
- R 7 and R 8 which may be the same or different, is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group; and the salts, solvates, prodrugs, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.
- compounds of formula (1) may have one or more chiral centres depending on the nature of the groups X, R, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 . Where one or more chiral centres is present, enantiomers or diasteromers may exist, and the invention is to be understood to extend to all such enantiomers, diastereomers and mixtures thereof, including racemates.
- Y is a halogen atom it may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.
- R 1 may be, for example, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, for example, an optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl group, such as a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or i-propyl group.
- Optional substitutents which may be present on R 1 groups include one or more halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, or chlorine atoms.
- Particular R 1 groups include for example —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CHCl 2 , —CF 3 or —CCl 3 groups.
- ⁇ W— in compounds of formula (1) is a group ⁇ C(Y)— where Y is X a R 1 in which X a is a —N(R a )- group, X a may be a —NH—, —NCH 2 — or —NC 2 H 4 — group.
- Alkyl groups represented by R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , or R 8 in compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl groups, e.g. C 1-3 alkyl groups such as methyl or ethyl groups.
- Optional substituents on these groups include one, two or three substituents selected from halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or hydroxyl or C 1-6 alkoxy e.g. C 1-3 alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy groups.
- Alkenyl groups represented by R 2 , or R c in compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C 2-6 alkenyl groups such as ethenyl, propen-1-yl and 2-methylpropen-1-yl.
- Optional substituents include those described above in relation to the alkyl groups represented by R 2 .
- Alkynyl groups represented by R 2 , or R b in compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C 2-6 alkynyl groups optionally interrupted by one or more X a atoms or groups. Particular examples include ethynyl and propyn-1-yl groups. Optional substituents include those described above in relation to alkyl groups represented by R 2 .
- R 2 , or R b or R 2 and R b together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, are an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group
- the group may be for example a C 3-8 cycloalkyl group such as a cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group or a C 3-8 cycloalkenyl group containing for example one or two double bonds such as a 2-cyclobuten-1-yl, 2-cyclopenten-1-yl, 3-cyclopenten-1-yl, 2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl, 2-cyclohexen-1-yl, 3-cyclohexen-1-yl, 2,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl or 3,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl group, each cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group being optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents selected from hal
- C 1-6 alkyl e.g. C 1-3 alkyl such as methyl or ethyl, hydroxyl or C 1-6 alkoxy e.g. C 1-3 alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy groups.
- group ⁇ W— in compounds of formula (1) is a group ⁇ C(Y)— in which Y is a halogen atom
- Y may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.
- —(CH 2 ) n Ar groups represented by R 4 and/or R 6 include —Ar, —CH 2 Ar, —(CH 2 ) 2 Ar or —(CH 2 ) 3 Ar groups.
- Monocyclic or bicyclic aryl groups represented by the group Ar in compounds of formula (1) include for example C 6-12 optionally substituted aryl groups, for example optionally substituted phenyl, 1-or 2-naphthyl, indenyl or isoindenyl groups.
- Ar contains one or more heteroatoms it may be for example a C 1-9 optionally substituted heteroaryl group containing for example one, two, three or four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms.
- Ar heteroaryl groups may be for example monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl groups.
- Monocyclic heteroaryl groups include for example five- or six-membered heteroaryl groups containing one, two, three or four heteroatoms selected from oxygen or sulphur atoms or a group —N(R a )-.
- heteroaryl groups represented by Ar include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, N-methylimidazolyl, N-ethylimidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, benzofuryl, isobenzofuryl, benzothienyl, isobenzothienyl, indolyl, isoindolyl,
- the heteroaryl group represented by Ar may be attached to the remainder of the molecule of formula (1) through any ring carbon or heteroatom as appropriate.
- the group Ar when it is a pyridyl group it may be a 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl or 4-pyridyl group.
- it when it is a thienyl group it may be a 2-thienyl or 3-thienyl group, and, similarly, when it is a furyl group it may be a 2-furyl or 3-furyl group.
- the Ar group is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle it may be possible to form quaternary salts, for example N-alkyl quaternary salts and the invention is to be understood to extend to such salts.
- quaternary salts for example N-alkyl quaternary salts
- the invention is to be understood to extend to such salts.
- pyridinium salts may be formed, for example N-alkylpyridinium salts such as N-methylpyridinium.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups represented by Ar in compounds of formula (1) may each optionally be substituted by one, two, three or more R 13 substituents.
- R 13 in compounds of formula (1) is a substituted amino group it may be a group —NH[Alk 1 (R 13a ) z ][where z is zero or an integer 1, 2 or 3 and R 13a is as defined above for R 13 but is not a substituted amino, a substituted hydroxyl or a substituted thiol group] or a group —N[Alk 1 (R 13a ) z ] 2 wherein each —Alk 1 (R 13a ) z group is the same or different.
- R 13 is a cycloalkoxy group it may be for example a C 5-7 cycloalkoxy group such as a cyclopentyloxy or cyclohexyloxy group.
- R 13 is a substituted hydroxyl or substituted thiol group it may be a group —OAlk 1 (R 13a ) z or —SAlk 1 (R 13a ) z respectively, where Alk 1 , R 13a and z are as just defined.
- Esterified carboxyl groups represented by the group R 13 include groups of formula —CO 2 Alk 2 wherein Alk 2 is a straight or branched, optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl group such as a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl group; a C 6-12 arylC 1-8 alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, 1-naphthylmethyl or 2-naphthylmethyl group; a C 6-12 aryl group such as an optionally substituted phenyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl group; a C 6-12 aryloxyC 1-8 alkyl group such as an optionally substituted phenyloxymethyl, phenyloxyethyl, 1-n
- -Het groups represented by the group R 13 include optionally substituted pyrrolyl, e.g. 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, e.g. 2- or 3-pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, imidazolinyl, e.g. 2-imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, e.g. 2-pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyranyl, e.g.
- Examples of the group Alk 1 in compounds of formula (1) include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl or 3-butynyl groups optionally interrupted by one, two or three —O— or —S— atoms or —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 — or —N(R a )- groups.
- Particularly useful atoms or groups represented by R 13 include fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or C 1-6 alkyl, e.g. methyl or ethyl, C 1-6 alkylamino, e.g. methylamino or ethylamino, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, e.g. hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl, C 1-6 alkylthiol e.g. methylthiol or ethylthiol, C 1-6 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, C 5-7 cycloalkyl, e.g.
- cyclopentyl C 5-7 cycloalkoxy, e.g. cyclopentyloxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, e.g. trifluoromethyl, C 1-6 alkylamino, e.g. methylamino or ethylamino, amino (—NH 2 ), aminoC 1-6 alkyl, e.g. aminomethyl or aminoethyl, C 1-6 dialkylamino, e.g.
- thiomethyl or thioethyl optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl (where the optional substituents are selected from one or more atoms or groups R 13 or L 1 R 13 ), a group -Het as just described above, sulphonyl (—SO 3 H), C 1-6 alkylsulphonyl, e.g. methylsulphonyl, aminosulphonyl (—SO 2 NH 2 ), C 1-6 alkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. methylaminosulphonyl or ethylaminosulphonyl, C 1-6 dialkylaminosulphonyl, e.g.
- C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonyl e.g. methylaminocarbonyl or ethylaminocarbonyl
- C 1-6 dialkylaminocarbonyl e.g. dimethylaminocarbonyl or diethylaminocarbonyl
- phenylaminocarbonyl sulphonylamino (—NHSO 2 H)
- C 1-6 alkylsulphonylamino e.g.
- methylsulphonylamino or ethylsulphonylamino C 1-6 dialkylsulphonylamino, e.g. dimethylsulphonylamino or diethylsulphonylamino, aminosulphonylamino (—NHSO 2 NH 2 ), C 1-6 alkylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. methylaminosulphonylamino or ethylaminosulphonylamino, C 1-6 dialkylaminosulphonylamino, e.g.
- methylaminothiocarbonyl or ethylaminothiocarbonyl C 1-6 dialkylaminothiocarbonyl, e.g. dimethylaminothiocarbonyl or diethylaminothiocarbonyl, phenylaminothiocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, C 1-6 alkylaminocarbonylamino, e.g. methylaminocarbonylamino or ethylaminocarbonylamino, C 1-6 dialkylaminocarbonylamino, e.g.
- aminocarbonylamino dimethylaminocarbonylamino or diethylaminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, C 1-6 alkylaminothiocarbonylamino, e.g. methylaminothiocarbonylamino or ethylaminothiocarbonylamino, C 1-6 dialkylaminothiocarbonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminothiocarbonylamino, or diethylaminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonylC 1-6 alkylamino, e.g. aminocarbonylmethylamino or aminocarbonylethylamino, aminothiocarbonylC 1-6 alkylamino e.g.
- aminothiocarbonylmethylamino or aminothiocarbonylethylamino formylaminoC 1-6 alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. formylaminomethylsulphonylamino or formylaminoethylsulphonylamino, thioformylaminoC 1-6 alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. thioformylaminomethylsulphonylamino or thioformylethylsulphonylamino, C 1-6 acylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. acetylaminosulphonylamino, C 1-6 thioacylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. thioacetylaminosulphonylamino groups.
- L 1 when R 3 is a L 1 R 13 group the linker group L 1 may be any divalent linking group.
- L 1 groups include groups of formula —(Alk a ) r (X a ) s (Alk b ) t - where Alk a and Alk b is each an optionally substituted straight or branched C 1-6 alkylene, C 2-6 alkenylene or C 2-6 alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more, e.g.
- X a is an —O— or —S— atom or a —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 — or —N(R b )- group
- r is zero or the integer 1
- t is zero or the integer 1
- s is zero or the integer 1, provided that when one of r, s, or t is zero at least one of the remainder is the integer 1.
- heteroatoms which may interrupt the Alk a or Alk b chains include for example —O— or —S— atoms.
- Carbocyclic groups include for example cycloalkyl, e.g. cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or cycloalkenyl e.g. cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl, groups.
- heteroatom-containing groups which may interrupt Alk a or Alk b include oxygen-, sulphur- or nitrogen-containing groups such as —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, N(R b )-, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(NR b )-, —CON(R b )-, —CSN(R b )-, —N(R b )CO—, —N(R b )CS—, —SON (R b )-, —SO 2 N(R b )-, —N(R b )SO—, —N(R b )SO 2 —, —N(R b )SO 2 N(R b )-, —N(R b )SON(R b )-, —N(R b )CON(R b )-, or N(R b )CSN(R b
- chains Alk a or Alk b are interrupted by two or more heteroatoms, carbocyclic or heteroatom-containing groups, such atoms or groups may be adjacent to one another, for example to form a group —N(R b )-C(NR b )-N(R b )- or —O—CONH—.
- Optional substituents which may be present on Alk a or Alk b chains include those described above in relation to the group R 1 when it is an alkyl group.
- Alk a or Alk b when present include optionally substituted methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, ethenylene, 2-propenylene, 2-butenylene, 3-butenylene, ethynylene, 2-propynylene, 2-butynylene or 3-butynylene chains, optionally interrupted by one, two or three heteroatoms, carbocyclic or heteroatom-containing groups as described above.
- Particular groups represented by -L 1 R 13 include for example —CH 2 Ar, —(CH 2 ) 2 Ar, —CH ⁇ CHAr, —(CH 2 ) 3 Ar, —CH 2 CH ⁇ CHAr, —OCH 2 Ar, —CH 2 OAr, —CH 2 OCH 2 Ar, —CH 2 N(R a )Ar or —CH 2 N(R a )CH 2 Ar groups.
- the group R 3 in compounds of formula (1) may in general be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon atom adjacent to the group —C(R 4 )(R 5 )C(R 6 )(R 7 )(R 8 ) or the group W.
- Suitable salts include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for example acid addition salts derived from inorganic or organic acids, and salts derived from inorganic and organic bases.
- Acid addition salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, alkylsulphonates, e.g. methanesulphonates, ethanesulphonates, or isethionates, arylsulphonates, e.g. p-toluenesulphonates, besylates or napsylates, phosphates, sulphates, hydrogen sulphates, acetates, trifluoroacetates, propionates, citrates, maleates, fumarates, malonates, succinates, lactates, oxalates, tartrates and benzoates.
- alkylsulphonates e.g. methanesulphonates, ethanesulphonates, or isethionates
- arylsulphonates e.g. p-toluenesulphonates
- besylates or napsylates phosphates, sulph
- Salts derived from inorganic or organic bases include alkali metal salts such as sodium or potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium or calcium salts, and organic amine salts such as morpholine, piperidine, dimethylamine or diethylamine salts.
- Particularly useful salts of compounds according to the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, especially acid addition pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
- the group ⁇ W— is preferably a ⁇ C(Y)— group in which Y is an —OR 1 group, especially where R 1 is an optionally substituted ethyl group, or an optionally substituted methyl group.
- R 1 groups include one, two or three fluorine or chlorine atoms.
- the group X in compounds of formula (1) is preferably —O—.
- R 2 is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are as defined for formula (1); and the salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof.
- R 2 is preferably an optionally substituted methyl or cyclopentyl group.
- R 2 is a cyclopentyl group.
- R 4 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an —Ar or —CH 2 Ar group, where Ar is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, particularly a phenyl or nitrogen containing heteroaryl group such as a pyridyl group. In general however in compounds of formulae (1) and (2) R 4 is especially a hydrogen atom.
- the groups R 5 , R 7 and R 8 in compounds of formulae (1) and (2) is each preferably a fluorine atom or especially a hydrogen atom.
- the group R 6 is preferably an —Ar group, especially a nitrogen containing monocyclic heteroaryl group.
- Particularly useful groups of this type are optionally substituted pyridyl groups, particularly optionally substituted 4-pyridyl groups.
- R 3 is preferably a halogen atom or an optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 6-12 mono- or bicyclic aryl, arC 1-3 alkyl or arC 1-3 alkenyl, or C 1-9 mono- or bicyclic heteroaryl or heteroarC 1-3 alkyl group.
- Optional substituents which may be present on these groups include, for alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups, those substituents described above in relation to the group R 1 , and for aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl groups, R 13 substituents as described above.
- aryl or aralkyl groups include optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, phenC 1-3 alkyl or naphthylC 1-3 alkyl groups.
- heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl groups include optionally substitued pyridyl or pyridylC 1-3 alkyl groups.
- R 3 in the compounds of formulae (1) and (2) include bromine, chlorine or iodine atoms or, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl 2-propenyl, ethynyl, 2-propynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylethenyl, phenylpropen-1-yl, phenylpropen-2-yl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl, 2-, 3- or 4- pyridylmethyl, or 2-, 3- or 4-pyridylethyl, each of said phenyl or pyridyl groups being optionally substituted by one or more R 13 substituents.
- the group R 3 may in particular be positioned on one of the two ring carbon atoms between the group W and the group —C(R 4 )(R 5 )C(R 6 )(R 7 )(R 8 ) either adjacent to the group W or adjacent to the group —C(R 4 )(R 5 )C(R 6 )(R 7 )(R 8 ).
