US1678897A - Internal-combustion engine - Google Patents

Description

July 31, 1 92s. 1,678,897

. E. T. ADAMS INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Filed March 15. 1923 4fnUenZ0r: Edward JaZziamq Patented July 31, 1923.

UNITED. STATES PATENT OFFICE.

EDWARD T. ADAMS, PHOENIX, ARIZONA, ASSIGNOR '10 FAIRBANKS, MORSE & 00., OF

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, A CORPORATION OF ILLINOIS.

INTERNAL-COMBUSTION- ENGINE.

Application filed March 15, 1323. Serial No. 625,185.

This invention relates to .internal combustion' engines and especially applies to engines adapted for burning heavy oil.

An object of this invention is to construct and dispose a preliminary chamber so as to provide a cleaner burning mixture, and to prevent residual deposits of carbon or the like.

Another object isto construct and dispose a preliminary chamber, and to deliver the fuel thereto, so as to provide in an improved manner, two regions or zones in the chamber, one being an upper region or zone of lesser fuel concentration, and the other a lower region of greater fuel concentration. Further objects include an improved shape of the preliminary chambcr;' an improved arrangement for cooling the walls thereof; novel means for maintaining temperature differences between regions of different fuel concentration; novel features of construction to efiect desirable relative volumes and locations of the preliminary chamber and engine clearance space, with regard for' the pressure and amount of injected fuel; and an improved arrangement of passages be tween the preliminary chamber and the clearance space.

Further objects and advantages of this invention will appear from the drawings and the following description.

I have illustrated a preferred example of the invention, in which the preliminary chamber is of a frusto-conical shape, completely surrounded, substantially over its full length, by a water jacket, and is provided with areplaceable liner of heat resisting -material. The advantages of the chamber construct-ion will be hereinafter referred to.

During operation, a more complete burning or explosion in the upper region of the chamber, serves to deliver the remainingfuel charge from the lower region to the main clearance space, to be further burned during the working stroke of the piston.

A means for maintaining a higher term perature in the upper region, of less fuelv concentration, is found in the conical shape of this region, which provides greater volume to be cooled, through walls of uniform thickness. Cooling of this region is further relatively retarded by recessing, separating or otherwise insulating a portion of the outer wall of the preliminary chamber.

The example described shows the replaceable liner as provided with a plurality of relatively small passages bet-ween the preliminary chamber and the clearance space.

The passages should be large enough to allow a minimum drop inv compression pressure in the preliminary chamber, yet restricted enough to prevent the explosive burning within the chamber from reaching the clearance space. The provision of such passages results in better regulationof rate of burning in the clearance space, and aids in mixing the air and fuel charge. The passages further serve to distribute fuel mixture throughout the clearance space, and prevent localized burning of the piston.

The passages leading to the clearance space are prevented from choking with carbon or the like by the close association of this part of the structure with the water jacket. Cracking of the fuel is thus prevented at this point, and the same constricted portion of the water jacket serves to keep cool the lower, concentrated fuel region of the preliminary chamben' Referring to the drawings, which illustrate diagrammatically and merely byway of example, suitable means for effecting the invention Fig. 1 is a sectional view of the combustion end of an internal combustion cylinder of the Diesel type, having the invention' embodied therewith.

In Fig. 1, the combustion end of cylinder 10 is shown with the power-piston 11, at the end of the compression stroke, leaving the clearance space 12. A conical recess 13 is provided at the top 9f the cylinder body which extends to the clearance 12. This space 13 receives the conical cup 14, forming the preliminary chamber 15, closed at the top by the plate or body 16, preferably bolted to the cylinder body and carrying the spray nozzle 17 and the channel 18 from a suitable source of supply, not shown. The outer peripheral wall of cup 14 is recessed as at 19, providing .a space between said cupwall and the adjacent cylinder body wall, for the purpose to be described. At the apex of chamber 15, which, in the present example,

is at the lower end, are provided the channels or passages 20 discharging from chamber i into the clearance space 12, and preferably so inclined as to deliver the charge from v chamber 15, well distributed throughout the clearance "'12. While I'may use to good adcal cup 14, but if desired the neck containing twenty to twenty-five per cent of the total volume.

clearance space into the preliminary cham-' the communicating means may be made as a separate piece. The volume of ihe preliminary chamber should be less than one-l1a1f the total clearance, usually twenty-five per cent or less. l/Vhen symmetrical in form and having its length or depth not too greatly exceeding its diameter, the, volume may be In the preferred form, the theoretical proportion between the region of greater fuel concentration and the region of lesser concentration, in the preliminary chamber, is

a proximately fifty per cent. This is very t 'eoretical and considers only the volumes within and without the cone of spray.

