US1876467A - Josef novak and roman kesselbing - Google Patents
Josef novak and roman kesselbing Download PDFInfo
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- US1876467A US1876467A US1876467DA US1876467A US 1876467 A US1876467 A US 1876467A US 1876467D A US1876467D A US 1876467DA US 1876467 A US1876467 A US 1876467A
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- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- steel
- per cent
- iron
- tungsten
- Prior art date
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 54
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 54
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 48
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 48
- REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(3+) Chemical compound [Al+3] REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 48
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 14
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 14
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 12
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910000499 pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- -1 Ferrous Metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001349 ledeburite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 4
- OHYPPUOVSUINHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(methylamino)phenol;sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.CNC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OHYPPUOVSUINHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000723368 Conium Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001145 Ferrotungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000760 Hardened steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000015450 Tilia cordata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium(0) Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005712 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005262 decarbonization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001771 impaired Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001172 regenerating Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
Definitions
- phosphorous and carbon that is .015 to .04per cent of sulphur, .005 to .003 per cent of phosphorus and .03 to .10 per cent of carbon, while'the alloying ingredients are chromium, copper, nickel and tungsten.
- the alloy steel according to the present invention is produced preferably in the basic Siemens-Martin furnace with the aid of regenerative gas and by the usual normal charging steps.
- special data as regards the charge of the furnace are given: 2000 kg. of grey Martin pigiron, 3000 kg. of white Martin pig-iron, 2500 kg. of special crude iron poor in phosphorus and 18000 kg. of scrap are supplied to the furnace and during the melting process the usual amounts of lime are added to the charge,
- the said alloying ingredients may be supplied to the charge at any. time irrespective of the phase of the melting proccess.
- the addition of the alloying ingre- 05 hiss in the form of-the said initial or special alloy prevents the metallic elements from going partially in to the slag so that no losses of metal can occur not even in the case that the said alloy Will be added to the steel bath prior 'to the complete degasification and deoxidation of the latter.
- the alloy will not be added to the bath prior to the complete degasification of the latter.
- the initially prepared alloy of the four metals to be added'to the steel bath according to the present invention contains,-as a base, a batch of iron. which is free of phosphorus, sulphur, silicon and manganese and which contains 20 to 30 per cent of chromium,
- the said initial alloy we mix in a graphite crucible, while special pig-iron which is practically free of phosporus, sulphur, silicon and manganese, with high-per cent ferro-tungsten, high-per cent ferro chromium, pure nickel and copper or copperaluminium, and we melt the mixture down to obtain a homogeneous alloy.
- the crucible is kept closed during the melting operation whereupon the slag is removed from the molten metals and the latter are stirred, if required, before they are poured sand for the molding purpose.
- the alloy thus produced prossesses a high percentage of chromium, tungsten, nickel and copper, and has a fine-radiate, dense, white fracture and a ledeburitic structure.
- the 3 per cent of carbon therein are of carbidic nature, that is in the form or carbidesof the metallic elements iron, chromium, tungsten, nickel and copper.
- the alloy initially produced according to the present invention mainly serves the purpose of making rust-proof alloy steels, but
- this alloy render the same also useful and suitable for sundry other purposes where the comparatively high price is not a bar.
- the alloy may be used for making special castings or cast articles therefrom which when worn out may be further utilized for the original or main purpose of producing rust-proof alloy steels.
- ingredients are also tobe added in thiscase in the form of an initially prepared alloy of.
- An alloy steel comprising chromium, nickel, copper and tungsten and which is free of silicon and poor in phosphorus, sulinto moist the alloy steel the alloying phur and carbon, as herein described,possesses the following desirable characteristics, to wit:
- the alloy is magnetic
- ferriteperlite prevails when the steel is in a soft redhot condition, with the dissolved copper transformed into mixed iron-copper crystals and of slight chromium-tungsten-carbidic character. Crystallization of dense finegranular character throughout; when properly hardened Martensite colour mainly prevails which, however, has a bluish tint when the hardened steel is polished;
- the elongation A1 taking place-after the breaking of a test rod is regarded as an elongation (rupturing elongation) with respect to the original measuring length 1 It is usually (at least in Germany) indicated in hundredths of the original measuring length
- the elongation is composed of the uniform elongation of the measuring length up to the maximum load and the resulting local elon gation of the constricted steel element, on the basis of a circular cross sectional test.