- Particularly useful compounds according to the invention are:
- Compounds according to the invention are selective and potent inhibitors of PDE IV.
- the ability of the compounds to act in this way may be simply determined by the tests described in the Examples hereinafter.
- the compounds according to the invention are thus of particular use in the prophylaxis and treatment of human diseases where an unwanted inflammatory response or muscular spasm (for example bladder or alimentary smooth muscle spasm) is present and where the elevation of cAMP levels may be expected to prevent or alleviate the inflammation and relax muscle.
- an unwanted inflammatory response or muscular spasm for example bladder or alimentary smooth muscle spasm
- the elevation of cAMP levels may be expected to prevent or alleviate the inflammation and relax muscle.
- Particular uses to which the compounds of the invention may be put include the prophylaxis and treatment of asthma, especially inflamed lung associated with asthma, cystic fibrosis, or in the treatment of inflammatory airway disease, chronic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, psoriasis and other benign and malignant proliferative skin diseases, endotoxic shock, septic shock, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, reperfusion injury of the myocardium and brain, inflammatory arthritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes insipidus, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, arterial restenosis and artherosclerosis.
- Compounds of the invention also suppress neurogenic inflammation through elevation of cAMP in sensory neurones. They are, therefore, analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-hyperalgesic in inflammatory diseases associated with irritation and pain.
- Compounds according to the invention may also elevate cAMP in lymphocytes and thereby suppress unwanted lymphocyte activation in immune-based diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, transplant rejection and graft versus host disease.
- Compounds according to the invention have also been found to reduce gastric acid secretion and therefore can be used to treat conditions associated with hypersecretion.
- Compounds of the invention suppress cytokine synthesis by inflammatory cells in response to immune or infectious stimulation. They are, therefore, useful in the treatment of bacterial, fungal or viral induced sepsis and septic shock in which cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are key mediators. Also compounds of the invention suppress inflammation and pyrexia due to cytokines and are, therefore, useful in the treatment of inflammation and cytokine-mediated chronic tissue degeneration which occurs in diseases such as rheumatoid or osteoarthritis.
- cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are key mediators.
- TNF tumour necrosis factor
- cytokines such as TNF in bacterial, fungal or viral infections or in diseases such as cancer, leads to cachexia and muscle wasting.
- Compounds of the invention ameliorate these symptoms with a consequent enhancement of quality of life.
- Compounds of the invention also elevate cAMP in certain areas of the brain and thereby counteract depression and memory impairment.
- Compounds of the invention suppress cell proliferation in certain tumour cells and can be used, therefore, to prevent tumour growth and invasion of normal tissues.
- the compounds according to the invention may be administered as pharmaceutical compositions, and according to a further aspect of the invention we provide a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of formula (1) together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents.
- compositions according to the invention may take a form suitable for oral, buccal, parenteral, nasal, topical or rectal administration, or a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
- the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets, lozenges or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g. potato starch or sodium glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate).
- binding agents e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- fillers e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate
- lubricants e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica
- disintegrants e.g. potato starch or sodium glycollate
- Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
- Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles and preservatives.
- the preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavouring, colouring and sweetening agents as appropriate.
- Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.
- compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
- the compounds of formula (1) may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection e.g. by bolus injection or infusion.
- Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. in glass ampoule or multi dose containers, e.g. glass vials.
- the compositions for injection may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilising, preserving and/or dispersing agents.
- the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
- the compounds of formula (1) may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation or by intramuscular injection.
- the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation for pressurised packs or a nebuliser, with the use of suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas or mixture of gases.
- suitable propellant e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas or mixture of gases.
- compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
- the pack or dispensing device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
- the quantity of a compound of the invention required for the prophylaxis or treatment of a particular inflammatory condition will vary depending on the compound chosen, and the condition of the patient to be treated. In general, however, daily dosages may range from around 100 ng/kg to 100 mg/kg, e.g. around 0.01 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg body weight for oral or buccal administration, from around 10 ng/kg to 50 mg/kg body weight for parenteral administration and around 0.05 mg to around 1000 mg e.g. around 0.5 mg to around 1000 mg for nasal administration or administration by inhalation or insufflation.
- the compounds according to the invention may be prepared by the following processes.
- the symbols W, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and X, when used in the formulae below are to be understood to represent those groups described above in relation to formula (1) unless otherwise indicated.
- reactive functional groups for example hydroxy, amino, thio, carboxy or aldehyde groups, where these are desired in the final product, to avoid their unwanted participation in the reactions.
- Conventional protecting groups may be used in accordance with standard practice [see, for example, Green, T. W. in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” John Wiley and Sons, 1981.] It may be that deprotection will form the last step in the synthesis of compounds of formula (1).
- a compound of formula (1) where R 3 is a group -L 1 R 13 may be prepared by a cross-coupling reaction of compound of formula (3)
- Hal is an iodine or bromine atom with a coupling reagent.
- the reaction may be carried out in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as a metal complex catalyst, for example a palladium complex e.g. dichloro-[1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine)palladium, or palladium (II) acetate, or a nickel complex such as dichloro-[1,3-bis (diphenylphosphino)propane] nickel.
- a metal catalyst such as a metal complex catalyst, for example a palladium complex e.g. dichloro-[1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine)palladium, or palladium (II) acetate
- a nickel complex such as dichloro-[1,3-bis (diphenylphosphino)propane] nickel.
- the coupling reagents include organometallic reagents, such as organo magnesium reagents R 13 L 1 MgX, where X is a halogen atom, such as a chlorine or bromine atom, organozinc reagents R 13 L 1 ZnX; boronic acid derivatives, for example R 13 L 1 B(OH) 2 in the presence of a base, such as a carbonate e.g. sodium carbonate; or an olefin reagent for example R 13 L 1 CH ⁇ CH 2 in the presence of a phosphine, e.g. tri-0-tolylphosphine and a base such as triethylamine.
- organometallic reagents such as organo magnesium reagents R 13 L 1 MgX, where X is a halogen atom, such as a chlorine or bromine atom, organozinc reagents R 13 L 1 ZnX
- boronic acid derivatives for example R 13 L 1 B
- the reaction may take place in a solvent, for example an ether, such as diethylether or a cyclic ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, or a nitrile, e.g. acetonitrile, at a temperature varied from room temperature to an elevated temperature, e.g. 140° C.
- a solvent for example an ether, such as diethylether or a cyclic ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, or a nitrile, e.g. acetonitrile
- the coupling reagents are either known compounds or may be prepared using reagents and conditions similar to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.
- compounds of formula (3) are compounds of formula (1) in which R 3 is a halogen atom. Therefore, in a further aspect of the invention compounds of formula (1) wherein R 3 is a halogen atom may be prepared by halogenation of a compound of formula (4)
- This reaction is particularly suitable for preparing compounds in which R 3 is a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.
- bromination and chlorination may be achieved by using bromine or chlorine in the presence of a catalyst, such as a Lewis acid, e.g. AlBr 3 , AlCl 3 , or FeCl 3 respectively or an organic acid, e.g. acetic acid where necessary in a solvent for example a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane.
- a catalyst such as a Lewis acid, e.g. AlBr 3 , AlCl 3 , or FeCl 3 respectively or an organic acid, e.g. acetic acid where necessary in a solvent for example a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane.
- Iodination may be carried out by the use of iodine in the presence of an oxidising agent, such as HNO 3 , HIO 3 or peracetic acid, or salts, such as copper salts, antimony salts e.g. SbCl 5 or sulphonates, e.g. silver trifluoromethanesulphonate, where necessary in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane.
- an oxidising agent such as HNO 3 , HIO 3 or peracetic acid
- salts such as copper salts, antimony salts e.g. SbCl 5 or sulphonates, e.g. silver trifluoromethanesulphonate, where necessary in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane.
- Intermediates of formula (4), where R 5 is a fluorine atom may be prepared by reacting an intermediate of formula (4), where R 5 is a hydroxyl group, with a fluorinating reagent, such as diethylaminosulphur trifluoride (DAST), in a solvent, for example a chlorinated solvent, e.g. dichloromethane, at a low temperature, e.g. around 0° C.
- a fluorinating reagent such as diethylaminosulphur trifluoride (DAST)
- DAST diethylaminosulphur trifluoride
- Ketones of formula (5) may be prepared by oxidation of a corresponding alcohol of formula (6)
- Alcohols of formula (6) may be prepared by reaction of an aldehyde of formula (7)
- organometallic compound such as organolithium compound R 4 Li, or a Grignard reagent R 4 MgBr
- a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran
- Aldehydes of formula (7) where ⁇ W— is ⁇ C(Y)— may be prepared by alkylation of a corresponding compound of formula (8):
- Hal is a halogen atom, e.g. a bromine, chlorine or iodine atom with a compound RXH, where X is —O—, —S— or —NH— in the presence of a base.
- halogen atom e.g. a bromine, chlorine or iodine atom with a compound RXH, where X is —O—, —S— or —NH— in the presence of a base.
- Bases used in this reaction include hydrides, such as sodium hydride, or organometallic bases, such as butyllithium in a solvent, such as an amide, for example dimethylformamide at a temperature from room temperature to above, e.g. around 80° C.
- nitrous acid made in situ by reacting sodium nitrite with an acid, for example sulphuric acid or hydrobromic acid
- an acid for example sulphuric acid or hydrobromic acid
- This in turn may be reacted with a haloacid, e.g. hydrobromic, hydrochloride or hydriodic acid if necessary in the presence of the corresponding copper (1) halide for example CuBr or Cul, or halogen, e.g. bromine, chlorine or iodine.
- ketones of formula (5) may be prepared by reaction of a halide of formula (12)
- Hal is a halogen atom such as bromine or chlorine atom
- a base such as n-butyllithium followed by reaction with a nitrite R 4 CN, an acid chloride R 4 COCl or an ester R 4 CO 2 Alk (where Alk is an alkyl group, e.g. a methyl group), in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at a low temperature, e.g. around ⁇ 70° C., and subsequent treatment with an acid such as hydrochloric acid at e.g. ⁇ 20° C. to ambient temperature.
- Halides of formula (12) may be prepared by alkylation of a compound of formula (13):
- Halides of formula (13) where X is —O— may be prepared by oxidation of an aldehyde of formula (14):
- an oxidising agent such as 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in a halogenated hydrocarbon such as chloroform at a temperature from around 0° C. to room temperature.
- Aldehydes of formula (14) and halides of formula (13) where X is —S— or —N(R 8 )— are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials by methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.
- Leaving groups represented by L include halogen atoms such as iodine, chlorine or bromine atoms, or sulphonyloxy groups such as aryl-sulphonyloxy groups, e.g. p-toluenesulphonyloxy.
- the alkylation reaction may be carried out in the presence of a base, such as a carbonate, e.g. caesium or potassium carbonate, an alkoxide, e.g. potassium t.butoxide, or a hydride, e.g. sodium hydride, in a dipolar aprotic solvent such as an amide, e.g. a substituted amide such as dimethyl-formamide, or an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, at ambient temperature or above, e.g. around 40° C. to 50° C.
- a base such as a carbonate, e.g. caesium or potassium carbonate, an alkoxide, e.g. potassium t.butoxide, or a hydride, e.g. sodium hydride
- a dipolar aprotic solvent such as an amide, e.g. a substituted amide such as dimethyl-formamide
- compounds of formula (1) where R 8 and R 5 is each a hydrogen atom may be prepared by hydrogenation of a compound of formula (16)
- the hydrogenation may be performed using for example hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
- Suitable catalysts include metals such as platinum or palladium, optionally supported on an inert carrier such as carbon or calcium carbonate; nickel e.g. Raney Nickel, or rodhium.
- the reaction may be performed in a suitable solvent, for example an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol, an ether such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, or an ester such as ethyl acetate, optionally in the presence of a base, for example a tertiary organic base such as triethylamine, at for example ambient temperature.
- the reaction may be accomplished by transfer hydrogenation using an organic hydrogen donor and a transfer agent.
- Suitable hydrogen donors include for example acids, such as formic acid, formates, e.g. ammonium formates, alcohols, such as benzyl alcohol or ethylene glycol, hydrazine, and cycloalkenes such as cyclohexene or cyclohexadiene.
- the transfer agent may be for example a transition metal, for example palladium or platinum, optionally supported on an inert carrier as discussed above, nickel e.g. Raney nickel, ruthenium, e.g. tris (triphenylphosphine) ruthenium chloride or copper.
- the reaction may generally be performed at ambient or elevated temperature, optionally in the presence of a solvent, for example an alcohol such as ethanol or an acid such as acetic acid.
- Intermediate alkenes of formula (16) may be obtained by reaction of a corresponding aldehyde of formula (5) [where R 4 is a hydrogen atom] using an olefination agent and the reagents and conditions similar to those described below for the production of a compound of formula (1) from an intermediate of formula (19).
- a compound of formula (1) where X is —O—, —S— or —N(R a )- may be prepared by alkylation of a compound of formula (17)
- X 1 is a protected hydroxy, thio, amino or aldehyde group using conventional deprotection procedures [see Green, T. W. ibid].
- X 1 is a t-butyldimethylsilyloxy group
- the required hydroxyl group may be obtained by treatment of the protected intermediate with tetra-butylammonium fluoride.
- the required aldehyde group may be obtained by acid hydrolysis of the protected intermediate with trifluoroacetic acid or p-toluene sulphonic acid, in the presence of a solvent, e.g. acetone, or a mixture of solvents, e.g. chloroform and water.
- the protected intermediates of formula (18) may be prepared in an analogous manner to the compounds of formula (1) using the reactions described herein and appropriately protected intermediates.
- olefination agents include phosphonium salts such as compounds (R b )(R 2 )CHP(D) 3 Hal where Hal is a halogen atom, such as a bromine atom, and D is an optionally substituted alkyl, e.g. methyl, or aryl, especially phenyl, group; phosphoranes (R b )(R 2 )C ⁇ P(D) 3 ; phosphonates (DO) 2 P(O)CH(R b )(R 2 ); or silane derivatives, for example compounds of formula (D) 3 SiC(R 5 )(R 6 ), e.g. trialkylsilanes such as (CH 3 ) 3 SiC(R b )(R 2 ).
- phosphonium salts such as compounds (R b )(R 2 )CHP(D) 3 Hal where Hal is a halogen atom, such as a bromine atom, and D is an optionally substituted
- Bases for use in the above reaction include organometallic bases, for example, an organolithium compound such as an alkyllithium e.g. n-butyllithium, a hydride, such as sodium or potassium hydride or an alkoxide, such as a sodium alkoxide, e.g. sodium methoxide.
- organolithium compound such as an alkyllithium e.g. n-butyllithium
- a hydride such as sodium or potassium hydride
- an alkoxide such as a sodium alkoxide, e.g. sodium methoxide.
