US1758055A

US1758055A - Friction and heat resisting article and method for manufacturing the same

Info

Publication number: US1758055A
Application number: US67399A
Authority: US
Inventors: Nanfeldt William
Original assignee: WORLD BESTOS CORP
Current assignee: WORLD BESTOS Corp
Priority date: 1925-11-06
Filing date: 1925-11-06
Publication date: 1930-05-13
Anticipated expiration: 1947-05-13
Also published as: BE341307R; BE337715A

Description

M May13, 1930. W. NANFELDT .1,758,055

FRCTION AND HEAT RESISTING ARTICLE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME Filed Nov. 6, 1925 ll. @ha -Z''f' E llllllllll Patented May 1.3, 1930 y' uNirED STATES PATENT OFFICE i A 4 l WILLIAM NANFELDT, OF HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR TO WORLD BESTOS CORPORATION, OF YORK, N. Y., A. CORPORATION OF DELAWARE i v raicrIoN AND 4 applic-.ationl ledNovember 6, 1,925. Serial No. 67,399.

This'invention relates to the manufacture of friction and heat resisting articles, and

. more particu1arly,.to the manufacture of yarn from material such as asbestos, to paper of such material, to the manufacture of said paper from such material, to'yarn made from such material, to a method of making the yarn, to apparatus for making suoli yarn, and

fio'

to fabrics made from such yarn.

More specifically, the invention relates to the manufacture of yarn adapted for different uses but having characteristic advantages for use in friction fabrics suitable for brake and transmissionlinings. p

Heretofore, it has been proposed to make paper from asbestos material and after forming the same into rolls, to form the material of such rolls into flat rolls of strip material.v Then each strip, usually in. moistened condition, is drawn preferably from the center of the flatroll under low tension and twisted with one' or more supporting or reinforcing filaments, combined with the strip one att a time or more than one at a time. There may also be a plurality of successive twisting operations. l

The strip material, so far as the herein described method of and apparatus for making yarn visfconcerned, may be formed as described in the co-pendingapplication of J. A. Heany, Serial No. 516,12),filed November 18, 1921. The asbestos material is formed into a pulp vand passed through an ordinary paper making machine to form a web, which is rolled up in theusual manner. This web, which in the paper making operation has been rendered sufficiently strong to permit slitting, is slitted by a slitting machine into narrow strips to bev4 utilized in yarn manufacture. It should be understood that in thenishing of the web,

the material of the surfaces thereof has been with the asbestos material in the pulp, suitstrengthened, and that the strength of the finished web is to a large extent dependent upon the strength of the surface portions thereof. Satisfactory results in the manufacture of the web are obtained by combining able binding material, which serves to increase the strength or coherence of the iinished yarn or paper, thus rendering it suitable for manipulation in the' yarn making operan HEAT. REsIs'riNG ARTICLE 'AND METHOD' Fon MANUFACTURING TEE SAME A Other objects of the invention are to pro vide paper strip material containing a binder which will retain its strength when wet;

paper strip material which has friction mag terial disseminated therethrough; paper strip material containing a binder including friction material; paper strip materialA containing a binder through which is disseminated material adapted to prevent undue hardening of the binder; paper strip material containing a binder through which is disseminated material adapted to provide for a relatively smooth friction effect; an advantageous method of making suchvpaper; an advantageous method of making such improved yarn; and improved yarn-making mechanism.

Various other-ob]ects of the invention relate to the manufacture of the asbestos paper,

to yarn structure having particular utility for friction fabrics and adapted to withstand wearin the presenceof heat and oil, and to considerations relating to details ofthe process, apparatus and product, such as will appear upon reference to the detailed description below and to thel accompanying drawings, in which Figure l-is'a view of the inechanismvfor sol supporting and feeding the yarn composing elements to the twisting mechanism; Figure 2 is a view of the apparatus employed in the second step of the process of making the yarn;

Figure 3. is a view of the apparatus einployed in the third step of the process of making yarn;

` Figure 4 is a view of a short length of the completed yarn;

Figure 5 is a section of the yarn shown in Figure 4;

Figure 6 is a plan of fabric made from such yarn; and

Figure is a section of the fabric of Figure 6.

In the process of the present invention, there is manufactured asbestos paper formed of asbestos material containing asbestos tibres of any available or suitable length, held together by binding material of such a nature as to retain its strength under all Working conditions as, for example, When the pa-l per is- Wet." Heretofore, asbestos paper for this purpose has been held together, to a great extent, by binding material which is generally Water soluble, or material which may be -softened by Water and which by use of a sufficient amount of Water may be broughtinto colloidal suspension. As a result of the low tensile strength of such asbestos paper When Wet, considerable difficulty has been met in so handling it as to withstand the strain of the mechanical vvorking necessary in yarn manufacture. Such difiiculties have been overcome to aA great `extent by the use of another kind 'of binding ma terial.

