US1807523A - Typographical composing machine - Google Patents

Description

May 26, 1931. D. GOLDBLATT TYPOGRAPHICAL COMPO SING MACHINE Filed Feb. 6, 1950 4 Sheets-Sheet l II GROUP A GRogP B GROl JP c f Y T GROPP D \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\llllllmllllllllllllll|lllI"IIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIllIlIIIII/I/lIlIlI/IIIIIIII lull) May 26, 1931. D. GOLDBLATT I TYPOGRAPHICAL COMPOSING MACHINE Filed Feb. 6, 1950 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 IN VENTOR Bld Hm w

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TYPOGRAPHICAL COMPOSING MACHINE I Filed Feb. 6,. 1950 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 NVENTo Patented May 26, 1931 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE DAVID GOLDBLATT, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNOR T0 MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK TYPOGRAPHICAL COMPOSING MACHINE Application filed February 6, 1930. Serial No. 426,334.

The invention relates to typographical composing machines, such as linotype machines of the general organization represented in U. S. Letters Patent to O. Mergenthaler, No. 436,532, and has for its object the adaptation of machines of this kind for printing in languages employing many symbols or characters in their printed expression.

A typographical composing machine of the class stated, comprises, among other parts, a keyboard and a matrix font representative of the type characters to appear in print. By the depression of the keys of the keyboard, the matrices, through the action of intermediate parts, are released in the proper order from their storage magazine and assembled in line for the casting therefrom of type bars or printing slugs. It is with these parts of a composing machine that the present invention is more particularly concerned.

Referring to the accompanying drawings:

Fig. 1 is a front view of a well known linotype machine embodying the invention, certain parts being broken away;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged plan view, in the nature of a diagram, of the keyboard shown in Fig. 1, and showing the characters marked on the keys thereof;

Fig.3 is a diagram of the complete matrix font shown in groups, it being noted that there are two intaglio impressions in the edge of each matrix corresponding to the characters marked onthe respective keys of the keyboard; and

Fig. 4 is a face view of a line of matrices assembled for the casting operation, the casting being taken from the middle row of intaglio depressions of index characters.

The number of keys which the keyboard of v a typographical composing machine can comprise must be held within certain limits in order that the machine can be operated with the necessary facility, speed, and accuracy. Lhe keyboard of the regular commercial linotype machine is provided with but ninety different keys, and it has been found in practice that keys to that number will answer the ordinary requirements for printing in the many languages in which composing machines are now used. For instance,akeyboard, whose keys are marked with the characters used in printing in the En lish language, will customarily have ninety keys, as stated; such as a key for each lower-case or small letter of the alphabet; a key for each uppercase or capital letter; and a key for each of various other symbols used in printing.

However, when necessary or desirable, it is a common expedient, well known to those skilled in the art, to employ with the keyboard of ninety keys a supplemental keyboard comprising thirty keys. This supplemental keyboard is ordinarily used in spaced apart relation from the larger or main keyboard, but in some instances (as in certain types of German machines) the supplemental keyboard is placed and used immediately adjoining the main keyboard, or combined therewith to furnish a unitary keyboard.

There are some languages which employ very many more symbols or characters than ninety or one hundred twenty. The Hebrew language, for instance, involves the use of at least three hundred essential characters or symbols for its printed expression with the fullest detail and complete accuracy. And it is theprovision of a composing machine for printing in the Hebrew language that this invention has in particular contemplation.

The problem solved by the invention is the adaptation of an ordinary commercial typographical composing machine with a limited number of keys, say ninety or one hundred twenty, to satisfy the requirements of 8. language, as Hebrew, employing a much greater number of symbols or characters. And here it may be said that, while it is not absolutely drawing, has been extended to comprise thirty-six keys rather than thirty only, a vertical row of six keys being added at the right (see Fig. 2) and bearing characters not necessarily Hebraic, as numerals or other special characters in use with modernized Hebrew. This is true, moreover, of a few other keys, both in the supplementary and main parts of the unitary keyboard, to which keys further reference will be hereinafter made.

