US1721523A - Method of cracking hydrocarbons - Google Patents
Method of cracking hydrocarbons Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1721523A US1721523A US636892A US63689223A US1721523A US 1721523 A US1721523 A US 1721523A US 636892 A US636892 A US 636892A US 63689223 A US63689223 A US 63689223A US 1721523 A US1721523 A US 1721523A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cracking
- selenium
- catalyst
- chamber
- hydrocarbons
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G11/06—Sulfides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
Definitions
- This invention relates to modes of cracking the heavier hydrocarbons, and its principal objects are to increase the yield of aromati hydrocarbons and to employ a nonhydrogenating cracking catalyst.
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view, partly in section, of an apparatus for carrying out my process of cracking hydrocarbon oils.
- 1 is a cracking chamber which, for small production, may be made of iron tubing thirty-five inches long and two inches in diameter.
- 2 is an inlet pipe having a valve 3
- 4 is an outlet pipe leading 15 from the cracking chamber to a condensing coil 5 located in a cooling chamber 6. This coil may be cooled by running water or ice.
- the cracking chamber 1 is enclosed in a heating jacket having an electrical heating 2o coil divided into sections 7 and 8, each of which may be connected by wires 9 and switch 10 with a 110 volt line 1101' a 220 volt line 12.
- An insulating cover 13 surrounds the heating coil.
- the cracking chamber vis substantially filled with pieces 14 of pumice stone or other porous material, the size of the pieces in the apparatus illustrated being" uniform and about one half inch in diameter.
- a free 30 space is provided at the top of the chamber above the level of the pumice stone.
- the heated vaporized oil is brought into contact with a catalytic substance which presents free selenium to the oil vapor.
- This substance may be prepared by fusing iron and solenium in such proportionate quantities that free selenium ispresent in the alloy. 10% of selenium above molecular proportions has been found satisfactory for the purpose.
- the iron serves as a base for the selenium and tends to keep the vapor from carrying the selenium out of the cracking chamber.
- the cooled alloy is ground up until it will pass through a 100 mesh sieve, mixed with kerosene or other vehicle and'the alloy is deposited in the pores of the pumice stone by dipping and agitating the latter in the alloy-kerosene mixture.
- the pumice stone, impregnated with from to of a pound of the alloy, is placed in the cracking chamber, the control switches are thrown to connect the coils 7 and 8 of the heating jacket with the 220 volt system to bring the temperature of the chamber the presence of the free selenium more readily than when using 700 C. and even higher temperatures without pressure, and yields a high percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons. Yields as high as 40% aromatic hydrocarbons and 24% gasoline have been obtained.
- This process may be varied by employing as a base for the selenium another metal such as nickel, cobalt, or lead, and tellurium may be used in place of the selenium.
- the catalytic substances formed with any of these bases or containing tellurium may be prepared and employed in'the process in the same manner as the ferrous selenide.
- the selenium catalyst is preferred to the tellurium catalyst because it is cheaper and the yields obtained are higheiz .
- Temperatures from 400 C. to 600 C. may be employed but the best results have been obtained at 500 C.
- the process may be operated at above 600 C. but largcryiclds of fixed gases are obtained and to avoid this, the lower temperatures are employed. Pressure may be used but it has been found that the product contains a relatively large content of olefines without a proportionate increase in the aromatic hydrocarbons.
- An increase in the rate of feeding the oil to the cracking chamber generallydecreases the proportionate quantity of oil cracked.
- the catalysts function in the process as described as nonhydrogenating catalysts, i. e., a catalyst which does not hydrogenate unsaturated organic compounds.
- Compounds which present free selenium or tel which comprises combining a catalyst of the selenium type with a metal base in proportion to present the catalyst on the surface of the base, and cracking a vaporized hydrocarbon oil by contact with the catalyst.
- vapours of the hydrocarbon oil are heated to atleast 400 C. and While so heated are brought into contact With the catalyst.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Description
July 23, 1929. T. MIDGLEY. JR
METHOD OF CRACKING HYDROCARBONS Fiied May 5, 1923 INLET PIPE CONDENSER Patented July 23, 1929.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
THOMAS MIDGLEY, JR, OF DAYTON, OHIO, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, T GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, OF DETROIT, MICHIGAN, A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.
METHOD OF CRACKING HYDROCARBONS.
Application filed May 5, 1923. Serial No. 636,892.
This invention relates to modes of cracking the heavier hydrocarbons, and its principal objects are to increase the yield of aromati hydrocarbons and to employ a nonhydrogenating cracking catalyst.
In the accompanying drawing, the figure is a diagrammatic view, partly in section, of an apparatus for carrying out my process of cracking hydrocarbon oils.