- the reaction may be performed in a suitable solvent, for example a polar aprotic solvent, such as an alkyl sulphoxide, e.g. methyl sulphoxide, an amide such as N,N-dimethylformamide or hexamethylphosphorous triamide; a non-polar solvent, such as an ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether or an aromatic solvent such as benzene, toluene or xylene; or a polar protic solvent, such as an alcohol, for example ethanol.
- a polar aprotic solvent such as an alkyl sulphoxide, e.g. methyl sulphoxide, an amide such as N,N-dimethylformamide or hexamethylphosphorous triamide
- a non-polar solvent such as an ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether or an aromatic solvent such as benzene, tol
- the olefination agents used in this reaction are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials using reagents and conditions similar to those used to prepare the known compounds.
- a phosphorane may be prepared in situ by reaction of a phosphonium salt with a base of the type described above.
- a phosphonate may be prepared by reacting a halide (R b )(R 2 )CHHal with a phosphite (DO) 3 P, as described in the Arbuzov reaction.
- Silane derivatives may be prepared by reaction of a halosilane (D) 3 SiHal with a base, such as lithium diisopropylamide, in a solvent, such as an ether, for example a cyclic ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, e.g. ⁇ 10° C.
- a halosilane (D) 3 SiHal with a base, such as lithium diisopropylamide
- a solvent such as an ether, for example a cyclic ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, e.g. ⁇ 10° C.
- the dehydration may be performed using an acid, for example an organic acid such as p-toluene sulphonic acid or trifluoroacetic acid, in the presence of a base, such as an amine, e.g. triethylamine.
- X 1 is an aldehyde or ketone protecting group.
- an oxidising agent such as manganese (IV) oxide
- a solvent such as dichloromethane
- a compound a formula (1) in which ⁇ W— is a ⁇ C(X a R 1 )- group in which X a is —O— may be prepared by alkylating an intermediate of formula (25)
- reaction may be performed using the reagents and conditions described above for the production of a compound of formula (5) from a compound of formula (15).
- Intermediates of formula (23) may be prepared by reacting an intermediate of formula (4) where W is a ⁇ C(OCH 3 )— group with a thiol reagent, such as propanethiol, in the presence of a base, such as a hydride, e.g. sodium or potassium hydride, or an amide, e.g. sodium bis (trimethylsilyl)amide.
- a base such as a hydride, e.g. sodium or potassium hydride, or an amide, e.g. sodium bis (trimethylsilyl)amide.
- the reaction may be performed in a solvent, such as dimethylformamide at an elevated temperature, e.g. the reflux temperature.
- X 2 is a protected hydroxyl group, e.g. methoxy, using iodotrimethylsilane in chloroform.
- Intermediates of formula (24) may be prepared using similar protected reagents and conditions to those used for the preparation of intermediates of formula (4).
- Compounds of formula (1) may also be prepared by interconversion of other compounds of formula (1). These reactions will generally involve the group R 13 , whether present as the group R 3 or as a substituent on a group Ar in R 4 or R 6 .
- a compound of formula (1) which contains a —CH 2 NH 2 substituent may be prepared by reduction of a corresponding compound of formula (1) which contains a nitrile group, using for example a complex metal hydride such as lithium aluminium hydride in a solvent such as an ether e.g. diethylether.
- a compound of formula (1) with an alkanoylamino or alkanoylaminoalkyl substituent may be prepared by acylation of a corresponding compound of formula (1) containing a —NH 2 or alkylamino group by reaction with an acyl halide in the presence of a base, such as a tertiary amine e.g. triethylamine in a solvent such as dichloromethane.
- a base such as a tertiary amine e.g. triethylamine in a solvent such as dichloromethane.
- compounds of formula (1) containing an ester [CO 2 Alk 2 ], e.g. an ethanoate may be prepared by esterification of a corresponding compound of formula (1) containing a carboxylic acid, using an acid halide, such as an acid chloride, e.g. acetyl chloride, in an alcohol, such as ethanol, at an elevated temperature, such as the reflux temperature.
- an acid halide such as an acid chloride, e.g. acetyl chloride
- alcohol such as ethanol
- Compounds of formula (1) containing a carboxylic acid may be prepared from the corresponding compound of formula (1) containing a formyl group, by oxidation with an oxidising agent, e.g. potassium permanganate, in a solvent, such as an alcohol, e.g. tert-butanol, at ambient temperature.
- an oxidising agent e.g. potassium permanganate
- a solvent such as an alcohol, e.g. tert-butanol
- compounds of formula (1) which contain an aminoalkyl group, such as dimethylaminomethyl may be prepared by reductive amination of a corresponding compound of formula (1) which contains a formyl group, using an amine, e.g. dimethylamine, in the presence of a reducing agent, e.g. sodium cyanoborohydride, if necessary in the presence of a catalyst, e.g. ethanolic HCl, in a solvent, such as an alcohol, e.g. methanol, at ambient temperature.
- a reducing agent e.g. sodium cyanoborohydride
- a catalyst e.g. ethanolic HCl
- solvent such as an alcohol, e.g. methanol
- a compound of formula (1) which contains a formyl group may be reduced to the corresponding alcohol, using a reducing agent, e.g. sodium borohydride, in a solvent, such as an alcohol, e.g. ethanol, at a temperature from around 0° C. to ambient temperature.
- a reducing agent e.g. sodium borohydride
- a solvent such as an alcohol, e.g. ethanol
- the resulting alcohol may then be converted to a corresponding alkoxy derivative, e.g. methoxymethyl, by reaction with an alkyl halide or alkyl sulphonate using the methods and reagents described above for the alkylation of intermediates of formula (9).
- compounds of formula (1) which contain a carboxamido (—CONHAlk 1 ) or an aminocarbonyl (—NHCOAlk 1 ) group may be prepared by reaction of the corresponding compound containing a —CO 2 H or a —NH 2 group respectively by reaction with a carbamate, such as i-butyl chloroformate or ethyl chloroformate, in the presence of a base, such as an amine, e.g. triethylamine or N-methylmorpholine, in a solvent, such as dichloromethane, or a mixture of solvents, e.g. tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide, at a temperature from around ⁇ 20° C. to room temperature.
- a carbamate such as i-butyl chloroformate or ethyl chloroformate
- a base such as an amine, e.g. triethylamine or N-methylmorpholine
- solvent such as dichlorome
- compounds of formula (1) which contain a —NHCONHAlk 1 group may be prepared by reacting a corresponding compound of formula (1) which contains an amino (—NH 2 ) group, with an isocyanate, e.g. ethyl isocyanate, in a solvent, e.g. dichloromethane, at ambient temperature.
- an isocyanate e.g. ethyl isocyanate
- a solvent e.g. dichloromethane
- compounds of formula (1) wherein R 7 is an alkyl group
- R 7 may be prepared by interconversion of a compound of formula (1) where R 7 is a hydrogen atom by reaction with a compound R 7 L, where L is a leaving group, for example a halogen atom, such as chlorine, in the presence of a base, for example lithium diisopropylamide, in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, such as 0° C.
- compounds of formula (1) wherein R c is a carboxamido (—CONHAlk 1 ) or a thiocarboxamido (—CSNHAlk 1 ) group may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) wherein R 5 is a hydroxyl group with an isocyanate Alk 1 NCO or an isothiocyanate Alk 1 NCS, in a solvent, for example chloroform, in the presence of a base, for example diisopropylethylamine, at ambient temperature.
- the isocyanate Alk 1 NCO and isothiocyanate Alk 1 NCS are known compounds or may be prepared in a conventional manner.
- a compound of formula (1) wherein R c is a CON[Alk 1 ] 2 group may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) wherein R c is a CONHAlk 1 group with a reagent Alk 1 L (where L is a leaving group as described above) in the presence of a base, for example sodium hydride, in a solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, for example 0° C.
- a base for example sodium hydride
- an isothiocyanate of formula (1) where R c is —CSN[Alk 1 l] 2 may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) wherein R c is a —CON[Alk 1 ] 2 group with a thiation reagent, such as Lawesson's Reagent, in an anhydrous solvent, for example toluene, at elevated temperature, such as the reflux temperature.
- a thiation reagent such as Lawesson's Reagent
- N-oxides of compounds of formula (1) may be prepared for example by oxidation of the corresponding nitrogen base using an oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid, at an elevated temperature, for example around 70° C. to 80° C., or alternatively by reaction with a peracid such as peracetic acid in a solvent, e.g. dichloromethane, at ambient temperature.
- an oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid
- an elevated temperature for example around 70° C. to 80° C.
- a peracid such as peracetic acid in a solvent, e.g. dichloromethane
- Salts of compounds of formula (1) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) with an appropriate acid or base in a suitable solvent or mixture of solvents e.g. an organic solvent such as an ether e.g. diethylether, or an alcohol, e.g. ethanol using conventional procedures.
- a suitable solvent or mixture of solvents e.g. an organic solvent such as an ether e.g. diethylether, or an alcohol, e.g. ethanol using conventional procedures.
- diastereomeric derivatives may be produced by reaction of a mixture of enantiomers of formula (1) e.g. a racemate, and an appropriate chiral compound, e.g. a chiral acid or base.
- Suitable chiral acids include, for example, tartaric acid and other tartrates such as dibenzoyl tartrates and dltoluoyl tartrates, sulphonates such as camphor sulphonates, mandelic acid and other mandelates and phosphates such as 1,1′-binaphthalene-2,2′-diyl hydrogen phosphate.
- the diastereomers may then be separated by any convenient means, for example by crystallisation and the desired enantiomer recovered, e.g. by treatment with an acid or base in the instance where the diastereomer is a salt
- the compounds of the invention may be formulated for pharmaceutical use in a number of forms using any suitable excipients.
- the compounds of the invention such as the compounds of the Examples may be formulated as a solid dosage form, by mixing an appropriate weight of compound (for example 50 mg) with maize starch (50-99% w/w), anhydrous colloidal silica (0-10% w/w) and organic or inorganic acid (up to 1% w/w), to fill capsules of an appropriate size, e.g. white opaque hard gelatine capsules size 3. If desired the same mixture may be compressed into tablets.
- FMLP represents the peptide N-formyl-met—leu—phe.
- a gene encoding human PDE IV has been cloned from human monocytes (Livi, et al., 1990, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 10, 2678). Using similar procedures we have cloned human PDE IV genes from a number of sources including eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, brain and neuronal tissues. These genes have been transfected into yeast using an inducible vector and various recombinant proteins have been expressed which have the biochemical characteristics of PDE IV (Beavo and Reifsnyder, 1990, TIPS, 11, 150). These recombinant enzymes, particularly the human eosinophil recombinant PDE IV, have been used as the basis of a screen for potent, selective PDE IV inhibitors.
- the enzymes were purified to isoenzyme homogeneity using standard chromatographic techniques.
- Phosphodiesterase activity was assayed as follows. The reaction was conducted in 150 ⁇ l of standard mixture containing (final concentrations): 50 mM 2-[[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino]-1-ethane-sulphonic acid (TES) —NaOH buffer (pH 7.5), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1 ⁇ M [ 3 H]-cAMP and vehicle or various concentrations of the test compounds. The reaction was initiated by addition of enzyme and conducted at 30° C. for between 5 to 30 mins. The reaction was terminated by addition of 50 ⁇ l 2% trifluoroacetic acid containing [ 14 C]-5′AMP for determining recovery of the product.
- TES tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino]-1-ethane-sulphonic acid
- Compounds according to the invention such as the most potent compounds of the Examples herein cause a concentration-dependent inhibition of recombinant PDE IV at 0.1-1000 nM with little or no activity against PDE I, II, III or V at concentrations up to 100 ⁇ M.
- LPS Lipopolysaccharide
- TNF tumour necrosis factor
- PBM peripheral blood monocytes
Abstract
are described
wherein ═W— is (1) ═C(Y)— where Y is a halogen atom, or an alkyl, or -XaR1 group where Xa is —O—, —S(O)m— [where m is zero or an integer of value 1 or 2], or N(Ra)- [where Ra is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group] and R1 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group or, (2) ═N—; X is as described above for Xa or is a chain —CR═C(Rb)— or [—CH(R)]q—CH(Rb)- where R is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom or a methyl group, Rb is as described below for R2 and q is zero or the integer 1; R2 is (1) an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group when X is —O—, —S(O)m— or —N(Ra)-; or is (2) when X is other than —O—, —S(O)m— or —N(Ra)-, a hydrogen atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, —CO2R9 (where R9 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group), —CONR10R11 (where R10 and R11 which may be the same or different is as described for R9), —CSNR10R11, —CN or NO2 group; or R2 and Rb, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, are linked to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group optionally containing one or more Xa atoms or groups; R3 is an atom or group R13 or -L1R13 where L1 is a linker group and R13 is various substituents;
R4 is a hydrogen atom or is as defined for R6; R5 is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an ORc group where Rc is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, formyl, carboxamido, thiocarboxamido, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group; R6 is a group —(CH2)nAr where Ar is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl ring optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms —O—, —S— or —N— and n is zero or the integer 1, 2 or 3; R7 and R8, which may be the same or different, is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group; and the salts, solvates, prodrugs, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.
Compounds according to the invention are phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitors and are useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of disease such as asthma where an unwanted inflammatory response or muscular spasm is present.
Description
- This invention relates to a novel series of tetra-substituted phenyl derivatives, to processes for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to their use in medicine.
- Many hormones and neurotransmitters modulate tissue function by elevating intra-cellular levels of adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). The cellular levels of cAMP are regulated by mechanisms which control synthesis and breakdown. The synthesis of cAMP is controlled by adenyl cyclase which may be directly activated by agents such as forskolin or indirectly activated by the binding of specific agonists to cell surface receptors which are coupled to adenyl cyclase. The breakdown of cAMP is controlled by a family of phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes, which also control the breakdown of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). To date, seven members of the family have been described (PDE I-VII) the distribution of which varies from tissue to tissue. This suggests that specific inhibitors of PDE isoenzymes could achieve differential elevation of cAMP in different tissues, [for reviews of PDE distribution, structure, function and regulation, see Beavo & Reifsnyder (1990) TIPS, 11: 150-155 and Nicholson et al (1991) TIPS, 12: 19-27].
- There is clear evidence that elevation of cAMP in inflammatory leukocytes leads to inhibition of their activation. Furthermore, elevation of cAMP in airway smooth muscle has a spasmolytic effect. In these tissues, PDE IV plays a major role in the hydrolysis of cAMP. It can be expected, therefore, that selective inhibitors of PDE IV would have therapeutic effects in inflammatory diseases such as asthma, by achieving both anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects.
- The design of PDE IV inhibitors has met with limited success to date, in that many of the potential PDE IV inhibitors which have been synthesised have lacked potency and/or have been capable of inhibiting more than one type of PDE isoenzyme in a non-selective manner. Lack of a selective action has been a particular problem given the widespread role of cAMP in vivo and what is needed are potent selective PDE IV inhibitors with an inhibitory action against PDE IV and little or no action against other PDE isoenzymes.