As has been stated, the matrices are released from the channels of the storage magazine by depressing the keys of the keyboard, that key being depressed which bears the index character of the particular matrix, which it is desired to compose in line. The matrices are arranged in the channels of the magazine in the same order horizontally as the keys bearing their corresponding index characters are respectively arranged in vertical tiers in the keyboard. The conventional linotype machine, however, is also equipped with an assembler duplex rail". socalled, by the use of which it is possible, upon the depression of a key, to compose any single matrix desired in the assembler at a higher levelv than that which it would otherwise assume. In this way, the lower one of the two in taglio impressions provided on each matrix, as spoken of with reference to Fig. 3, is presented to the mold in the casting operation rather than the upper intaglio impression. Each key of the keyboard, therefore, which controls the release of such matrices, bears two index characters, so that by its depres sion, and with the aid and proper manipulation of the said duplex rail, any two-letter matrix can be composed in line with either of its two type-producing cavities in operative or casting position. The details of these assembler devices and their manipulation are so well known as to need no further description or illustration here. It sufiices to say thatthe capacity of the keyboard is by this means doubled.

It will now be seen that the keyboard as thus far described, comprising one hundred twenty-six keys, is capable of controlling two hundred fifty-two ditlerentmatrix charac' ters. But in using such a keyboard according to the present invention, a few of the keys, as has been pointed out, are used for characters not necessarily Hebraic. Deducting these latter keys, it will be apparent that the keyboard is yet capable of composing by far the greater number of the three hundred essential characters employed in printing in the Hebrew language. By means of this invention. moreover, it is possible with such a keyboard to bring the composition of the entire Hebrew language within the compass of a linotype machine, since the matrices for the remaining characters (which are infrequently used) may be run pi, thatis to say, stored in special pi-stackers or trays with which these machines are always provided, and dropped in the machine'composed line, by hand.

Among the characters of the Hebrew alphabet are twenty-two pure or intermediate consonants, five final consonants, and twelve vowels or vowel-points, nine of which latter are general and three special. These vowels or vowel-points are composed of dots or points and dashes or strokes, or combinations thereof, and they are used in units of one or more under or over the consonants in many (litterent combinations, vowels not being used with final consonants. In printing in Hebrew, the vowel unit, when used, is not placed between the consonants, as in English. but is placed under or over (as the particular case may require) the consonant which it modifies and in a particular position with relation thereto, usually in substantially central alinement therewith. In certain other characters, also termed daghesh, the vowel unit is placed within the consonant as will be more fully explained hereinafter, but in such cases such vowel unit will not be re' ferred to herein as a vowel.

In composition of Hebrew type, therefore, provision must be made for three horizontal lines of characters, namely, the consonants which occupy the middle line, the vowels located on the line below the consonants and the vowels placed on the line above the consonants. Hand composition in these circumstances is exceedingly laboriousand very expensive, it being usually necessary to compose a given line of reading matter three times, once for the consonants and once for each line of lower and upper vowels and great care being required to place the vowels in their proper positions with their relation to the consonants.

In an effort to adapt the linotype machine to Hebrew composition, the method was proposed of casting a slug with a line of consonants and then casting another and separate slug with a line of vowels, the two slugs to be placed one above the other to make up a composite typeline with the vowels below the consonants, no attempt being made to place the vowels over the consonants. This method was found to be altogether unsatisfactory, as the vowel units could not be placed in their required positions with relation to the consonants with the necessary exactness, not to mention other serious mechanical objections and difficulties. For example, in any system of composition of the art, when making a correction in either the vowel line or consonant line, the greatest care was necessary in inserting a new vowel or consonant or other character, as any displacement of or shift from its original position of either the vowel or consonant line might alter the relative positions of the consonants and vowels, and thereby change the reading as well as the Because of these and other difficulities,

Hebrew publications are being hand-composed or else, when machine-composed, have dispensed with the vowel points. In-the latter case, accuracy in reading is often times diflicult, if not impossible, as a given combination of consonant characters forming a single word may be capable of representing many different words, any one of several of which would likewise be capable of harmonizing with the context, so that reading in such cases is trying and indeed somewhat con: jectural. For example, the three Hebrew consonants, corresponding to the English letters D B R, form, when so combined a Hebrew word which can properly be trans lated in nine different ways, as dobor, dobar,.

dever, diber, dibeyr, dabeyer, dauver, dovur, and dvar. Also because of such absence of vowels, oftentimes a word is arbitrarily di-' ural intended form can be composed or assembled in line with the same speed and facility as English or any other characters. In other words, this new system permits the use of a large number of distinct Hebrew characters, much in the same way as in hand composition, but in a manner which enables this large number of characters to be used by the conventional commercial linotype machine.