In this figure, 1 is a cracking chamber which, for small production, may be made of iron tubing thirty-five inches long and two inches in diameter. 2 is an inlet pipe having a valve 3, and 4 is an outlet pipe leading 15 from the cracking chamber to a condensing coil 5 located in a cooling chamber 6. This coil may be cooled by running water or ice.
The cracking chamber 1 is enclosed in a heating jacket having an electrical heating 2o coil divided into sections 7 and 8, each of which may be connected by wires 9 and switch 10 with a 110 volt line 1101' a 220 volt line 12. An insulating cover 13 surrounds the heating coil.
The cracking chamber vis substantially filled with pieces 14 of pumice stone or other porous material, the size of the pieces in the apparatus illustrated being" uniform and about one half inch in diameter. A free 30 space is provided at the top of the chamber above the level of the pumice stone.
In one method of cracking oils, the heated vaporized oil is brought into contact with a catalytic substance which presents free selenium to the oil vapor. This substance may be prepared by fusing iron and solenium in such proportionate quantities that free selenium ispresent in the alloy. 10% of selenium above molecular proportions has been found satisfactory for the purpose. The iron serves as a base for the selenium and tends to keep the vapor from carrying the selenium out of the cracking chamber. The cooled alloy is ground up until it will pass through a 100 mesh sieve, mixed with kerosene or other vehicle and'the alloy is deposited in the pores of the pumice stone by dipping and agitating the latter in the alloy-kerosene mixture.
The pumice stone, impregnated with from to of a pound of the alloy, is placed in the cracking chamber, the control switches are thrown to connect the coils 7 and 8 of the heating jacket with the 220 volt system to bring the temperature of the chamber the presence of the free selenium more readily than when using 700 C. and even higher temperatures without pressure, and yields a high percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons. Yields as high as 40% aromatic hydrocarbons and 24% gasoline have been obtained.
These vapors are collected from the condenser coil 5 as liquids, a very small percentage of fixed gases, probably of the methane and low boiling olefine series, coming through the coil.
This process may be varied by employing as a base for the selenium another metal such as nickel, cobalt, or lead, and tellurium may be used in place of the selenium. The catalytic substances formed with any of these bases or containing tellurium may be prepared and employed in'the process in the same manner as the ferrous selenide. The selenium catalyst is preferred to the tellurium catalyst because it is cheaper and the yields obtained are higheiz .Temperatures from 400 C. to 600 C. may be employed but the best results have been obtained at 500 C. The process may be operated at above 600 C. but largcryiclds of fixed gases are obtained and to avoid this, the lower temperatures are employed. Pressure may be used but it has been found that the product contains a relatively large content of olefines without a proportionate increase in the aromatic hydrocarbons.
An increase in the rate of feeding the oil to the cracking chamber generallydecreases the proportionate quantity of oil cracked.
lVhile the process has been described in the cracking of kerosene, it may be employed with other of the heavy hydrocarbon oils.
The catalysts function in the process as described as nonhydrogenating catalysts, i. e., a catalyst which does not hydrogenate unsaturated organic compounds. Compounds which present free selenium or telwhich comprises combining a catalyst of the selenium type with a metal base in proportion to present the catalyst on the surface of the base, and cracking a vaporized hydrocarbon oil by contact with the catalyst.
4. A process as described in claim 1 in which vapours of the hydrocarbon oil are heated to atleast 400 C. and While so heated are brought into contact With the catalyst.
In testimony whereof I hereto afiix my signature.
THOMAS MIDGLEY, JR.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US636892A US1721523A (en) | 1923-05-05 | 1923-05-05 | Method of cracking hydrocarbons |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US636892A US1721523A (en) | 1923-05-05 | 1923-05-05 | Method of cracking hydrocarbons |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US1721523A true US1721523A (en) | 1929-07-23 |
Family
ID=24553772
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US636892A Expired - Lifetime US1721523A (en) | 1923-05-05 | 1923-05-05 | Method of cracking hydrocarbons |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US1721523A (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2449775A (en) * | 1946-08-24 | 1948-09-21 | Hydrocarbon Research Inc | Catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons |
US2533945A (en) * | 1948-08-02 | 1950-12-12 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Catalyst chamber and method for heating same |
US3538162A (en) * | 1967-10-20 | 1970-11-03 | Uniroyal Inc | Reductive alkylation of aromatic amino and nitro compounds utilizing base metal selenides and tellurides as catalysts |
-
1923
- 1923-05-05 US US636892A patent/US1721523A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2449775A (en) * | 1946-08-24 | 1948-09-21 | Hydrocarbon Research Inc | Catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons |
US2533945A (en) * | 1948-08-02 | 1950-12-12 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Catalyst chamber and method for heating same |
US3538162A (en) * | 1967-10-20 | 1970-11-03 | Uniroyal Inc | Reductive alkylation of aromatic amino and nitro compounds utilizing base metal selenides and tellurides as catalysts |
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