US1585622A

US1585622A - Yarn and process of making same

Info

Publication number: US1585622A
Application number: US654118A
Authority: US
Inventors: Heany John Allen
Original assignee: WORLD BESTOS CORP
Current assignee: WORLD BESTOS Corp
Priority date: 1923-07-27
Filing date: 1923-07-27
Publication date: 1926-05-18
Anticipated expiration: 1943-05-18

Description

l 9 1926 1,585,622 7 J. A. 'HEANY YARN AND PROCESS OF MAKING SAME Original Filed July 2'7, 1923 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 V j INVENTOR 1a 0/9 3 21 BY fl/WfflW ATTORNEY May 18 126., 1,585,622

J. A. HEANY YARN AND PROCESS OF MAKING SAME Original Filed July 27, 1923 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR ATTORNEY May 18 1926. 1,585,622

J A. HEANY YARN AND PROCESS OF MAKING SAME Original Filed July 27, 1923 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR ATTORNEY Patented May 18, 192 6.

I 1,585,622 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JOHN ALLEN HEANY OF NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR TO WORLD BESTOS CORPORATION, OF PATERSON, NEW JERSEY,A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.

YARN AND PROCESS OF MAKING SAME.

Application filed July 27, 1923, Serial No. 654,118. Renewed January 28,1926.

This invention relates to a new process for making yarn having high tensile and cohercnt properties from base material which is naturally non-coherent, such as asbestos material and the like.

The various methods heretofore attempted in the manufacture of yarns from such material have been along two general lines. On the one hand, the material has been mixed in pulp form with material including a binder or cement, such as starch or albumen, and moulded on a holding core which may be a filament, such as a wire or a thread; or, on the other hand, long-fibred material, such as jute, hemp, or a plurality of continuous threads of cotton or the like have been modifications of the invention, it is proposed so mixed and interwoven with the fibrous material that a coherent yarn structure is obtained.

Applicant avoids certain difliculties encountered inherent in the above processes by a method which in general consists in wrapping a suitable core with thin paper strip formed of material, such as asbestos, and binding material including a soluble binder such as starch; compacting the material on the core to a smooth strand, and, where desirable, twisting the strand either on itself or with other strands to form a final yarn in which the material is tenaciouslyand intimately secured to the core. Preferably, in forming the asbestos material into such a strip or band, use is made of binding material which may include a soluble or substantially soluble binder, such as starch. In

further to limit and simplify the general method indicated by elimiatingcertain steps and apparatus without-modifylng the utility and value ofthe completed yarn. j 5 An object of the invention, therefore,is to providea yarn with (high tensile strength "and resistancetol frictional wear. Ano the r;. importantobject of. the invention is to fabrrcate a superior yarn' from astrlp-of asbestos -paper ofa given cohesiveness and tenacity,-

or to make an equal grade .of-yarn-from asbestos paper ofan inferior-grade. The as-. bestos paper-like material nor the asbestospaper-like strip is,however,-.bound-'With suf-- lici'en't cOhesiveness and" tenacity for and adapted for-yarn manufacture. Another.

' important o'bjectisl the provision-"ofxmeans for loosely covering a retaining core with asbestos paper material and subsequently 1n- F-igure I 77 lIlg the casing mater alsecured to. the core.

timately associating this material with the core so that a coherent and strong yarn is made possible. Another important object of while substantially dry on a filament and further uniting said paper-like material and saidfilament to form a strand of yarn. A further object is the provision of a process of manufacture-which will permit the utilization of material initially secured to a re lnforcing or supporting core or filament, which may be obtained separately as a completed article and utilized in the manufacture of the final perfected yarn.

An object also contemplated is the provision of a yarn making process whereby asbestos material in the shape of paper strip is wound about a holding core, subsequently moistened to render the strip pliable and soften the material thereof, rubbed in a con- (lensing mechanism to amalgamate and solidify the material and finally twisted to form a final yarn characterized by smoothness of texture, retention of form, coherence of material and tensile strength. A primary object also is to provide means whereby a sub,- stantial yarn may be formed of paper wrapped and manipulated about a metal core or filament.