Broadly speaking, this new system consists in dividingthe keyboard into a plurality of distinct groups or sets, in one of which the keys shall each hear as an index character a consonant only, and the index characters J suing this prime thought of the invention, the keys of yet other groups shall also hear as index characters each a consonant and some other vowel associated therewith, the vowels being the same for all the consonants inany particular group but difi'ering' as between the groups. On the other hand, the consonants, in another aspect of the invention, should differ in each or any particular group but be the same or repeated in the different groups. In short, the consonants arethe same throughout all the groups, but the vowels are different as to each group.

In similar fashion, the matrix font is divided into a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the matrices in the respective groups being alike in respect to the consonant parts of their intaglio characters, and the groups or sets being distinguished from each other in respect to the vowel points associated with the consonant parts of the characters. In fact, the entire disposition of the matrices follows the general plan of the keys.

Referring now in detail to the drawings,

the machine illustrated in Fig. 1 comprises a channeled magazine I designed to contain the complete matrix font II, a keyboard III which controls the release of the matrices from the magazine, and an assembler IV wherein the matrices are composed in line. As before mentioned, the assembler IV is equipped with a so-called duplex rail V which determines the level at which the matrices are to be composed in line. These parts are so well known that any further description would be superfluous, but if desired reference may be had to the Rogers Reissue PatentNo. 13,489 for further details in respect to the handling of two-letter matrices such as herein employed.

In Fig. 2 the keyboard III is shown as divided into four major groups A, B, C, and D, and in Fig. 3 the matrix font II is likewise shown as divided into four correspond ing major groups A, B, C, and D. This grouping of the keyboard and matrix fonts is also indicated in Fig. 1 in order to show the exact relation of the parts in the actual machine, it being understood "that the matrices constituting group A in Fig. 3 are stored in the same order in the channels of the magazine I marked Group A, and that the release of such matrices from the magazine is controlled by those fingers in the keyboard III comprised within the bracket A. The same is true of the remaining groups, as will be clear without further description. The magazine I therefore is provided with as many different matrix channels as there are fiiiger keys in the keyboard, or one hundred twenty-six in all, so that whenever a key is depressed a matrix from the corresponding magazine channel will bereleased and composed in line.

As will be observed from Fig. 3, each matrix of the complete font II (except one or "'t-wo) is provided as usual with two superdrawn from the composing channel of the assembler IV, serving in its withdrawn position to allow the matrices to be composed at a lower level in order to locate the upper characters a of the matrices in operative or casting position, and serving in its projected position to cause the matrices to be composed at an upper level in order to locate the lower characters I) in operative or casting position.

In Fig. 1 is illustrated a line of matrices in slug casting formation, the impression cavities from which the type characters will be cast being shown as the second or middle row. It will be observed that some of the matrices are shown at the lower level, thus presenting for the casting operation the upper intaglio impressions or cavities a of the various groups A, B, C, and D, while other of the matrices are shown at the upper level to present for the casting operation the lower cavities Z) of the said groups.

As showing the eliiciency ol the device of the present invention, it will be observed that the said middle row of type producing characters thus illustrated in Fig. at is a reproduction of the first line of the Hebrew prayer book in use among all existing sects of the Hebrew religion, the characters of which line are represented in all four groups of the keyboard.

Reverting to the keyboard, it is proposed to color the keys differently as to groups in order to facilitate the locating of the keys by the operator. in each group, the keys are arranged in horizontal rows of live keys each and vertical rows of six keys each, the

vertical rows diverging slightly from the true verticals as customary. Each such major group really comprises thirty keys, the six extra keys in the last vertical row of the group D not being necessary to the invention but being added as a matter of convenience.

As has been stated, the invention in its broadest and simplest aspect contemplates one group of keys, bearing each as an index character a consonant only, and another group or groups wherein the index characters borne on the keys shall comprise each a consonant and a vowel associated therewith to modify its meaning. According to this basic feature of the invention, group A comprises thirty keys, numbered in sequence in vertical rows of six, as shown in Fig. 2, and the corresponding matrices fofwvhich are shown in the same sequence in horizontal disposition in Fig. 3.