One binder which gives the proper result contains rosin which is introduced in a suitable manner. Ordinary rosin dissolved in solvents, such as gasoline, alcohol and other hydrocarbons, would not answer, for the reason that when such a binder is placed in a beater with asbestos, Water and other binders, which are soluble or capable of being brought into colloidal suspension, (starch for example) the rosin would give up its solvent and Would be precipitated in the bottom of the beater. A' binder which is free from lthese defects has been obtained by a method which will noWI be described.

Preferably the method is-put into practice in the following manner. Caustic soda is added to starch in a suitable container and treated With steam (boiled). Then alum is added, and after mixing, the mixture is poured into a beater which has previously been charged with asbestos .material and Water. The beater roll is then lowered and the beater started. Then a new mixture of starch and caustic soda is made, and sodium rcsinate (rosin soap) treated With hot Water is added and the ingredients thoroughly mixed. Then a few minutes before starting the formation of paper, the last mixture is added to the beater.

` stood that the alum acts to render the rosin It should be under considerable tension -and the strain of ine-- chanical Working during the process of manufacturing yarn.

One of the more important features of my invention is to add material which tends to prevent the binder from becoming too hard and stili', and also to render the frictional effect thereof comparatively smooth and uniform. Preferably, use is made for this purposeof graphite substantially free'from impurities, such as silica and mica. Graphite of the quality used in manufacturing leads for lead pencils, may be utilized. Preferably, the graphite is placed in the beater at any time before the addition of the sodium resinate, and by the action of the beater, is disseminated thoroughly through the pulp. The resulting paper Will then have the resin and graphite distribute therethrough to a suflicient degree of uniformity. It should be understood that the graphite may be of value in connection with binders other than rosin binders.

y T he manufacture of the paper may be performed by the use of an apparatus such as shown in the application of J. A. Heany, Serial No.. 692,947, filed: February 15, 1924, now Patent No. 1,642,495, granted September 13, 1927. After the paper has been made and Wound into rolls, the material of these rolls may be cut into strips which are normally formed into flat rolls of such asbestos strip material.

Before making these strips or bands into yarn, the material of the strips is preferably softened and rendered more flexible, as by nioistening. Preferably this is done by dip ping the rolls into a tank containing Water,

for a short interval of time which has been the strips in 'the water of the aforesaid tank,

the proportion of glycerine in the solution being about 10% by volume.

Glycerine has the properties of dissolving without limit in water and of absorbing as much as 50% of Water from the air, and on account of its never drying quality is useful to keep the paper strips moist and supple. The paper contains considerable starch and this is kept soft by the glycerine.

Referring to Figure 1 of the drawing, I

Cru

paper and permit easier working of the strip 'i have shown apparatus similar to that dis closed in m copending application, Serial N o. 28,777 led: April 17, 1925, now Patent No. 1,585,628, granted May 18, 1926, which is here used for supporting spools of material such as cotton thread and moistened rolls of asbestos strip material, uniting the threads" and strip material at a predetermined point, and guiding the united elements-into a twisting device 1.- Fixed to ,a plurality of standards, one of which is shown at 2, are a plurality of cross beams or bars 8, 4, 5 and 6; from which the various spools and guides are supported. Projecting perpendicularly from the inclined front face of the beam 8 are pins`7 and 8 on which are placed spools 10 and 11 which'carry, respectively, cotton cords or threads y12 and 18, which may be of either right or left twist according to requirements. The cotton threadv12 passes through a guide A14 to the upper end of a clamping or tension device 15 which serves to retard the'move- Vment of the thread and exert a suii'icient degree of tension thereon to maintain the same free of knots or undesirable twists. This clamping or tension device may be substantially the same as described in my said application, Serial `No.. 28,777, Patent No. 1,585,626. Below the tensiondevice 15 thestrand '12 is led through a circular guide 16 of suitable material, such as porcelain, supported from Athe beam 5,v and is combined at -this point with `an asbestos strip 17 and then passed friction cylinder 18.supported by the beam as to permit feeding of the strip from the `center of theroll' to and through three guides 22, 28 and 28', in the order mentioned.

