US1871545A - Method of manufacturing cast iron, and cast iron articles - Google Patents
Method of manufacturing cast iron, and cast iron articles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1871545A US1871545A US509879A US50987931A US1871545A US 1871545 A US1871545 A US 1871545A US 509879 A US509879 A US 509879A US 50987931 A US50987931 A US 50987931A US 1871545 A US1871545 A US 1871545A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cast iron
- iron
- carbon
- articles
- manufacturing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910001060 Gray iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001037 White iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001584785 Anavitrinella pampinaria Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 that is Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/10—Cast-iron alloys containing aluminium or silicon
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
- F23B1/00—Combustion apparatus using only lump fuel
- F23B1/16—Combustion apparatus using only lump fuel the combustion apparatus being modified according to the form of grate or other fuel support
Definitions
- This invention relates to the manufacture of cast iron articles and particularly to sand cast iron and has for its principal object to provide a new article of manufacture of cast I iron and a new and improved manufacturing method therefor, including the preparation of an iron of a predetermined analysis and a treating of the same to secure a product of unusually high physical properties, heretofore not thought possible in cast iron.
- Gray cast iron is characterized by the presence of carbon interspersed throughout the matrix in the form of graphitic flakes or fissures, while in White cast iron the carbon is in the combined state, that is, in the form of iron carbide and as a solid solution of iron and iron carbide.
- gray cast iron although used extensively in r the industries, is of relatively low tensile strength and that it is not possible, although the matrix of gray iron is of essentially the same composition as steel, appreciably to improve the physical properties of gray cast iron by the common and well known hardening and tempering heat treatments that are effectively employed for the treatment of steel. This is mainly due to the presence of the graphitic flakes and fissures which in all cases form planes of weakness. It is, however, possible to improve the physical properties of gray'cast iron by special methods of treatment. As far as we are aware the only methods heretofore commercially used, particularly in connection with the production of sand cast iron are what are known as the Application filed .Tanuargs 19, 1931. Serial No. 509,879.
- Molten metal of the above described analysis is cast, preferably in sand molds, to secu-re an article, or articles, of the predetermined desired shape and size. Due to the analysis, the casting produced is mainly white.
- heat treatment will depend upon the cross section of the casting. For castings up to one-half inch cross sectional dimensions, a heat treatment at the maximum temperature of one and a half hours duration has been found to be sufficient.
- the castings are then reheated to a temperature just slightly below the critical range and are allowed to air cool, to insure a matrix which is mainly pearlite (and sorbite) in which is imbedded free particles of temper carbon.
- the product resulting from the above described method that is with an iron of approximately 2% carbon, is found to have its carbon content distributed approximately 1% in the form of a combined carbon, that is, iron carbide free in solid solution in the matrix, or eutectoid and approximately 1% in the form of free temper carbon interspersed throughout the matrix.
- Thisproduct has remarkablyhigh physicalprope'rties, giving on test a'tensile strength of over 90,000
- heat treated cast iron having a composition within the following limits:
Description
Patented Aug. 16, 1932 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE RUSSELL H. MCCARROLL AND GOSTA VENNERHOLM, OF DEARBOBIIQ, MICHIGAN, AS-
SIGNORS TO FORD MOTOR COMPANY, OF DEARBORN, MICHIGAN, A CORPORATIO OF DELAWARE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING CAST IRON, AND: CAST IRON ARTICLES No Drawing.
This invention relates to the manufacture of cast iron articles and particularly to sand cast iron and has for its principal object to provide a new article of manufacture of cast I iron and a new and improved manufacturing method therefor, including the preparation of an iron of a predetermined analysis and a treating of the same to secure a product of unusually high physical properties, heretofore not thought possible in cast iron.
The product heretofore resulting from the casting of iron is gray cast iron, mottled cast iron, and white cast iron, depending upon such factors as the analysis of the iron, the process of melting, and the rate of cooling. The most important of these irons are the gray cast and white cast iron. Gray cast iron is characterized by the presence of carbon interspersed throughout the matrix in the form of graphitic flakes or fissures, while in White cast iron the carbon is in the combined state, that is, in the form of iron carbide and as a solid solution of iron and iron carbide.
lVhite cast iron is extremely hard and very brittle and because of the difiiculty of ma chining it by the ordinary methods its usefulness is very limited. Considerable amounts of white cast iron, however, are employed for the production of malleableized iron, the latter being soft and ductile and of relatively low strength, compared with steel.
It is a matter of common knowledge that gray cast iron, although used extensively in r the industries, is of relatively low tensile strength and that it is not possible, although the matrix of gray iron is of essentially the same composition as steel, appreciably to improve the physical properties of gray cast iron by the common and well known hardening and tempering heat treatments that are effectively employed for the treatment of steel. This is mainly due to the presence of the graphitic flakes and fissures which in all cases form planes of weakness. It is, however, possible to improve the physical properties of gray'cast iron by special methods of treatment. As far as we are aware the only methods heretofore commercially used, particularly in connection with the production of sand cast iron are what are known as the Application filed .Tanuargs 19, 1931. Serial No. 509,879.
superheating method and the mold heating method. In the superheating, the molten iron is heated considerably above the temperatures ordinarily employed in the furnace, the object being to increase solubility for carbonand as a result of such increased solubility the final product contains its free carbon in the form of smaller graphitic flakes and fissures than is present in the common gray cast iron. Vhile the superheating method results in securing an improved iron, this method of treatment is subject to the objections that the product still contains graphitic flakes and fissures in an extent sufficient to have a weakening effect, and that the higher tem 'ieratures necessary involve greater product-ion costs because of the insuch matrix as graphitic flakes. This method is subject to the objection noted above with respect to the formation of graphitic flakes and fissures and is also subject to the objection of increased production costs and diliiculties in handling the heated molds.