Here, it may be noted that each key in all the groups is provided with three horizontal spaces, the lowest space being devoted to a character used in English composition, such as a letter, or numeral, or punctuation mark, or being left empty as in the keys of group By this method. the keyboard is made to serve for different languages, it only being necessary in order to accomplish. such purpose to change the storage magazine for the selection of the proper matrices, to correspond with the characters in such lowest spaces on the keys.

The two upper horizontal spaces on each key in all four groups, omitting the last vertical row of group D, are devoted to Hebrew characters or in some few instances to punctuation marks which can be used also in languages other than Hebrew.

In group A of the keyboard, the middle space of each key is devoted to a consonant only, that is, a consonant without any vowel associated therewith to modify its meaning. In this connection, and as heretofore mentioned, it is to be noted that certain of these consonants, as those represented on keys numbered 10,19, 20, 23, and 27, have dots or points marked within the peripheral lines of the re spective consonants, and these consonants, which, as heretofore stated are termed, daghesh, are referred to herein and are treated as consonants only, that is to say, as lacking or not having vowels associated therewith. This is true, also, of the consonants shown on keys 6, 7, and 30, each of which has a dot or point associated therewith at the top but at one side thereof. When speaking herein of a vowel point being associated with a consonant, it is to be understood that reference is made to a vowel or unit of vowels placed under or over a consonant. In the light of the foregoing remarks it will be seen that all thirty of the keys of group A bear in their middle spaces each a consonant only.

In the top space on each key of group A, excepting keys numbered 7, 12, and 25, the index character represented is a vowel unit, the same vowel unit being shown on all the keys having a vowel, and the particular vowel unit in this group A being composed of three dots or points in triangular formation with apex at the bottom. As the live final consonants do not take vowels, they have been placed, one in the middle space of key 7, and the other four combined, two in the middle and upper spaces of key 12 and two in the middle and upper spaces of key 25. The top space on key 7 is occupied by an intermediate consonant having a dot or point at its side.

In the normal operation of the machine, by depressing any key of group A, there will be released from the storage magazine I, and composed in line in the assembler IV, a ma triX presenting for the casing operation its upper intaglio impression a, which, as will be noted from Fig. 3, is a plain consonant corresponding to the consonant appearing in the middle space of the particular key depressed. By previously manipulating the duplex rail V, however, and excepting keys 7, 12, and 2:3, when a key of this group A is depressed, the matrix brought forth will be caused to present for casting the lower intaglio impression 2), which is a consonant with a vowel assotofore stated, will be the same for each consonant of the group. As the final consoiiants shown on the keys. 7, 12, and 25, respectively, do not have vowels associated with them, when anyof these keys is depressed and the duplex rail also used, the matrix presented for casting will exhibit in the assembled line only the intaglio of the index character shown in the top space of the key. The twentyseven keys afiected do constitute a group, as

'do the representations thereon of the consonants only as well asthe representations ofthe vowe In group B of the keyboard, the keys, excepting keys 7, 12, and 25, bear in their middle spaces as index characters theconsonants shown in the corresponding spaces on the respective keys of group A. In group B, however, each such consonant is not represented alone but has associated therewith a vowel unit, and a different vowel unit, moreover, from that used in the top spaces of the keys of group A, the vowel here and as shown being placed under the consonant centrally thereof and being in form a dash. It is to be noted that, as the final consonants heretofore referred to, and as heretofore stated, do not take vowels, they need not be repeated on the keys of group B but substitutions may be. made therefor. Hence, keys 7 and 12, will be occupied entirely with punctuation marks.

Key 25 will show in its middle space,"however, a special consonant like the finaluin the top space of key 12 in group A but provided with two dots or points at its. side. As here tofore stated, when used in this position,

these dots are not tobe considered as form ing-a vowel unit, as that term is used herein.

In the top spaces of the keys, excepting keys 7 and 12, is shown an index character representing a third, vowel, this vowel being the same for all the keys of this group.

When the keys of group Bare depressed in normal operation, the matrices assembledin line will -presentfor casting their upper intaglio impressions @(Fig. 3) corresponding to the consonants in the middle spaces of the.

exceptions to thisrule and will present thecharacters shown in their respective, top' spaces. And the key 25, likewise, while presenting the common vowel of this group in association with the final consonant shown on this key, will show the vowel not above or below the consonant but in the middle thereof so that the latter become a daghesh, as

heretofore explained. vAs in the case of group A, the remaining keys and the index markings thereon constitute groups.

