US1646613A

US1646613A - Process for making embossed show cards

Info

Publication number: US1646613A
Application number: US102475A
Authority: US
Inventors: Courtenay Frederick Dudley
Original assignee: EMBOSOGRAF CORP OF AMERICA
Current assignee: EMBOSOGRAF Corp OF AMERICA
Priority date: 1926-04-16
Filing date: 1926-04-16
Publication date: 1927-10-25
Anticipated expiration: 1944-10-25

Description

7. F. n. COURTENAY l PROCESS FOR MAKING EMBOSSED SHOW CARDS Filed April 16. 1926 10K if I VENTOR.

N /Cederv/Ckadley Cba/riem .WM ZS, @im f ATTORNEY.

lPatented Oct.y 25, 1927.

FREDERICK DUDLRY COURTENAY, OR CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, fAssIGNO'R To Ria-RC'sOGRAR j l CORPORATION on AMERICA, on NRW YORK, N..Y A' CORPORATION OF`1\ T 11v;rfYORK:

,n PROCESS FOR*MAKINGRMBossEnsIIOW'CARIJsQ l applicati@ fuanprii 16,1926.' -seiiei No.i1o`2`,47f5.

f' l My'inyention'relatesto "aniimiproved process for kmaking embossed cards 'of the kind,

Afo'r ezample, employed for advertising',- pui-- poses in show Windows and `th'e 'likewhere itis desirable to have permanently displayed, .lettering in anydesired manner to advertise' one or morelines of goods.. VShow cards of this kind lare usually made'by applyingto a Vmounting board AO paperstock, the desired letteringnor' display, cutj from a top papen sheet, the top A'paper being selected tofhave ya vdistinctive appearance, usually yas to color,v

from the' display surface of thev mountingl board. To facilitate,y making such ,show cards, the type are' provided With cutting edges entirely surrounding theirimpression outlines,I so that a single operation ot `the type may cut the desiredv letters or display from the top paper and press the same against themou'nting `board. in amanner to cause adherence,between tlie letters ordisplay and the mounting board; 1

rkThe process generally descbedaboVe, has

heretofore been carried out in'tWo Ways: first lby the so vCalled fhotfprocessyand secondby the so: v"called cold process. j 'In carrying out the hotprocess, Vthe top paperfisllcoated 'fon its under surfaces/ith materialthatfis' non-adhesive when cold, but which. when heated-, becomes s 'uiiiciently plastic4 and Huid toY become adherent as` far asthe 'material of the mounting board isconcerned; the'type LL i employed are. heatedin any suitablemanner,

1 toy a sufficient temperature tol 'suiciently Vsoften the: adhesive`material on the top paper, to cause it Yto f adhere firmly tQthe `mountingboard when .thetype are employed 'toj cut the corresponding lettersA or Charao-V tersj-r'om the .'to'pjpaper andfpress them against the mounting board.` Incarrying 'out the cold'process, altlioughthe typemay be formed in asimilar manner,` to' that used in connection with thelhot process, ltheyare not heated when vin use, fand .the top paper must 'have a Coating 'of ac lhes'ivelthat will adhere to the mounting board as a result ,of Pissure alone.

By my'invention,.Iqproduce an improve'- 1 ment on the cold processby WhichV all of its 'to the hotprocess lis secured.

advantages are retained, 'by Whieh; its dis- I advantages are eliminated7 and by Whiehv'the advantage of Ystrong adhesion"betu'ree'n theA characters" and the mounting board incident ont improvedfproeess, the characters .are

,the adhesive.l employed o'n the'ftopfpap'ei. 4After this operation, the cardl is `s"ubjectedto "board, `and the action of "theiron sufiie'ietly [heats thefadhesive employed tocause lirmV *struction at their' cutting edges, 'Which results inthe edges of the 'papereharacters :out

Ythe i'eharacters. from @theftop papeij This...