- We have now found a novel series of tetra-substituted phenyl derivatives, members of which are potent inhibitors of PDE IV at concentrations at which they have little or no inhibitory action on other PDE isoenzymes. These compounds inhibit the human recombinant PDE IV enzyme and also elevate cAMP in isolated leukocytes. The compounds of the invention are therefore of use in medicine, especially in the prophylaxis and treatment of asthma.
-
- wherein
- ═W— is (1) ═C(Y)- where Y is a halogen atom, or an alkyl, or -XaR1 group where Xa is —O—, —S(O)m— [where m is zero or an integer of value 1 or 2], or —N(Ra)- [where Ra is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group] and R1 is an optionally substituted alkyl group or, (2) ═N—; X is as described above for Xa or is a chain —CR═C(Rb)- or —[—CH(R)]q—CH(Rb)- where R is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom or a methyl group, Rb is as described below for R2 and q is zero or the integer 1;
- R2 is (1) an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group when X is —O—, —S(O)m— or —N(Ra)-; or when X is —CR═C(Rb)- or —[—CH(R)]qCH(Rb)— is (2) a hydrogen atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, —CO2R9 (where R9 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group), —CONR10R11 (where R10 and R11 which may be the same or different is as described for R9), —CSNR10R11, —CN or NO2 group; or R2 and Rb, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, are linked to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group optionally containing one or more Xa atoms or groups;
- R3 is an atom or group R13 or -L1R13 where L1 is a linker group and R13 is a halogen atom or an Alk1 [where Alk1 is an optionally substituted straight or branched C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl or C2-6alkynyl group optionally interrupted by one, two, or three —O—, or —S— atoms or —S(O)p-, [where p is an integer 1 or 2], or —N(Ra)- groups], or an amino (—NH2), substituted amino, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl (—OH), substituted hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, formyl [HC(O)—], carboxyl (—CO2H), esterified carboxyl, thiol (—SH), substituted thiol, —C(O)Alk1, —SO3H, —SO2Alk1, —SO2NH2, —SO2NHAlk1, —SO2N[Alk1]2, —SO2NHAr [where Ar is as defined below for R6], —SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —CONH2, —CONHAlk1, —CON[Alk1]2, —CONHAr, —CON(Alk1)Ar, —NHSO2H, —NAlk1SO2H, —NHSO2Alk1, —NAlk1SO2Alk1, —N[SO2Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —NHSO2NH2, —N(Alk1)SO2NH2, —NHSO2NHAlk1, —N(Alk1)SO2NHAlk1, —NHSO2N[Alk1]2, —NAlk1SO2N[Alk1]2, —NHSO2NHAr, —N(Alk1)SO2NHAr, —NHSO2N(Alk1)Ar, —N(Alk1l)SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —NHC(O)Alk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)Alk1, —N[C(O)Alk1]2, —NHC(O)OAlk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)OAlk1, —Ar, -Het [where Het is a C5-7 heterocycloalkyl group], —CONHet1 [where —NHet1 is a C5-7 cycloamino group optionally containing one or more —O— or —S— atoms or —N(Ra)— groups], —SO2NHet1, —NHSO2NHet1, —CSAlk1, —CSNH2, —CSNHAlk1, —CSN[Alk1]2, —CSNHAr, —CSN(Alk1)Ar, —NHC(S)Alk1, —N(Alk1)C(S)Alk1, —CSNHet1 group, —N[C(S)Alk1]2, —N[C(O)Alk1]SO2Alk1, —N[C(S)Alk1]SO2Alk1, —NHC(O)NH2, —NHC(O)NHAlk1, —NHC(O)N[Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)CONH2, —N(Alk1)C(O)NHAlk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)N[Alk1]2, —NHC(S)NH2, —NHC(S)NHAlk1, —NHC(S)N[Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)CSNH2, —N(Alk1)C(S)NHAlk1, or —N(Alk1)C(S)N[Alk1]2, group;
- R4 is a hydrogen atom or is as defined for R6;
- R5 is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an ORc group where Rc is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, formyl, carboxamido, thiocarboxamido, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group;
- R6 is a group —(CH2)nAr where Ar is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl ring optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms —O—, —S— or —N— and n is zero or the integer 1, 2 or 3;
- R7 and R8, which may be the same or different, is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group; and the salts, solvates, prodrugs, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.
- It will be appreciated that compounds of formula (1) may have one or more chiral centres depending on the nature of the groups X, R, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7. Where one or more chiral centres is present, enantiomers or diasteromers may exist, and the invention is to be understood to extend to all such enantiomers, diastereomers and mixtures thereof, including racemates.
- Compounds of formula (1) where X is a chain —CR═C(Rb) may exist as geometric isomers depending on the nature of the groups R, Rb and R2, and the invention is to be understood to extend to all such isomers and mixtures thereof.
- In the compounds of formula (1), when Y is a halogen atom it may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.
- When ═W— in the compounds of formula (1) is a group ═C(Y)— where Y is a group -XaR1, R1 may be, for example, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, for example, an optionally substituted C1-6alkyl group, such as a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or i-propyl group. Optional substitutents which may be present on R1 groups include one or more halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, or chlorine atoms. Particular R1 groups include for example —CH2F, —CH2Cl, —CHF2, —CHCl2, —CF3 or —CCl3 groups.
- When ═W— in compounds of formula (1) is a group ═C(Y)— where Y is XaR1 in which Xa is a —N(Ra)- group, Xa may be a —NH—, —NCH2— or —NC2H4— group.
- Alkyl groups represented by R1, R2, R6, R7, or R8 in compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C1-6 alkyl groups, e.g. C1-3 alkyl groups such as methyl or ethyl groups. Optional substituents on these groups include one, two or three substituents selected from halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or hydroxyl or C1-6 alkoxy e.g. C1-3 alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy groups.
- Alkenyl groups represented by R2, or Rc in compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C2-6alkenyl groups such as ethenyl, propen-1-yl and 2-methylpropen-1-yl. Optional substituents include those described above in relation to the alkyl groups represented by R2.
- Alkynyl groups represented by R2, or Rb in compounds of formula (1) include optionally substituted straight or branched C2-6alkynyl groups optionally interrupted by one or more Xa atoms or groups. Particular examples include ethynyl and propyn-1-yl groups. Optional substituents include those described above in relation to alkyl groups represented by R2.
- When R2, or Rb or R2 and Rb, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, are an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group the group may be for example a C3-8cycloalkyl group such as a cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group or a C3-8 cycloalkenyl group containing for example one or two double bonds such as a 2-cyclobuten-1-yl, 2-cyclopenten-1-yl, 3-cyclopenten-1-yl, 2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl, 2-cyclohexen-1-yl, 3-cyclohexen-1-yl, 2,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl or 3,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl group, each cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group being optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents selected from halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, straight or branched C1-6alkyl e.g. C1-3alkyl such as methyl or ethyl, hydroxyl or C1-6alkoxy e.g. C1-3alkoxy such as methoxy or ethoxy groups.
- When the group ═W— in compounds of formula (1) is a group ═C(Y)— in which Y is a halogen atom Y may be for example a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.
- Particular examples of —(CH2)nAr groups represented by R4 and/or R6 include —Ar, —CH2Ar, —(CH2)2Ar or —(CH2)3Ar groups.
- Monocyclic or bicyclic aryl groups represented by the group Ar in compounds of formula (1) include for example C6-12 optionally substituted aryl groups, for example optionally substituted phenyl, 1-or 2-naphthyl, indenyl or isoindenyl groups.
- When the monocyclic or bicyclic aryl group Ar contains one or more heteroatoms it may be for example a C1-9 optionally substituted heteroaryl group containing for example one, two, three or four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms. In general, Ar heteroaryl groups may be for example monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl groups. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups include for example five- or six-membered heteroaryl groups containing one, two, three or four heteroatoms selected from oxygen or sulphur atoms or a group —N(Ra)-.
- Examples of heteroaryl groups represented by Ar include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, N-methylimidazolyl, N-ethylimidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, benzofuryl, isobenzofuryl, benzothienyl, isobenzothienyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl, pyrido[3,4-b]pyridyl, pyrido[3,2-b]pyridyl, pyrido[4,3-b]pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinyl and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl.
- The heteroaryl group represented by Ar may be attached to the remainder of the molecule of formula (1) through any ring carbon or heteroatom as appropriate. Thus, for example, when the group Ar is a pyridyl group it may be a 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl or 4-pyridyl group. When it is a thienyl group it may be a 2-thienyl or 3-thienyl group, and, similarly, when it is a furyl group it may be a 2-furyl or 3-furyl group.
- When in compounds of formula (1) the Ar group is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle it may be possible to form quaternary salts, for example N-alkyl quaternary salts and the invention is to be understood to extend to such salts. Thus for example when the group Ar is a pyridyl group, pyridinium salts may be formed, for example N-alkylpyridinium salts such as N-methylpyridinium.
- The aryl or heteroaryl groups represented by Ar in compounds of formula (1) may each optionally be substituted by one, two, three or more R13 substituents.
- When R13 in compounds of formula (1) is a substituted amino group it may be a group —NH[Alk1(R13a)z][where z is zero or an integer 1, 2 or 3 and R13a is as defined above for R13 but is not a substituted amino, a substituted hydroxyl or a substituted thiol group] or a group —N[Alk1(R13a)z]2 wherein each —Alk1(R13a)z group is the same or different.
- When R13 is a cycloalkoxy group it may be for example a C5-7cycloalkoxy group such as a cyclopentyloxy or cyclohexyloxy group.
- When R13 is a substituted hydroxyl or substituted thiol group it may be a group —OAlk1(R13a)z or —SAlk1(R13a)z respectively, where Alk1, R13a and z are as just defined.
- Esterified carboxyl groups represented by the group R13 include groups of formula —CO2Alk2 wherein Alk2 is a straight or branched, optionally substituted C1-8alkyl group such as a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl group; a C6-12arylC1-8alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, 1-naphthylmethyl or 2-naphthylmethyl group; a C6-12aryl group such as an optionally substituted phenyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl group; a C6-12aryloxyC1-8alkyl group such as an optionally substituted phenyloxymethyl, phenyloxyethyl, 1-naphthyloxymethyl, or 2-naphthyloxymethyl group; an optionally substituted C1-8alkanoyloxyC1-8alkyl group, such as a pivaloyloxymethyl, propionyloxyethyl or propionyloxypropyl group; or a C6-12aroyloxyC1-8alkyl group such as an optionally substituted benzoyloxyethyl or benzoyloxypropyl group. Optional substituents present on the Alk2 group include R13 substituents described above.
- Particular examples of -Het groups represented by the group R13 include optionally substituted pyrrolyl, e.g. 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, e.g. 2- or 3-pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, imidazolinyl, e.g. 2-imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, e.g. 2-pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyranyl, e.g. 2- or 4-pyranyl, piperidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl, 1,4-dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, 2H-imidazolyl, dithiolyl, e.g. 1, 2- or 1,3-dithiolyl, oxathiolyl, e.g. 3H-1-2 or 1,3-oxathiolyl, 5H-1,2,5-oxathiozolyl, 1,3-dioxinyl, oxazinyl, e.g. 2H-1,3-, 6H-1,3-, 6H-1,2-, 1,4-2H-1,2- or 4H-1,4-oxazinyl, 1,2,5-oxathiazinyl, isoxazinyl, e.g. -o- or p-isoxazinyl, oxathiazinyl, e.g. 1,2,5-, 1,2,6-oxathiazinyl, 1,3,5,2-oxadiazinyl, or 1,2,4-diazepinyl groups. Optional substituents which may be present on such groups include those substituents discussed above in relation to the alkyl groups represented by R1, R2, R6, R7 or R8.
- Examples of the group Alk1 in compounds of formula (1) include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl or 3-butynyl groups optionally interrupted by one, two or three —O— or —S— atoms or —S(O)—, —S(O)2— or —N(Ra)- groups.
- Particularly useful atoms or groups represented by R13 include fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, or C1-6alkyl, e.g. methyl or ethyl, C1-6alkylamino, e.g. methylamino or ethylamino, C1-6hydroxyalkyl, e.g. hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl, C1-6alkylthiol e.g. methylthiol or ethylthiol, C1-6alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, C5-7 cycloalkyl, e.g. cyclopentyl, C5-7 cycloalkoxy, e.g. cyclopentyloxy, haloC1-6alkyl, e.g. trifluoromethyl, C1-6alkylamino, e.g. methylamino or ethylamino, amino (—NH2), aminoC1-6alkyl, e.g. aminomethyl or aminoethyl, C1-6dialkylamino, e.g. dimethylamino or diethylamino, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl (—OH), formyl [HC(O)—], carboxyl (—CO2H), —CO2Alk2[where Alk2 is as defined above], C1-6alkanoyl e.g. acetyl, thiol (—SH), thioC1-6alkyl, e.g. thiomethyl or thioethyl, optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl (where the optional substituents are selected from one or more atoms or groups R13 or L1R13), a group -Het as just described above, sulphonyl (—SO3H), C1-6alkylsulphonyl, e.g. methylsulphonyl, aminosulphonyl (—SO2NH2), C1-6alkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. methylaminosulphonyl or ethylaminosulphonyl, C1-6dialkylaminosulphonyl, e.g. dimethylaminosulphonyl or diethylaminosulphonyl, phenylaminosulphonyl, carboxamido (—CONH2), C1-6alkylaminocarbonyl, e.g. methylaminocarbonyl or ethylaminocarbonyl, C1-6 dialkylaminocarbonyl, e.g. dimethylaminocarbonyl or diethylaminocarbonyl, phenylaminocarbonyl, sulphonylamino (—NHSO2H), C1-6 alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. methylsulphonylamino or ethylsulphonylamino, C1-6dialkylsulphonylamino, e.g. dimethylsulphonylamino or diethylsulphonylamino, aminosulphonylamino (—NHSO2NH2), C1-6alkylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. methylaminosulphonylamino or ethylaminosulphonylamino, C1-6dialkylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminosulphonylamino or diethylaminosulphonylamino, phenylaminosulphonylamino, C1-6 alkanoylamino, e.g. acetylamino, C1-6alkanoylamino, C1-6alkyl, e.g. acetylaminomethyl or C1-6alkoxycarbonylamino, e.g. methoxycarbonylamino, ethoxycarbonylamino, or t-butoxycarbonylamino, thiocarboxamido (—CSNH2), C1-6 alkylaminothiocarbonyl, e.g. methylaminothiocarbonyl or ethylaminothiocarbonyl, C1-6dialkylaminothiocarbonyl, e.g. dimethylaminothiocarbonyl or diethylaminothiocarbonyl, phenylaminothiocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, C1-6alkylaminocarbonylamino, e.g. methylaminocarbonylamino or ethylaminocarbonylamino, C1-6dialkylaminocarbonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminocarbonylamino or diethylaminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, C1-6alkylaminothiocarbonylamino, e.g. methylaminothiocarbonylamino or ethylaminothiocarbonylamino, C1-6 dialkylaminothiocarbonylamino, e.g. dimethylaminothiocarbonylamino, or diethylaminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonylC1-6alkylamino, e.g. aminocarbonylmethylamino or aminocarbonylethylamino, aminothiocarbonylC1-6alkylamino e.g. aminothiocarbonylmethylamino or aminothiocarbonylethylamino, formylaminoC1-6 alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. formylaminomethylsulphonylamino or formylaminoethylsulphonylamino, thioformylaminoC1-6alkylsulphonylamino, e.g. thioformylaminomethylsulphonylamino or thioformylethylsulphonylamino, C1-6acylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. acetylaminosulphonylamino, C1-6thioacylaminosulphonylamino, e.g. thioacetylaminosulphonylamino groups.