The conical formation of the "preliminary chamber secures or facilitates;

1. Concentration of fuel at the small end.

2. Better cooling effect because the water jacket is brought closer to the contents in the apex of the chamber and the passages delivering therefrom, thus. reducing danger of cracking the fuel, and clogging the p assages with tar and carbon.

3. Ample space for the region of lesser concentration at the base of the con-e (in the present example at the top of the chamber).

The nature of bustible mixture in the region of lesser con- "centration, may be better understood by a consideration of the facts effecting it.

The fuel mixture in the space Without the cone of spray is formed in various ways (a). By frlction between the surface of the cone of spray and the dense air through which it passes; the individual articles of spray are light and easily deflecte we might say, scraped off. I I

(b) By particles of fuel rebounding after striking the walls of the chamber;

(a) By particles of fuel carried upwards out of the .cone of spray by the stream of heated air forced into the chamber through the channels 20, bythe upward movement of the piston, at the moment when the in-' jection begins. -At this moment, the piston 15 rising and compressing air from the main ber ( 01) By the turbulence created by the in-' itial ignition of the fuel, this sudden expanthe formation of the comsion of the is probably. an important factor.

(6) By the vaporization of fuel by contact with the heated air and by heat of combustially uniform thickness, adapted to be closely surrounded by a cooling fluid, and a closure means for said chamber.

2. In an internal combustion engine, a frusto-conical pre-combustion chamber substantially surrounded by, and uniformly separated from a cooling fluid, and an injection means therein adapted to inject the greater portion of the fuel charge-into the lower part of said chamber.

3. In an internal combustion engine, a pre-combustion chamber, a 'frusto-conical liner therefor, a water jacket surrounding the sides of said chamber and a means associated with said liner adapted to produce a variation in temperature between upper and lower portions of saidpre-combustion chamber. x

4:. In an internal combustion engine, a pre-combustion chamber, a frusto-conical liner therefor, a water jacket surrounding the sides of said chamber and heat insulating means associated with said liner and adapted to produce a variation in temperature between upper and lower portions of said pre-combustlon chamber and an injection nozzle adapted to direct substantially the major portion of the fuel charge toward a relatively'cool portion of said pre-combustlon chamber.

5. In an internal combustion'engine, a main combustion clearance, a -pre-combustion chamber and a substantially frustoconical liner therefor forming a plurality of fuel distribution passages in the lower portion of said chamber connectin with said clearance, said lower portion ing relatively closely surrounded by a cooling'fiuid, and an injection nozzle adapted. substantially the major portion of the fuel charge toward said passages.

. 6. In an oil, engine a substantially coto direct gases in a portion of the chamber of spray, which is g said ichamberymeans extending through a thereof. 7 v e v 7. In an oil engine, a pre-combustion.

short neck between said chamber and said I clearance adapted to distribute-burning fuel over a substantial" areaof said clearance, and a replaceable liner for said pre-comcombustion chamber substantially the length chamber and a main combustion clearance;

'li' uid cooling means about said chamber; and said clearance; said chamber compris-L- I outer portion and a replaceable inner poringan element adapted to contact with said cooling means and a secondelement located within said first named element and extend-3 in'g substantially t length thereof; Said elements being arranged to provide a recess therebetween ,whereby differential heat con- 1 duction "is .efi'ected' between different portions of said elements; and a nozzle adapted of said chamber.

' 8. ln an oll engine, a pre-combustlon to-inject fuel into arelatively cool 'portion chamber'and a main combustion clearance;

liquid cooling' means for said chamber and said clearance; said chamber comprising an in the lower chamber. v

9i-In an; oil engi1'1e',' "a pre-combustion chamber and a main combustion clearance; liquid coolingmeans for {'said chamber and means between said outer :and inner .por-

tionsiwherebya substantially higher temperature is maintained in the upper than said clearance;-said chamber comprising an part of said pre-combustion tion substantially coextensive therewith, in-

a s n said pre-combust1on chamber; -a nozzle coaxial with said chamberadapted to-inject .fuel to a relatively cool "rtion thereof;

one of th'eiportions of sai :chamber eom prising a means whereby fuel is distributed uniformly over a .substantialarea of said mam combustion clearance.-

' EDWARD ADA S.

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