Theintcrmediate guide 28 is mounted on the lower end of an arm 24 pivoted,l asshown in-I my said copending` application, to the beam 5, thus permitting the guide 28 to be shifted toand from the line through the otherguides to vary the tension of the strip. IThe strip 17 is needled through these guides or, if the strip is mechanically weak, through two or only one-of these guides and thence into the mainV axial guide or cylinder 16 into union with the-filament or core. Tray-21 may be preferably provided with an u )standing riin25 to prevent the iiow there romv of the water used to moisten the paper of the asbestos rolls to modify the binder in the during the twisting operations. i

The second cotton cord 18 is led from the Aspool `twister -1.- From van eye 29 cord 2 and the asbestos 6 where it is `combined with the cotton strand 18 and is fed into the twister 11 adjacent to spool 10 through atension device `26, the strand being guided at the top of the tension device by a guide 27 and at the bottom of the tension-*device by a guide 28, which is necessary to maintain the cord 18 'in its proper direction throughthe tensiondevic'e 26 and to prevent the cord from being drawn to one side by the ini' clined stretch thereof extendingtoward the i the guide 28, the cord 18 passes iii an inclined direction to and through on the end of a'n arm'80 fixed to the beam 6, and from the eye 29 the filament passes into the combined with the strand 81 formed of the paper strip 17. From'the friction cylinder 18the strand 81 and the cord 18 are passed downwardly through a central sleeve 82 of the twister,

,having thereon a pulley 88 near its upper end,

and at its lower end a member 84 perpcndicular thereto. From the sleeve 82 the yarn is ,passed around a pulley 84T on .the member 84,' and then wound back and forth around shafts and 86 journaled in the cross mem.

ber 84. Surrounding the twisting sleeve 82 is a winding sleeve-87 carrying at its upper frictioncylinder 18 where it is end a pulley 88 and at its lower end a gear 89,

sleeve. 87`beiiig supported in a bracket 4G.

rlhe gear 89 at the lower end of the sleeve 87, engages

gears

41 and 42 at the upper ends, respectively, of said shafts 85 and 86, each of which is provided with three discs 42 to guide the strand or yarn 48 so that it will be fed around the shafts 85 and 86 and through. an eye 44 downwardly to an eye 45/in a fiyer arm 46, another flyer arm 47 being shown at the opposite end of the cross member 47 at of said shafts 85 and 86@` From the the ends loop or eye 45 the preliminary yarn or strand 48 passes to a spool 49,'loosely mounted on a vertical shaft 50 which, ports the member 47, and at its lower end, is supported by a bearing 51. 's

It will be seen tlhat upon driving the pul-.

leys 88 and`88 by

belts

52 and 58, respectively, the member` 84 will be turned and the strand 81 twisted. This movement of the member 84, in connection with the driving of' the sleeve 87 from the pulley 88will cause the gears 41 'ande 42to be driven by the gearv89 to turn the shafts 88 and 84 and draw the strand 48 around the at its upper end, suppulley 84 and around shafts 85Av and 86, and will also cause the strand to pass through the guides 44 and 45 and be wound on the spool 49, which is moved y up and down during such winding by means o/f a heart-shaped cani 54 'acting on roll 55 on l'one end of a lever 56 pivoted at 57, and having -at its other end a roll 58 o n which the spool rests.

and 18 are of two or more plies. The thread 12 and the strip 17 are twisted together to the Preferablythe cotton threads or cords 12' from the pa )er and lauses irregularities in' the .strands or yarns. According to the present invention, the cotton threads are treated with suitable material, preferably light paraffin or evlinder oil. to water-proof the threads and thereby avoid disadvantageous effects such as shrinkage.

In the second operation, the spool 49 containing the strand i3, resulting from the first operation,'is removed from the spindle 50 after lifting the latter out of its bearing 5l -and placed on an inclined pin 61 projecting from a beam, corresponding to the upper beam 3 of the frame shown in Figure 1. and the strand 13 is passed downwardly from the spool through aguide (32 just above atension device (S3. corresponding to tension de- Vices 15 and QG, shown in Figure 1. From the tension device, the strand 43 passes downwardly to a point where it is deliected, to some extent.` by means including a tension rod G5 mounted on a beam corresponding to the beam 6. At its free end the tension rod 65 is provided with an open eye 6G through which the strand :tfpasses and beneath which it is united with one or more filaments. such as wires ($7, drawn from spools (58 mounted on inclined pins, so as to produce tension on the wires G7 when drawn from spools G8. The two wires 67, which are slightly twisted together before reaching a friction cylinder (Si),

'pass intothe frictioncylinder mounted on the beam 6, and after passing' through the friction cylinder the strand 43 with the wires 67 wound thcrcaround passes through a twister 70 corresponding to the twister 1, the strand 71 thus formed as a result of the seci'ond step, being wound on a spool 72.