- the modulus of elasticity 1:Z is not uniform in the various countries.
- the ratio of'elongation' is determined in the following manner: the rod is the round rod of 2 length; diameter 0.564, 0.798 or 0.977; measuring'length 1:d3.55, 3.7 7 or 3.58.
- alloy steels produced as herein disclosed can readily be modulus of elasticity of 20700 bored and forged and without the application of heat or fire, where required or feasible, and the finely granular structure of the steel or the resistance to the influence of corroding or rust-producing agents thereof, will never be impaired or reduced by such machining or working operations.
- alloy-steels of this improved sort are especially adapted for use in drawing or rolling tubes and pipes for various purposes, and they are capable of being hardened as easily as other kinds of ingot-iron poor in carbon with the result, however, that the grain of the structure will be increased thereby to a certain degree.
- the improved alloy steel stands the action of diluted acids and is not seriously corroded by diluted nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, or by humic acids, while water containing carbonic acid and water of natural wells have no corroding effect-on the steel either.
- diluted nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, or by humic acids while water containing carbonic acid and water of natural wells have no corroding effect-on the steel either.
- sulphuric acid hydrochloric acid
- acetic acid acetic acid
- oxalic acid oxalic acid
- humic acids water containing carbonic acid and water of natural wells
- Whatweclamis - A rust-proof, silicon-free, non-corrodible steel'alloy containing from 0.1 to 1 percent chromium, from 0.25 to 0.5 percent copper,
Description
Patented Sept. 6, 1932 UNITED STATES,
PATENT OFFICE ALLOY No Drawing. Application filed April 17, 1930, Serial No 445,198, and in Germany March 30, 1929 I Our invention relates to alloy steels and is particularly useful in connection with the production of rust-proof or non-corrodible steel. The steel produced in accordance with the present invention is clearly distinguished by itsparticular composition from the alloy steels hitherto manufactured, the particular method of producing the same and by its inherent particular properties or concomitant characteristics. The most important advantages of our improved alloy steel reside, on the one hand, in the comparatively low manufacturing cost and the moderate selling-price of the steel and, on the other hand, in 'the particular qualification thereof for the manufacture of seamless tubes and for various other uses.
As regards the peculiar and characteristic composition of the improved alloy steel, the
same is practically free from silicon and contains only very low proportions of sulphur,
' phosphorous and carbon, that is .015 to .04per cent of sulphur, .005 to .003 per cent of phosphorus and .03 to .10 per cent of carbon, while'the alloying ingredients are chromium, copper, nickel and tungsten. v 7 As the percentage of sulphur and phosphorus is very low and silicon is in the improved alloy steel, only asmall percentage of the said expensive alloying ingredients is required for the purpose of securing the special properties I desired, the amount of chromium in the alloy steel ranging from .1 to 1 per cent, that of copper ranging from .25 to .5 per cent, that of nickel ranging from .04 to .25 per cent, while the proportion of tungsten amounts to between .01 and .05 per cent, depending upon the degree of improvement in physical properties desired in the particular case.
The alloy steel according to the present invention is produced preferably in the basic Siemens-Martin furnace with the aid of regenerative gas and by the usual normal charging steps. In the following example special data as regards the charge of the furnace are given: 2000 kg. of grey Martin pigiron, 3000 kg. of white Martin pig-iron, 2500 kg. of special crude iron poor in phosphorus and 18000 kg. of scrap are supplied to the furnace and during the melting process the usual amounts of lime are added to the charge,
While decarbonization is accomplished to about .03 per cent.