the:y top pap r may ksired combination@ prefertojemploy v liesive consi-sting preferably of l sliitalole gum beeswax. "Ehe Wax employed, tyhile vi produce ytherequisite' temporary adhesion sincegfthe ironing e Operation is f perf yas a single coating, uorfiseparat In carrying im v sietnf `a mixtureof thegum or resin an ironing oper'atonjby vvI'ineans'o l aheatfed iron vOttone kind or anothenmoved oyen the." surface 'ofthe characters v.on theiino'unting adhesion between the paper charactersl and the. mounting ,boardg j It will be understood that' the type employed hfaye fai beyeled Confrom thetop paper, vbeing. forcibly pressed against the corresponding' portions. 'ofvltlie mounting' board by the ,operationv of f c` utting prod'uees suii'cient adhesion between "thfe characters and thel mounting2board,j to re-V j tain thecharaetersin plaoe-on'themounting 7 board Yprior .to and `durinis-helirning :opera Y tion, andthe adhesiyeonfthe top paper may. therefore be selectedv frein"l the stand? point; of the requirements @fais-.iremos 0peration. While the "adhesive employed "on Tonsistofg'a vrie'ef vdifferent gums vandresin's', singly",

small' amount .otsuitablewax, for 'exam/'1 cient in 'amountfto produce s zftti'siia'ctory sultsifthe'embossing operation of process `werealone dependingfupo pr@ tween the paper-characters th nennt board, to hold the characters to and during the ir0nifng}foperation an;

invention,"may' be yapplied to the e Coatr'lf f a ingmay,

preferred, thatfi's to the'co l i i ac `v 'y wax, or a coating of each may be applied to the top paper, as found most suitable for the requirements of the work.

My invention'will vbestvbe understood by reference to the accompanying drawings illustrating-diagrammatically the steps of my process, said drawings being as follows:

vFigxl illustrates in vertical sectional view j the relation between the cutting type, the top paper, the mounting board and the bedof vthe press,fbeforethevtype is moved against theme/Papes. f

Fig2 Shows inl a viewfs'iniilar to Fig.` 1

i. the relation of the parts afterthey type has i Vv `ment with the mounting board,

cut a character from'4L the top paper and pressed itagainst thefinounting board, be-

fore the t'ypeis withdrawn, y y

Figs. .3 landa are views similar toFigs. l

and 2 respectively, `of similar parts, the difference being that in Figs, Briand 4 the topv paper has ytwo coatings Vof adhesive-instead of one as indicated in Figs'l and .2,

F ig. 5 illustrates diagrammatically the use of an electrically heatedironliaving a vvflat lowerl surface Vfor pressing thel paper Figv8 shows lina view Vsimilar to Fig. 7,

the use of a gasheated roller for pressing the paper charactersl iirmly into engagement Vwith the mountingboard, and I f Y. Ifi'gf9fis a plan view of a type set-up for use Vifnconne'ction with 'my invention, illustrating the `facility with which `different kinds oftop paper can be used for different parts of the set-up in a single operation of y cutting'wthe characters from the toppaper and attaching them to the'moun'ting'board.

Similar numerals referto similar parts Vthroit'ghout the 'severalviews i As shown in Fig.V la

type is illustrated diagrammati'cally a'tflO, it being understood that this is representative of any desired charvacter, the essential feature of the type being y that it is provided with a cutting edge 1Qa entirely surrounding the characterfoutline, the cut outportion` 10b between the cutting edges, being of a depthjsomewliat greater than the thickness ,of thectop paper. It is ,further important 'that l the type shouldY be "madeof metal hard V enough to maintain the cutting edges in sharp condition'wlienV they are used,` for example brass orharder'aiid ,stronger metal as desired. A layer of` top V'paper'is indicated 'diagrammatically at 11,

thistop paper having ya coating 12o-f vadhesive onl'its lower face,'said adhesivebeing of a nature that is dry and non-adhesive aty ordinary room temperatures, but suilicientlyk adherent under pressure to adhere temporarily to themounting board 13 when the cut-out character is forcibly pressed against the mounting board by themtype. bed plate 14;- is indicated supporting the mounting board 13. kThe adhesive 12 may be of Vany nature that is dry and non-adherent u nless it is heated and subjected to pressure,

but of a. naturethat'willadh'ere` slightly vto the inountingboard13 under pressure, and

be sufficiently melted by asubsequentlironthe mounting board. In practice I `find that "ing operation to produce iirm and permanent adhesion between the `paper character .and

the adhesive' 12 may be made of any one of v a variety of gums or resins, for example *rosin' or shellajc,^and to insurea `fair degree of temporary adhesion due to the pressure lof. the type 10, I lprefer to employ a small amount ofpressure-adlrerent adhesive, for

example some form 'of wax, as beeswax, and where vthis is employed with the structure illustrated diagrammatically'in Figs. v1 and 2, thewax and gum or resin are mixed and applied to the top paper l11 as a single coatinw.

