US1660202A - Method of generating water gas - Google Patents

Method of generating water gas Download PDF

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US1660202A
US1660202A US397378A US39737820A US1660202A US 1660202 A US1660202 A US 1660202A US 397378 A US397378 A US 397378A US 39737820 A US39737820 A US 39737820A US 1660202 A US1660202 A US 1660202A
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air
steam
fuel
streams
generator
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Louis B Moorhouse
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels

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  • l ⁇ ly invention also particularly .has for its object to provide a means for obtaining the 'gases with increased efliciency from finer and cheaper fuel 'and of obtaining,r the required time of contact of the gases with the heated fuel and yet wherein the How of the air or steam or both will still be of substantially the requisite rates through the fuel for the production of the gases and complete consumption of the fuel.
  • my invention is also particularly provided a producer gas and water gas apparatus which may be continuously operated by reason of the fact that clinlier formation is practically obviated and in this connection I have provided means whereby the ash may be discharged without discontinuance of the operation of the apparatus which results in a greatsaving of the fuel and an increased
  • the invention also has for its object other advantages and features which will appear' from thefollowing description and upon examination of the drawings.
  • Figure l of the drawings illustrates a top view of one of the constructions selected as an example of apparatus containing my in vention.
  • Fig. 2 is a sectional view taken on the line 2*?. indicated in Fig. l.
  • Fig. 3 is a Sectional view taken on the line 3 3 .indicated in Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken on the line -1-4 indicated in Figi. I
  • the fuel is consumed in a lgenerator 1 in the production of the gras.
  • the fucl is fed into the generator through the hqppers :2.
  • the hoppers are provided with suitable gates 3.
  • Drums 5 are located below the hop pers and receive the fuel from the hoppcrs.
  • the lower ends of the drums are closed by the distributing cones 4 which distribute the fuel within the top of the generator and so that it will not collect in a conical pile.
  • rthe generators ol' the different forms shown in the drawings are also provided with ash receivers or troughs G in which water may he inserted vfor sealing the lower ends or bottoms of the generators and thus preventing the escape of gas through the ashes to the atmosphere, and also to prevent air entering'.
  • the walls 'Z ineach case are secured to the supporting columns 8 and extend well into the trough t; s that not.- ivithstanding the ordinari.'V pressure of the gases Within the 0ienerator the generator will be sealed from tue atmosphere by the water and escape of gases from the generator prevented as well as the entranceot the air from the atmosphere through the ash chainher avoided.
  • the generators may he also provided with ash chambers having sloping walls 9 that terminate at their lower'ends in proximity to each other and so as to forni narrow passagewavs between the-lower edges of the Walls t).
  • Beneath the opening 10 forined between the. lower edges of the walls Si is located a snitable movable grate or the equivalent thereof, in each generator, whereby the desired quantities of ash may be from time to time ivithdrawn from theash chamber through the openingr or passageway 10.
  • a sector rotative grate nieniher 11 is located beneath and in proximity to the lower edges of the walls 9 which will prerent normally the downward movement. of the ash out vhich upon oscillation will allow the ash to drop into the trough 6 of the gcneraior.
  • the products of combustion pass out through the set of regcnerators 14 and 15 located4 on the other side of the generator witch naiv be opened to thc atmosphere or stuck through the regenerator 111i il water is being formed.
  • the regenerators 15 are maintained closed troni the atmosphere at all times. Inasniueh as the movement of the air is through the regenerators on one. side during one period of the operation and then through the rcgenerators on the other side durng a subsequent period of operation, and inasmuch as the hot gases under considerable pressure pass through the regenerators into the fas collecting main during intermediate periods.
  • each of the regenerators 15 consists of the shell l'having' n. valve senty i8 located at its upper end. 'lhe stack valvehielnhcr it? is provided -with a ret-ess having a heat ref isting pechino' ih) .
  • a ret-ess having a heat ref isting pechino' ih) .
  • asbestos located in an annuler chair nel t'ornud on the under ide of the vulve niemher itl. and so :is to cover :i ridge Qi torined on the upper entlof the shell 1T. l ⁇ he ,valve uieniher 19 is provided with a volte Q2 that extends over the top ot the.
  • Means are provided for drawing the link 23 downward and so as to swing the links A23 towards the links 24.
  • This arrangement there will be a toggle action as between theslinks 23 and 24 and their points of connection With the valve member ,and the shell respectively.
  • the valve member may be quickly drawn to its seat, and, during a portion of the movement of the low/er ends of the links 23 and the valve member, will be tightly sealed on its seat.
  • the link 27 is of a length sutiicient to raise the ends of the links 23 and 24 to neafr tlleupperend of the shell 17 which throws the valve to a wide open position.
  • the link 27 is of a length sutiicient to raise the ends of the links 23 and 24 to neafr tlleupperend of the shell 17 which throws the valve to a wide open position.
  • the lihks 23 and 24 are drawn down which swings the valve 19 down to its seat and at the s-nne time brings the pivotal points of connection between the links 23 and 24. substantially at right angles to the direction ot' movement of the bars 25 which brings the valve member 19 down on its seat under a pressure obtained by the full force to which the hars 25 are subjected as Well as by the toggle relation between the links 23-and 24 and the shell 17 andthe valve member 19.
  • regenerators l5 are alternately connected by means or the other of the remm-rators 15.
  • l ⁇ he const ruction is such that in the production ol' either producer gas or water gas, lignite or bituminous, preferably non-coking, coal may he used.
  • the carbon of the fuel In heating a bed of fuel, in the. production of water gas, the carbon of the fuel is firstoxidized to a preponderance of carbon dioxide.
  • the carbon dioxide when passing through the hot incandescent fuel, is reduced by the addition of carbon whereby carbon monoxide is formed.
  • the formation of carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide depends upon the temperature and the time of contact.
  • the air blast operates to elevate the temperature of the fuel and to store heat within the fuel', which heat may be subsequently utilized' at such elevated teniperaturc for thc ⁇ formation of water gas through the combination of carbon with the oxygen produced by the dissociation of steam, thus ,fr-cnerating carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
  • the air may be forced through the fuelit such a rate that the 'lighter particles willfnot be carried away and yet the maximum amount of carbon dioxide willbelformed. This will produce the maximum amount of heat per unit ot fuel wit in the fuel bed preparatory to the passage of the steam through the fuel bed.
  • the air is directed from the main line 30 into the regcnerators 15 and 14 which have been previously heated by the discharge products of a previous air-blast period and which operate to heat ⁇ the air.
  • the air passes through the pipes 33 into passageways that lead to the ports 52 formed in the side walls and the bridges of the generator shown in Fig. 2.
  • the air passes dlagonally downward from the ports through the fuel bed in the reaction chamber 91 to the lower part of the gas generator side wall and to the edges of the bridges, 51 and to the openings or outlet ports 53 formed therein.
  • the air thus passes down across the hot fuel located betwc "n the bridges and between the bridges and the side walls 96 of thegenerator, and the heat and temperature ofv the fuel is greatly increased.
  • Inlet orts 52 of alternate bridges and wall of t ic generator are connected with one During the pipe 33 and the other inlet ports 52 are r connected with the other pipe 33 and the outlet ⁇ ports 53 of alternate bridges and wall of the generator are connected with one pipe 35 and the other outlet ports 53 are ⁇ connectedwi-tli the other pipe 35. .
  • the inlet port 52 and the outlet port 53 in any singlewall or bridge of the generator make connection with the pipe 33 and the pipe which last named pipes are connected to the same side of the generator, as shown in Figures 1 ⁇ 2, 3,. and 4. Thereby the flow of air.
  • ports 52 will be from one set of bridges or wall of the gen: crat-or to the loweredges of the adjoining bridges or wall, where the said ports 53 are located, during one period' and will be from the ports 52 of the other set of bridges or wall of the generator to the lower edges of the adjoining bridges or wall during another period so that. in Succeeding or subsequent blasts theI paths of the. air movement Will cross the path of flow during preceding periods.
  • the directions ot flow may be across any one section orunit ot'.
  • the generator in opposite general lateral .fore, the volatilized hydrocarbons issuing into 'thc first portion of the paths of the air blasts, are carried downward through fuel left in a state of incandescence'by the receding blast and there broken up and urned before reaching the exit ports 53.
  • the steam may now be directed through the .saine ports that the air was directed in the preceding operation which vill cause the most intimate contact between the steam and the most highlj.y .heated portion ofthe incandescent tucl thereby causing the maximum formation of water gas from the steam and carbon o'l' the fuel which gas passes out through the same ports.
  • the paths of the steam fiow may cross the paths of the air flow during succeeding periods and also that variations as between water gas and producer gas production may be used to produce various mixtures o f water gas and of 'producer gas. Also that the periods may not be immediately succeeding 4but may be subsequent and after intermediate periods. It Will thus be seen that variations in the operations of the apparatus may be followed and such variations will still be within the scope of my invention.
  • the ports 56 are located well above the line between the incandescent ⁇ tucl and the unearbonized fuel and so as to be above the fuel carbonized by the heated fixed gases and vaporous hydrocarbons that are from the reaction chamber of the generator;
  • the ports 56 are connected with the pipe 39 and through the ralves 44, with the reduced pressure main 45. This will operate to draw the volatile elements of the fuel, which are volatilizred in the vicinity of the reaction chamber 91 that is, in or in the vicinity of the incandescent fuel, upwards.