Contamination and c00ling of the bath is to be avoided and the expensive alloying ingredients such as chromium, I .7
copper, nickel and tungsten, are added to the liquid steel bath in the form and manner as hereinafter described. As the said four metallic elements are preferably added, ac-
cording to the present invention, in the form so of an alloy initially or previously produced for the purpose, the said alloying ingredients may be supplied to the charge at any. time irrespective of the phase of the melting proccess. The addition of the alloying ingre- 05 dients in the form of-the said initial or special alloy prevents the metallic elements from going partially in to the slag so that no losses of metal can occur not even in the case that the said alloy Will be added to the steel bath prior 'to the complete degasification and deoxidation of the latter. Preferably, how v ever, the alloy will not be added to the bath prior to the complete degasification of the latter.
The initially prepared alloy of the four metals to be added'to the steel bath according to the present invention contains,-as a base, a batch of iron. which is free of phosphorus, sulphur, silicon and manganese and which contains 20 to 30 per cent of chromium,
5 to '6 per cent of tungsten, 6 to 10 per cent of nickel, 10 to 15 per cent of copper, and 2.5 to 3 per cent of carbon. The latter, however, is not allowed to be free carbon of graphitic nature but necessarily must be of bound carbidic character in order to ensure best results.
In producing the said initial alloy we mix in a graphite crucible, while special pig-iron which is practically free of phosporus, sulphur, silicon and manganese, with high-per cent ferro-tungsten, high-per cent ferro chromium, pure nickel and copper or copperaluminium, and we melt the mixture down to obtain a homogeneous alloy. The crucible is kept closed during the melting operation whereupon the slag is removed from the molten metals and the latter are stirred, if required, before they are poured sand for the molding purpose. The alloy thus produced prossesses a high percentage of chromium, tungsten, nickel and copper, and has a fine-radiate, dense, white fracture and a ledeburitic structure. In following the above described steps of the process of producing the alloy the 3 per cent of carbon therein, are of carbidic nature, that is in the form or carbidesof the metallic elements iron, chromium, tungsten, nickel and copper.
An explanation of the term ledeburitic structure will be found in the following publication: Leon Cammen, Principles of Metallurgy of Ferrous Metals, New York, 2nd edition, 1926, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Page 95 of this publication contains a solidification diagram of the iron showing the conditions under which ledeburite is crystallized out. I Page 97 contains a figure 28 showing a micro photograph of the ledeburitic structure, on page 98'above it is distinctly stated that. the name ledeburite originates from a proposal of Wiist.
The alloy initially produced according to the present invention mainly serves the purpose of making rust-proof alloy steels, but
a the valuable particular properties of this alloy render the same also useful and suitable for sundry other purposes where the comparatively high price is not a bar. Thus the alloy may be used for making special castings or cast articles therefrom which when worn out may be further utilized for the original or main purpose of producing rust-proof alloy steels.
linstead of the described four metallic elements several other elements such as zir- In producing conium, aluminium, boron, beryllium and molybdenum, may be used for producing the initial alloy and subsequently alloy steels of the character described In such a case also care should be taken to keep the steel free of silicon andthe percentage of phosphorus and sulphur very low as herein 1ndicated.
ingredients are also tobe added in thiscase in the form of an initially prepared alloy of.
ledeburitic structure and containing 3 per cent of carbon in carbidic form, just as described with reference to the metals chromium, tungsten, etc.