In like manner the keys of group G, excepting 7, 1'2, and 25, bear inztheir middle spaces the same consonants as the correspond ing keys of groups A. and B but have adifferent vowel associated with the consonants. Hence, when the keys are depressed and the assembler rail is not employed, the upper matrix impressions a brought into operatlon thereby will show associated with the respective consonants the vowels indicated in the middle spaces of the keys. The keys 7 and 12, as in group B, will show special punctuation characters, and key 25 special characters. The other keys generally will exhibit in their top spaces the same vowel, which will be different from any heretofore shown, and which will be used with and under the consonants of the lower matrix impressions b when the assembler rail is' employed. It is further pointed out that, because of the peculiar requirements of the Hebrew language, the vowels associated (when the assembler rail is used) with the consonants shown on keys 1, 3, 16, and 28, see the top spaces thereof, have in addition to the two dots or points of the vowel, common to the other consonants, a dash combined therewith. And in like'case the consonant of key 25 will have associated with the two dots the vowel of the top spaces of thekeys of group B.

In group D, and'excluding therefrom the six keys of the last vertical row, the consonants of the middle spaces have associated with them, excepting keys 7, 12, and 25, a common vowel in the manner of the previous groups, this vowel likewise being differentv depressed and the assembler rail operated,

as heretofore explained. And in nearly all cases this difierent vowel is placed above the consonant instead of below it, as in cups A, B, and C. With the consonant of ey 6, however, a special vowel unit is used, and no vowel is used with the consonant shown on key 30 when the-assembler rail is operated.

It willbe observed that, if the consonants common to all the groups were arranged on the keys in haphazard fashion, some ,of the value of the system would be lost because of the-confusion which would arise in the operation of the keys. The consonants are arranged on the keys of groups B, C, and D in an order having a correspondence to that of group A and preferably in direct correspondence to the order of the consonants in group A. As there shown, the keys are arranged in vertical rows of six in a row and in the drawing are numbered in such sequence. There will result also an arrangement of the keys in horizontal rows. By arranging the index characters representing the consonants in a certain order in group A of the keys, it will be according to the invention to follow the same order, when arranging these consonants on the keys of groups B, C, and I), always noting that the final consonants of group A, not taking vowels, are not repeated in the succeeding groups.

It will be seen that with the system as thus set forth, it is possible to use any particular consonant not only alone, that is, without vowelpoints, but with seven difierent vowels and thus the great majority of the three hundred essential characters used in printing the Hebrew language can be employed. lit is a characteristic of Hebrew, however, that certain vowels and also certain combinations of particular consonants and vowels are used more frequently than other vowels or combinations. Therefore, after an exhaustive study of the vocabulary and literature of the Hebrew language, ancient and modern, those vowels were selected for use in the keyboard of the invention which were found to be most frequently used in the language. By choosing the vowels, shown in the drawings, to combine with the consonants, almost the whole of the Hebrew language can be printed from the keyboard and the additional characters, not frequently used, yet necessary for its full expression, can be dropped in the desired positions between the matrices of the machine-composed line by hand -i'roin the pi stacker or tray.

As is well known, Yiddish, the language spoken by the majority of the Jewish people, is made up in large part of the German language but has quite an admixture of Hebrew words and in its printing the Hebrew characters are used. To avoid in part the dificulties heretofore mentioned, when printing in Yiddish, some Hebrew consonants are arbitrarily used as vowels, as in English. This cannot be done, however, in the case of the pure Hebrew words, which are therefore printed without vowels, and, hence, for the reasons heretofore fully set forth, complete mechanical composition of Yiddish has heretofore not been possible. With the keyboard of the present invention, however, such composition is practicable, as will be apparent.

As has been set forth the practically ob.- ligatory system now prevails of printing in the Hebrew language without the use of vowels. lit will be observed, therefore, that euphonic spelling with this system of printmemes ing is impossible and hence accurate renditions in Hebrew cannot be made of foreign words. As a Iurther consequence, the

Hebrew language has not grown with the advances in the arts and sciences and so today is not a practical language.