  • the bridges or partitions and the walls of the generator muv be constructed in difL ferent ways, but L have found it desirable to so construct the walls and bridges of the generator that the coal in its descent will leave pnssageways in the vicinity of thc ports. In order to 'accomplish this l have so formed the ports that the upper surfaces of the ports 52 and 5G will overhang thc open ings .so'as to prevent the collection of thtl fuel within the ports and thus 'prevent the cloggingv of the ports. In other words. the general direction of the.
  • the ports moreover may he in the form of slots such as that shown or cach port may he formed of a plurality of openings formed by partitioning the slots. Also the lower sur faces of theportcd wall may he made sl0ping' as in the case of the ports 56.
  • the ports T355 open from the lower edges of the bridges and the orcrhangingportions ofthe. walls Leedeoa of the generator which leave laterally tending passageways beneath the ports 53 to permit a free outlet of the ga,
  • the generator shown in F 2, S, and 4 may he used in the production of pro ducer gas as well in the production of water gas, since in the production of producer gas the nir and the steam' may he di rected through the ports at th.l saine time and consequently tue stack valve: lu will bc maintained closed at fdl tintes. ln n operation of the generator-there will he the saine crossingr of the paths ofinoreinent of the air and steam from and to the ports und l 53, in consecutiveperiods of operation ot' the generator'.
  • the producer will he coilected in the pipe 47 in the saine manner that the water gas was collected in the pipe 47. Also if it is desired to collect the volatile materials of the coal and the terry products; thcyinay be drawn out through the ports 5G which are connected with the exhaust pipe 45 in the sonic menne-r as in the :water gas production.
  • air or-stcaiu may be directed through' the ports 53 other than those through which the gases are drawn. That is to say, the alternate ports 53 will atl'ord inlets for the steam and air while the 'other ports 53 will afford out-lets for the -gljnscs that are produced by bringing .the
  • the form of generatorillustrated in Figs. 8 and 9 is a simplified or single unit apparatus operated in like manner to the multiple type shown-in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, and is designed to be used either for Water gas or producer gas.
  • the regcnerators when producer gas is to be formed and used hot, the regcnerators 'may be entirely cut 01T by closing the valves 34 and 32 and opening the valves 65 and 66, which are respectively' steam valves and air valves, located on one side of the generator and a valve 67, which .is av gas outlet valve, located on the other side of the generator, during the blast or flow of the mixture of steam and air in one direction through the generator and opening the other steam, air and exhaust valves when the flow is in the opposite direction.
  • Steam may also be admitted into the pipes 35 through the valves 97.
  • the valves i5, GG and 67, are closed, and the valves 32, 34 and 31. and the steam valves S7, also gas outlet valve 4t', are manipulated in order to direct the air and steam into the regenerators to heat the air and snperheat the steam from whence they aredirected into the generator through the proper ports.
  • the air and steam is directed into the pipe 33 and either through the valves 65 and p6 on the one hand, when the producer gas is to be used hot, or when it is directed into the pipe 33. through the regenerator and the valves 32, 31 and 37, it enters the generator from the pipe into the ports 68. and over the upper portion ot the incandescent fuel on one side or the other side of the generator according to which of the pipes S3 receives the air and steam.
  • I have also provided passageways located near the ash zone 92, and which extend diagonally downward to direct air and steam or steam alone along the upper side of the ashes or substantially along the division line between the incandescent fuel and the ashes.
  • the ends of the ⁇ passagcways form ports for the steam and air which maintain the incandescent fuel of this lower region at the proper temperature to produce a complete combustion ot' the fuel and yet to prevent the fusion of the asli and the formation of the clinker.
  • the passageways 70 communicate with the pipe 30 through the vaive 72 and with the i steam line through the valve 73 on each side of the generator.
  • the valves 73 and- 72 are opened when the air and steam passes through the port G8 on the same side of the generator and it desired also through the port 69 on the same side of the generator, the gases being collected through the port 69 ⁇ on the other side of the generator.
  • the proportion of the air and steam that is directed through the ports (38 and 69 and the pafsageway 70 may be varied aswlcsired. I find it preferable, however, todirectmore air through the port 68 proportionate to the steam than through the port 69 and more air through the port 69 proportionate to the steam than through the passageway 70 and in ⁇ fact if desired. very little air may be directedthrough the passageway 70.
  • valve 7i' with the steamline orl superheated steam may he directed through the pipe 39 which connects through the valves SS with regenerators 14 and 15, or the port 75 may be connected through the pipe 39 and the valve 79 withgas exhaust pipe 8O when in the generator it is desired to remove tarry produc-ls or hydrocarbon gases from the uncarbonized and partially carbonized fuel, such connection being used either when the 'generator is being used for the vproduction of water gas or of producer gas.
  • the generator illustrated in Figs. 8 and 9 is provided with the fuel availabilitye 82 lin which is located the bridge vvall 76 which prevents the fuel from becoming packed locally and causes the fuel to be fed loosely' into the incandescent chamber.
  • the port "5 located in tbe bridgingr wall 7G opens downward through a perforated arch 83 (shown in Fig. 11)*uhich prevents the aecuinulation of port-ions of the fuel in the openings and thus prevents clogging of the openings.
  • the fuel 90 is discharged from the fuel magazine 89. into a larger chamber 84 which is formed between tivo bridging walls 85 that extend down into the incandescent chamber of the genera-tor.
  • the top of the incandescent chamber overhangs the interior of the chamber, and thus leaves passageways or areas that permits the entering air and steam ⁇ to move laterally over the incandescent fuel Q1 and consequently greatly extends the area through which the air or steam or both may he introduced into the incandescent fuel.
  • the ports 68 are located in the corner Aformed by the top wall 95 of the walls 85. This prevents clogging lof the ports 68 by the fuel.
  • the walls 85 may be provided With ports 86 through which steam may be introduced through the pipes 87 and the valves 88.
  • suitable air valves are openedv on one side of the apparatus as for example on the right side of the apparatus during the periods of air tlov.
  • Valve 73 ⁇ for steam admission or valve 7;! for air admission may be opened to admit steam or air through pipe Tl aml port TO when the port 68 on the correspoinling side of the generator is opened, the resultant reaction products passing out with the other reaction products arising from the flow from the ports (5S and G9 to the opposite side ot' the generator' through the opposite port (lfb
  • the sequence ot the periods above described may be changed to suit quality of tbe fuel or condition of the heat or according to the gas required.
  • Air is admitted through one .set of ports 52 -and moves diagonally downward toward a set of ports 521, the said set of ports 5? being located in walls or bridges that are located next in order to the walls or bridges in which the said ports 52 are located. the currents movin-g lneferably laterally. Steam/ is then admitted through the said ports ,”rf/
  • air may be allowed to pass out of ports :'l to ports 53 of the neighboring walls, or bridges toward which air may be flowing from the ports 52 located directly above the, first named ports 53. Streams of air will then be caused to move in a substantially horizontal direction across the generator' as well as diagonally downward. Steam streams may be also directed along the Substantiallv horizontal paths ot' the air streams ⁇ of the preceding period- Each period ot' the steam streams preferably follow a period of the flow of the airstreams. lVhen the generator is reversed, that is, when the movements of the air and the products of combustion through the regenerators are reversed, the horizontal movement.
  • ing streams' will ollow the period of the steam stream or ot' the air and steam stream marked .s or a and s.- t These latter or subsequent acting streams are marked a, a and o and x.' These streams will likewiset'ollow )two same order. that is. the a. stream will O'w the n. stream orV the a' and s'. .slreani l ⁇ ol
  • streams may be directed laterally that, is, in a horizontal direction, while the other streams are being directed in a general lateral direction.
  • general lateral direction is meant a lateral direction or a diagonal direction, as for example.
  • Thegenerators shown in the drawings are yrectangular in plan and consequently, laterally or in a general lateral direction are broad terms to cover movements towards the sides, or the side of the generator orhgenera tor division.
  • the terms laterally, or 1n a lateral direction includes the more specific terms"diagonally,and.horizoutally.
  • the streams are so directed as to carry the air or steam, or both, across the fuel hed or portions thereof as heretofore described, or specitivcally through the incandescent tuel, or as may be particularly pointed out in the specification and claims.
  • the crossing or counterniovement of the streams produce the desired results with reference to the maintenance ot .the reaction zone, and to the securing of etti- ?ient. production of the gas or of a gas havin" a desired mixture ⁇ of Vapor and gas.
  • Fig. ot the maintenance ot .the reaction zone
  • the operation ot the generator may he divided into four periods that; repeat, vit being understood, however, that changes may he made in the proportion and the quani' o the air or steam, and the leneth of l,time of each of the periods and the se :piencc of t ie periods according to the etl'ects produced in the generator. Ordinarily. the process would follow the repeated steps or cycles that. are as a matter ot tact divided into the said four periodsof operation. 'l ⁇ lie succeedingly repeat themselves while periods in each .step preferahly iolim.v the solo order.
  • First air may predominate and is directed through the generator or :Iencrator division toward the altcrnatewall oi' walls.
  • This period ot flow is followed hy a period during,r which steam predominates and is directed toward the other wall or walls of the .fienerator or division of thc generator, that is, it is directed' to the wall or walls located opposite the.u wall or walls toward which the air stream of the tirst period was directed ⁇
  • the thirld period is followed hy a fourth period wherein steam may predominate and in which theY paths are in -ireneral laterally reverse in direction to these in which the air of the third period was di rected.