- In the compounds of formula (1), when R3 is a L1 R13 group the linker group L1 may be any divalent linking group. Particular examples of L1 groups include groups of formula —(Alka)r(Xa)s(Alkb)t- where Alka and Alkb is each an optionally substituted straight or branched C1-6alkylene, C2-6alkenylene or C2-6alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more, e.g. one, two or three heteroatoms or carbocyclic or heteroatom-containing groups, Xa is an —O— or —S— atom or a —S(O)—, —S(O)2— or —N(Rb)- group, r is zero or the integer 1, t is zero or the integer 1 and s is zero or the integer 1, provided that when one of r, s, or t is zero at least one of the remainder is the integer 1.
- The heteroatoms which may interrupt the Alka or Alkb chains include for example —O— or —S— atoms. Carbocyclic groups include for example cycloalkyl, e.g. cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or cycloalkenyl e.g. cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl, groups. Particular heteroatom-containing groups which may interrupt Alka or Alkb include oxygen-, sulphur- or nitrogen-containing groups such as —S(O)—, —S(O)2—, N(Rb)-, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(NRb)-, —CON(Rb)-, —CSN(Rb)-, —N(Rb)CO—, —N(Rb)CS—, —SON (Rb)-, —SO2N(Rb)-, —N(Rb)SO—, —N(Rb)SO2—, —N(Rb)SO2N(Rb)-, —N(Rb)SON(Rb)-, —N(Rb)CON(Rb)-, or N(Rb)CSN(Rb)- groups. It will be appreciated that when the chains Alka or Alkb are interrupted by two or more heteroatoms, carbocyclic or heteroatom-containing groups, such atoms or groups may be adjacent to one another, for example to form a group —N(Rb)-C(NRb)-N(Rb)- or —O—CONH—.
- Optional substituents which may be present on Alka or Alkb chains include those described above in relation to the group R1 when it is an alkyl group.
- In the group -L1R13 particular examples of Alka or Alkb when present include optionally substituted methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, ethenylene, 2-propenylene, 2-butenylene, 3-butenylene, ethynylene, 2-propynylene, 2-butynylene or 3-butynylene chains, optionally interrupted by one, two or three heteroatoms, carbocyclic or heteroatom-containing groups as described above.
- Particular groups represented by -L1R13 include for example —CH2Ar, —(CH2)2Ar, —CH═CHAr, —(CH2)3Ar, —CH2CH═CHAr, —OCH2Ar, —CH2OAr, —CH2OCH2Ar, —CH2N(Ra)Ar or —CH2N(Ra)CH2Ar groups.
- The group R3 in compounds of formula (1) may in general be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon atom adjacent to the group —C(R4)(R5)C(R6)(R7)(R8) or the group W.
- The presence of certain substituents in the compounds of formula (1) may enable salts of the compounds to be formed. Suitable salts include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, for example acid addition salts derived from inorganic or organic acids, and salts derived from inorganic and organic bases.
- Acid addition salts include hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, alkylsulphonates, e.g. methanesulphonates, ethanesulphonates, or isethionates, arylsulphonates, e.g. p-toluenesulphonates, besylates or napsylates, phosphates, sulphates, hydrogen sulphates, acetates, trifluoroacetates, propionates, citrates, maleates, fumarates, malonates, succinates, lactates, oxalates, tartrates and benzoates.
- Salts derived from inorganic or organic bases include alkali metal salts such as sodium or potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium or calcium salts, and organic amine salts such as morpholine, piperidine, dimethylamine or diethylamine salts.
- Particularly useful salts of compounds according to the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, especially acid addition pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
- In compounds of formula (1), the group ═W— is preferably a ═C(Y)— group in which Y is an —OR1 group, especially where R1 is an optionally substituted ethyl group, or an optionally substituted methyl group. Especially useful substituents which may be present on R1 groups include one, two or three fluorine or chlorine atoms.
- The group X in compounds of formula (1) is preferably —O—.
-
- where R2 is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group; R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are as defined for formula (1); and the salts, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof.
- In the compounds of formulae (1) and (2), R2 is preferably an optionally substituted methyl or cyclopentyl group. In particular R2 is a cyclopentyl group.
- In the compounds of formulae (1) and (2) R4 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an —Ar or —CH2Ar group, where Ar is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group, particularly a phenyl or nitrogen containing heteroaryl group such as a pyridyl group. In general however in compounds of formulae (1) and (2) R4 is especially a hydrogen atom.
- The groups R5, R7 and R8 in compounds of formulae (1) and (2) is each preferably a fluorine atom or especially a hydrogen atom.
- In the compounds of formulae (1) and (2) the group R6 is preferably an —Ar group, especially a nitrogen containing monocyclic heteroaryl group. Particularly useful groups of this type are optionally substituted pyridyl groups, particularly optionally substituted 4-pyridyl groups.
- In the compounds of formulae (1) and (2) R3 is preferably a halogen atom or an optionally substituted C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C6-12 mono- or bicyclic aryl, arC1-3alkyl or arC1-3alkenyl, or C1-9 mono- or bicyclic heteroaryl or heteroarC1-3alkyl group. Optional substituents which may be present on these groups include, for alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups, those substituents described above in relation to the group R1, and for aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl groups, R13 substituents as described above.
- Particular examples of aryl or aralkyl groups include optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, phenC1-3alkyl or naphthylC1-3alkyl groups. Examples of heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl groups include optionally substitued pyridyl or pyridylC1-3alkyl groups.
- Particular examples of R3 in the compounds of formulae (1) and (2) include bromine, chlorine or iodine atoms or, methyl, ethyl, ethenyl 2-propenyl, ethynyl, 2-propynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylethenyl, phenylpropen-1-yl, phenylpropen-2-yl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl, 2-, 3- or 4- pyridylmethyl, or 2-, 3- or 4-pyridylethyl, each of said phenyl or pyridyl groups being optionally substituted by one or more R13 substituents.
- The group R3 may in particular be positioned on one of the two ring carbon atoms between the group W and the group —C(R4)(R5)C(R6)(R7)(R8) either adjacent to the group W or adjacent to the group —C(R4)(R5)C(R6)(R7)(R8).
- Particularly useful compounds according to the invention are:
- 4-[2-(5-Cyclopentyloxy-2-iodo-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyridine;
- 4-[2-(5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-phenyl)ethyl]pyridine;
- 4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethenyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
- 4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
- 4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
- 4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(2-naphthyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
- 4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(3-pyridyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
- or each isomer and enantiomer, and/or the salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof.
- Compounds according to the invention are selective and potent inhibitors of PDE IV. The ability of the compounds to act in this way may be simply determined by the tests described in the Examples hereinafter.
- The compounds according to the invention are thus of particular use in the prophylaxis and treatment of human diseases where an unwanted inflammatory response or muscular spasm (for example bladder or alimentary smooth muscle spasm) is present and where the elevation of cAMP levels may be expected to prevent or alleviate the inflammation and relax muscle.
- Particular uses to which the compounds of the invention may be put include the prophylaxis and treatment of asthma, especially inflamed lung associated with asthma, cystic fibrosis, or in the treatment of inflammatory airway disease, chronic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, psoriasis and other benign and malignant proliferative skin diseases, endotoxic shock, septic shock, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, reperfusion injury of the myocardium and brain, inflammatory arthritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes insipidus, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, arterial restenosis and artherosclerosis.
- Compounds of the invention also suppress neurogenic inflammation through elevation of cAMP in sensory neurones. They are, therefore, analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-hyperalgesic in inflammatory diseases associated with irritation and pain.
- Compounds according to the invention may also elevate cAMP in lymphocytes and thereby suppress unwanted lymphocyte activation in immune-based diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, transplant rejection and graft versus host disease.
- Compounds according to the invention have also been found to reduce gastric acid secretion and therefore can be used to treat conditions associated with hypersecretion.
- Compounds of the invention suppress cytokine synthesis by inflammatory cells in response to immune or infectious stimulation. They are, therefore, useful in the treatment of bacterial, fungal or viral induced sepsis and septic shock in which cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are key mediators. Also compounds of the invention suppress inflammation and pyrexia due to cytokines and are, therefore, useful in the treatment of inflammation and cytokine-mediated chronic tissue degeneration which occurs in diseases such as rheumatoid or osteoarthritis.
- Over-production of cytokines such as TNF in bacterial, fungal or viral infections or in diseases such as cancer, leads to cachexia and muscle wasting. Compounds of the invention ameliorate these symptoms with a consequent enhancement of quality of life.
- Compounds of the invention also elevate cAMP in certain areas of the brain and thereby counteract depression and memory impairment.
- Compounds of the invention suppress cell proliferation in certain tumour cells and can be used, therefore, to prevent tumour growth and invasion of normal tissues.
- For the prophylaxis or treatment of disease the compounds according to the invention may be administered as pharmaceutical compositions, and according to a further aspect of the invention we provide a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of formula (1) together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents.
- Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may take a form suitable for oral, buccal, parenteral, nasal, topical or rectal administration, or a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
- For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets, lozenges or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g. pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g. potato starch or sodium glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles and preservatives. The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavouring, colouring and sweetening agents as appropriate.
- Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.
- For buccal administration the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
- The compounds of formula (1) may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection e.g. by bolus injection or infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. in glass ampoule or multi dose containers, e.g. glass vials. The compositions for injection may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilising, preserving and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
- In addition to the formulations described above, the compounds of formula (1) may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation or by intramuscular injection.
- For nasal administration or administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation for pressurised packs or a nebuliser, with the use of suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas or mixture of gases.
- The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack or dispensing device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
- The quantity of a compound of the invention required for the prophylaxis or treatment of a particular inflammatory condition will vary depending on the compound chosen, and the condition of the patient to be treated. In general, however, daily dosages may range from around 100 ng/kg to 100 mg/kg, e.g. around 0.01 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg body weight for oral or buccal administration, from around 10 ng/kg to 50 mg/kg body weight for parenteral administration and around 0.05 mg to around 1000 mg e.g. around 0.5 mg to around 1000 mg for nasal administration or administration by inhalation or insufflation.
- The compounds according to the invention may be prepared by the following processes. The symbols W, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 and X, when used in the formulae below are to be understood to represent those groups described above in relation to formula (1) unless otherwise indicated. In the reactions described below it may be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, thio, carboxy or aldehyde groups, where these are desired in the final product, to avoid their unwanted participation in the reactions. Conventional protecting groups may be used in accordance with standard practice [see, for example, Green, T. W. in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” John Wiley and Sons, 1981.] It may be that deprotection will form the last step in the synthesis of compounds of formula (1).
-
- where Hal is an iodine or bromine atom with a coupling reagent.
- The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as a metal complex catalyst, for example a palladium complex e.g. dichloro-[1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine)palladium, or palladium (II) acetate, or a nickel complex such as dichloro-[1,3-bis (diphenylphosphino)propane] nickel.
- The coupling reagents include organometallic reagents, such as organo magnesium reagents R13L1MgX, where X is a halogen atom, such as a chlorine or bromine atom, organozinc reagents R13L1ZnX; boronic acid derivatives, for example R13L1B(OH)2 in the presence of a base, such as a carbonate e.g. sodium carbonate; or an olefin reagent for example R13L1CH═CH2 in the presence of a phosphine, e.g. tri-0-tolylphosphine and a base such as triethylamine.
- The reaction may take place in a solvent, for example an ether, such as diethylether or a cyclic ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, or a nitrile, e.g. acetonitrile, at a temperature varied from room temperature to an elevated temperature, e.g. 140° C.
- The coupling reagents are either known compounds or may be prepared using reagents and conditions similar to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.
-
- This reaction is particularly suitable for preparing compounds in which R3 is a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Thus for example bromination and chlorination may be achieved by using bromine or chlorine in the presence of a catalyst, such as a Lewis acid, e.g. AlBr3, AlCl3, or FeCl3 respectively or an organic acid, e.g. acetic acid where necessary in a solvent for example a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane.
- Iodination may be carried out by the use of iodine in the presence of an oxidising agent, such as HNO3, HIO3 or peracetic acid, or salts, such as copper salts, antimony salts e.g. SbCl5 or sulphonates, e.g. silver trifluoromethanesulphonate, where necessary in a solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, e.g. dichloromethane.
-
- with
- (a) an organometallic reagent R6R7R8CM where M is a metal atom, such as lithium, or a Grignard reagent R6R7R8MgHal, where Hal is a halogen atom, e.g. a bromine atom, or
- (b) a compound R6R7R8CHal, where Hal is a halogen atom, such as a bromine atom, using a base, such as t-butyllithium.
- Intermediates of formula (4), where R5 is a fluorine atom may be prepared by reacting an intermediate of formula (4), where R5 is a hydroxyl group, with a fluorinating reagent, such as diethylaminosulphur trifluoride (DAST), in a solvent, for example a chlorinated solvent, e.g. dichloromethane, at a low temperature, e.g. around 0° C.
-
- using an oxidising agent such as manganese dioxide in a solvent such a dichloromethane at ambient temperature.
-
- with an organometallic compound, such as organolithium compound R4Li, or a Grignard reagent R4MgBr, in a solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at a low temperature, e.g. around −50° C. to 0° C.
-
- using a compound R2Hal [where Hal is as previously defined] using the reagents and conditions described hereinafter for the alkylation of intermediates of formula (15).
- Intermediates of formula (8) are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials by methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.
-
- by successive oxidation and reduction reactions.
- For example a first oxidation of intermediate (9) by SeO2 or potassium permanganate gives the carboxylic acid derivative. This in turn may be reduced by a reducing agent, for example lithium aluminium hydride to afford the corresponding alcohol, which upon oxidation with manganese dioxide gives the desired intermediate (7).
-
- where Hal is a halogen atom, e.g. a bromine, chlorine or iodine atom with a compound RXH, where X is —O—, —S— or —NH— in the presence of a base.
- Bases used in this reaction include hydrides, such as sodium hydride, or organometallic bases, such as butyllithium in a solvent, such as an amide, for example dimethylformamide at a temperature from room temperature to above, e.g. around 80° C.
-
- with nitrous acid (made in situ by reacting sodium nitrite with an acid, for example sulphuric acid or hydrobromic acid) to produce the diazonium salt. This in turn may be reacted with a haloacid, e.g. hydrobromic, hydrochloride or hydriodic acid if necessary in the presence of the corresponding copper (1) halide for example CuBr or Cul, or halogen, e.g. bromine, chlorine or iodine.