It is an object, also to treat the paper strip so as to prevent tearing on undue breakage. thereof, specifically by a process of lubrication. e

Further objects, and objects relating to a specific mode of manufacture and details of the process willbecome apparent in connection with the description of the process, hereinbelow indicatedand illustrated. in the accompanyin drawings, in which Figure 1--showsa primary core or filament wrapped with paper forming a casingthereg for; 1 v

2 is a view partly sectionShow- Figure 3 is ;a -diag ran matic showing in elevation .ofthe ,various, principal elements o'fthe apparatus utilized. in the, process ,and

; Eigure, ,4: is .a; plan view: of the apparatus F g refi is aviewafa lu al wis e 1 V Figure 6 showstapparatus used in the'yarn making process Figure 7 illustrates a method for making yarn without utilizing a condensing or rubbing step;

Figure 8 is a detail sectional View of a guide roller; and

Figure 9 shows an alternative wrapping means.

Figure 10 is a view of the completed yarn showing the elementary portions thereof; and

Figure 11 is a diagrammatic showing of a twisting operation of the modification of Figure In accordance with the present invention use is made both of shortfibred or other non-coherent material and also of coherent long-fibred stock, but the same is first bound by material including starch or some similar cohesive substance in the form of a tape or paper strip as described for example in my co-pending application, Serial No. 516,129, filed November 18, 1921. It is possible,however, according to the process of the present invention, to use even such a fibre felt strip as purported to be made by the process of the Britishpatent to Kellner, No. 20,225 of 1891. When such a aper strip is used, this binder is softened, t us securing a resulting yarn similar to that obtained by the process disclosed in said application, Serial No. 5l6,129 but by steps having notable advantages and improvements under certain conditions of manufacture.

In accordance with the present invention, a central core or filamentll is completely encased by a paper-like strip or band 10. of asbestos material, preferably by wrapping the strip about the core by any suitable mechanism or by hand. The casing, when formed in this way from comparatively weak paper is weak, easily torn and easily removable, and the strand thus formed would not be suitable for the manufacture of fabrics.

'In order to place this article, which will hereinafter be referred to as a primary or elementary yarn 12 in a final substantial form in which the substance does not'exist in separate layers, or, loosely wound on the core, the following operations are carried out.

Theelementary yarn 12 wound on a removable bobbin 13 is led over a moistening device 14 which consists of a horizontal roller 15 rotatable in a water bath 16 in the vat 17. Thence, the strand is led through a condenser or rubber 18, of well known construction, consisting of two super-imposed

belt structures

19 and 20, the belt 19 being revolvable upon

rollers

21 and 22 and the belt 20 upon

rollers

23 and 24. Not onl are these belts freely revolvable about the orizontal axis of the

rollers

21, 22, 23 and 24, but they are also transversely movable par allel to the axes ofthe rollers so that the yarn, in passing through the condenser 18 is subject to a transverse as well as a forward movement in accordance with the well known operation of this type of apparatus resulting in a compacting condensing manipulation of the material. lEmerging from the farther end of the condenser 18, the strand of yarn material is led over a guide roller 25 and thence into a twisting mechanism 60. The

twisting mechanism, as illustrated in Figure 3, consists of twisting apparatus and Winding mechanism. As shown, within a housing 30, there is positioned a rotatable cylinder 31 having at its top a drive pulley 32 and at its base a gear 33. Within this cylinder is a stub shaft 34, which is rotatable therein and which at its top is fixed on drive pulley 35 and at its base on cross bar 36, adapted to support the specific twisting elements. There is positioned beneath the cross bar 36 a second cross bar 37 through connecting plate 38 and at the ends of the'bar 47 are positioned the

fliers

39 and 40. The flier 39 is hollow and serves to feed the yarn to the receiving spool. Extending throughthe ends of cross bar 36 are

pinion shafts

41 and 42, carrying

pinions

43 and 44, adapted to con- 'tact with the driving pinion 33 secured to the base of the cylinder 31. Mounted on the

pinion shafts

41 and 42 are also the plural pulley elements or

feed rolls

45 and 46, adapted to carry the yarn in the manner hereinafter described.