  • air and steam may he directed in the generator during the saine periods io oh tain the best working conditions ot the gcnerator, but generally speaking, the predoiuiu hating element namely, the air or strain is dh reeted into the generator during aina-nare periods, and these periods, in pairs alternate as to the general lateral direction in which the streams move.
  • the periods may he subdivided by cessation ot' the streams. that. is, there may be in the same period a plural ity of succeeding streams ot' air that follow substantially the same path or succeedingr streams of steam that flow substantially in the same path to give opportunity for the desired reaction in the generator.
  • The. method of producing water gas which consists in periodically passing a plurality of streams of air in a direction suhstantially diagonally downwardly through incandescent fuel, and then passino a plurality of streams ot steam through tlu ⁇ paths ot' the air .streams during periods followingy the periods of the air stream flow. the paths of different periods of the air stream iow crossing' each other.
  • the method of producingy which consists in periodically passing' a plurality of streams ot' air in a direction substantially diagonally downwardly through incandes- ,cent 4fuel, and thenpassing a. plurality of streams ot air and steam along the paths of the air streams of the precedinpr peri ods, the paths ot the alternating periods of the air stream flow crossing each other.
  • the. method of producing gas the steps which consist in passim ⁇ streams of air and streams of steam substantially diagonally downwardly through incandescent fuel during successive periods, and then passing streams ot steam laterally through the incandescent 'fuel during the priods that the steam is also directed diagonally downward.
  • the method of producing water gas which consistsk in passing a plurality of streams of air diagonally downwardly and in a general lateral direction for blasting a fuel bed to incandescenee. and then pass-ing a plurality of streams of steam diagonally downwardly and in a general lateral direction through the incandescent fuel. the said steam streams flowing during periods that alternate with the periods of the flow of the said air streams and the said strcan'is of air and streams of steam moving during two tum succeeding periods in the same general lateral direction.
  • the method of producing water gas which consists in passing streams of air and steam diagonally downwardl)v through incandescent fuel and during separate periods. the streams of steam taking the same paths as the air streams, the paths of streams ot' air of subsequent periods of air flow crossing each other, and passingseparate streams of steam downwardly into the fuel from above the. entrance of the air during the periods that the first named steam streams are passed into the fuel.
  • the method of producing water gas which consists in passing air substantially diagonally downwardly Athrough incandescent fuel during alternate periods; and then passing steam llaterally' during periods between the periods of the air flow.
  • the paths of the air streams during succeeding periods of ai. ⁇ flow crossing each other and the movement of the steam during succeeding periods of steam flow being in vopposite directions ⁇ the steam flow during each period succeeding the air flow being in the same general lateral direction of the said air tlow of the preceding period.
  • The, method of' producing water gas which consists in passing air substantially diagonally downwardly through incandeseen't fuel during alternate periods. and then passing s team diagonally downwardly during the periods 1between the periods of air flow, the steam flow following the paths of the air flow ot the preceding period and the air flow of the succeeding periods et air flow Crossing each other, and passing air laterally through the incandescent fuel during the. said periode of air flow and in the same general lateral direction an the diagonal streams ot air flow ot' each period ot' air tlow.
  • 1S. A method of producing' water gas, which consists in diagonally downwardly air blasting' the fuel bed. to ineandescenee*by a plurality of streams ot ⁇ air, then diagonally downwardly steam blasting the fuel 'ny a plurality ot Streams otsteain, the steam blast movingr through the Same paths that the preceding: air blast moved, then diagonally downwardly air blasting the l'uel whereby the path ot' the air crosses the path ol' the preceding' ail-.blast ⁇ and then diagonally doi'vnwardly Steam blastingy the fuel. thelaat-,namcd blastffollowing the path of the preceding' air blast.
  • a method ot' producing' water gras which consists in diagonally downwardl)Y air blasting a fuel bed to incandescence and at the same time airl blastingl by streams of air moving substantially horizontally throurh the fuel hed and in the saine general lateral direction 'as the diagonally downwardly moving' air. then diagonally downwardly and laterally steam blastiirer the fuel by streams ot" steam that move diagonally downwardly and substantially horizontally and in the saine general lateral direction that the air moved in the precedingy period, then diagonally downwardly air blasting the Jfuel and laterally-,by separate streams of diagonally downwardly and substantially4 horizontally.

Description

Feb.` 2 1,
L. B. MOORHOUSE METHOD OF GENERATING WATER GAS Filed July 19; 1920 :s sheets-sheet I /u @H2M/MMM.
Inf-@muli Patented Feb. 21, `1928.
UNITED STATES LOUIS B. ILIIOOIRIJIOUSLE,v 0F TOLEDO, OHIO.
METHOD OF GENERATING WATER GASA.
Application filed July 1 9, 1920. Serial No. 397,378.
My invention has for its object to provide an apparatus and method whereby producer gas and water gas may be eflicicntly and economically manufactured from coal or coke or similar material and wherein the objectionable features usually found or met wit-h in the manufacture of such gases are greatly reduced. By my invention is provided a means and method whereby practically all of the gas producing elements of the fuel are utilized or recovered. Thus the apparatus and the method efficiently produce the gases from the fuel.
My invention particularly has for its object to prevent the formation of clinkers and the loss caused by the improper or incomplete utilization of fuel during' the operation' of the apparatus and also to convert the products of incomplete gasification, such as tar and the like, into available form which products otherwise in appar'atus now known in the art` are largely lost. My invention thus particularly provides a means and a method for controllinj,r or preventing clinker formation and also provides for the proper distillation of the hydrocarbon materials in the fuel body. The gases are discharged from the relatively cold fuel body, while they are in condition of reaction into the. hotter fuel wherein they are decomposed to form larger quantitiesI of the gas. rlfhus by my invention is provided a means for further cracking or breakingr up the hydrocarbon materials to form additional gas and the production of a cleaner gas.
My invention not. only has for its particular object to control or prevent the clinlv'er formation, but also to prevent the format-ion of chimneys or blow holes in the body of the fuel andthus eliminate intense local reaction. 'By n'tyinvention is provided a means and method of ope-ration whereby there is a uniform descent of fuel to the reaction ehamber or chambers aud also whereL by the region of reaction is n'iaintaiiwd in a definite position in the lgenerator. l\ly invention also particularly .has for its object to provide a means for obtaining the 'gases with increased efliciency from finer and cheaper fuel 'and of obtaining,r the required time of contact of the gases with the heated fuel and yet wherein the How of the air or steam or both will still be of substantially the requisite rates through the fuel for the production of the gases and complete consumption of the fuel.
production of the gas.
By my invention is also particularly provided a producer gas and water gas apparatus which may be continuously operated by reason of the fact that clinlier formation is practically obviated and in this connection I have provided means whereby the ash may be discharged without discontinuance of the operation of the apparatus which results in a greatsaving of the fuel and an increased The invention also has for its object other advantages and features which will appear' from thefollowing description and upon examination of the drawings.
The invention may be contained and performed in generators and apparatus of different forms and the parts thereof connected up in different ways. To illustrate a practical application of the invention, I have selected one or two forms of construction containing the invention and shall describe them hereinafter. The constructions selected are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Figure l of the drawings illustrates a top view of one of the constructions selected as an example of apparatus containing my in vention. Fig. 2 is a sectional view taken on the line 2*?. indicated in Fig. l. Fig. 3 is a Sectional view taken on the line 3 3 .indicated in Fig. 2. Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken on the line -1-4 indicated in Figi. I
,Fig 5 a top view of a means for securely and quickly closingr the regencrators. Fig. ti is a side view of the .stack closing; valve illustrated in Fig. 1'. partly in section showin;r the valve open. Fig. 7 is a side view7 of the stack valve showing,r the valve closed. Fie: S is a top view of a moditied form of construction containingr the invention. Fig. 9 is a sectional view taken on the line 5)*9 indicated in Fig. S. Fig. l0 is a diagram showing a relation of the currents of gas or vapor that may be directed through the generator. Fig. ll is a sectional view talien on the line ll-ll indicated in Fig'. J.
The fuel is consumed in a lgenerator 1 in the production of the gras. The fucl is fed into the generator through the hqppers :2. The hoppers are provided with suitable gates 3.. Drums 5 are located below the hop pers and receive the fuel from the hoppcrs. The lower ends of the drums are closed by the distributing cones 4 which distribute the fuel within the top of the generator and so that it will not collect in a conical pile. The
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llt)
generator is kept closed either liv the gate 3 or the. cone 4.. The drinn 5 nia): he filled when the cone is closed, hut when the Cone is opened the gate l is closed. By this arrangeH nient the fuel nia); be fed into the generator without loss ot' gases and without interruption of the reactions that take place in the generators.
rthe generators ol' the different forms shown in the drawings are also provided with ash receivers or troughs G in which water may he inserted vfor sealing the lower ends or bottoms of the generators and thus preventing the escape of gas through the ashes to the atmosphere, and also to prevent air entering'. The walls 'Z ineach case are secured to the supporting columns 8 and extend well into the trough t; s that not.- ivithstanding the ordinari.'V pressure of the gases Within the 0ienerator the generator will be sealed from tue atmosphere by the water and escape of gases from the generator prevented as well as the entranceot the air from the atmosphere through the ash chainher avoided. l
The generators may he also provided with ash chambers having sloping walls 9 that terminate at their lower'ends in proximity to each other and so as to forni narrow passagewavs between the-lower edges of the Walls t). Beneath the opening 10 forined between the. lower edges of the walls Si is located a snitable movable grate or the equivalent thereof, in each generator, whereby the desired quantities of ash may be from time to time ivithdrawn from theash chamber through the openingr or passageway 10. In the construev tions shown a sector rotative grate nieniher 11 is located beneath and in proximity to the lower edges of the walls 9 which will prerent normally the downward movement. of the ash out vhich upon oscillation will allow the ash to drop into the trough 6 of the gcneraior.