-
- [where Hal is a halogen atom such as bromine or chlorine atom] by halogen metal exchange with a base such as n-butyllithium followed by reaction with a nitrite R4CN, an acid chloride R4COCl or an ester R4CO2Alk (where Alk is an alkyl group, e.g. a methyl group), in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at a low temperature, e.g. around −70° C., and subsequent treatment with an acid such as hydrochloric acid at e.g. −20° C. to ambient temperature.
-
- using the reagents and conditions discussed below in relation to the alkylation of intermediates of formula (15).
-
- using an oxidising agent such as 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in a halogenated hydrocarbon such as chloroform at a temperature from around 0° C. to room temperature.
- Aldehydes of formula (14) and halides of formula (13) where X is —S— or —N(R8)— are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials by methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.
-
- using a reagent R2L, where L is a leaving group.
- Leaving groups represented by L include halogen atoms such as iodine, chlorine or bromine atoms, or sulphonyloxy groups such as aryl-sulphonyloxy groups, e.g. p-toluenesulphonyloxy.
- The alkylation reaction may be carried out in the presence of a base, such as a carbonate, e.g. caesium or potassium carbonate, an alkoxide, e.g. potassium t.butoxide, or a hydride, e.g. sodium hydride, in a dipolar aprotic solvent such as an amide, e.g. a substituted amide such as dimethyl-formamide, or an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, at ambient temperature or above, e.g. around 40° C. to 50° C.
- Intermediates of formula (15) are known compounds or may be prepared in a manner similar to the preparation of the known compounds.
-
- The hydrogenation may be performed using for example hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. Suitable catalysts include metals such as platinum or palladium, optionally supported on an inert carrier such as carbon or calcium carbonate; nickel e.g. Raney Nickel, or rodhium. The reaction may be performed in a suitable solvent, for example an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol, an ether such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, or an ester such as ethyl acetate, optionally in the presence of a base, for example a tertiary organic base such as triethylamine, at for example ambient temperature.
- Alternatively, the reaction may be accomplished by transfer hydrogenation using an organic hydrogen donor and a transfer agent. Suitable hydrogen donors include for example acids, such as formic acid, formates, e.g. ammonium formates, alcohols, such as benzyl alcohol or ethylene glycol, hydrazine, and cycloalkenes such as cyclohexene or cyclohexadiene. The transfer agent may be for example a transition metal, for example palladium or platinum, optionally supported on an inert carrier as discussed above, nickel e.g. Raney nickel, ruthenium, e.g. tris (triphenylphosphine) ruthenium chloride or copper. The reaction may generally be performed at ambient or elevated temperature, optionally in the presence of a solvent, for example an alcohol such as ethanol or an acid such as acetic acid.
- Intermediate alkenes of formula (16) may be obtained by reaction of a corresponding aldehyde of formula (5) [where R4 is a hydrogen atom] using an olefination agent and the reagents and conditions similar to those described below for the production of a compound of formula (1) from an intermediate of formula (19).
-
- using a reagent R2L, as described above for the production of a compound of formula (5) from a compound of formula (15).
-
- wherein X1 is a protected hydroxy, thio, amino or aldehyde group using conventional deprotection procedures [see Green, T. W. ibid]. Thus for example where X1 is a t-butyldimethylsilyloxy group, the required hydroxyl group may be obtained by treatment of the protected intermediate with tetra-butylammonium fluoride. In another example where X1 is a dioxanyl group, the required aldehyde group may be obtained by acid hydrolysis of the protected intermediate with trifluoroacetic acid or p-toluene sulphonic acid, in the presence of a solvent, e.g. acetone, or a mixture of solvents, e.g. chloroform and water.
- The protected intermediates of formula (18) may be prepared in an analogous manner to the compounds of formula (1) using the reactions described herein and appropriately protected intermediates.
-
- where R is as defined above with an olefination agent
- Particular examples of olefination agents include phosphonium salts such as compounds (Rb)(R2)CHP(D)3Hal where Hal is a halogen atom, such as a bromine atom, and D is an optionally substituted alkyl, e.g. methyl, or aryl, especially phenyl, group; phosphoranes (Rb)(R2)C═P(D)3; phosphonates (DO)2P(O)CH(Rb)(R2); or silane derivatives, for example compounds of formula (D)3SiC(R5)(R6), e.g. trialkylsilanes such as (CH3)3SiC(Rb)(R2).
- Bases for use in the above reaction include organometallic bases, for example, an organolithium compound such as an alkyllithium e.g. n-butyllithium, a hydride, such as sodium or potassium hydride or an alkoxide, such as a sodium alkoxide, e.g. sodium methoxide.
- The reaction may be performed in a suitable solvent, for example a polar aprotic solvent, such as an alkyl sulphoxide, e.g. methyl sulphoxide, an amide such as N,N-dimethylformamide or hexamethylphosphorous triamide; a non-polar solvent, such as an ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether or an aromatic solvent such as benzene, toluene or xylene; or a polar protic solvent, such as an alcohol, for example ethanol. Preferably the reaction is carried out at a low temperature, for example from around −78° C. to around room temperature.
- The olefination agents used in this reaction are either known compounds or may be prepared from known starting materials using reagents and conditions similar to those used to prepare the known compounds. For example, a phosphorane may be prepared in situ by reaction of a phosphonium salt with a base of the type described above. In another example, a phosphonate may be prepared by reacting a halide (Rb)(R2)CHHal with a phosphite (DO)3P, as described in the Arbuzov reaction. Silane derivatives may be prepared by reaction of a halosilane (D)3SiHal with a base, such as lithium diisopropylamide, in a solvent, such as an ether, for example a cyclic ether, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, e.g. −10° C.
- According to a further aspect of the invention compounds of formula (1) where X is a group —C(R)=CH(Rb) and R2 is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group may also be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of formula (19) with an organometallic reagent, for example as described above in connection with the preparation of intermediates of formula (4), followed by dehydration of the corresponding alcohol. The dehydration may be performed using an acid, for example an organic acid such as p-toluene sulphonic acid or trifluoroacetic acid, in the presence of a base, such as an amine, e.g. triethylamine.
-
- where X1 is an aldehyde or ketone protecting group.
-
- with an organometallic reagent or a halide in an analogous manner to the preparation of intermediates of formula (4) from intermediates of formula (5)
-
- using an oxidising agent, such as manganese (IV) oxide, in a solvent, such as dichloromethane, at room temperature.
-
- with an aldehyde R4CHO, in the presence of a base, such as n-butyl-lithium, in a solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran, at a temperature from around −70° C. to room temperature.
-
- using the reagents and conditions described herein above.
- Intermediates of formula (24) are either known compounds or may be prepared in a similar manner to the known compounds.
-
- using a reagent R1L where L is a leaving group as described above.
- The reaction may be performed using the reagents and conditions described above for the production of a compound of formula (5) from a compound of formula (15).
-
- at elevated temperature.
- Intermediates of formula (23) may be prepared by reacting an intermediate of formula (4) where W is a ═C(OCH3)— group with a thiol reagent, such as propanethiol, in the presence of a base, such as a hydride, e.g. sodium or potassium hydride, or an amide, e.g. sodium bis (trimethylsilyl)amide. The reaction may be performed in a solvent, such as dimethylformamide at an elevated temperature, e.g. the reflux temperature.
-
- where X2 is a protected hydroxyl group, e.g. methoxy, using iodotrimethylsilane in chloroform.
- Intermediates of formula (24) may be prepared using similar protected reagents and conditions to those used for the preparation of intermediates of formula (4).
- Compounds of formula (1) may also be prepared by interconversion of other compounds of formula (1). These reactions will generally involve the group R13, whether present as the group R3 or as a substituent on a group Ar in R4 or R6. Thus, in one example of an interconversion process a compound of formula (1) which contains a —CH2NH2 substituent may be prepared by reduction of a corresponding compound of formula (1) which contains a nitrile group, using for example a complex metal hydride such as lithium aluminium hydride in a solvent such as an ether e.g. diethylether.
- In a further example, a compound of formula (1) with an alkanoylamino or alkanoylaminoalkyl substituent may be prepared by acylation of a corresponding compound of formula (1) containing a —NH2 or alkylamino group by reaction with an acyl halide in the presence of a base, such as a tertiary amine e.g. triethylamine in a solvent such as dichloromethane.
- Compounds of formula (1) where X is a chain [—CH(R)]q—CH(Rb)- may be prepared by hydrogenation of a compound of formula (1) where X is a chain —C(R)=C(Rb)- using the reagents and conditions described above for the production of a compound of formula (1) from an intermediate of formula (13).
- In yet another example of an interconversion process, compounds of formula (1) containing an ester [CO2Alk2], e.g. an ethanoate, may be prepared by esterification of a corresponding compound of formula (1) containing a carboxylic acid, using an acid halide, such as an acid chloride, e.g. acetyl chloride, in an alcohol, such as ethanol, at an elevated temperature, such as the reflux temperature.
- Compounds of formula (1) containing a carboxylic acid may be prepared from the corresponding compound of formula (1) containing a formyl group, by oxidation with an oxidising agent, e.g. potassium permanganate, in a solvent, such as an alcohol, e.g. tert-butanol, at ambient temperature.
- In a further interconversion reaction, compounds of formula (1) which contain an aminoalkyl group, such as dimethylaminomethyl, may be prepared by reductive amination of a corresponding compound of formula (1) which contains a formyl group, using an amine, e.g. dimethylamine, in the presence of a reducing agent, e.g. sodium cyanoborohydride, if necessary in the presence of a catalyst, e.g. ethanolic HCl, in a solvent, such as an alcohol, e.g. methanol, at ambient temperature.
- In another example of an interconversion reaction a compound of formula (1) which contains a formyl group, may be reduced to the corresponding alcohol, using a reducing agent, e.g. sodium borohydride, in a solvent, such as an alcohol, e.g. ethanol, at a temperature from around 0° C. to ambient temperature. The resulting alcohol may then be converted to a corresponding alkoxy derivative, e.g. methoxymethyl, by reaction with an alkyl halide or alkyl sulphonate using the methods and reagents described above for the alkylation of intermediates of formula (9).
- In a further example of an interconversion process compounds of formula (1) which contain a carboxamido (—CONHAlk1) or an aminocarbonyl (—NHCOAlk1) group may be prepared by reaction of the corresponding compound containing a —CO2H or a —NH2 group respectively by reaction with a carbamate, such as i-butyl chloroformate or ethyl chloroformate, in the presence of a base, such as an amine, e.g. triethylamine or N-methylmorpholine, in a solvent, such as dichloromethane, or a mixture of solvents, e.g. tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide, at a temperature from around −20° C. to room temperature.
- In a still further interconversion reaction, compounds of formula (1) which contain a —NHCONHAlk1 group may be prepared by reacting a corresponding compound of formula (1) which contains an amino (—NH2) group, with an isocyanate, e.g. ethyl isocyanate, in a solvent, e.g. dichloromethane, at ambient temperature.
- In another example of an interconversion process, compounds of formula (1) wherein R7 is an alkyl group, may be prepared by interconversion of a compound of formula (1) where R7 is a hydrogen atom by reaction with a compound R7L, where L is a leaving group, for example a halogen atom, such as chlorine, in the presence of a base, for example lithium diisopropylamide, in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, such as 0° C.
- Compounds of formula (1) wherein R5 is an ORc group where Rc is an alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, formyl or alkanoyl group, may be prepared in another example of an interconversion process by reaction of a compound of formula (1) where R5 is a —OH group with a compound RcL (where Rc is as just defined and L is a leaving group as described above), in a solvent, such as dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran in the presence of a base, for example triethylamine or potassium tert-butoxide, at room temperature.
- In a further interconversion process compounds of formula (1) wherein Rc is a carboxamido (—CONHAlk1) or a thiocarboxamido (—CSNHAlk1) group, may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) wherein R5 is a hydroxyl group with an isocyanate Alk1NCO or an isothiocyanate Alk1NCS, in a solvent, for example chloroform, in the presence of a base, for example diisopropylethylamine, at ambient temperature. The isocyanate Alk1NCO and isothiocyanate Alk1NCS are known compounds or may be prepared in a conventional manner.
- In a further example, a compound of formula (1) wherein Rc is a CON[Alk1]2 group may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) wherein Rc is a CONHAlk1 group with a reagent Alk1L (where L is a leaving group as described above) in the presence of a base, for example sodium hydride, in a solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at low temperature, for example 0° C.
- In another example, an isothiocyanate of formula (1) where Rc is —CSN[Alk1l]2 may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) wherein Rc is a —CON[Alk1]2 group with a thiation reagent, such as Lawesson's Reagent, in an anhydrous solvent, for example toluene, at elevated temperature, such as the reflux temperature.
- N-oxides of compounds of formula (1) may be prepared for example by oxidation of the corresponding nitrogen base using an oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid, at an elevated temperature, for example around 70° C. to 80° C., or alternatively by reaction with a peracid such as peracetic acid in a solvent, e.g. dichloromethane, at ambient temperature.
- Salts of compounds of formula (1) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (1) with an appropriate acid or base in a suitable solvent or mixture of solvents e.g. an organic solvent such as an ether e.g. diethylether, or an alcohol, e.g. ethanol using conventional procedures.
- Where it is desired to obtain a particular enantiomer of a compound of formula (1) this may be produced from a corresponding mixture of enantiomers using any suitable conventional procedure for resolving enantiomers.
- Thus for example diastereomeric derivatives, e.g. salts, may be produced by reaction of a mixture of enantiomers of formula (1) e.g. a racemate, and an appropriate chiral compound, e.g. a chiral acid or base. Suitable chiral acids include, for example, tartaric acid and other tartrates such as dibenzoyl tartrates and dltoluoyl tartrates, sulphonates such as camphor sulphonates, mandelic acid and other mandelates and phosphates such as 1,1′-binaphthalene-2,2′-diyl hydrogen phosphate. The diastereomers may then be separated by any convenient means, for example by crystallisation and the desired enantiomer recovered, e.g. by treatment with an acid or base in the instance where the diastereomer is a salt
- In another resolution process a racemate of formula (1) may be separated using chiral High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
- Alternatively, if desired a particular enantiomer may be obtained by using an appropriate chiral intermediate in one of the processes described above.
- The following examples illustrate the invention. The following abbreviations are used: DMF—dimethylformamide; THF—tetrahydrofuran; DME—dimethoxyethane; EtOAc—ethyl acetate; Et2O—diethylether; Et3N—triethylamine; BuLi—butyllithium; LDA—lithium diisopropylamide; EtOH—ethanol; CHCl3—chloroform; CH2Cl2—dichloromethane; MEOH—methanol; RT—room temperature.
- All1Hnmr spectra were obtained at 300 MHz unless specified otherwise.
- The title compound was prepared as described for Intermediate 9 in International Patent Specification No. WO 94/14742.
- The title compound was prepared as described in Example 2b) in International Patent Specification No. WO 94/20446.