The spool 47 upon 'which the yarn is wound is slidably mounted on the center shaft 48, positioned in the axis of the twisting mechanism, a cam operated device (not shown) reciprocating the base plate 49, upon which the spool 47 is mounted, upon the rod 48, this operation bein simultaneous with the twisting operation ofthe twisting mechanism.

In the operation of the twisting mecha nism, the yarn 12 is fed through the hollow center of the central shaft 31 to a point below the cross bar 36, then over the guide pulley 50,

feed rolls

45 and 46 and thence through the hollow flier element 39 to the spool 47. The

power belts

51 and 52, connected respectively to the twist pulley 35 and feed pulley 32, operate the gearelements at different speeds, the speed of the flier or twisting apparatus being sufficiently in excess of the speed of the feeding gear 33, so that a different speed in a single direction is obtained for the

feed rolls

45 and 46. In consequence of the rotation imparted to the mechanism as above indicated, the yarn is wound in even la ers on the spool 47 as the same isconstantly recipr'ocated by mechanism not illustrated.

Considering now the process as a whole and with the specific apparatus in mind, the following sequential steps are taken in "producing the finished yarn of the invention.. Asbestos paper strip formed from pulp of asbestos material mixed with a soluble binder and dried is wound, rubbed or otherwise secured to a metallic core or filament by mechanism of common type such as a condenser, a tube twister or a rotary twister. This primary yarn or strand is then fed from a bobbin 13 over the moistening roller 15. The object of moistening the primary strand 12' is twofold. In the process of manufacture, paper strip is mixed with a small proportion of soluble binder, such as starch, albumen, sodnun slhcate, or the like, and In order to render the fabric pliable, it is deled into the condenser 18 where it is subjected to. a lateral rubbing and working which compacts the material about the core and gives smoothness and uniformity thereto. Then the strand is led into the twister 60 where the core and the casing material are both subjected to a torsional stress, causing .a uniform twist in the strand. The completed yarn is then wound on suitable spools subject to various suitable uses.

Note has been hereinabove made to the holding effect secured upon the yarn fibre or material by reason of the twist to which it is subjected as a final operation. If this final step were omitted, the core or filament in the completed yarn would lie in the axis of the yarn as .a straight smooth core generally equidistant at all points from the outer yarn surface. The twisting operation, however, transforms the straight core I into a coiled, twisted or corrugated element,

generally off-set from the core axis, or passing through said axis in angular relation thereto. The eifectof this distortion is to enclose and compact the yarn stock between adjacent co-extending sections of the filament, thus securing, especially in thercase of semi-rigid metallic cores, an added binding and retaining agent for the yarn material tending to maintain the rlgldity and coherence of the fabric to a marked and important degree. As above intimated, the distortion of the core induced by the twisting operation may be in the form of a regular progressing coil or in a series of undulations lying In a single plane. The

shape of the core distortion is, however,

secondary to the main effect of imparting to the yarn core a non-coaxial relationshiprelative to the yarn envelope.

It is important to note also that not only the core but also the casing is subjected to a continuous twist which compacts and wedges the mate-rial in position about the core.

' In some instances it is desirable to employ a yarn having maximum durability and tensile and surface strength and in order to produce a yarn ofthis type, the single yarn made in,accordance with the process above outlined is twisted, wound or in various ways incorporated with one or more additional yarns utilizing such mechanism for example, as is indicated in Fig. 5. In this figure is shown an ordinary ring twister 7 0 comprising a power driven spool 71, a rotatable and reciprocatable guide ring 72, a stationary guide ring 7 3,

pressure and guide rollers 74, and spools 7 5 on which the single yarns 7 6 is wound. The plural winding mechanism as illustrated may be used in several ways. A yarn may be formed by winding two strands together as they emerge from the coating or rubbing mechanism before receiving an individual twist. In this modified process, the strand in being twisted with one or more similar untwisted strands receives a marked reinforcement and binding effect from the contiguous yarns and in addition the .tensile strength is. multiplied in so far as the number of strands are increased.

