US1815629A - Artificial line network - Google Patents

Artificial line network Download PDF

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Publication number
US1815629A
US1815629A US390348A US39034829A US1815629A US 1815629 A US1815629 A US 1815629A US 390348 A US390348 A US 390348A US 39034829 A US39034829 A US 39034829A US 1815629 A US1815629 A US 1815629A
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United States
Prior art keywords
cable
network
capacity
resistance
artificial line
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Expired - Lifetime
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US390348A
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English (en)
Inventor
Joseph W Milnor
William D Cannon
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Western Union Telegraph Co
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Western Union Telegraph Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE382150D priority Critical patent/BE382150A/xx
Application filed by Western Union Telegraph Co filed Critical Western Union Telegraph Co
Priority to US390348A priority patent/US1815629A/en
Priority to GB24544/30A priority patent/GB363307A/en
Priority to FR702178D priority patent/FR702178A/fr
Priority to DE1930599231D priority patent/DE599231C/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US1815629A publication Critical patent/US1815629A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/14—Two-way operation using the same type of signal, i.e. duplex
    • H04L5/1407—Artificial lines or their setting

Definitions

  • This invention relates to submarine cable systems and to a method of and means for balancing a long submarine telegraph cable i by artificial line networks especially adapted l for use in such systems.
  • Figs. 2, 3 and 4 illustrate forms of networks having characteristics suitable for balancing the seat return impedance of a submarine cable.
  • Fig. 5 shows a complete artificial line embodying the network of Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 6 shows a complete artificial line einbodyin the network of Fig. 3.
  • Fig. is a theoretical showing of a simple network for balancing the dielectric losses of a long submarine cable in which it is assumed that the capacity and leakage of the cable do not vary with frequency.
  • Fig. 8 shows an element of a network having a frequency variable characteristic
  • Fig. 9 shows a plurality of elementary networks like that of Fig. S connected in parallel with each other and also in parallel with a l larger fixed condenser, for simulating the dielectric properties of the submarine cable.
  • Figs. i0 and 11 show, in full line curves
  • Figure 14 is a diagrammatic illustration of a complete cable similar to Figure 1, but embodyin the network arrangement disclosed in Figure 4p Fi re 15 shows the artificial line embodyin t e network Vof Figure 4.
  • the long submarine cable is represented as being made up of a non-loaded cable section 1 at the shore en d and a loaded cable section 2.
  • B thus re ⁇ movinor the loaded portion, which 1s the most diilicu t to balance, to a considerable distance from the terminal apparatus, a more accurate balance can be obtained.
  • the cable is balanced for duplex operation, in accordance with the principles laid down in Patent No. 1,607 ,473, by an artiicial line divided into two portions, portion 3 for balancing the nonloaded cable 1 nearest the shore, and portion 4 for balancing the loaded cable 2.
  • the artificial line portion 3 comprises networks for balancing the conductor and sea return impedance, and the dielectric losses of the cable.
  • the design of these networks, in the specific form shown, is based on the forms of networks shown in Figs. 3 and 9.
  • the network for simulating the conductor and sea return impedance is made up of series inductances 10 and series resistance 11 with shunt paths 12 conductively connected about the series resistances 11, 11.
  • the network for simulating the dielectric properties of the cable comprises shunt condensers 15, and additional networks 16 in shunt about some, but not necessarily all, of the shunt condensers 15.
  • the additional networks 16, are made up of elementary networks each comprising resistance and capacity in series, the elementary networks being connected in parallel to each other and to thefixed shunt condenser 15.
  • portion 4 of the artificial line is designed to balance the loaded portion of the cable, the individual sections must necessarily contain a much larger amount of inductance.
  • the shunting resistances are for, the purpose of simulating the eddy current losses in the loading material.y
  • the sea return impedance is balanced by sections of the type shown in Fig. l3.
  • the terminal apparatus of the composite cable system of Fig. 1 is represented dia- -grammatically by a transmitter 20 connected to ground and to the junction of the bridge arms 21 and 22, the receiving apparatus 23.
  • the propagation constant may be written 1/( R +J ⁇ wL) (G +2005 and the surge impedance R -i-jwL G +jw C
  • Rid-jail represents the linear resistance and reactance of the copper conductor together with the sea return path
  • the expression represents the leakance and capacity reactance of the insulating material
  • the values of Rc, Xe, A and B are determined from the-solid curves in Fig. 10er Fig. l1, the values being read at that frequency'which is most'important as determined from the operating'frequenc of the cable. These values are substitutedl in E nations 2, 3, 4 and 5, from which the values of f 1, R1, L2 and R2 are computed.
  • Figs. 10 and 11 show the characteristics of equivalent networks chosen to simulate thel values of Re and Xe.
  • the values of inductance and resistance of the network are given in the figures.. It will b e seen that the characteristics of the network "closely match those of the cable throughout the essential frequency range of the particular cable here chosen for illustrative pur poses,
  • the relative importance of the resistance and reactance' cfa non-loaded conductor is 10 and 11.
  • the reactance is-of relatively small importance at the lower frequencies but becomes of increasing importance at the higher frequencies. That is, a
  • FIG. 3 Another network which is identical in characteristics but of more convenient form in' practice is shown in Fig. 3.
  • the expression for its impedance is the same as that' for 2, when the following relationsV exist, using the symbols shown in the ligures:
  • Fig. 4 also is identical in characteristics under the following conditions:
  • the network of Fig. 2 when embodied in a 'complete artilicial line will have the form shown in Fig. 5, corresponding elements bearing the same designating characters.
  • Thecondensers C1, G1, C1 simulate the capacity of the cable. .Y Y Y
  • the4 network of Fig. 3 when embodied in an actual artificial line will have the form shown in Fig. 6.
  • the net-- work of Fig. 4,.when embodied in an artilficial line, will have the form 'shown in Fig. l5.
  • a complete cable terminal embodying this artificial line is shown in Fig. 14.
  • Measurements of the dielectric of an actual cable treated as a network like Fig. 7 give a different value of C and G for eve frequenc the pure capa-city varying as s own by t e full-line curve of Fig. 12 while the leakance, expressed as a conductance varies according to the full-line curve of Fig. 13. It is desirable therefore to give to the artificial line capacity these same fre-l quency-variable characteristics. This cannot be accomplished bythe Fig. 7 network alone as the mathematical expressions for it lack-a frequencyl term.
  • Figs. 12 and 13 The results which may be obtained by such a network are shown in Figs. 12 and 13.
  • the dotted lines A, B and C respectively show the characteristics of the three networks Rl-Cl, Rif-C2, and Its-C3.
  • the dotted lines marked Sum show the characteristics of the complete network including the condenser D. It lis. evident that this network gives a close approximation to the dielectric properties of the cable itself as indicated by the full lines.
  • the resitance-capacity corrective branches do not need to be distributed -to the same extent as the main capacities C4. It is usually sufiicient to correct theY dielectric absorption in unit sections ranging from say 15 mile lengths at the head of the cable to lengths of several hundred miles some distance out. As the three branches operate independently of each other they can be distributed independently over the section as desired Each branch of the correction can be used either as a T-section or as a 1r-section.