- The title compound was prepared as described for Intermediate 5c) in International Patent Specification No. WO 94/20446.
- The title compound was prepared as decribed in Example 3f) iin International Patent Specification No. WO 94/20446.
- To a stirred solution of NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil) (0.483 g, 12.075 mmol) in DMF under nitrogen at RT was added propanethiol (1.09 ml, 12.07 mmol) and the mixture stirred for 30 min. A solution of (R)-(+)-4-[2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]pyridine (made as described in WO 94/14742) (1.8 g, 4.83 mmol) in DMF was added, the mixture heated to reflux for 5 h, allowed to cool (the reaction was followed by tic) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in CH2Cl2 and washed with aqueous NaHCO3 solution. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH2Cl2, the combined organic phase dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatography (SiO2; Et2O) then recrystallised (i-propylether) to give the title compound (6.00 g) as a white solid. m.p. 158-159° C. (Found C, 79.37; H, 6.96; N. 3.66. C24H25O2N requires C, 80.19; H, 7.01; N, 3.90%). δH (CDCl3) 1.5-1.9 (8H, m, (CH2), 3.39 (2H, dd, J8, 1Hz, CH2 pyridine), 4.12 (1H, t, J8 Hz, CHCH2), 4.62 (1H, m, OCH), 5.52 (1H, br s, OH), 6.57 (1H, m, C6H3), 6.6-6.7 (1H, m, C6H3), 6.75-6.8 (1H, m, C6H3), 6.91 (2H, d, J6.Hz, H3, H5 pyridine), 7.1-7.3 (5H, m, C6H5), and 8.38 (2H, d, J6Hz, H2, H6 pyridine).
- To a stirred soution of Intermediate 5 (2.031 g, 5.66 mmol) in THF (60 ml) and DMF (20 ml) at RT, under nitrogen, was added potassium t-butoxide (0.8 g, 6.77 mmol). After 20 min, allyl bromide (0.56 ml, 6.47 mmol) was added, the mixture stirred at RT for 20 min then quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound free base (2.2 g) as a yellow gum.
- A small amount of the free base was treated with etheral HCl to give the title compound as an off-white solid (Found C, 71.18; H, 6.58; N, 2.93. C27H31NO2Cl. H2O requires C, 71.26; H, 6.86; N, 3.08%). m/z (ESI) (M+, 400, 100%). δH (CD3OD) 1.05-1.85 (5H, m), 3.7 (2H, d, J 9.0Hz), 4.45-4.52 (3H, m), 4.7 (1H, m), 5.19 (1H, dd, J 3.01, 6.0Hz), 5.3 (1H, dd, J3.0, 9.0Hz), 5.9-6.1 (1H, m), 6.7-6.82 (3H, m), 7.1-7.39 (5H, m), 7.82 (2H, d, J 6.0Hz) and 8.6 (2H, d, J 6.0Hz).
- Intermediate 6 (2.2 g, 5.51 mmol) was heated in a silicon oil bath at 230° C. for 2 h under nitrogen. The crude product was subjected to chromatography (SiO2; MeOH—CH2Cl2, 5:95) to give the free base (1.41 g) as a yellow gum.
- A small amount of the free base was treated with ethereal HCl to give the title compound as an off-white solid. m/z (ESI) (M+H, 400, 50%) (Found C, 71.57; H, 6.58; N, 3.00. C27H30NO2Cl requires C, 71.42; H, 6.66; N, 3.08%). δH (CD3OD) 1.5-1.98 (5H, m), 3.3 (2H, dd, J 3.0, 6.0Hz), 3.68 (2H, dd, J 3.0, 6.0Hz), 3.7 (2H, dd, J 3.0, 6.0Hz), 4.32-4.45 (1H, m), 4.78 (1H,m), 4.9 (2H, dd, J 3.0, 9.0Hz under HOD), 5.8-6.0 (1H, m), 6.6 (2H, dd, J 3.0, 30Hz), 7.1-7.4 (5H, m), 7.81 (2H, d, J 3.0Hz) and 8.6 (2H, d, J 3.0Hz).
- a) 4-[2-(5-Cyclopentyloxy-2-iodo-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyridine
- Silver triflate (2.57 g, 10.0 mmol) was added to a solution of Intermediate 4 (3.00 g, 10.0 mmol) in CHCl3 (100 ml) at RT. A solution of iodine (2.54 g, 10.0 mmol) in CHCl3 (100 ml) was added dropwise and the mixture allowed to stir for a further 1 h at RT. Sodium thiosulphate solution (100 ml) was added and the organic layer separated and combined with a CH2Cl2 portion (50 ml). The extract was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to chromatography (SiO2; Et2O) to afford the title compound (3.89 g) as a pale yellow solid; δH (CDCl3) 1.4-1.9 (8H, br m, (CH2)4), 2.8-3.0 (4H, m, CH2CH2 pyridine), 3.81 (3H, s, OMe), 4.60 (1H, br m, OCH), 6.55 (1H, s, ArH meta to methoxy), 7.12 (2H, dd, J 4.5, 1.5 Hz, pyridine H3, H5), 7.22 (1H, s, ArH ortho to methoxy), and 8.50 (2H, dd, J 4.5, 1.5 Hz, pyridine H2, H6).
- The following compound was prepared in a manner similar to the compound of Example 1a):
- b) (R)-4-[2-(3-Cyclopentyloxy-6-iodo-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-ethyl]pyridine
- From (R)-(+)-4-[2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]pyridine (made as described in International Patent Specification No. WO 94/14742) (1.82 g, 4.88 mmol) in CHCl3 (50 ml)m, silver triflate (1.26 g, 4.88 mmol) and iodine (1.24 g, 4.88 mmol). Chromatography (SiO2;EtOAc) afforded the title compound (2.2 g) as a colourless gum. (Found C, 59.23; H, 5.32; N, 2.67. C23H26NO2I requires C, 60.13; H, 5.25; N, 2.81) δH (CDCl3) 1.5-1.9 (8H, m,CH2)4), 3.25 (1H, d, J 5Hz, CH2pyridine), 3.27 (1H, d, J 5Hz, CH2 pyridine), 3.74 (3H, s, OCH3), 4.6-4.7 (1H, m, OCH), 4.64 (1H, t, J 8Hz, CH phenyl), 6.74 (1H, s, C6H2), 7.01 (2H, d, J 5Hz, H3, H5 pyridine), 7.24 (1H, s, C6H2), 7.25-7.4 (5H, m, C6H5), and 8.39 (2H, d, J 5Hz, H2, H6 pyridine). m/z 500 (M+, 100%), 406 (25) and 212 (14).
- 4-[2-(5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-phenyl)ethyl]pyridine hydrochloride
- A solution of the compound of Example 1 (1.06 g, 2.5 mmol) in dioxane (10 ml) was added to a solution of tetrakis (triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.144 g, 0.125 mmol) in dioxane (20 ml) and the mixture stirred at RT for 0.5 h. Sodium carbonate solution (2M; 3.25 ml) and phenylboronic acid (0.305 g, 2.5 mmol) were then added and the mixture heated to reflux for 16 h. The cooled reaction mixture was poured into sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (20 ml) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (2×25 ml). The extract was dried (MgSO4), concentrated in vacuo, and the residue subjected to chromatography (SiO2; Et2O) to afford the title compound free base.
- The base was dissolved in Et2O (20 ml) and treated with ethanolic HCl to afford the title compound (320 mg) as a pale yellow solid m.p. 179-180° C.; δH (CDCl3) 1.5-2.0 (8H, br m, (CH2)4), 2.6-2.7 (2H, m, CH2CH2), 2.8-2.9 (2H, m, CH2CH2), 3.80 (3H, s, OMe), 4.74 (1H, br m, OCH), 6.69 (1H, s, ArH ortho to alkoxy), 6.72 (1H, s, ArH ortho to alkoxy), 6.80 (2H, dd, J 4.5, 1.5 Hz, pyridine H3, H5), 7.2-7.5 (5H, m, C6H5), and 8.37 (2H, dd, J 4.5, 1.5 Hz, pyridine H2, H6); m/z (El) 373 (M+, 12%) 305 (17), 182 (18), 181 (100), 153 (28), 152 (22), 94 (17), 93 (46), and 69 (23).
- (E)- and (Z)-isomers of 4-[2-(5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(2-phenyl-ethenyl)) ethyl]pyridine
- A mixture of the compound of Example 1 (1.27 g, 3.0 mmol), styrene (417 mg, 4.0 mmol), Et3N (404 mg, 4.0 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (34 mg, 0.15 mmol), and tri-O-tolylphosphine (41 mg, 0.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 ml) was heated in a bomb at 140° C. for 24 h. The cooled reaction mixture was poured into sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (10 ml) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (2×25 ml). The extract was dried (MgSO4), concentrated in vacuo, and the residue subjected to chromatography (SiO2; Et2O) to afford the title compound (1.05 g) as a cream solid m.p. 91-94° C. δH (CDCl3) 1.5-1.7 and 1.75-1.95 (8H, m, (CH2)4), 2.8-3.1 (4H, m, (CH2)2 pyridine), 3.90 (3H, s, OMe), 4.60-4.75 (1H, m, OCH), 6.51 (1H, s, ArH), 6.6-7.5 (8H, m, ArH+(CH2+C6H5), 7.07 (2H, d, J 7.5Hz, H3, H5 pyridine), and 8.47 (2H, d, J 7.5 Hz, H2, H6 pyridine).
- 4-{2-(R)-[3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-5-prop-3-enylphenyl]-2-phenyl}ethylpyridine
- To a stirred solution of Intermediate 7 (243 mg) in dry THF-DMF (8 ml; 3:1) at RT was added potassium tert-butoxide (90 mg). After 20 min, iodomethane (0.042 ml) was added and the solution stirred a further 40-min, then quenched with H2O. The reaction mixture was partitioned between H2O-EtOAc and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO4) then evaporated. Chromatography (SiO2; EtOAc-hexane, 30-50%) afforded the title compound (0.167 g) as a yellow oil. Found (C, 80.43; H, 7.52; N, 3.55. C28H31NO2 requires C, 81.32; H, 7.56; N, 3.36%). δH (CDCl3) 1.55-1.8 (8H, br m), 3.3 (4H, dd, J 6.0Hz), 3.61 (31H, s), 4.13 (1H, t, J 9.0Hz), 4.58 (1H, s), 4.92-5.08 (2H, m), 5.82-5.97 (1H, m), 6.6 (2H, dd, J 3.0, 6.0Hz), 6.92 (2H, d, J 6.0Hz), 7.15-7.3 (5H, m), 8.4 (2H, d, J 6.0Hz). m/z (ESI) 414 (M+H 414, 100%).
- The compounds of the invention may be formulated for pharmaceutical use in a number of forms using any suitable excipients. Thus, for example, for oral use the compounds of the invention such as the compounds of the Examples may be formulated as a solid dosage form, by mixing an appropriate weight of compound (for example 50 mg) with maize starch (50-99% w/w), anhydrous colloidal silica (0-10% w/w) and organic or inorganic acid (up to 1% w/w), to fill capsules of an appropriate size, e.g. white opaque hard gelatine capsules size 3. If desired the same mixture may be compressed into tablets.
- The activity and selectivity of compounds according to the invention was demonstrated in the following tests. In these tests the abbreviation FMLP represents the peptide N-formyl-met—leu—phe.
- Isolated Enzyme
- The potency and selectivity of the compounds of the invention was determined using distinct PDE isoenzymes as follows:
- i. PDE I, rabbit heart
- ii. PDE II, rabbit heart
- iii. PDE III, rabbit heart, Jurkat cells
- iv. PDE IV, HL60 cells, rabbit brain, rabbit kidney and human recombinant PDE IV
- v. PDE V, rabbit lung, guinea pig lung
- A gene encoding human PDE IV has been cloned from human monocytes (Livi, et al., 1990,Molecular and Cellular Biology, 10, 2678). Using similar procedures we have cloned human PDE IV genes from a number of sources including eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, brain and neuronal tissues. These genes have been transfected into yeast using an inducible vector and various recombinant proteins have been expressed which have the biochemical characteristics of PDE IV (Beavo and Reifsnyder, 1990, TIPS, 11, 150). These recombinant enzymes, particularly the human eosinophil recombinant PDE IV, have been used as the basis of a screen for potent, selective PDE IV inhibitors.
- The enzymes were purified to isoenzyme homogeneity using standard chromatographic techniques.
- Phosphodiesterase activity was assayed as follows. The reaction was conducted in 150 μl of standard mixture containing (final concentrations): 50 mM 2-[[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino]-1-ethane-sulphonic acid (TES) —NaOH buffer (pH 7.5), 10 mM MgCl2, 0.1 μM [3H]-cAMP and vehicle or various concentrations of the test compounds. The reaction was initiated by addition of enzyme and conducted at 30° C. for between 5 to 30 mins. The reaction was terminated by addition of 50 μl 2% trifluoroacetic acid containing [14C]-5′AMP for determining recovery of the product. An aliquot of the sample was then applied to a column of neutral alumina and the [3H]-cAMP eluted with 10 ml 0.1 TES-NaOH buffer (pH8). The [3H]-5′-AMP product was eluted with 2 ml 2M NaOH into a scintillation vial containing 10 ml of scintillation cocktail. Recovery of [3H]-5′AMP was determined using the [14C]-5′AMP and all assays were conducted in the linear range of the reaction.
- Compounds according to the invention such as the most potent compounds of the Examples herein cause a concentration-dependent inhibition of recombinant PDE IV at 0.1-1000 nM with little or no activity against PDE I, II, III or V at concentrations up to 100 μM.
- 2. The Elevation of cAMP In Leukocytes
- The effect of compounds of the invention on intracellular cAMP was investigated using human neutrophils or guinea pig eosinophils. Human neutrophils were separated from peripheral blood, incubated with dihydrocytochalasin B and the test compound for 10 min and then stimulated with FMLP. Guinea pig eosinophils were harvested by peritoneal lavage of animals previously treated with intra-peritoneal injections of human serum. Eosinophils were separated from the peritoneal exudate and incubated with isoprenaline and test compound. With both cell types, suspensions were centrifuged at the end of the incubation, the cell pellets were resuspended in buffer and boiled for 10 min prior to measurement of cAMP by specific radioimmunoassay (DuPont).
- The most potent compounds according to the Examples induced a concentration -dependent elevation of cAMP in neutrophils and/or eosinophils at concentrations of 0.1 nM to 1 μM.
- 3. Suppression of Leukocyte Function
- Compounds of the invention were investigated for their effects on superoxide generation, chemotaxis and adhesion of neutrophils and eosinophils. Isolated leukocytes were incubated with dihydrocyto-chalasin B for superoxide generation only and test compound prior to stimulation with FMLP. The most potent compounds of the Examples caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of superoxide generation, chemotaxis and adhesion at concentrations of 0.1 nM to
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synthesis of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) is inhibited by compounds of the Examples at concentrations of 0.01 nM to 10 μM.