The "nigh o is preferahly provided with an inch: i l bt'iiloin portion 12., the lower end ol' oiiich located 'well lielow the edge of one ni' ,side walls T and the correspoiidi ol" the trough F is located slight!)v remote troni the said walls 7 to permit the in .sei'tion of fi hoe or ralcv or oherfsnitalilo initieel wenns' to draw the ashes vdown the int-lined portion as they are .lischarged h3.' reeiprot'atolrv movements of the grate inenihcr 11. '.`he trough (l may also he pro- Avided with a, receiving chalutier 13 thaty is located at, the lower end ot the. inclined portion uherehv the ashes that, collect in the receiving portion or chandler of the trough (l nir-.v he mechanically 'reine-ved.
The api. tus is provided with the regenerators 1t and 15 tlfhich areconstructed in the manner r; 'vein in the art, and which are lshown cone i. ill;v in the drawings. They have the rien-Ji alergia-erle not shown in lthe drawings, for alternately heating streams of air or steam and being heated hy exhaust gases in the manner well ltnotrn. The generator 1 in the lortu of construction illustrated in Fig. 1 is provided with lieadeis 16 wherein the gases may be received troni the generator to permit settling of the sediment such as fine ash or dust. They prevent the deposition ot' ash in the regenerators 14 and thus .prevent fusion ot' the hrich l`orni ing the checker work contained therein. Il`he hot gases pass through the regenerators 14 andl and if the apparatus is provided with the headers 16 they also pass through the headers 16x" During alternate periods in the operation ot the apparatus, air is directed through the sets of regenerators 15 and 14 loca-ted on one side ol thegcnerator. Air under pressure is admitted to the regenerator 15 and forced through the checlicrwork ot' that regenerator and through the regonerator 14 to the gas generator. The products of combustion pass out through the set of regcnerators 14 and 15 located4 on the other side of the generator witch naiv be opened to thc atmosphere or stuck through the regenerator 111i il water is being formed. lVhen, however, producer gas is being formed, the regenerators 15 are maintained closed troni the atmosphere at all times. Inasniueh as the movement of the air is through the regenerators on one. side during one period of the operation and then through the rcgenerators on the other side durng a subsequent period of operation, and inasmuch as the hot gases under considerable pressure pass through the regenerators into the fas collecting main during intermediate periods. I have provided a means whereby the regenerators l5 may be quickly closed and `vet also whereby the closing means muy he securely lorhed in the closed position.
'l'he means for clos'ng each of the regenerators 15 consists of the shell l'having' n. valve senty i8 located at its upper end. 'lhe stack valvehielnhcr it? is provided -with a ret-ess having a heat ref isting pechino' ih) .such as asbestos located in an annuler chair nel t'ornud on the under ide of the vulve niemher itl. and so :is to cover :i ridge Qi torined on the upper entlof the shell 1T. l`he ,valve uieniher 19 is provided with a volte Q2 that extends over the top ot the. lvalve nieuilwr and to the ends of which are plv-- oted linksl 1li?. liinlzs 34 are also pivoted to the sides ot the shell and aty points such that when the valve ineniher 19 is closed. the. pivot points of the links 23 to the volte .22 will be snhstantially in thesanie vertical line in which the pivot points of the liulis 21 to the sides ofthe shell 17 are located. The links 23 and :7.1 nre also pivotalljvv connected together and at. points which are substantially in the same vertical lines 'that pass through the other pivot points of the links hlt) and which when the valve is closed will be located` below the other said pivot point.
Means are provided for drawing the link 23 downward and so as to swing the links A23 towards the links 24. By this arrangement there will be a toggle action as between theslinks 23 and 24 and their points of connection With the valve member ,and the shell respectively. Thus the valve member may be quickly drawn to its seat, and, during a portion of the movement of the low/er ends of the links 23 and the valve member, will be tightly sealed on its seat. To operate the links 23 I 'have provided reciprocatory bars 25 that may be yoked together by means of the yoke 26 and thus operated in unison. The links 23 are connected to the bars 25 by means of the links 27 of a length suttieient to cause the links 24 to rotate on their piv otal .connections .to the shell 17 which opcrates to raise the lower ends ot' the links` 2:3
'and 24 and consequently to raise the valve 19. The link 27 is of a length sutiicient to raise the ends of the links 23 and 24 to neafr tlleupperend of the shell 17 which throws the valve to a wide open position. Upon the return movement of the yoke 26 the lihks 23 and 24 are drawn down which swings the valve 19 down to its seat and at the s-nne time brings the pivotal points of connection between the links 23 and 24. substantially at right angles to the direction ot' movement of the bars 25 which brings the valve member 19 down on its seat under a pressure obtained by the full force to which the hars 25 are subjected as Well as by the toggle relation between the links 23-and 24 and the shell 17 andthe valve member 19.
Under certain conditions or operations. Such as in forming water pas. the. regenerators l5 are alternately connected by means or the other of the remm-rators 15.
ofthe valves 31 with the main It() through which air under pressure is supplied lo one 'lhc air passes through the checker-work. not shown, inthe reuenerator 15 and through theI checkerf work. also not shown. in the rcgcnerator 1 t connected with the `said rcccnerator 15. lt then passes from the reircuerators 14, through the valves 32 and the pipes 3?, into the uenerators, as hereinafter described.
Under certain comlitions of operations or to accomplish the performance ot' certain reactions. air may alsohe admitted thi-oooh thel valve 34 located in thc pipe and thus conducted to the lgenerator. 'l`he steam enters through the steam supply liaic, it and is adniittedto the regenerators 15 through the valvesv 37 and is superheated as it passes through the checkerwork located in the regenertors 14 and 15. DuringT the alternate periods, the steam passes through the valves` 32 and 34 and enters the generator. Also if desired, a valve 38 may be opened which will permit steam to enter the generator ,Fig 8, or they may be connected to the generator through the header lti as shown in Figfl where the combustible portion ot the products may be i'urthcr consumed by the additional air admitted through the pipe 4;. The ports and generator connections| with the parts ot' thesystem exterior to the generator arc particularly described hereinafter, tofcthcr with the functions that they perform in connection with the generator. i It' desired. the pipes 59 may be connected tihrour'h valves 44. with a pipe linelti which is maintained at a pressure below the pressure ot the interior of the `generator by means ot' an cxhaustcr. By openingr one or the other ot the valrcs 44, certain hydrocarbons distilled by the heat ot the bui-nim;A 'fuel may bc drawn up through the body ot the i'uel and precipitated by becomingy chilled while at the ,same time certain of the more volatile matters ot the coal will pass ott' with the gaseous lrvdrocarbons`through the pipe 45 and one or both of the pipes 39. lf it is deemed undesirable to recover volatile hydrocarbons in this manner they are directed downwardly and cracked in the hotter rcgions of the generator and lo out through thcpipes i5 through thc valve Ii-t and the l'cgi'cncrators 14 and 15, and through the valves 46. and the pipe line 47, to suitable storage reservoirs or consuming devices.
"l`he const ruction is such that in the production ol' either producer gas or water gas, lignite or bituminous, preferably non-coking, coal may he used.
lt' lignite is used as t'ucl its hic'h moisture content readily breaks it up under heat. into small particles and thus it otl'ers high rc,- sistance. to gus tlow. lt may, however. be economically gasiticd in the tvpe ot apparatus illustrated in Figs. l. 2 and il. Since the direction ot tlow ot' the reactingr rases is do\\'n\\'ard through tluiucamlcsccnt. l'uel the moisture oll tht` lignite is dissociated through the usual water ,gas reaction and not meri-ly vaporized. 'llu` coal enters thi,` l'uel receiving; chamber 5o from thc drums t and collccts` above thc bridges or partition wallsA 5l which are closely positioned in order to reduce the length olA the gas or air or steam currents that are directed transversely and downwardly through the fuel. By this construction a liner fuel, and consequently a cheaper fuel. may be used. Also a coal that breaks up into finer parts may be used. Also by reason of the location of the bridges 5l, localization of drafts. or the formation of chimneys or blow holes through the coal is pre vented since the ports of the generator and permit relatively free passage of the.
air and steam, which thus permit ready mingling of the gases. air and steam, with the partially consumed fuel and with the unconsumed fuel.