ated position, its cuttingedges having cut through the top paper 1l andsomewhat into the display surface of themounting` board 13, under pressure applied in the ydirection of the arrows indicated in Figsfl and 2. It will be noted that the-inner oblique faces of the cutting edgeslO, press the 'edge por- In F 1g. 2 thetype 10 is shown in its opery mit tionsfo'f the paper character 15, into the divsplay surface of the mounting board 13, thus subJectingthe adhesive under the' pressedin edges of the paper character to much greater pressure than the body' portion of the paper character experiences from the face of the type.V 'I his greater *pressure exerted upon the pressed-in" edges of the paper character results in a temporary adhesion between the compressedadhesive 12 and the'mounting board 13, to hold the paper character iii'pla'ceon the mounting board with suiiicient firmness to retain the vcharacter in place on the mounting 'board untillandduring thereinaining operations.

'The pressed-in edge portions of thepaper character further give! the finishedcharacter Athe appearance of beingdraised from tlie mounting board and at the sameftime re-F move Vvthe inturned v'edge portions`Y of the character from the remainingpart of thetop 'n papenso' that there is no engagement between the remaining part ofthe top paper j and the character, andfno tendency to remove the paper character when thefi-emain ing part of the top paper is removed lfrom the mounting board. Y The operation thus far described is con- 4ducted with all ofthe parts .in cold condi "f tion, that is, of room temperature, as a re-` heating coil 17 contained therein and supsult of Which itWill' be observed that the part of the top paper 1-1 outside' of the type 10l is not pressed against the mounting board 13 and therefore the part of the top paper remaining after the paper character has been cut therefrom, is readily removablefrom the mounting board 13fand does not adhere fthereto.

Vhe'n the vtype 10 isvrivithdravvn from its position indicated'in Fig. 2, the remaining top paper is removedy troni the i mounting boardl 13, leaving the charactervor characters'ecutffroni'the top paper, in place on the mounting board.

The cutting operation illustrated in Figa` 3-an'd4 isV the same as describedtor Figs.

1 and 2, ywith the exception `that the top which is responsive to temperature, that is to sayVa gum or resin that will be melted sufliciently by the application of a heated ifironso that it will adhere firmly and perma neiitly to the material of the mounting board 18. After the adhesive coating 11? is applied, a secondf coatingv 11c of pressure` responsive. adhesive is applied, forexample Y i Wax, this coating being thin relatively to the '"f coating 11b. The eect of pressing the paper "character againstthe mounting board as indicated'in Fig. l is substantially'the same as above: described in'connection with Fig. 2, excepting that in tliis'case the 'pressureresponsive'adliesive may be made more effeet-ive on-account of being asep'arate layer,

which is desirable to meety the requirements `ot' certain cases, vfor example rrWhereV the v mounting board is relatively soft and porous V'in nature. Y Y y Itfwillbe observed that Whether tlie'top i paper -is'single'fcoated ondouble'coatedyvith adhesive,VT the Aoperation thus {far} described, 'requires' only that the top paper shall beV prepared as described, that the desired'displayfto appear onthe mounting board shall be set'upfin cuttingtyp'e or characters, `and* that asuitable-press'isvavailable or'pressing f jzftheset-up type form," Whether findividual Ef-cliaracters orA a. specially clut .die from a c single piece ,O' metal; againsttlie `bed 14,

used 2in this operation.Y A observed that .on Vaccount of all of the partsairdftlia'tQV relatively unskilled labormay be It] Will lfurtlier be ""1be'i'ngrjofp'room temperature and not heated,

e'itlierthe typelor tl'ie bed may be uppermost,"y afsdesired, zthe onlyditEerence Abeing that -vllie're'the Vbedr-is"v uppermost, the top paper is placed facedownfon thetype fform under theqraised bed; the'mouiiting board is then placed on the `top paper andthe vcutting .op-V

-erationiseffecte'dby bringing the type forni andbed togetherlunder considerable 4vpres Y sure/,1 either -byi movingI the bed or type VJformV l las. desired, by vany suitable mechanism.:

' yIn fFig.j-5I show diagrammatically at 16 an ironh'aving a flat ilovverfface, said ironv Y to suhcieiitly heat-the heat-responsive iadl. lliesive between `the paper characterand the iiiountiiigboarch to cause'firm and. permanent vadhesion between the paper characters, paper 11a is first coated witliadhesive 11bbeingimade *tov be heated electrically byrra y plied With 4'current-by theelectric cordl.` The iron 16 lissliovvn asr'esti'ng lupon the' paper. character' 1.5V in "place on` tliemountr` ving board 13,1as a result of the operation above described. 1 The iron. 16 is preferably heatedfto a wv.temperature insufficiente,v to

Vscorch'the paper of the character 15, and in' thiscon'dition itvfis'passed over thejdisplay surfacev volf the mounting board-13 andthe e' i displayk surface of. the paper characternor characters Theheat of' the iron serves tlie'adhesive and the mounting board,ias a result of .which the characters are-"firmlyV and permanently securedin place onv the mounting board. furtherI result securedv Vby the ironing` operation just described, is

to smooth out any slightl irregularities'fin the surface of tlie papercliaracter or char-'V so tion is vperformed after 'the remaining'top paper has been removed, and there is therefore no dangergof marring :tliedisplay surcause,'iii the event the iron 16 is hotter-than the exactftemperaturerequired to cause ad- Vtace, of the in'ou'iitingrboard from any such' liesion between tliejadhesive and vthe mountling-board. VFoi-:this reason considerablerlati-Q tudepotl temperature is afforded and here required,"and the operationcanbe performed bly-relatively uiiskilled'aiid .cheap laborrfIn, Y' Y' F ig. 6 I 'show a form-,oi iron 16asimilargato i the iron 16 shown iii'Fig. 5j and ifoithesameiy f -jpurpose,theonly difference jbeing that'V the iroiigla is adapted tobewgas-li'eated by'gas` a supplied through alieed pipe or hosel 18a.

i In Fig.' 7 I show"aditler'entforni*ofiron#r ing device-for'. the sanielpurpose described l in connection with Fig. 5, the devicein this stantiallyl the sameeffect'above :described in connection vvith-Fig; ,'thef only di'erence. being that the. pressure actiony is more localized withthistype,of-iron andshould fj the adhesive V'be unequally distributed, its y Vspreading is more easily effectedthan"Ivvlfieref4 115 "ing lan electricalcoil- 20-vtor heating itbyv r l current supplied tliroughfthe `electric con-j i i -vdu'ctors '1,he'naheated.v toa temperaturel f f y sufficientto-causefirm .and permanent adhe ksion betweenthe adhesiveot the'paper chai@` acterandtlieiiiountiiig.b'o'ardflitheiron 19 f islrolled` overthel display-"surfaceof; the e Y mounting-:board andthedisplayf surface ofY Y the paper-character or characters, 'WithsubL Y the surface of contact between the iron and the-paper'characteris greater, as in .dicated viii Figs. 5 and 6.

The construction shown in Fig. 8 is similar to that shown in Fig.- 7, the difference being thatvthe roller iron 19?L is adapted to beV gas-heated by gas supplied toitftlirough a pipe or hose 21a.

Whatever kind of iron is used to Veii'ect the ironing operatioii,'it is dcsirablethat it ber smooth and have a true surface so that .the `ironing operation will leave the display surface' ot the paper characters in smooth condition. -with the ironing opera-tion, and Whatever :form of iron is used t0 effect it, to lubricate ythe ironing surface slightly by means of a I nd it desirable in connection small amount of oil or waX rubbed on the -ironingsurtaca to prevent the possibility ot adhesion between the ironing surface and the paper characters. It will be understood that while I use the term iron7 as the means for'eiiecting the ironing operation, that I Vuse this term in its generic sense and mean thereby any smoothing or pressing device having the requisite sui-tace to accomplish this operation, that may be V,sutiiciently heated to melt the adhesive to the degree desired, `and which may be moved over the printed characters to produce the results described.