  • An artificial line adaptedto balance a submarine cable over a range Kunststoff-frequencies forming a signaling range comprising a plurality of sections, each section including series impedance having resistance and inductive reactance, and shunt capacity, and a path containing inductanceand resistance conductively connected in shunt to a portion of said series impedance, the values of the impedance Y elements being so related thatboth the resistance and the reactance of said artificial line vary with frequency substantially in accordance with the variation with frequency of the corresponding constants of the submarine cable over the whole of the range of signal frequencies.
  • An artificial line adapted to balance a submarine cable over a range of frequencies' forming a signaling range comprising a plurality of sections, each section including series impedances having resistance and inductive reactance, and shunt capacity, a lresistance path conductively connected in shunt to a portion of said series impedance., both the vresistance and the reactance of said network lbeing variable with frequency substantially 3.
  • submarine cable over a range of frequencies vforming a signaling range comprising a plurality of sections, each section comprising series impedances having resistance and inductive reactance, and shunt capacity, a resistive path conductively connected in shunt to -a portion of said series impedance, the resistance and the reactance of said network being variable withl frequency substantially in accordance with the variation with frequency of the corresponding constants of the submarine cable over the whole of said signaling usv range, and shunt paths about the capacities in a number of said sections, said shunt paths comprising resistance and capacity in series.
  • ln com ina-tion a submarine cable and an artificial line network arranged to balance the cable for duplex operation over a range of frequencies said network comprising means for simulating the propagationy constant of the cable and means for vsimulating the characteristic impedance of the cable sistive paths in parallel with some of said.
  • An artificial line network designed to balance a conductor having resistance, inductive reactance, capacity and leakance that are variable with tre uency over a given range of frequencies orming a signaling range, which comprises a plurality of sections cach comprising series inductance and resistance and shunt capacity, a path in shunt to at least one of said series elements comprising inductance and resistance whose values are adjusted so that the combined resistance and reactance of the network simulates the corresponding constants of the conductor over the given range, and a path in shunt to at least one of said condensers comprising resistance and capacit whose values are adjusted so that the com ined capacity and leakance of the network simulate the corresponding constants of the conductor over the whole of said given range.
  • a composite cable having a central loaded portion and non-loaded end sections, and an artificial line associated with one end of said cable in balancing relation, said artificial line comprising a part designed to balancethe non-loaded portion of the cable and a part designed to balance the loaded portion of the cable, and means associated with said first mentioned part for balancing the sea return impedance through a range of fie uencies.
  • a composite cable having a central loaded portion and non-loaded end sections and an artificial line associated with one end of said cable in balancing relation, said artificial line coniprisiig a part designed to balance the non-loads portion of the cable and means associated with the first mentioned part for balancing both the characteristic impedance and the propagation constant. through a range of frequencies.
  • the method of increasin the accuracy and range of balance of a su marine cable balancing network which comprises balancing the capacity of the cable over a range of frequencies to a first approximation and successively introducing losses which vary with frequency t-ill the combined capacity and leakance of the network simulates the capacity and leakance of the cable over the said range of frequencies.
  • An artificial line for balancing the dielectric properties of a cable comprising condensers in spaced, parallel paths across the sections of the artificial line and means for causing the capacity and leakage of certain of said paths to vary with frequency in accordance with the variation with frequency of the capacity and leakage of the cable to be balanced, said means comprising resistance capacity shunts for a plurality of said condensers.
  • a network including a path having resistance and capacity in series and a parallel path comprising a capacity which is large with respect to said first mentioned capacity, the values of the resistance and capacity elements being proportioned so that the leakance and capacity of the network approximate the leakance and capacity of the cable over the range of frequencies for which the cable is balanced.
  • a network comprising a plurality of paths each having res1stance and capacity in series, and a parallel path'comprising a capacity which is large with respect to said first mentioned capacities, the product of capacity and resistance for each of the said plurality of paths being different.
  • a composite cable having a central loaded portion and non-loaded end sections, and an artificial line associated with each end of said cable in balancing relation, each artificial line including a part designed to balance the adjacent non-loaded portion of the cable and a part designed to balance the central loaded portion, and means associated with said parts for balancing the sea return impedance of the cable.
  • An artificial line network designed to balance a conductor having resistance, inductive reactance, capacity and leakance that are variable with frequency over a given range of frequencies forming a signaling range, which comprises a plurality of sections each comprising series inductance and resistance and shunt capacity, a path containing inductance and res1stance in shunt to at least a portion of one of said series elements and having values so adjusted that the combined resistance and reactance of the network simulates the corresponding constants of the conductor over the given range, and a path in shunt to at least one of said condensers comprising resistance and capacity whose values are adjusted so that the combined capacity and leakance of the network simulate the corresponding constants of the conductor over the whole of said given range.
  • An artificial line network designed to balance a conductor having resistance, inductive reactance, capacity. and leakance that are variable with frequency over a given range of frequencies forming a signaling range, which comprises a plurality of sections each comprising series inductance and resistance and shunt capacity, a path containing inductance and resistance in shunt to at least a portion of said series inductance, comprising inductance and resistance whose values are adjusted so that the combined resistance and reactaiice of the network simulates the corresponding constants of the conductor over the given range, and a path in shunt to at lgast one of said condensers comprising resistance and capacity/whose values are adjusted so that the combined capacity and leakance of the network simulate the corresponding constants of the conductor over the whole of said ngiven range.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
US390348A 1929-09-04 1929-09-04 Artificial line network Expired - Lifetime US1815629A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE382150D BE382150A (de) 1929-09-04
US390348A US1815629A (en) 1929-09-04 1929-09-04 Artificial line network
GB24544/30A GB363307A (en) 1929-09-04 1930-08-15 Artificial line networks for use in telegraphic and like systems
FR702178D FR702178A (fr) 1929-09-04 1930-08-26 Réseaux de lignes artificielles
DE1930599231D DE599231C (de) 1929-09-04 1930-09-02 Aus mehreren Abschnitten zusammengesetzte Kunstleitung, deren jeder Widerstand, Kapazitaet und Induktanz enthaelt

