US1978180A - Method of carbonizing ferrous metal - Google Patents
Method of carbonizing ferrous metal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1978180A US1978180A US681807A US68180733A US1978180A US 1978180 A US1978180 A US 1978180A US 681807 A US681807 A US 681807A US 68180733 A US68180733 A US 68180733A US 1978180 A US1978180 A US 1978180A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- carbonizing
- iron
- ferrous metal
- carbon
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 title description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title description 11
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrate group Chemical group [N+](=O)([O-])[O-] NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- KPZGRMZPZLOPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dichloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane Chemical compound ClCC(CCl)(CCl)CCl KPZGRMZPZLOPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/40—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions
- C23C8/42—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using liquids, e.g. salt baths, liquid suspensions only one element being applied
- C23C8/44—Carburising
- C23C8/46—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/20—Carburising
- C23C8/22—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
Definitions
- This invention relates to carbonizing iron and other ferrous metal such as steel and alloys of iron, with a view to increasing the radiation of heat therefrom at elevated temperatures.
- the invention involves the treatment of the iron surface with a compound of nickel or other equivalent metal such as cobalt, manganese or the like, or mixtures of such compounds, preferably in the nitrate form and in aqueous solution.
- This treatment is more efl'ective on an iron surface which has been preliminarily oxidized either from natural exposure or from intentional treatment under oxidizing conditions such as, for example, heating in the open air.
- the oxidized surface after passing through an aqueous solution of nickel nitrate, for example, when passed into the carbonizing medium at proper temperatures, receives a very uniform deposit of firmly adherent carbon with substantially no case hardening elfect.
- the iron treated may be in strip form or in the form of already fabricated parts such as, for example, the plateelectrodes of thermionic tubes.
- the iron is first 'cleaned of all grease, oil or other foreign material.
- any of the conventional treatments may be employed, for example, washing in carbon. tetrachloride or passing through a hot alkali wash with subsequent rinsing. It is then heated to about 600 C. in the open air to oxidize the surface, this being very readily accomplished in the case oi. metal strip by drawing the strip through a tube furnace to. which air is freely admitted. After oxidation the metal is allowed to cool and is then passed through, for example, an aqueous solution of nickel nitrate of about 23% strength, after which the strip is passed into and through a carbonizing atmosphere, where it is heated to from 650 C. to 700 C. The strength of the nickel nitrate solution or other salt bath may vary considerably, for example, from 20% to saturation.
- the carbonizing atmosphere may be illuminating gas or any hydrocarbon gas capable of setting free carbon under the conditions recited, but I prefer to employ the compressed hydrocarbon gas known as "Pyrofaxf (81.7% carbon and 18.3% hydrogen) and to bubble. this through liquid naphtha prior to its introduction into the carbonizing furnace.
- the furriace may be of the usual carbonizing type, for example, a silica tube heated from an external source, or, if desired, the strip may be heated electrically, either by passing a current through it or by high frequency induction during its passage through the carbonizing atmosphere.
- the carbonized strip is discharged from the furnace at a sufliciently low temperature to avoid combustion or oxidation, and may be spooled in coils for future us or fed directly to the machine for fabricating parts.
- the preliminary salt bath and to some extent the oxidation treatment, appear to facilitate the formation of the firmly adherent carbon deposit at lower temperatures than would ordinarily be obtained without such preliminary treatments.
- further modification of the procedure may be a preliminary mechanical or chemical treatment of the metal surface prior to oxidation for the toughening or etching of the surface, as for example by scratch brush, sand blast or acid, for the purpose of increasing the surface area with consequent increase in the oxidation eiiect and in the amount of the nitrate or other salt film carried by the metal as it enters the carbonizing furnace.
- Such etching or-other roughening also tends to further increase the" adherence of the carbon deposit.
- the method of carbonizing ferrous metal which comprises oxidizing the surface, treating the oxidized surface with a solution of nickel nitrate, and exposing the treated surface to a carbonizing medium at carbonizing temperature.
Description
Patented Oct. 23, 1934 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE BIETHOD F CARBONIZING FEBROUS .METAL No Drawing. Application July 22, 1933, Serial No. 681,807
4 Claim.
This invention relates to carbonizing iron and other ferrous metal such as steel and alloys of iron, with a view to increasing the radiation of heat therefrom at elevated temperatures.
5 The carbonization of iron is particularly in).-
portant in connection with its use for certain parts in thermionic tubes and the like. For the purposes of illustration, the invention will be described more particularly with reference to the i0 preparation of iron sheet for use in radio tubes,
but it will be understood that the invention is also applicable to other ferrous metal and other uses.
Considerable difficulty has been encountered in past attempts to carbonize iron, due to uncertainty and non-uniformity of the deposit obtained and the difficulty of securing a firm adherence of the carbon particles to the iron surface. Carbonizing gases which are decomposed at elevated temperatures are usually employed in any of these carbonizing operations. Further difficulty is encountered in view of the case hardening effect which is liable to occur if the temperature gets too high in the carbonizing operation.
According to the present invention, uniform deposition of firmly adherent carbon and iron is obtained while avoiding the case hardening effect. This result is achieved by the preliminary treatment of iron which facilitates the formation of carbon on the iron surface and its adherence thereto, while at the same time making it entirely feasible to operate at such temperatures that case hardening does not occur to any substantial extent.