In heating a bed of fuel, in the. production of water gas, the carbon of the fuel is firstoxidized to a preponderance of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide, when passing through the hot incandescent fuel, is reduced by the addition of carbon whereby carbon monoxide is formed. The formation of carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide depends upon the temperature and the time of contact. The air blast operates to elevate the temperature of the fuel and to store heat within the fuel', which heat may be subsequently utilized' at such elevated teniperaturc for thc\ formation of water gas through the combination of carbon with the oxygen produced by the dissociation of steam, thus ,fr-cnerating carbon monoxide and hydrogen. During the blast or heating period the maximum economv of fuel is effected when the (iai-bon is burned to carbon dioxide, that is tofsay` when within the fuel the maximum generation of heat per unit of carbon effected. Inasmuch, therefore. as an increased temperature within the fuel bed is the object of the blasting period, and because of the. fact that. a. long time of contact between products and fuel operates to produce carbon monoxide, which does not produce within the body of the fuel the maximum amount of heat, it is necessary either to decrease the distance of travel or to run .the air at a. rapid rate through the fuel in order to decrease such time of contact. The latter procedure results` in carrying dust and nerpartieles out. of the gas generator, By placingthe ports close together, particularly, when a line fuel is used. the air may be forced through the fuelit such a rate that the 'lighter particles willfnot be carried away and yet the maximum amount of carbon dioxide willbelformed. This will produce the maximum amount of heat per unit ot fuel wit in the fuel bed preparatory to the passage of the steam through the fuel bed.
The air is directed from the main line 30 into the regcnerators 15 and 14 which have been previously heated by the discharge products of a previous air-blast period and which operate to heat` the air. The air passes through the pipes 33 into passageways that lead to the ports 52 formed in the side walls and the bridges of the generator shown in Fig. 2. The air passes dlagonally downward from the ports through the fuel bed in the reaction chamber 91 to the lower part of the gas generator side wall and to the edges of the bridges, 51 and to the openings or outlet ports 53 formed therein. The air thus passes down across the hot fuel located betwc "n the bridges and between the bridges and the side walls 96 of thegenerator, and the heat and temperature ofv the fuel is greatly increased. The products that are formed during the movement of the air through the finer fuel passout through one of the pipes 35 and the valves 34 into the header 1G and thence through the other set of regenerators 14 and 15 and out through the stack valve. succeeding period the steam flow may be direetedvthrough the same path or it may he directed diagonally down and across from the alternate bridges or generator wall.
Inlet orts 52 of alternate bridges and wall of t ic generator are connected with one During the pipe 33 and the other inlet ports 52 are r connected with the other pipe 33 and the outlet `ports 53 of alternate bridges and wall of the generator are connected with one pipe 35 and the other outlet ports 53 are `connectedwi-tli the other pipe 35. .In the constructions shown the inlet port 52 and the outlet port 53 in any singlewall or bridge of the generator make connection with the pipe 33 and the pipe which last named pipes are connected to the same side of the generator, as shown in Figures 1` 2, 3,. and 4. Thereby the flow of air. or stezm or mixture and steam through ports 52 will be from one set of bridges or wall of the gen: crat-or to the loweredges of the adjoining bridges or wall, where the said ports 53 are located, during one period' and will be from the ports 52 of the other set of bridges or wall of the generator to the lower edges of the adjoining bridges or wall during another period so that. in Succeeding or subsequent blasts theI paths of the. air movement Will cross the path of flow during preceding periods.
During diffe-rent periods the directions ot flow may be across any one section orunit ot'. the generator in opposite general lateral .fore, the volatilized hydrocarbons issuing into 'thc first portion of the paths of the air blasts, are carried downward through fuel left in a state of incandescence'by the receding blast and there broken up and urned before reaching the exit ports 53. The steam may now be directed through the .saine ports that the air was directed in the preceding operation which vill cause the most intimate contact between the steam and the most highlj.y .heated portion ofthe incandescent tucl thereby causing the maximum formation of water gas from the steam and carbon o'l' the fuel which gas passes out through the same ports.
However, it has also been found advisable to admit the steam through the same regenerator through which the products of the preceding air blast were directed and by theintnse heat that was produced in the checkemvorlr during the preceding operation;
tlut is. during the air blast to more highlv sulyerheat the steam which will then be directed through the ports 52 of bridges other than those through which the air blast was flirectedin the preceding operation. The str-am thus more highly superheated will cause a greater distillation of hydrocarbons from the coal eontiglmns to the ports 52 and tbcrcbv fhe products of dissociation of hydrocarbons will bcar'a highenratio to those gases formed by dissociation ot' steam', that is to sar. by this procedure there will result an increase in the ratio of hydrocarbons ut il ized for forming roinbustible gases to the lri'drocarbons utilized for beating the fuel flioiu'f thiblast 'Ind ultimately a gas richel' i. h2 Iroc t; and methane or other fixed hiero: :ii-bon:- v ill bc produecd thereby. In vinA uccccd'ng oiuration. the air may Follow that s mar pass through or along the inwid 4cui t'url in the same general direc- -x ol thc path through which the. steam wim :l ii; thi prece-'ling operation and will cf'tcd llirough the ports through it/nifl; the steam was directed in thc .said preceding operation.` The products thereof -will he passed thri'nrgl lthe portsI 5? and out through tho other regenerators 14 and l5 and through the ralrc lt). The valve lt) will then be closed and the steam will then lpassed baci( through the last named rcttor into the generator through tht` ports 52 other than those through which the air passed in the preceding operation. Also in succeeding steaming periods '(gas making periods) the paths of the steam and gases may be caused to cross. This crossing of paths of the currents of steam with the paths ot` preceding aircurrents causes the hydrocarbons volatilized in the upper p0rtion of the passage to be dissociated and gasilied.
It is to be understood that the paths of the steam fiow may cross the paths of the air flow during succeeding periods and also that variations as between water gas and producer gas production may be used to produce various mixtures o f water gas and of 'producer gas. Also that the periods may not be immediately succeeding 4but may be subsequent and after intermediate periods. It Will thus be seen that variations in the operations of the apparatus may be followed and such variations will still be within the scope of my invention.
The movement of the steam, of the air and gases from the ports 52 and 53 causes the movement ot vapors through the hot fuel into and through the hotter fuel at lower points in the reaction chamber of the generator with the result that the hydrocarbons are largely decomposed into their elements and thus an increased production of s effected and at the same time the gas freed from tar and carbon particles. The carbon will remain in the fuel to be further consumed in 'subsequent periods of operation of the gen-- erator.
By this arrangement the air is directed downwardly into the fuel which produces a maximum heat within the upper portions of thc reaction chamber or parts thereof. lnas'niuch as the formation of the carbon monoxide from the carbon dioxide is endothermic, such formation` if it occurs, will occur near thc .ash line Which will operate to avoid excess tci'nperature and consequently reduce or eliminate the formation ofvclinkcrs near the ash line.
liv directing steam through the pipe 40 or supcrheated stcau'i'lhrough valve 38. thence intr-thc generator through pipes Y5K9 by way ot' ports 5t', during the time that the steam is directed into certain 0f the ports 52; the ta rry vapors arising from the distillation of the fuel is directed into the incandescent tucl liclow, where they will he broken up or cracked to form lighter hydrocarbons and pass out through one set or the, other set of ports 53. In this manner, especially if superheated steam is used. a greater ouautitv ot the volatile coniponents are distilled and gasificd dui-in;r the gas making period.
lf desirable to separately recover the volatile constituents of the fuel, I have also loeatcd ports 56 in the bridges 5l and in the sid(` walls of the generator. The ports 56 are located well above the line between the incandescent`tucl and the unearbonized fuel and so as to be above the fuel carbonized by the heated fixed gases and vaporous hydrocarbons that risc from the reaction chamber of the generator; The ports 56 are connected with the pipe 39 and through the ralves 44, with the reduced pressure main 45. This will operate to draw the volatile elements of the fuel, which are volatilizred in the vicinity of the reaction chamber 91 that is, in or in the vicinity of the incandescent fuel, upwards. It will thus draw off a considerable percentage of the lighter hydrocarbon gases and vapors although it will leave in the unearbonlzed fuel located intermediate the incandescent fuel and the ports 56, the heavier and higher boiling point hydrocarbons which will be condensed by the chilling action of the cooler fuel in the vicinity of and below-the ports 56. This will operate to subject certain portions of" the heavier hydrocarbons to repeated va` porization and cracking action near the lower regions and a subsequent condensation in the higher and cooler regions. rlhe decomposition products so formed will pass on' through.. the ports 5G or pass ott' through the ports 53 during the same or subsequentperiod of operation of the generator. rlihe tarry products and ammonia contained in the hot mixture so Withdrawn through the Aports 56 may, if desired, be subsequently seporated and collected by the customary means for condensation and separation. By this arrangement the tarry products which would pass into thev checkerwork of the regenerators will be prevented from causingf an cX- cess of heat in the checkerwork and will be recovered as valuable by-products.
The bridges or partitions and the walls of the generator muv be constructed in difL ferent ways, but L have found it desirable to so construct the walls and bridges of the generator that the coal in its descent will leave pnssageways in the vicinity of thc ports. In order to 'accomplish this l have so formed the ports that the upper surfaces of the ports 52 and 5G will overhang thc open ings .so'as to prevent the collection of thtl fuel within the ports and thus 'prevent the cloggingv of the ports. In other words. the general direction of the. openihgs that form the ports is downwards so that the downward movingt fuel will he carried from the ports and leave a lateral or horizontal pas'- sagcwa'r over the surfacev ot the fuel. To ohtain more uniform-flow of gas I have provided perforated arches 57, 5S, and 59. The ports moreover may he in the form of slots such as that shown or cach port may he formed of a plurality of openings formed by partitioning the slots. Also the lower sur faces of theportcd wall may he made sl0ping' as in the case of the ports 56. The ports T355 open from the lower edges of the bridges and the orcrhangingportions ofthe. walls Leedeoa of the generator which leave laterally tending passageways beneath the ports 53 to permit a free outlet of the ga,
The generator shown in F 2, S, and 4, may he used in the production of pro ducer gas as well in the production of water gas, since in the production of producer gas the nir and the steam' may he di rected through the ports at th.l saine time and consequently tue stack valve: lu will bc maintained closed at fdl tintes. ln n operation of the generator-there will he the saine crossingr of the paths ofinoreinent of the air and steam from and to the ports und l 53, in consecutiveperiods of operation ot' the generator'. The producer will he coilected in the pipe 47 in the saine manner that the water gas was collected in the pipe 47. Also if it is desired to collect the volatile materials of the coal and the terry products; thcyinay be drawn out through the ports 5G which are connected with the exhaust pipe 45 in the sonic menne-r as in the :water gas production.