In Fig. 9, I illustrate the readiness with which different kinds of top paper may be employed by'my `process for attachment to different parts ot a mounting board by a single loperation of the. cutting characters. CA typel holder entraine is shown diagrammatically at 22, Ahaving grooves 23'for receiving the cutting type orrcharacters in "desired arrangement,y suitable devices not shown. beingy provided to secure the type in place in said grooves.' In this case the frame 'Q2-is assumed. to Vbethe lower member ot vf the press, and the co-'operating bed or platen to' be the uppermember. Vitlr'this arrangement the top paper `maybe laid directly' asdesired on" the cutting ends of the vtype or characters, with the display surface of the said'top paper lowermost, `after which the mounting board is putin place with. its display surface lowerniost, ontop ofthe top paper; In the illustrative case shown in Fig.

l 9," three grooves 23 are indicated` for containi ingthree rows of cutting characters, and three Y- strips of top paperH are indicated at 11d 1le 55. '.toppaperotjone display color, and each otthe other-linesjmay, if desired, have atop and lli. -In-tliisinanner one line may have a paper of different display color, or fthe parts I' of the display matter may be provided with 50 different kinds ofjtop paper in any desiredv 1- arrangement, since the desired top paperin veach case mayV be laidL directly upon the cutting characters used to cut each desired rkind' of top paper. v The frame 22 is provided with gauges 2a 25 fer the mounting board after the top papers have been arranged to suit any particular case, and lthen the cutting operation is eiected as 'above described; then, after theremaining top paper is removed, the papercharacters A are iioned in the manner above described. The procedure Just described cannot be used -with, the hot process above described, on ac- Ycount of the type being hot enough to melt the adhesive employed, vwhich would result in lcausing adhesion between the top paper outside oi the characters, and the mounting board, due to the top paper resting on the heated type. Y

Y In-usingthe terni top paper, .-I do 'so' generically, as I do Anot limitinyself to the` application or thin paper stock by my process, Ltor any thin sheet material susceptible of responding to the operations above deing ifrom the scope of theappended claims.

Vfhat I claim is: l. Thev method of ymaking embossed show cards consisting in coating a top paper with pressure and heat responsiveadhesive material, cutting desired characters from' said top paper and applying them withftemporary adhesion toa mounting board, and etfectingy permanent adhesion between said characters and said mounting board by passing a heated' body over said characters.

2. The'inethod of making 'embossedshow tingdesired characters from said top paper anchpressingthein against said mounting board .by corresponding cutting characters, vremoving.thereinaining top paper, and

pressing the paper characters against said mounting board by a heated pressing member. Y. 3, The methodofmakingembossed show cards consisting in Erst applying tliedesired display from thin sheet materialby dies to cards consistinginapplying,V dry adhesive- 'coated top paper to amounting board, cuta mounting board withinterposed adhesive material, and then producing adhesion between lthe display and mounting board by Y i an ironing operation.

4. The method of making embossed show cards consisting in coatingthin sheet inaterial with adhesive material that is heat responsive, then applying a desired design ting from said sheet material to a board by erstehen i plied -design to said mounting board by heat. sheet material,`rand then securing saidap-f' plied design. to. saidi mounting boardfby'i lby pressure yWithsaid Vsheet material on said Y 5. LThe methodv of making embossed show cards consisting in coating thin sheet mia- 'terial with vadhesive material `that is heat responsive, then-applying. a desireddesign from said sheet material to amounting vboar-d.bypressure, and then lsecuring said .appli-ed design to saidmounting board by heatand pressure.V .l f f @.The methodot making embossed shoW cardsi consisting in coating Vthinsheet material with adhesive material that isheat responsive, then applying a desireddesignl from said sheet material to'amounting board board, `thenremoving the remaining sheet sign. to sai-dI mounting board by heat.

7. The/,method of making .embossed showV cards consisting incoating'thin sheet-.mae terial -With adhesive 'material that is-heat resp'onsive, then applying afdesired design from', said sheet` materialto a mounting board by Ypressure With said sheet material 4on saidfbo-ard, then removingthe remaining Y sheet material, and then securing said applied design to said mounting board by heat and pressure. i

8. The method of making embossed show cards consisting in coating thin sheet ma-y terial with adhesive material in two layers, the iirst layer being heat responsive and the second layer being pressure responsive, then applying a desired design from said sheet material to a mounting board by pressure, and then securing sail applied design to said mounting b'fi-"l heat.. l

9. The metho naking embossed show cardsconsisting in coating thin sheet material With adhesive material in tivo layers, the first layer being heat responsive and the second layer being pressure responsive, then applying-a desired design from said sheet l material to a mounting board bypressure, and then securing said applied Vdesign to said d mounting board by heat and pressure.