We aim by the present invention to T0- duce as a final product an iron free rom graphitic flakes and fissures with the free carbon in the form of temper carbon and with the remainder of the carbon in a state corresponding to that found in the transformations, pearlite, sorbite, troosite or martensitc, depending upon the uses for which the product is intended. The present invention may be briefly'said to depend upon a predetermined analysis of the iron, the constituents thereof falling within fairly well defined limits, and, in conjunction with such analysis, a heat treatment of the iron after casting so as to control the decomposition of the carbon content. The method hereinafter to be more fully described is particularly applicable to castingin sand molds although'thc invention is not limited to the use of any particular type of molds:
We have found that an lIOIl, whose constituents fall Within the following limits, when subjected to the heat treatment hereinafter to be described, will have the desired highphysical properties which it is the object of the present invention to obtain:
Carbon from 1.90 to 2.30% Manganese from .20 to .65% Silicon from 1.50 to 2.20% Phosphorus below .12% and Sulphur below .12%.
An iron of the following analysis prepared in accordance with the invention has given highly successful commercial results:
Carbon 2.08% Manganese 21% Silicon 1.85% Phosphorus 05% and Sulphur 06%.
Molten metal of the above described analysis is cast, preferably in sand molds, to secu-re an article, or articles, of the predetermined desired shape and size. Due to the analysis, the casting produced is mainly white.
heat treatment will depend upon the cross section of the casting. For castings up to one-half inch cross sectional dimensions, a heat treatment at the maximum temperature of one and a half hours duration has been found to be sufficient.
In some cases the castings are then reheated to a temperature just slightly below the critical range and are allowed to air cool, to insure a matrix which is mainly pearlite (and sorbite) in which is imbedded free particles of temper carbon.
The product resulting from the above described method that is with an iron of approximately 2% carbon, is found to have its carbon content distributed approximately 1% in the form of a combined carbon, that is, iron carbide free in solid solution in the matrix, or eutectoid and approximately 1% in the form of free temper carbon interspersed throughout the matrix. Thisproduct has remarkablyhigh physicalprope'rties, giving on test a'tensile strength of over 90,000
pounds; the hardness of the product is readily controllable as desired.
It will be understood however that the ratios of carbon distribution in the forms of temper carbon and in solution as iron carbide will vary according to the analysis of the batch. It will further be understood that such analysis as well as the heat treatment may be varied from the specific example above described and that such changes, variations and modifications as may be resorted to without departing from the basic underlying principles of the invention are intended to be covered by the claims hereunto appended.
We claim:
1. The method of manufacturing cast iron which consists of preparing a batch of molten metal in which the constituents will be within the following limits:
Carbon from 1.90 to 2.30%. Manganese from .20 to .65% Silicon from 1.50 to 2.20% Phosphorus below 12% and Sulphur below 12%,
casting the molten metal in a mold to secure an article of predetermined configuration, and after the article has cooled reheating to approximately 17 F. for a predetermined period of time, depending upon cross section and analysis, suflicient to decompose the combined carbon, then lowering the temperature to a point somewhat above the critical range, and preventing further decomposition at such point by a rapid cooling, suchas quenching, thereby to obtain a matrix composed of solid solution, and then finally reheating to a point below the critical range, to produce a matrix composed of martensite, troosite, sorbite or pearlite as determined by the reheating temperature.
2. As an article of manufacture, heat treated cast iron having a composition within the following limits:
Carbon from 1.90 to 2.30% Manganese from .20 to .65% Silicon from 1.50 to 2.20% Phosphorus below .12% and Sulphur below .12%,
free from graphitic flakes and fissures in which the carbon content is substantially
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US509879A US1871545A (en) | 1931-01-19 | 1931-01-19 | Method of manufacturing cast iron, and cast iron articles |
| FR725034D FR725034A (en) | 1931-01-19 | 1931-10-23 | Sophisticated process for making cast iron and cast iron objects |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US509879A US1871545A (en) | 1931-01-19 | 1931-01-19 | Method of manufacturing cast iron, and cast iron articles |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1871545A true US1871545A (en) | 1932-08-16 |
Family
ID=24028461
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US509879A Expired - Lifetime US1871545A (en) | 1931-01-19 | 1931-01-19 | Method of manufacturing cast iron, and cast iron articles |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1871545A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR725034A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3078194A (en) * | 1955-06-23 | 1963-02-19 | Earl A Thompson | Tappet with cast iron base and tubular steel body |
-
1931
- 1931-01-19 US US509879A patent/US1871545A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1931-10-23 FR FR725034D patent/FR725034A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3078194A (en) * | 1955-06-23 | 1963-02-19 | Earl A Thompson | Tappet with cast iron base and tubular steel body |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR725034A (en) | 1932-05-06 |
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