. same number of twists as was given the strand 43 resulting from the first operation. From the point of engagement with the eye 66, however, down to the point where it enters the twisting mechanism 70, this yarn receives approximately three twists to the left lper inch. Inasmuch as in the first operation the paper was twisted three times to the right,

and in the second operation the paper receives three twists to the left, the paper in the strand 71 resulting from the second operation will have no twist. However, the wires or filaments pass from spools 68 to the point wherel the strand enters the twister and the'filaments or wires 67 are then twisted three times to the left around the modified strand '43. There is obtained then at this stage, a strand or preliminary yarn 71 in which the paper has no twist and the wires have three twists to the left per inch.

. In the third operation, the preliminaryI yarn 71 resulting from the secon operation, is placed on spool 74 mounted in inclined position on the upper beam of a frame, such as shown in Figure 1, and is led downwardly therefrom toa twister 75 by which the yarn 7l is given three additional twists to the left, thus producing a yarn 76 having six twists of the wires or filaments to the left and three twists of the paper to the left.

Although a certain number of twists is specified, the third operation may consist in giving the yarn 72 any number of final twists, depending upon the requisites of the trade and the kind of yarn desired. It should be understood that the original twists may be either to the right or to the left, and the reversal in such twists may be obtained in c the later operations. -The number of twists given to the yarn determines the strength,`

homogeneity and tightness of the finished product, according to commercial requirements, and is an important factor in determining the quality of fabric made from the yarn.

The wires 67 are preferably' of brass and it has been found that, when combined directly with moist asbestos paper strips in forming yarn, there is considerable corrosion and deterioration of the wires which may re suit in breakage thereof. Such deterioration may be due to some galvanic or electrolytic action and may be avoided by coating the wires'with suitable material. A coating of paraffin wax has been found to give very satisfactory results and as disclosed in this application, the wires are passed through a pig tail guide 77, under a roller 78, submerged to its axis in melted paraffin in a vessel or pot 78 and over a roller 79 which de termines the direction of ent-rance of the wires G7 into the friction cylinder (Si). The paraffin is kept in melted condition by means of a steam pipe 8O in the pot 78.

In recapitulation, the invention may be stated to comprise, in general, the steps of making paper, having incorporated therein, binding'material which is not substantially vweakened by moistening the asbestos strip,

and which may contain lubricating material, of moistening the asbestos strip with water, or, if desired, a solution containing material which will keep the strip soft, flexible and vmoist; of forming a strand of asbestos paper and cotton threads twist-ed in one direction; of adding one or more filamentary bodies or lwires to support the strand and wrapping them about the strand already formed by a twist in a direction opposite to`that`of the first, and sufficient to leave the strip substantially without twist; of giving the yarn a final tighter twist, tending to embed the wires inthe paper material at the surface of the yarn, the twists in different steps being the reverse of in different directions as hereinbefore specified; and` of making fabrics from said yarn. By making the twist in the second operation that in the first operation and sufficient in extent to leave the paper strip substantially without twist, the tension on the paper strip is relieved, thus reducing the danger of rupturing the asbestos paper strip during the third step in which a tighter twist isgiven to the yarn or in the later operations, such as weaving. It should be understood that the extent of the twists'in the ldifferent directions maybe varied and that the material and number of core filaments Y and binding filaments may be changed with- ''o ut departing from the spirit of the mvenas by weaving,

ing the frictional tlon.

The invention also comprehends fabrics made from/the yarn in any suitable manner,

braiding andknitting, and of such texture, strength, thickness and other qualities, as to meet the requirements service for which they are designed. As illustrated in Figures 6 and 7, the fabric comprises warp threads or yarns 8l and weft threads or yarns 82. Preferably, said warp and weft yarns are so interwoven that the vwearing surface is made up principally ofv Fabrics made from such-yarn warp yarns. have been 4found to give particularly desirable results when used -for brake linings, clutch linings and the like. The rosin in the paper serves to give suitable strength and friction qualities, and the graphite` in the paper has been found to play a great part in giving to the fabric of the present invention, its features of superiority. the paper serves to lubricate the guides through which the material is drawn in the course of yarn manufacture thereby renderdrag on the yarn uniform and imparting to the yarn a uniform strength and structure.