An alloy steel comprising chromium, nickel, copper and tungsten and which is free of silicon and poor in phosphorus, sulinto moist the alloy steel the alloying phur and carbon, as herein described,possesses the following desirable characteristics, to wit:
(a) A specific gravity of 7.7 to 7.85;
(b) A melting point of 1520 C.;
(0) Almost the same heat conductivity as ure iron; (d) An electric resistance which is somewhat greater than that of soft iron;
(6) The alloy is magnetic;
(f) As regards the structure, ferriteperlite prevails when the steel is in a soft redhot condition, with the dissolved copper transformed into mixed iron-copper crystals and of slight chromium-tungsten-carbidic character. Crystallization of dense finegranular character throughout; when properly hardened Martensite colour mainly prevails which, however, has a bluish tint when the hardened steel is polished;
(g) A coefiicient of expansion just as that of ordinary soft steel; 7
(h) A cutting capacity like that of ingotiron;
(i) A kg/mm a limit of stretching strain of37 to 40 kg/mm a relative elongation 1=5d 25 to 29, and a notching tenacity of 30 m. kg cm, all of which to be understood with the steel in red-hot condition.
In explanation it may be stated that the elongation A1 taking place-after the breaking of a test rod is regarded as an elongation (rupturing elongation) with respect to the original measuring length 1 It is usually (at least in Germany) indicated in hundredths of the original measuring length The elongation is composed of the uniform elongation of the measuring length up to the maximum load and the resulting local elon gation of the constricted steel element, on the basis of a circular cross sectional test. The elongation is determined with our steel according to the standards 1605 of the German industry at the socalled short standard test rod with a diameter d=20mm and a measuring length 1 100 mm; hence, a measuring length ratio of 1: d=5; a modulus of elasticity of 25% resulted therefrom.
The modulus of elasticity 1:Z is not uniform in the various countries. In Great Britain (British Engineering Standard Association) the ratio of'elongation'is determined in the following manner: the rod is the round rod of 2 length; diameter 0.564, 0.798 or 0.977; measuring'length 1:d3.55, 3.7 7 or 3.58.
Other valuable properties sit the improved alloy steel are especially useful in case of machining operations. F or alloy steels produced as herein disclosed, can readily be modulus of elasticity of 20700 bored and forged and without the application of heat or fire, where required or feasible, and the finely granular structure of the steel or the resistance to the influence of corroding or rust-producing agents thereof, will never be impaired or reduced by such machining or working operations. In particular alloy-steels of this improved sort are especially adapted for use in drawing or rolling tubes and pipes for various purposes, and they are capable of being hardened as easily as other kinds of ingot-iron poor in carbon with the result, however, that the grain of the structure will be increased thereby to a certain degree.
As regards the rust-proof quality that is the resistance of the steel to the action of corroding or oxidizing agents, we have found that asmooth browncoating forms on the steel when exposed to the influence of the atmospheric air, and this coating protects the surface of the steel and prevents the latter phosphorus up to 0.005 percent and sulphur up to 0.0% percent.
In testimony whereof we have signed our names to this specification.
JOSEF NOVAK. ROMAN KESSELRING.
from further corrosion and damage. Furthermore We have found that the improved alloy steel stands the action of diluted acids and is not seriously corroded by diluted nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, or by humic acids, while water containing carbonic acid and water of natural wells have no corroding effect-on the steel either. When heated to a red-hot condition, only a thin, dense and smooth oxide layer of film- (scale) forms on the steel which adheres to the steel surface with greater te nacity than in case of ingot-iron.
Obviously alloy steels produced in accordance with the present invention, are especially "fore, further detail description is deemed unnecessary. We do not, However, desire'to be limited to the exactdetails of the invention described andwe aim in the ap ended claim to embrace all modifications alling fairly within the scope of our invention.
Whatweclamis:- A rust-proof, silicon-free, non-corrodible steel'alloy containing from 0.1 to 1 percent chromium, from 0.25 to 0.5 percent copper,
from 0.04120 0.25 percent nickel,fr'om 0.01 to 0.05 percent tungsten and carbon from 0.03 to 0.10 percent, and. the balance substantially all iron with the exception of impurities as
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US1876467A true US1876467A (en) | 1932-09-06 |
Family
ID=3424432
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US1876467D Expired - Lifetime US1876467A (en) | Josef novak and roman kesselbing |
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- US US1876467D patent/US1876467A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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