Also if it is desired, air or-stcaiu may be directed through' the ports 53 other than those through which the gases are drawn. that is to say, the alternate ports 53 will atl'ord inlets for the steam and air while the 'other ports 53 will afford out-lets for the -gljnscs that are produced by bringing .the
steam in Contact with the incandescent fuel and thus produce a lateral sweep of the air and gas or vapor.
The steam from the ports 53 reduces"the clinker formation and causes all of the fuel to be consumed. In generators where nir is admitted `through ash or clinker and directed upward through an incandescent fuel hed, it prevents the proper settling of the finer ash particles and they are carried upward from the ash zone into the hottestpor-` tion of the fuel l'rcd. Thus unless large quantities of steun] or Sonie other tei'upernture deterrent is used, there exists those conditions condueive to fusion of the ash. which upon subsequent cooling: fornrs c-li'nlrers. Solirlitication of fused :ish in the presence of unhurncd fuel always eucases cert titles of the fucl and prevents the utiliz-ation of suclrcncnscd fuel which greatly decreases the cfticituufj.7 of the generator. ln nu effort nin quan lll) to control clinlrer fornuition the operator be used in'imediately.
being downward as well as lateral, operate to carry down all ash towards the ash zone, and consequently clinker formation is greatly emolliated.
The form of generatorillustrated in Figs. 8 and 9 is a simplified or single unit apparatus operated in like manner to the multiple type shown-in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, and is designed to be used either for Water gas or producer gas. In this apparatus, when producer gas is to be formed and used hot, the regcnerators 'may be entirely cut 01T by closing the valves 34 and 32 and opening the valves 65 and 66, which are respectively' steam valves and air valves, located on one side of the generator and a valve 67, which .is av gas outlet valve, located on the other side of the generator, during the blast or flow of the mixture of steam and air in one direction through the generator and opening the other steam, air and exhaust valves when the flow is in the opposite direction. Steam may also be admitted into the pipes 35 through the valves 97. When. however, the producer gas isto he used cold, the valves (i5, GG and 67, are closed, and the valves 32, 34 and 31. and the steam valves S7, also gas outlet valve 4t', are manipulated in order to direct the air and steam into the regenerators to heat the air and snperheat the steam from whence they aredirected into the generator through the proper ports.
lVhen the air and steam is directed into the pipe 33 and either through the valves 65 and p6 on the one hand, when the producer gas is to be used hot, or when it is directed into the pipe 33. through the regenerator and the valves 32, 31 and 37, it enters the generator from the pipe into the ports 68. and over the upper portion ot the incandescent fuel on one side or the other side of the generator according to which of the pipes S3 receives the air and steam. The mixture flows diagonally downward across the generator below the walls S5 to the outlets (39 which causes the blast to pass to the bottom of the incandescent fuel chamber ot' the generator and directs the gases formed into the pipe 35 on the other side of the generator whence it may be directed either through the regenerator on the said other side, if the producer gas is to be used cold, or it may be directed out through the'valve 67 connected to the said pipe 3.7 when .the producer gas is to It desired air and steam may be also directed through the pipe 15 and the ports (i9 located on and connected with the same side. of the generator that the ports (3S are located on and through which the air and steam is being directed, llfe gases` fronrthe fuel and which are formed bv the 'air and steam coming from the ports GS and (i9 on one side being collected and directed ont ll.'ough the port-s (i9 on the other side of the. generator. This produces a flow of air and steam and of gases of large crosssectional area through the incandescent fuel, whereby a large quantity of the gas may be formed and whereby a voluminous incan- 'descent fuel bed may be maintained.
In the generator shown in Figs. 8 and 9, I have also provided passageways located near the ash zone 92, and which extend diagonally downward to direct air and steam or steam alone along the upper side of the ashes or substantially along the division line between the incandescent fuel and the ashes. The ends of the` passagcways form ports for the steam and air which maintain the incandescent fuel of this lower region at the proper temperature to produce a complete combustion ot' the fuel and yet to prevent the fusion of the asli and the formation of the clinker.
The passageways 70 communicate with the pipe 30 through the vaive 72 and with the i steam line through the valve 73 on each side of the generator. The valves 73 and- 72 are opened when the air and steam passes through the port G8 on the same side of the generator and it desired also through the port 69 on the same side of the generator, the gases being collected through the port 69 `on the other side of the generator. The proportion of the air and steam that is directed through the ports (38 and 69 and the pafsageway 70 may be varied aswlcsired. I find it preferable, however, todirectmore air through the port 68 proportionate to the steam than through the port 69 and more air through the port 69 proportionate to the steam than through the passageway 70 and in` fact if desired. very little air may be directedthrough the passageway 70.
:n n In 'the construetimshown 1n Figs. 8 and 9, I have providetbfa,v port 75 located in a bridgingr wall 7G that corresponds to the ports 56 in the form of generator illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 and so that when water gas is produced by the use of the construction illustrated in Figs. S and 9. steam may be directed through the pipe'y 39 which connects,l 1
through the valve 7i'. with the steamline orl superheated steam may he directed through the pipe 39 which connects through the valves SS with regenerators 14 and 15, or the port 75 may be connected through the pipe 39 and the valve 79 withgas exhaust pipe 8O when in the generator it is desired to remove tarry produc-ls or hydrocarbon gases from the uncarbonized and partially carbonized fuel, such connection being used either when the 'generator is being used for the vproduction of water gas or of producer gas.
1t it is desired. steam or water may he directed through the pipes 93 into the ashes to quench the ashes before it reaches the' quenched 'which results in a continuous in troduction of a definite amount of steam into the generator.
The generator illustrated in Figs. 8 and 9 is provided with the fuel magasine 82 lin which is located the bridge vvall 76 which prevents the fuel from becoming packed locally and causes the fuel to be fed loosely' into the incandescent chamber. The port "5 located in tbe bridgingr wall 7G opens downward through a perforated arch 83 (shown in Fig. 11)*uhich prevents the aecuinulation of port-ions of the fuel in the openings and thus prevents clogging of the openings.
The fuel 90 is discharged from the fuel magazine 89. into a larger chamber 84 which is formed between tivo bridging walls 85 that extend down into the incandescent chamber of the genera-tor. The top of the incandescent chamber overhangs the interior of the chamber, and thus leaves passageways or areas that permits the entering air and steam `to move laterally over the incandescent fuel Q1 and consequently greatly extends the area through which the air or steam or both may he introduced into the incandescent fuel. The ports 68 are located in the corner Aformed by the top wall 95 of the walls 85. This prevents clogging lof the ports 68 by the fuel.
r 'he depending Walls S5 also afford a similar lateral passageway `for movement of the gases to and from lthe incandescent fuel at a lower region in the incandescent chamliei-. They bring:v the lower portions of the paths of the gases down to a low point in the incandescent; zone. If, however, it is desired, the same construction-cari be made with reference to the ports 69; that. is to say. portions of the tcp of the generator may be made in stepped relation and the incandescent chaniber enlarged step by step. The ports G9 will then be located in proximity to theincandescent, fuel as is the case of the port 68.
In order to prevent the formation of clinkers at'the sides or near the lower inner edles of the walls 85, the walls 85 may be provided With ports 86 through which steam may be introduced through the pipes 87 and the valves 88.
When the generator shown in Figs. 8 and 9, is to be used for the production of water gas, suitable air valves are openedv on one side of the apparatus as for example on the right side of the apparatus during the periods of air tlov. Thus air'may be admitted through one of the valves 31 to the regenerai'ors 15 and 14 on the right side. It passes through the regenerators and through pipe il?) and valve 32 and if desired also through pipe 35 and valve 34 thence throughport (Se and if thro-ugh pipe also through port GS) into the generator. lt then iasses downward and Literally through tht.` fuel lied to the opposite side of the generator, the products passing out through the opposite port (if) and through the other set of regenerators 14 and 15 and through the, regenerator stack valve 19 on the'left side. During this pe,- riod air valve 99 on air line 42 on the left side leading to regenerator 14 may be opened to admit secondary air for the combustion oi such unoxidized constituents as may exist in the gares and vapors leavingthe gencrator.
Duringf a subsequent steam flow period the stack valve 19 and the air valves 31 and 99 are closed and the steam valve 37 on the. right side is opened. IThe Steam is superheated in refcnerators 15 and 14 and then passes through the port 68 or `ports (i8 and (if) through the generator moving' in thesame. direction as the air of the last described period and passing1r by way of the opposite port (39 and pipe 35 to and through the opposite regreneigators 14 and' 15. lt thence passes by way of valve 46 on the left side of the apparatus to the gas main 47.