rEhe graphite acts as a lubricant to render the braking action of the brake lining Amore smooth and to prevent sudden gripping, and due to its lubricating qualities,'t'ends to keep the surface of the brake band smooth and to prevent undue hardening of the bandy at the braking surface. It has also been found that the brake bands containing graphite, substantially retain their effectiveness when wet and, therefore, are reliable in -wet weather. Another quality of graphite which of the The graphite inV renders it of particular value in brake linings, is that of great resistance to heat. The brake lining containing graphite is therefore not affected, by ordinary changes in temperatureas to friction or other qualities. Inasmuch as graphite is a very good conductor of heat and therefore dissipates'heat rapidly, it is very much more diflicult to heat up a lining containing graphite and, when heated. the lining cools very rapidly. Although such brake linings are preferably of fabric made from asbestos yarn, theinvention is of such breadth as to include friction fabrics containing asbestos material and graphite, but formed without first manufacturing asbestos yarn. I

It should be understood that the apparatus herein disclosed is merely illustrative of the invention, and that various. changes may be made in the construction and arrangement of the parts without departing' from the spirit of the invention.

It should be understood that the term asbestos material, wherever it appears in the specification and claims, is intended to refer to material having a substantial percentage of asbestos libres, such as to give more or less the characteristics of asbestos as far as working and handling are concerned, and the term asbestos material, where used in the specilication and claims, shall be considered as thus defined.

I desire toclaim as my invention l. A method of making asbestos material adapted for use in yarn manufacture and other uses which comprises incorporating inasbestos containing pulp a binding agent, and a material adapted to soften said asbestos containing pulp, and thereafter forming the desired product therefrom.

2. A method of making 4asbestos paper for use in the manufacture of yarn, which consists in forming pulp of asbestos material, disseminating a rosin material and graphite therethrough, and binding such material with the rosin and graphite distributed therethrough into paper.

3. An asbestos product having a binder and a material to prevent undue hardening of the binder.

Il. An asbestos product including a binder containing resin," and material to prevent undue hardening of the binder.

5. An asbestos product including a binder l also a lubricating material therein to insure y 'smooth frictional action; andl a material for preventing undue hardening of the binding material.

8. An asbestos product for friction purposes having disseminated therethrough friction binding material including resin, and having therein lubricating material to insure smooth frictional action and material for preventing undue hardening of the binding material.

9. An Aasbestos product for friction purposes having disseminated therethrough friction binding material, lubricating material including graphite to insure smooth frictional action, and material for preventing undue hardening of the binding material.

l0. An asbestos product for friction purposes having disseminated therethrough friction binding material, lubricating material to insure smooth frictional action, and glycerine for preventing undue hardening of the binding material. J y

11. A method of making an asbestos product adapted for various uses such as for sheets, fabrics, paper, yarn, for friction elements as in brake linings, and various other uses which comprises incorporating in an asbestos containing pulp a binding material adapted to increase the adhesion of the finished product and to impart sufficient strength thereto to render it suitable for manipulation to Withstand the stresses arising in the various operations of manufacture, adding a material for preventing undue hardening of the binding material, and forming the desired product from theoresulting pulp material.

l2. A methodof making an asbestos product adapted for various uses, which comprises l incorporating in an asbestos containing pulp material a binder adapted to increase the coherence of the said asbestos material, and incorporating therewith a lubricating material, the said materials being incorporated in proportions such that the resulting product will have suiiicient adhesion or coherence in the wetted condition to permit being mechanically Worked, and thereafter forming the desired product therefrom.

13. A method of making an asbestos product for use in manufacturing asbestos yarn and other uses which comprises forming a pulp of asbestos material, treating a resinous material in such a manner chemically so as to render it soluble in water, disseminating the treated resinous material throughout the pulp, adding a material to form a substantially insoluble compound therefrom, and forming the desired product witlrthe said compound distributed therethrough.

14. A method of making an asbestos` produotforluse in manufacturing asbestos yarn and other uses which comprises forming a pulp of asbestos material, treating a resinous material in such a manner chemically as to render it soluble in water, forming a Water solution thereof and disseminating the treated resinous material throughout the pulp and thereafter adding a material thereto to form an insoluble resinate in the pulp to impart the desired strength to the product in the wetted condition so as to permit being mechanicallyI worked, and thereafter forming the desired product therefrom.

In testimoiq7 whereof, I aix my signature.

WILLIAM NANFELDT.

auf)

CERTIFICATE or CORRECTION.

Patent No. 1,758,055. Granted May1 13, 1930, to

WILLIAM NANFELDT..

It is hereby certified thatverror appears in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction lsf? follows: Page 3, iine 4 for "1,585,628" read 1,585,626; and that the said Letters Patent `should he read with this correction therein that the same may. contormto the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 5th day of August, A. D. 1930.

Wm. A. Kinnan,

(Seai') Acting -Commissioner of Patents.