- 4. Adverse Effects
- In general, in our tests above, compounds of the invention have had no observed toxic effects when administered to animals at pharmacologically effective doses.
Claims (10)
1. A compound of formula (1)
wherein
═W— is (1) ═C(Y)— where Y is a halogen atom, or an alkyl, or -XaR1 group where Xa is —O—, —S(O)m— [where m is zero or an integer of value 1 or 2], or —N(Ra)- [where Ra is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group] and R1 is an optionally substituted alkyl group or, (2) ═N—;
X is as described above for Xa or is a chain —CR═C(Rb)- or —[—CH(R)]q—CH(Rb)- where R is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom or a methyl group, Rb is as described below for R2 and q is zero or the integer 1;
R2 is (1) an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group when X is —O—, —S(O)m— or —N(Ra)-; or when X is —CR═C(Rb)- or —[—CH(R)]qCH(Rb)- is (2) a hydrogen atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, —CO2R9 (where R9 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group), —CONR10R11 (where R10 and R11 which may be the same or different is as described for R9), —CSNR10R11, —CN or NO2 group; or R2 and Rb, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, are linked to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group optionally containing one or more Xa atoms or groups;
R3 is an atom or group R13 or -L1R13 where L1 is a linker group and R13 is a halogen atom or an Alk1 [where Alk1 is an optionally substituted straight or branched C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl or C2-6alkynyl group optionally interrupted by one, two, or three —O—, or —S— atoms or —S(O)p—, [where p is an integer 1 or 2], or —N(Ra)- groups], or an amino (—NH2), substituted amino, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl (—OH), substituted hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, formyl [HC(O)—], carboxyl (—CO2H), esterified carboxyl, thiol (—SH), substituted thiol, —C(O)Alk1, —SO3H, —SO2Alk1, —SO2NH2, —SO2NHAlk1, —SO2N[Alk1]2, —SO2NHAr [where Ar is as defined below for R6], —SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —CONH2, —CONHAlk1, —CON[Alk1]2, —CONHAr, —CON(Alk1)Ar, —NHSO2H, —NAlk1SO2H, —NHSO2 Alk1, —NAlk1SO2Alk1, —N[SO2Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —NHSO2NH2, —N(Alk1)SO2NH2, —NHSO2NHAlk1, —N(Alk1)SO2NHAlk1, —NHSO2N[Alk1]2, —NAlk1 SO2N[Alk1]2, —NHSO2 NHAr, —N(Alk1)SO2N HAr, —NHSO2N(Alk1)Ar, —N(Alk1)SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —NHC(O)Alk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)Alk1, —N[C(O)Alk1]2, —NHC(O)OAlk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)OAlk1, —Ar, -Het [where Het is a C5-7 heterocycloalkyl group], —CONHet1 [where —NHet1 is a C5-7 cycloamino group optionally containing one or more —O— or —S— atoms or —N(Ra)— groups], —SO2NHet1, —NHSO2NHet1, —CSAlk1, —CSNH2, —CSNHAlk1, —CSN[Alk1]2, —CSNHAr, —CSN(Alk1 )Ar, —NHC(S)Alk1, —N(Alk1)C(S)Alk1, —CSNHet1 group, —N[C(S)Alk1]2, —N[C(O)Alk1]SO2Alk1, —N[C(S)Alk1]SO2Alk1, —NHC(O)NH2, —NHC(O)NHAlk1, —NHC(O)N[Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)CONH2, —N(Alk1)C(O)NHAlk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)N[Alk1]2, —NHC(S)NH2, —NHC(S)NHAlk1, —NHC(S)N[Alk1]2, —N (Alk1)CSNH2, —N(Alk1 )C(S)NHAlk1, or —N(Alk1)C(S)N[Alk1]2, group;
R4 is a hydrogen atom or is as defined for R6;
R5 is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an ORc group where Rc is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, formyl, carboxamido, thiocarboxamido, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group;
R6 is a group —(CH2)nAr where Ar is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl ring optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms —O—, —S— or —N— and n is zero or the integer 1, 2 or 3;
R7 and R8, which may be the same or different, is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group;
and the salts, solvates, prodrugs, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.
2. A compound according to wherein ═W— is ═C(XaR1)- and X is —O—, —S(O)m— or —N(Ra)-.
claim 1
3. A compound according to wherein R2 is an optionally substituted cyclopentyl group.
claim 2
4. A compound according to wherein R5, R7 and R8 is each a hydrogen atom.
claim 2
5. A compound according to wherein R4 is a hydrogen atom or a phenyl or substituted phenyl group.
claim 4
6. A compound according to wherein R6 is an optionally substituted pyridyl group.
claim 5
7. A compound according to wherein R3 is a halogen atom, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl group.
claim 6
8. A compound which is:
4-[2-(5-Cyclopentyloxy-2-iodo-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]pyridine;
4-[2-(5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-phenyl)ethyl]pyridine;
4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethenyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(1 -naphthyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(2-naphthyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
4-{2-[5-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-2-(3-pyridyl)phenyl]ethyl}pyridine;
or each isomer or enantiomer, and/or the salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs and N-oxides thereof.
9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (1)
wherein
═W— is (1) ═C(Y)— where Y is a halogen atom, or an alkyl, or -XaR1 group where Xa is —O—, —S(O)m— [where m is zero or an integer of value 1 or 2], or —N(Ra)- [where Ra is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group] and R1 is an optionally substituted alkyl group or, (2) ═N—;
X is as described above for Xa or is a chain CR═C(Rb)- or —[—CH(R)]q—CH(Rb)- where R is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom or a methyl group, Rb is as described below for R2 and q is zero or the integer 1;
R2 is (1) an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group when X is —O—, —S(O)m— or —N(Ra)-; or when X is —CR═C(Rb)- or —[—CH(R)]qCH(Rb)- is (2) a hydrogen atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, —CO2R9 (where R9 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group), —CONR10R11 (where R10 and R11 which may be the same or different is as described for R9), —CSNR10R11, —CN or NO2 group; or R2 and Rb, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, are linked to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group optionally containing one or more Xa atoms or groups;
R3 is an atom or group R13 or -L1R13 where L1 is a linker group and R13 is a halogen atom or an Alk1 [where Alk1 is an optionally substituted straight or branched C1-6 alkyl, C2-6alkenyl or C2-6alkynyl group optionally interrupted by one, two, or three —O—, or —S— atoms or —S(O)p—, [where p is an integer 1 or 2], or —N(Ra)- groups], or an amino (—NH2), substituted amino, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl (—OH), substituted hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, formyl [HC(O)—], carboxyl (—CO2H), esterified carboxyl, thiol (—SH), substituted thiol, —C(O)Alk1, —SO3H, —SO2Alk1, —SO2NH2, —SO2NHAlk1, —SO2N[Alk1]2, —SO2NHAr [where Ar is as defined below for R6], —SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —CONH2, —CONHAlk1, —CON[Alk1]2, —CONHAr, —CON(Alk1)Ar, —NHSO2H, —NAlk1SO2H, —NHSO2Alk1, —NAlk1SO2Alk1, —N[SO2Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —NHSO2NH2, —N(Alk1)SO2NH2, —NHSO2NHAlk1, —N(Alk1)SO2NHAlk1, —NHSO2N[Alk1]2, —NAlk1SO2N[Alk1]2, —NHSO2NHAr, —N(Alk1)SO2NHAr, —NHSO2N(Alk1)Ar, —N(Alk1)SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —NHC(O)Alk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)Alk1, —N[C(O)Alk1]2, —NHC(O)OAlk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)OAlk1, —Ar, —Het [where Het is a C5-7 heterocycloalkyl group], —CONHet1 [where —NHet1 is a C5-7 cycloamino group optionally containing one or more —O— or —S— atoms or —N(Ra)— groups], —SO2NHet1, —NHSO2NHet1, —CSAlk1, —CSNH2, —CSNHAlk1, —CSN[Alk1]2, —CSNHAr, —CSN(Alk1)Ar, —NHC(S)Alk1, —N(Alk1)C(S)Alk1, —CSNHet1 group, —N[C(S)Alk1]2, —N[C(O)Alk1]SO2Alk1, —N[C (S)Alk1]SO2Alk1, —NHC(O)NH2, —NHC(O)NHAlk1, —NHC(O)N[Alk1]2, —N(Alk)CONH2, —N(Alk1)C(O)NHAlk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)N[Alk1]2, —NHC(S)NH2, —NHC(S)NHAlk1, —NHC(S)N[Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)CSNH2, —N(Alk1)C(S)NHAlk1, or —N(Alk1)C(S)N[Alk1]2, group;
R4 is a hydrogen atom or is as defined for R6;
R5 is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an ORc group where Rc is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, formyl, carboxamido, thiocarboxamido, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group;
R6 is a group —(CH2)nAr where Ar is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl ring optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms —O—, —S— or —N— and n is zero or the integer 1, 2 or 3;
R7 and R8, which may be the same or different, is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group;
and the salts, solvates, prodrugs, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.
10. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (1)
wherein
═W— is (1) ═C(Y)— where Y is a halogen atom, or an alkyl, or -XaR1 group where Xa is —O—, —S(O)m— [where m is zero or an integer of value 1 or 2], or —N(Ra)- [where Ra is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group] and R1 is an optionally substituted alkyl group or, (2) ═N—;
X is as described above for Xa or is a chain —CR═C(Rb)- or —[—CH(R)]qCH(Rb)- where R is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom or a methyl group, Rb is as described below for R2 and q is zero or the integer 1;
R2 is (1) an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group when X is —O—, S(O)m— or —N(Ra)—; or when X is —CR═C(Rb)- or —[—CH(R)]qCH(Rb)- is (2) a hydrogen atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, —CO2R9 (where R9 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group), —CONR10R11 (where R10 and R11 which may be the same or different is as described for R9), —CSNR10R11, —CN or NO2 group; or R2 and Rb, together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, are linked to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group optionally containing one or more Xa atoms or groups;
R3 is an atom or group R13 or -L1R13 where L1 is a linker group and R13 is a halogen atom or an Alk1 [where Alk1 is an optionally substituted straight or branched C1-6 alkyl, C2-6alkenyl or C2-6alkynyl group optionally interrupted by one, two, or three —O—, or —S— atoms or —S(O)p—, [where p is an integer 1 or 2], or —N(Ra)- groups], or an amino (—NH2), substituted amino, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl (—OH), substituted hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, formyl [HC(O)—], carboxyl (—CO2H), esterified carboxyl, thiol (—SH), substituted thiol, —C(O)Alk1, —SO3H, —SO2Alk1, —SO2NH2, —SO2NHAlk1, —SO2N[Alk1]2, —SO2NHAr [where Ar is as defined below for R6], —SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —CONH2, —CONHAlk1, —CON[Alk1]2, —CONHAr, -CON(Alk1)Ar, —NHSO2H, —NAlk1SO2H, —NH SO2 Alk1, —NAlk1SO2Alk1, —N[SO2Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —NHSO2NH2, —N(Alk1)SO2NH2, —NHSO2NHAlk1, —N(Alk1)SO2NHAlk1, —NHSO2N[Alk1]2, —NAlk1SO2N[Alk1]2, —NHSO2NHAr, —N(Alk1)SO2N HAr, —NHSO2N(Alk1)Ar, —N(Alk1)SO2N(Alk1)Ar, —NHC(O)Alk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)Alk1, —N[C(O)Alk1]2, —NHC(O)OAlk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)OAlk1, —Ar, -Het [where Het is a C5-7 heterocycloalkyl group], —CONHet1 [where —NHet1 is a C5-7 cycloamino group optionally containing one or more —O— or —S— atoms or —N(Ra)- groups], —SO2NHet1, —NHSO2NHet1, —CSAlk1, —CSNH2, —CSNHAlk1, —CSN[Alk1]2, —CSNHAr, —CSN(Alk1)Ar, —NHC(S)Alk1, —N(Alk1)C(S)Alk1, —CSNHet1 group, —N[C(S)Alk1]2, —N[C(O)Alk1SO2Alk1, —N[C(S)Alk1]SO2Alk1, —NHC(O)NH2, —NHC(O)NHAlk1, —NHC(O)N(Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)CONH2, —N(Alk1)C(O)NHAlk1, —N(Alk1)C(O)N[Alk1]2, —NHC(S)NH2, —NHC(S)NHAlk1, —NHC(S)N[Alk1]2, —N(Alk1)CSNH2, —N(Alk1)C(S)NHAlk1, or —N(Alk1)C(S)N[Alk1]2, group;
R4 is a hydrogen atom or is as defined for R6;
R5 is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an ORc group where Rc is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkanoyl, formyl, carboxamido, thiocarboxamido, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl group;
R6 is a group —(CH2)nAr where Ar is an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic aryl ring optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms —O—, —S— or —N— and n is zero or the integer 1, 2 or 3;
R7 and R8, which may be the same or different, is a hydrogen or a fluorine atom, or an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group;
and the salts, solvates, prodrugs, hydrates and N-oxides thereof.
which comprises in a final step
a) cross-coupling an intermediate of formula (3)
where Hal is an iodine or bromine atom with a coupling reagent to give a compound of formula (1) where R3 is a group L1R13;
b) hydrogenation of a compound of formula (16)
to give a compound of formula (1) wherein R8 and R5 is each a hydrogen atom;
c) alkylation of a compound of formula (17)
where X is —O—, —S— or —N(Ra)- with a reagent R2L where L is a leaving group;
d) coupling an intermediate of formula (19)
wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;
with an olefination agent to give a compound of formula (1) wherein X is a chain —C(R)═C(Rb)- in which R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
e) alkylation of a compound of formula (25)
with a reagent R1L where L is a leaving group to give a compound of formula (1) in which ═W— is ═C(OR1)—;
f) halogenation of a compound of formula (4)
to give a compound of formula (1) where R3 is a halogen atom; or
g) interconverting a compound of formula (1) to another compound of formula (1).
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- 1995-06-22 AU AU27468/95A patent/AU2746895A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-06-22 WO PCT/GB1995/001467 patent/WO1995035285A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-06-22 EP EP95922641A patent/EP0766671B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-22 DE DE69533589T patent/DE69533589T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1998
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2001
- 2001-03-05 US US09/800,023 patent/US20010034450A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
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US9469647B2 (en) | 2012-06-21 | 2016-10-18 | Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc. | Salt crystals |
WO2014205354A3 (en) * | 2013-06-21 | 2015-05-28 | Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited | Free base crystals |
US9630971B2 (en) | 2013-06-21 | 2017-04-25 | Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc. | Free base crystals |
Also Published As
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GB9412571D0 (en) | 1994-08-10 |
US6197792B1 (en) | 2001-03-06 |
DE69533589D1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
US5780478A (en) | 1998-07-14 |
EP0766671B1 (en) | 2004-09-29 |
WO1995035285A1 (en) | 1995-12-28 |
EP0766671A1 (en) | 1997-04-09 |
DE69533589T2 (en) | 2005-02-10 |
AU2746895A (en) | 1996-01-15 |
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