During;f a' subsequent period.' of air flow valves 46 and 37 and also inlet valve 34, are closed and the air valve 311m the left side of the apparatus now opened and air admitted to regenerator 15 on the left' side. The nir then passes through pipe 33 and valve 32 and if desired also through pipe and valve 34 thence to the generator by way of port 68 or ports 68 and 69.. It then passes through the generator downward and laterally toward the right side of' the generator,"
the. diagonally downward flow crossing the. part of the air How of the preceding period of air flow and tbe lateral component of flow` being reverse, to that of the preceding.,r period of air flew.. 'lhe products thus pass out of ports 69 and pipe 35 and valve 34 to vregenerators 14 and 15 all positioned on the side of the rellenerator opposite to that .to which the products of the first period were directed.I such products passing finally to the other stack valve 19 on the right. side. During this period air valve 99 on the right side in the air 42 leadingy to regenerator 1-'1 may be opened to admit secondary air for the combustion of unoxidized gases and vapors leavingzthe generator. f
The last mentioned stack valve 19 and the air- blast valves 31 and 99 are closed and steam is admitted by way of valve 37 on the left side. The'flow of steam through the steam How period is through the regenerators 15 and 1li and the flow of steam and gras through the generator as well as the tlovv of gas through the other regen-craters 14 and 15 being all substantially through the same paths as theair and products of the preceding period of air flow. The gas finally pass ing into gas main 47 by way of valve 46 on the rightl side of the apparatus.
Valve 73 `for steam admission or valve 7;! for air admission may be opened to admit steam or air through pipe Tl aml port TO when the port 68 on the correspoinling side of the generator is opened, the resultant reaction products passing out with the other reaction products arising from the flow from the ports (5S and G9 to the opposite side ot' the generator' through the opposite port (lfb The sequence ot the periods above described may be changed to suit quality of tbe fuel or condition of the heat or according to the gas required. f l
As indicated very generallyi'irfFig. ll) the air and steam flowsdnay be greatly 7varied in order that the maximum eflieiency ot gas production may be accol1i|')lislied b v either ol1 the generators. In addition to the air flow, the, steam flow` or tht.l mixture of air and steam flow indicated in Fig. lll. the volatile gases may be exhausted 4by connecting an exhaustingr means with the passageways that lead to the ports :"t ot' the generator Shown in Fig. l or to tb`e ports T5 shown in Fig. t). ()r superheated steam may be directed from certain ports. such as ports 5t', and 75 through the colder fuel to carry down hydrocarbon materials for further cracking. These latter operations may be performed in conjunction with any ol the oilieratons indicated in Fig. 1t).
Air is admitted through one .set of ports 52 -and moves diagonally downward toward a set of ports 521, the said set of ports 5? being located in walls or bridges that are located next in order to the walls or bridges in which the said ports 52 are located. the currents movin-g lneferably laterally. Steam/ is then admitted through the said ports ,"rf/
and Vtli'e gases are expelled from the gaiclrt.'
53. the general movement beiiig'ialkrfqwl follow the o Stream.
ports laterally. lln the subsequent period the streams ,of air flow from the ports 52 to thvl ports 53 in a general lateral oimosite't'lireetion.' Preferably'tbe steam follows` the air paths of the preceding period. so th-t thi` order would be. thesformation of air .streams in a general lateral or diagonallv down 'ard direction towards one side of the generator or division of a generator as in Fig. 1 while these streams are followed bv steam streams in the samegeneral direction. and then tollowed bv air .streams in a general lateral or diagonally downward direction towardsthc other side of the generator division orvunit. The air streams are followed again by steam streams that follow the saine paths. Also air may be allowed to pass out of ports :'l to ports 53 of the neighboring walls, or bridges toward which air may be flowing from the ports 52 located directly above the, first named ports 53. Streams of air will then be caused to move in a substantially horizontal direction across the generator' as well as diagonally downward. Steam streams may be also directed along the Substantiallv horizontal paths ot' the air streams` of the preceding period- Each period ot' the steam streams preferably follow a period of the flow of the airstreams. lVhen the generator is reversed, that is, when the movements of the air and the products of combustion through the regenerators are reversed, the horizontal movement. of the air fromone port towards a portv 53 of an adioining bridge or wall is reversed in direction. This may be followed by streams of steam in the succeeding period. Variations of the diagonal flow of air and steam and of horizoiital streams of air and steam and variations in their sequence may be utilize-l to produce the desired results, thatvis, according to the character of the fuel and according to the condition of the ash, and according to the gases obtained.- Also mixtures of air and steam may be used during the steam or airblas't periods. l
ln the diagram shown in Fig. 1() the air and steam strams and mixture of air and steam streams from one set ot upper openings of the bridges and walls ot the generator are marked respectively a. s. and a, and s. Any one of these streams will pass through the coal ilu/ring certain periods, that is, the steam'streinnwill follow the period during which the air lstream tlows or the air and stealmixture stream follows the periodduran/g which the a`r flows. ing streams' will ollow the period of the steam stream or ot' the air and steam stream marked .s or a and s.- t These latter or subsequent acting streams are marked a, a and o and x.' These streams will likewiset'ollow )two same order. that is. the a. stream will O'w the n. stream orV the a' and s'. .slreani l`ol|o\ving this plan the fl stream will then follow either the s stream oi' the a' and a streanr` and so on the c vcles o'l the `generator will be carried out.
It desired, streams may be directed laterally that, is, in a horizontal direction, while the other streams are being directed in a general lateral direction. By general lateral direction is meant a lateral direction or a diagonal direction, as for example. when the a strealn is flowing the a stream maybe flowing from the lower openings. of the bridges or wall in Awhich the openingsl are located from which the a Streams are floring. 'hile'the a stream' or' the a and .s stream is flowing thee strcam'or the n and s may be flowing in the same generallateil` al direction. Also while the o stream flowing air may be also flowing along the line a", which is in a lateral direction re- `he other cross- 4verse to that of the a stream.
The same is true with respect to the s streams or the and 8 streams. The gases are being through the fuel in different stages of operation within the generator laterally with revepect to the side r sides of the generator.
Thegenerators shown in the drawings are yrectangular in plan and consequently, laterally or in a general lateral direction are broad terms to cover movements towards the sides, or the side of the generator orhgenera tor division. The terms laterally, or 1n a lateral direction includes the more specific terms"diagonally,and.horizoutally. The streams are so directed as to carry the air or steam, or both, across the fuel hed or portions thereof as heretofore described, or specitivcally through the incandescent tuel, or as may be particularly pointed out in the specification and claims. The crossing or counterniovement of the streams produce the desired results with reference to the maintenance ot .the reaction zone, and to the securing of etti- ?ient. production of the gas or of a gas havin" a desired mixture` of Vapor and gas. As pointed out, herein, and shown in Fig. ot
'the drawings, the operation ot the generator may he divided into four periods that; repeat, vit being understood, however, that changes may he made in the proportion and the quani' o the air or steam, and the leneth of l,time of each of the periods and the se :piencc of t ie periods according to the etl'ects produced in the generator. Ordinarily. the process would follow the repeated steps or cycles that. are as a matter ot tact divided into the said four periodsof operation. 'l`lie succeedingly repeat themselves while periods in each .step preferahly iolim.v the solo order. First air may predominate and is directed through the generator or :Iencrator division toward the altcrnatewall oi' walls. This period ot flow is followed hy a period during,r which steam predominates and is directed toward the other wall or walls of the .fienerator or division of thc generator, that is, it is directed' to the wall or walls located opposite the.u wall or walls toward which the air stream of the tirst period was directed` The thirld period is followed hy a fourth period wherein steam may predominate and in which theY paths are in -ireneral laterally reverse in direction to these in which the air of the third period was di rected. The next step or cycle then 'begins with the first period and so on, the generator being operated through the succeeding priods. As pointed out;I and referred to in the claims, air and steam may he directed in the generator during the saine periods io oh tain the best working conditions ot the gcnerator, but generally speaking, the predoiuiu hating element namely, the air or strain is dh reeted into the generator during aina-nare periods, and these periods, in pairs alternate as to the general lateral direction in which the streams move. Also the periods may he subdivided by cessation ot' the streams. that. is, there may be in the same period a plural ity of succeeding streams ot' air that follow substantially the same path or succeedingr streams of steam that flow substantially in the same path to give opportunity for the desired reaction in the generator.
claim:
l. The. method of producing water gas, which consists in periodically passing a plurality of streams of air in a direction suhstantially diagonally downwardly through incandescent fuel, and then passino a plurality of streams ot steam through tlu` paths ot' the air .streams during periods followingy the periods of the air stream flow. the paths of different periods of the air stream iow crossing' each other.
2. The method of producingy which consists in periodically passing' a plurality of streams ot' air in a direction substantially diagonally downwardly through incandes- ,cent 4fuel, and thenpassing a. plurality of streams ot air and steam along the paths of the air streams of the precedinpr peri ods, the paths ot the alternating periods of the air stream flow crossing each other.
3. The method of producing water gas,
which consists in periodically passing 'streams o air substantially diagonallyv downwardly through incandescent. fuel and other streams ot' air laterally through in- 'candescent fuel duringr the samtl periods of the diagonally-dirccted air fiow. and then periodically passing streams oi' steam alone the paths of the air flow ot thefiln'iaediing periods, the paths of the diagonal streams ot succeeding periods or air tow crossingY t-arh other, and the direction of the lateral streams ot succeeding` periods ot air flow he ing 1u opposite lgeneral lateral directions through the incandescent tucl.