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US390348A US1815629A (en) 1929-09-04 1929-09-04 Artificial line network

Publications (1)

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US1815629A true US1815629A (en) 1931-07-21

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US390348A Expired - Lifetime US1815629A (en) 1929-09-04 1929-09-04 Artificial line network

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US (1) US1815629A (de)
BE (1) BE382150A (de)
DE (1) DE599231C (de)
FR (1) FR702178A (de)
GB (1) GB363307A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2523453A (en) * 1947-11-12 1950-09-26 James H Starr Calculating table and the like
US2524075A (en) * 1947-02-06 1950-10-03 Western Union Telegraph Co Network for balancing the sea return impedance of submarine cables
US2823354A (en) * 1952-05-22 1958-02-11 Underwood Corp Electrical delay line assemblage
US3594665A (en) * 1967-11-22 1971-07-20 Solartron Electronic Group Delay lines with added shunt conductance

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2524075A (en) * 1947-02-06 1950-10-03 Western Union Telegraph Co Network for balancing the sea return impedance of submarine cables
US2523453A (en) * 1947-11-12 1950-09-26 James H Starr Calculating table and the like
US2823354A (en) * 1952-05-22 1958-02-11 Underwood Corp Electrical delay line assemblage
US3594665A (en) * 1967-11-22 1971-07-20 Solartron Electronic Group Delay lines with added shunt conductance

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB363307A (en) 1931-12-15
BE382150A (de)
FR702178A (fr) 1931-03-31
DE599231C (de) 1934-06-28

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