In principle, the invention involves the treatment of the iron surface with a compound of nickel or other equivalent metal such as cobalt, manganese or the like, or mixtures of such compounds, preferably in the nitrate form and in aqueous solution. This treatment is more efl'ective on an iron surface which has been preliminarily oxidized either from natural exposure or from intentional treatment under oxidizing conditions such as, for example, heating in the open air. The oxidized surface, after passing through an aqueous solution of nickel nitrate, for example, when passed into the carbonizing medium at proper temperatures, receives a very uniform deposit of firmly adherent carbon with substantially no case hardening elfect.
To enable others to understand and practice the invention, I shall describe a specific example of the complete process.
It will be understood that the iron treated may be in strip form or in the form of already fabricated parts such as, for example, the plateelectrodes of thermionic tubes. The iron is first 'cleaned of all grease, oil or other foreign material.
For this purpose, any of the conventional treatments may be employed, for example, washing in carbon. tetrachloride or passing through a hot alkali wash with subsequent rinsing. It is then heated to about 600 C. in the open air to oxidize the surface, this being very readily accomplished in the case oi. metal strip by drawing the strip through a tube furnace to. which air is freely admitted. After oxidation the metal is allowed to cool and is then passed through, for example, an aqueous solution of nickel nitrate of about 23% strength, after which the strip is passed into and through a carbonizing atmosphere, where it is heated to from 650 C. to 700 C. The strength of the nickel nitrate solution or other salt bath may vary considerably, for example, from 20% to saturation. The carbonizing atmosphere may be illuminating gas or any hydrocarbon gas capable of setting free carbon under the conditions recited, but I prefer to employ the compressed hydrocarbon gas known as "Pyrofaxf (81.7% carbon and 18.3% hydrogen) and to bubble. this through liquid naphtha prior to its introduction into the carbonizing furnace. The furriace may be of the usual carbonizing type, for example, a silica tube heated from an external source, or, if desired, the strip may be heated electrically, either by passing a current through it or by high frequency induction during its passage through the carbonizing atmosphere. The carbonized strip is discharged from the furnace at a sufliciently low temperature to avoid combustion or oxidation, and may be spooled in coils for future us or fed directly to the machine for fabricating parts.
In the treatment described, it is of particular importance that excessive temperatures be avoided where case hardening is objectionable.
The preliminary salt bath, and to some extent the oxidation treatment, appear to facilitate the formation of the firmly adherent carbon deposit at lower temperatures than would ordinarily be obtained without such preliminary treatments.
Whether this is due to catalytic or strictly chemi cal action is not definitely understood, but the action appears to some extent to be catalytic in its nature. The iron, as it enters the furnace, 10
carries a film of salt solution, which appears to have an important effect upon the carbonization even though the total quantity of nickel nitrate or the like per unit area of surface is very small.
The above example has been given merely for 1 the purposes of illustration, and is not to be construed as limiting the invention to theprecise conditions or manner of carrying out the respective steps. Oxidation is not strictly necessary. though it is distinctly advantageous in the final result. Instead of aqueous solutions, the-nitrates or other salts may be applied in highly comminuted form mixed with water, oil or other liquid to form a paste. 4 further modification of the procedure may be a preliminary mechanical or chemical treatment of the metal surface prior to oxidation for the toughening or etching of the surface, as for example by scratch brush, sand blast or acid, for the purpose of increasing the surface area with consequent increase in the oxidation eiiect and in the amount of the nitrate or other salt film carried by the metal as it enters the carbonizing furnace. Such etching or-other roughening also tends to further increase the" adherence of the carbon deposit.
I claim:
which comprises oxidizing the surface, treating .the oxidized surface.with a nickel nitrate, and
exposing the treated surface to a carbonizing medium at carbonizing temperature.
3; The method of carbonizing ferrous metal, which comprises treating the surface with a solu= tion of nickel nitrate, and exposing the treated surface to a carbonizing medium at carbonizing temperature.
4. The method of carbonizing ferrous metal, which comprises oxidizing the surface, treating the oxidized surface with a solution of nickel nitrate, and exposing the treated surface to a carbonizing medium at carbonizing temperature.
' PAUL G. WEILLER.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US681807A US1978180A (en) | 1933-07-22 | 1933-07-22 | Method of carbonizing ferrous metal |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US681807A US1978180A (en) | 1933-07-22 | 1933-07-22 | Method of carbonizing ferrous metal |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1978180A true US1978180A (en) | 1934-10-23 |
Family
ID=24736908
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US681807A Expired - Lifetime US1978180A (en) | 1933-07-22 | 1933-07-22 | Method of carbonizing ferrous metal |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1978180A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4013487A (en) * | 1974-03-14 | 1977-03-22 | Rederiaktiebolaget Nordstjernan | Nickel and/or cobalt-coated steel with carburized interface |
| NL1003455C2 (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 1998-01-07 | Univ Utrecht | The production of non-porous surface layers on ferrous objects |
-
1933
- 1933-07-22 US US681807A patent/US1978180A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4013487A (en) * | 1974-03-14 | 1977-03-22 | Rederiaktiebolaget Nordstjernan | Nickel and/or cobalt-coated steel with carburized interface |
| NL1003455C2 (en) * | 1996-06-28 | 1998-01-07 | Univ Utrecht | The production of non-porous surface layers on ferrous objects |
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