4. In the method ot' produriapr gras, the steps which consist in passing` streams ot air substantially diagonally downwardly through incandescent `fuel and separate streams ot air laterally, and then passino; streams of air and steam diagonally downwardly and other streams of air and steam laterally' during; periods succeeding to the increment of the first named streams or air, the paths of movements of the streams of an and steam followingthe paths of moveu l Il) ments of the first named streams of air during the preceding periods.
ln the. method of producing gas, the steps which consist in passim` streams of air and streams of steam substantially diagonally downwardly through incandescent fuel during successive periods, and then passing streams ot steam laterally through the incandescent 'fuel during the priods that the steam is also directed diagonally downward.
6. The method of' producing gas, which consists in passing streams of air substan` tially diagonally downwardly through incandescent fuel during ditl'erent periods, the paths of movements of the air during said periods crossing each other,v and then passing lateral streams of steam into the incandescent fuel during periods intermediate the periods of the flow of the air. A
7. The method of producing water gas, which consists in passing streams of air laterally through incandescent fuel and in generally opposite directions during different periods, and then passing streams of steam substantially diagonally downwards through the fuel during periods intermediate the periods at which the air is directed laterally'.
8. In the method of producing gas, the steps which consist in passing streams of a mixture of air and steam substantially diagonally downwardly through incandescent fuel having an 'aslraone, the paths of the streams of the mixed air and steam crossing each other during successive periods,4 and then passing streams of steam into the incandescent fuel near the ash zone in the same general lateral directions in which the streams of the mixture of air and steam flow.v
9. The method of producing water `gas, which consists in assing streams of air diagonally downwar ly for blasting a fuel bed to incandescence, and then passing streams of steam through the paths of the said air streams and other streams of steam laterally through the incandescent fuel, the said steam streams flowing during periods that. alternate with the periods of `the flow of the air streams and the laterally flowing steam streams moving in the same general direction laterally that the diagonally flowing streams of steam flow..
10. The method of producing water gas. which consistsk in passing a plurality of streams of air diagonally downwardly and in a general lateral direction for blasting a fuel bed to incandescenee. and then pass-ing a plurality of streams of steam diagonally downwardly and in a general lateral direction through the incandescent fuel. the said steam streams flowing during periods that alternate with the periods of the flow of the said air streams and the said strcan'is of air and streams of steam moving during two tum succeeding periods in the same general lateral direction.
11. The method of producing water gas, which consists in passing streams of air and steam diagonally downwardl)v through incandescent fuel and during separate periods. the streams of steam taking the same paths as the air streams, the paths of streams ot' air of subsequent periods of air flow crossing each other, and passingseparate streams of steam downwardly into the fuel from above the. entrance of the air during the periods that the first named steam streams are passed into the fuel.
12. The method of producing water gas. which consists in passing streams of air diagonally downwardly through incandescent fuel and simultaneously admitting streams of air laterally, then passing streams of steam diagonally downwardly and Streams of steam laterally during periods subsequent tothe movement of the air. the diagonal streams of subsequent periods of air flow and steam flow crossing each other, the lateral streams of air and steam of subse quent periods moving in opposite directions,v
the said air and steam streams and downl wardly into the incandescent fuel during the periods that. the first named steam streams are directed into the fuel.
13. The method of producing water gas. which consists in passing air substantially diagonally downwardly Athrough incandescent fuel during alternate periods; and then passing steam llaterally' during periods between the periods of the air flow. the paths of the air streams during succeeding periods of ai.` flow crossing each other and the movement of the steam during succeeding periods of steam flow being in vopposite directions` the steam flow during each period succeeding the air flow being in the same general lateral direction of the said air tlow of the preceding period.
14. ln the method of produciiig water gas. the steps which consist in passing a plurality of streams of steam substantially diagonally' downwardly through incandescent. fuel during alternate periods. and then passing a plurality oi streams of air laterally during periods between the periods of steam flow, the movement of the air during the periods of air flow being in the same `general lateral dircction'in which the steam vflow moves during the preceding period.
l5. The, method of' producing water gas. which consists in passing air substantially diagonally downwardly through incandeseen't fuel during alternate periods. and then passing s team diagonally downwardly during the periods 1between the periods of air flow, the steam flow following the paths of the air flow ot the preceding period and the air flow of the succeeding periods et air flow Crossing each other, and passing air laterally through the incandescent fuel during the. said periode of air flow and in the same general lateral direction an the diagonal streams ot air flow ot' each period ot' air tlow.
1G. The method of producing water gas, which consists in passing streams ot a-ii` diagonally downwardly through incandescent vfuel and laterally through incandescent fuel and in the saine general lateral direction duringr alternate periods. the diagonal streams of air llow crossing each other, and then paz-'sing steam laterally through incamleseeiit fuel during the period."- between the periods ol air llowl` the direction oi' the lateral streams ot' steam flow being' in the naine. direction as the. `lateral stream of air .lou' o't the preceding period.
li. A inet-hed of producing water ga?, which consists in. Substantially diagonally downwardly air blasting a fuel bed in a gas generator by a plurality ot air streams to incandcscence, the air enteringY the generator below the level of the. top ot' the t'uel in the l'cnerattu` then substantially dialoually downwardly steam blasting the fuel by a plurality ol streams. of steam, the steam entering' below the. level of the fuel in the gencratoi" then diagonally downwardly air blasting the 'fuel whereby the path ot lthe air crosses the path of the. preceding air blast, and then diagonally down 'ardly steam blasting the fuel.
1S. A method of producing' water gas, which consists in diagonally downwardly air blasting' the fuel bed. to ineandescenee*by a plurality of streams ot` air, then diagonally downwardly steam blasting the fuel 'ny a plurality ot Streams otsteain, the steam blast movingr through the Same paths that the preceding: air blast moved, then diagonally downwardly air blasting the l'uel whereby the path ot' the air crosses the path ol' the preceding' ail-.blast` and then diagonally doi'vnwardly Steam blastingy the fuel. thelaat-,namcd blastffollowing the path of the preceding' air blast.
if). A method ot' producing' water gras, which consists in diagonally downwardl)Y air blasting a fuel bed to incandescence and at the same time airl blastingl by streams of air moving substantially horizontally throurh the fuel hed and in the saine general lateral direction 'as the diagonally downwardly moving' air. then diagonally downwardly and laterally steam blastiirer the fuel by streams ot" steam that move diagonally downwardly and substantially horizontally and in the saine general lateral direction that the air moved in the precedingy period, then diagonally downwardly air blasting the Jfuel and laterally-,by separate streams of diagonally downwardly and substantially4 horizontally.
Q0. A method ot producin; water gas, which consicts inv passing air into incandescent fuel, then bla-'ting with a plurality ol streams ot a' mixture. ot air and steam 'nifsed4 diagonallv downwardly into the fuel bed. then passng' a plurality of strean'is of air into the incandescent fuel, and the-,n diagonally downwardly blasting withA a mixture ot' air and steam 'whereby the. ,path of the mixture. ol: air and steam creases the path ot the preceding blaat ol a mixture ot air and steam.
2l. A method ot producing' water gas, which consists in air blasting the incandescent fuel lied, then diagonally downwardly blasting' the. fuel with a mixture of air and steam and blasting the fuel with steam moving Substantially horizontally through the iiu'ainle.-:ceiit tuel ucar the ash zone in the same general lateral tirection ot the, diagonally downwardly moving mixture ot air and steam, then air blasting the incandescent fuel7 and then blastingthe fuel with a mixture ot' air and steam, moving diagonall),1 downwardly and by streams of steam that move through the'incandeseentfuel near the ash zone in thel Same general'lateral direction in which the streams oit the mixture ot'l air and steam flow. I
'theniethod ot producing water gas, which consists in diagonally downwardly air blasting' a fuel bed having a lower ash zone to incandeseen'ce by a plurality of streams ol' air. and then diagonally1 downwardly and substantially horizontally steam blastingr the fuel by a plurality oi"v streams ot' steam, then diagonally downwardly air blasting the l'uel whereby the path ol the air crosses the path of the precedingr air blast, and then diagonally downwardly7 and substantially horizontally steam blasting the fuel, the Substantially horizontally moving steam blasts being located near the ash zone of the fuel,
28. The method ot producing water gas, ,which conssts in diagonally downwardly air blasting;r a fuel bed having a lower ash zone. to incandescence. `then diagonally downwardly steam blast-ing the fuel aloneT the paths` of the air blastot the prt-,ceding period, and steam blastingr substantially horizontally along the top of the ash zone, then diagonallyidownward-ly air blasting the uel vvhereby the path of the air crosses the 'steammoving in the same generell' lteral path of the preceding air blast, and then direction as lthe diagonally downwardly diagonally downwardly steam blasting the moving steam in each of the steam blast 1`0 f fuel along the path of the preceding air blast periods. A
5 and steam blasting the'fuel along the top- Ingtestimony whereof I have hereunto of the ash zone, the substantially horizonsigned my name to this specification. tally moving steam blasts produced by LOUIS B. MOORHOUSE.
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2422712A1 (en) * 1978-04-13 1979-11-09 Duvant Moteurs Reversed draught gas producer - incorporates two=stage air heating with continuous heat exchanger cleaning to maximise thermal efficiency and ensure efficient dust sepn.

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2422712A1 (en) * 1978-04-13 1979-11-09 Duvant Moteurs Reversed draught gas producer - incorporates two=stage air heating with continuous heat exchanger cleaning to maximise thermal efficiency and ensure efficient dust sepn.

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