10. The method of making embossed show cards consisting in coating thin sheet material with adhesive material in tWo'layers, the iirst layer being heat responsive and the second layer being pressure responsive, Athen applyinga desired design from said sheet material to a mounting board by pressure Withsa'id sheet material on said board, then removing the remaining sheet material, and then securing said applied design to vsaid mounting board by heat.

11. The method of making embossed show cards consisting in coating thin sheet material With adhesive material in tWo Y layers, the first layer being heat responsive by pressure With` said sheet material on'4 VtWo layers of; adhesive material, one of'` said -of said layersv being pressure:y .responsive,

.show 4cards consisting in applying tof'a.

said board, thenlremoving 'the .remaining show cardsV consisting inf applying -to ya vmounting vboard, ley-.pressure a desired` de- 5^ sign. from thin sheet material coated with?.

layers being heat responsive land the other and then securing y said Vdesign to the 'moi'int-iing vboard Fb'y. heat. ,f

is. The 111915110014 df making. mbossedfrfmounting board Iby.pressurega desired de#l 'sign from thin sheet material l 4coated f with tivo .layers of adhesive material, one of. :f

other of said layers-being' pressure"'respon-nk lsaid layersbeing heatresponsive and the` e855 sive, Aand then securing said designjto the.

mounting board by heatsandllp'ressure. 14. The rmethod of making embossed!Vv show A cards lconsisting vin :applying tofila Y mounting boardV by pressurefa` desired dea;r sign from thin sheet material coated With layers being heat responsive and the 'other ot' said` layers being Vpressure responsive, then removing the remaining sheet ma` terial, and then securing mounting board by heat. y

15. The method,A of making embossed showV cards consisting in applying to al mountingr board .by pressure-a desired de-l two layers of vadhesive material, one 'of said layers being heatresponsiveand the other of said` layers being pressure respon- I sive, then removing Vthe remaining sheet material, and then securing said design to themounting board by heat `and pressure. 16. The method yof making. embossed show vcards consistingin coating thin sheet material With Wax and vegetable gum, then applying a desired .design from said sheet v tivo layers of adhesive material, one of said said design to the material to a mounting board by pressure,

and then securing said applied design to said mounting board by heat. i y

17. The method of Vmaking embossed show cards consisting in Coating thin sheet material With Wax vand vegetable gum, then,

applying a desired design' from said sheet material to a mounting boa-rd by pressure,` and then securing said applied design vto said mounting board by heat and pressure. y 18. The method of 'making embossed' applying a desired' design from said sheet material to a mounting Iboard by pressure, then removing 'the remaining Vsheet ma terial, and then securing fsaid applied :design to'said mounting boardby heat.

19. The method of making embossed 'show cards consistingin coating thin sheet material with Wax and vegetable gum, then i 100 signv from thin sheet material coated With showfeards consisting in coating thin sheet material with vyaX and vegetable gum, then applying ja desired design from said sheet material to a mounting board by pressure,

1 desired display from thin sheet material by dies to a mounting-board With interposed adhesive material comprising Wax v and `Vegetable gum, and then producing adhesion. between the displayand mounting board byY an ironing operation. Y v

21. The. method 'of making embossed show cards consisting-in applying toa mounting board by pressure a desired de'- *sign from Vthin'sheet material coated first with vegetable gum and then Coated With wax, .and thensecuring said design to the' mounting 'board 'by heat. Y

l 22; The method of making embossed show cards? consisting in applying to a mountingboard by pressure a desired `de sign from thin sheet material coated first Y mounting board'by heat and pressure.

23. The method iof Vmaking embossed show cards consisting in applyingto a mounting board by pressure a desired design from thin sheet material coated first with vegetable gum and then coated With Wax, then removing the remaining sheet material, and then securing said design toV the mounting board by heat.

24. The method of making embossed show cards consisting in applying to a mounting board by pressure a desired design from thin sheet material coated first with vegetable gum and thenl coated With Wax, then removing the remaining sheet material, and Vthen securing said design to the mounting board by heat and pressure.

In Witness Whereof,` I hereunto subscribe. my'namethis 8th day of April, A. D. 1926.`

FREDERICK Unter coURTENAY.