It will be seen however, that by using a linotype machine equipped with a keyboard arranged according to the system of the present invention and with a modest use of the pi devices, perfect composition of the Hebrew and Yiddish languages is not only possible but can be accomplished with speed, facility, and accuracy. As a direct consequence, it will now be possible to express and print in Hebrew words of any origin and to print cheaply publications in the Hebrew language. In view ofthe vast quantity of literature which can now be printed in Hebrew and of the fact, for example, that Hebrew is now one of the three official languages of Palestine and the books of laws of that country must be printed in Hebrew, the great importance of the invention will be obvious. Moveover, by means of the invention it will now be possible to bring to the multitude a. knowledge of an ancient literature, the glories of which have in the past been only for the comparatively learned few.

in its broader aspects, the system of the invention is not confined to the particular detail arrangement shown and described, as many changes may be made in the details of the same without departing from the spirit of the invention or sacrificing its chief advantages. N or is the invention confined in its use to Hebrew, as there are other languages to which it may be applied, like Arabic, Syriac Turkish, etc., which resemble Hebrew as regards the use of vowel points in conjunction with consonants.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim is 4.

1. A keyboard for typographical machines, comprising a series of finger keys, each bearing an index character representative of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the said index characters of one group comprising each a consonant only, and the said index characters of another group comprising each a consonant and a vowel associated therewith.

2. A. keyboard for typographical machines, comprising a series of finger keys, each hearing an index characterrepresentative of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets having common consonants, the said index characters of one group comprising each a consonant only, and the said index characters of another group comprising each a consonant and a vowel associated theretlti with, and the keys of both said groups being arranged in a corresponding order in respect to said consonants. A

3. A'keyboard for typographical machines, comprising a series of finger keys, each hearing an index character representative of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets having common consonants, the said index characters of one group comprising each a consonant only, and the said index characters of other groups comprising each a consonant and a vowel associated therewith, and said other groups being distinguished from each other in respect to said vowels associated with said consonants.

4. A keyboard for typographical machines, comprising a series of finger keys, each bearing an index character representative of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets having common consonants, the said index characters of one group comprising each a consonant only, and the said index characters'of other groups comprising each a consonant and a vowel associated therewith, and said other groups being distinguished from each other in respect to said vowels associated with said consonants, and the keys of all said groups being arranged in a corresponding order in respect to said consonants.

5. A keyboard for typographical machines, comprising a series of finger keys, each bearing an index character representative of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the said index characters in the respective groups or sets being alike in respect to the intermediate consonant parts of said characters, and the groups being distinguished from each other in respect to the vowel points associated with the consonant parts of the characters.

6. A keyboard for typographical machines, comprising a series of finger keys, each hearing an index character representative of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys be ing arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the said index characters in the respective groups or sets comprising intermediate consonants, and one of said groups comprising also final consonants, the said index characters in the respective groups or sets being alike in respect to the intermediate consonants. and the groups being distinguished from each other in respect to vowel points associated with the intermediate consonants.

7 A keyboard for typographical machines, comprising a series of finger keys, each bearing an index character representative of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said linger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the said index characters in the respective groups or sets being alike in respect to the consonant parts of said char acters, and the groups being distinguished from each other in respect to the vowel points associated with the consonant parts of the characters.

8. A keyboard for typographical machines, comprising a series of finger keys, each hearing an index character representative of a typographical element controlledby the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the said index characters in the respective groups or sets being alike in respect to the consonant parts of said characters and arranged in the same order in respect to said consonant characters, and the groups being distinguished from each other in respect to the vowel points associated with the consonant parts of the characters.

9. A keyboard for typographical machine-s, including agroup of finger keys, each bearing two index characters representative each of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, one only of said characters on each finger key comprising a consonant only.

10. A keyboard for typographical machines, including a group of fingerkeys, each bearing two index characters representative each of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, one of said characters on each finger key comprising a vowel only.

11. A keyboard for typographical machines, including a group of finger keys, each bearing two index characters representative each of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, one of said characters on each finger key comprising a consonant only and the other character a vowel only.

12. A keyboard for typographical machines, including a group of finger keys, each bearing two index characters representative each of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, one of said characters on each finger key comprising a consonant and a vowel associated therewith and the other character a vowel only, said vowels being diiferent. 4

13. A keyboard for typographical machines comprising a series of finger keys, each bearing two index characters representative of two type producing characters of a typographical element controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the said index characters of one group comprising each a consonant only and a vowel only, and the said index characters of another Ill) each a consonant with an associated vowel and a vowel only, the consonants being alike in the two groups, and the vowels of the second group being different from each other as well as different from that of the first group.

14:. A keyboard for typographical ma- ('lllnes comprising a series of finger keys, each bearing two index characters representative of two type producing characters of a typographical clement controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality or" distinct groups or sets. the said index characters of one group comprising each a consonant only and a vowel only, and the said index characters of another group comprising each a consonant with an associated vowel and a vowel only, the consonants being alike. in the two groups, and the vowels of the second roup being dilferent from each other as well as different from that of the first group, and the keys of both groups being arranged in a corresponding order in respect to the consonants.

15. A matrix font for slug casting machines, comprising a series of matrices, each formed with two intaglio characters adapted for independent selection and use, the two characters on each matrix thruoutthe font comprising consonant parts and differing from each other in value, but being alike in respect to the consonant parts of said characters.

16. A matrix font for slug casting machines comprising a plurality of series of matrices, each matrix being formed with two superposed intaglio characters adapted for independent selection and use, the two characters on each matrix thruout the font comprising consonant parts and differing from each other in value, but being alike in respect to the consonant parts of said characters.

17. A matrix font for slug casting machines, comprising a series of matrices, each formed with two superposed intaglio characters adapted for independent selection and use, the two characters on each matrix thruout the font comprising consonant parts and one at least comprising a vowel part, and the two differing from each other in respect to their vowel parts, but being alike in respect to their consonant parts.

18. A matrix font for slug casting machines comprising a series of matrices, each formed with two superposed type producing characters adapted for independent selection and use, the said matrices being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the said type producing characters of one group com prising each a consonant only and a consenant with an associated vowel, and the said type producing characters of another group comprising each a consonant with an associated vowel, the consonants being alike in the two groups and the vowels of the second group comprising group being different from each other as well as different from that of the first group.

19. A typographical machine including in combination, a keyboard comprising a series of finger keys, each bearing an index character representative of a matrix controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the said characters in the re spective groups or sets being alike in respect to the consonant parts of said characters, and the groups being distinguished from each other in respect to the vowel points associated with the consonant parts of the characters, a storage magazine having channels for containing matrices, and matrices formed with intaglio characters corresponding to index characters on said finger keys and arranged in said channels in groups corresponding to the finger key groups.

20. A typographical machine, including in combination a channel magazine, a series of matrices stored in said magazine and occupying different channels according to character, and a keyboard for controlling the release of the matrices from the magazine, the said matrices each being formed with two superposed type producing characters and being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the said characters of one group of matrices comprising each a consonant only and the same consonant with a vowel associated therewith, and the said characters of another group of matrices comprising a consonant with an associated vowel, the consonants being alike in the two groups of matrices and the vowels of the second group being different from each other as well as different from that of the first group, and said keyboard comprising a series of finger keys each bearing two index characters representative of the two-type producing characters of the matrix controlled by the corresponding finger key, the said finger keys being arranged in a plurality of distinct groups or sets, the index characters of one group comprising each a consonant only and a vowel only and the index characters of another group comprising each a consonant with an associated vowel and a vowel only, the consonants being alike in the two groups of finger keys and the vowels of the second group being different from each other as well as different from that of the first group.

21. A typographical machine including in combination, a keyboard comprising a series of finger keys, each bearing two index characters representative each of a matrix controlled by the corresponding finger key, one of said characters on each finger key comprising a consonant only, a magazine for storing matrices, and matrices adapted to be stored in said magazine and formed with intaglio characters represented by the respective index characters on said finger keys.

22. A typographical machine including in combination, a keyboard comprising a series of finger keys, each bearing two index characters representative each of a matrix controlled 5 by the correspondin finger key, one of said characters on each nger key comprising a consonant and a vowel associated therewith, and the other character comprising a different vowel, a magazine for storing matrices, and

10 matrices adapted to be stored in said magazine and formed with intaglio characters represented by the respective index characters on said finger keys.

In testimony whereof, this specification has 15 been duly signed by:

DAVID GOLDBLATT.

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