It is, of course, apparent that in the twisting operation the individual strands are sub-. jected to distortion so that aside from the holding and binding effect of coextensive strands the individual strands possess retaining properties for the casing material similar to that described in reference to the single strand yarn.

i A modified process involves twisting one or more of the strands and then twisting these strands together into a single yarn of great compactness and durability.

It is of interest to note that the plural strand yarn by reason of the loosening of the binder and the use of non-coherent stock has a flexibility limited only by the properties of the core and even Where a metal filament is used, the yarn has a pliability approaching that of coreless yarn which can also be made by apparatus such as disclosed in Fig.

Got this patent.

i A further modification of the process con- 3, whereby the paper strip binder is loosened and modifying the condenser orrubberv 18 by increasing its operating surface or reaction speed or pressureso that the binder is broken and removed by purely mechanical means. This rubbing action alsoserves to form the' sists .in omittingthesolvcnt bath14 in Fi I coat on the core so that at thecompletion of" this operational pliable compacted strand is produced. The str-andthus made is Wound over a reel 65' as a final yarn'or' subjected to a twisting operation as described with reference to the preferred form, either as a single twisted strand or as a yarn formed of two or more strands intertwisted.

An important modification of the process is illustrated-in Fig. (i of the drawing. In some instances it has been found desirable from the manufacturing view point to obtain both the paper strip and filament separately as raw material to be assembled and manipulated to produce a final yarn. As a part of the invention, therefore, there is disclosed means for feeding both of these.

stocks into a single machine simultaneously and operating thereon to cover the filament, loosen the binder of the strip, and condense the strip over the filament, this operation being continuous, where desirable, with. the twisting operations previously described.

Referring to Fig. 6, the paper strip is fed from a bobbin 81 over a moistener roll 82, rotatable in a liquid vat 83 and passed iiito the condenser 84: between rub-belts 85 and 86, movable progressively and laterally on rollers 87, as indicated by the arrows. Simultaneously the core filament 88 is fed from bobbin 89 over moistener roll 82 in juxtaposition with the strip 80 and in therub belts these two elements are operated upon to produce a closely and completely covered strand. Subsequently, the strand is passed over roller 90 and, if desirable, into the twister 91 to produce a final twisted yarn.

Fig. 7 illustrates a further modified arrangement, whereby the rubbing or condensing mechanism is entirely dispensed with. In this modification the coiled strip is preferably mounted directly in the moistener vat 101, although alternatively the coil may be placed without the vat and the strip passed over a moistener roll as indicated in Fig. 3. The moistened fabric is led out of the vat 101 over guide roller 102 and from roller 103 into the usual twisting mechanism 104:. The roller -103is formed as shown in Fig. 8, with a curved groove 105 on its periphery, the same being adapted to retain and center the filament core 106, fed from bobbin 107, and also to form or condense the moistened strip about the core. Other forms of rollers such as a flat roller over which the tape is guided by a wire loop may also be used.

Intermediate the roller 1'03 and stationary guide ring 108, the initial twist of the strand takes place, this operation serving to bind the moistened strip about the core and produce striation and stresses in the same. Moreover, the core itself, especially where a metallic non-elastic filament is used, is modified to include a series of projecting-undulations or coils between wlnchthe casing material is bound and thus the whole structure is consolidated and compacted and the material closely united to the retaining core.

It is evident, of course, that the twist be- ,lIIlZGItWlSiLGd with one or more twisted or non-twisted strands to form a highly tenacious, flexible and durable yarn.

111 carrying out the above process in order to accelerate the action, prevent tearing of the paper strip, and in general lubricate the strip and strand, it has been found highly advantageous to employ such a lubricant as oil soap, the same being dissolved in the moistener tank and forming therein a soapy solution transmissible to the travelling strip. Any other type of lubricant may also be used which may be applied directly to the strip or incorporated with the paper during manufacture.

Fig. 10 illustrates the final yarn as made up of single strands or yarns twisted together,the single yarns being indicated at 120, the sections 121 showing the wire core and strand after the individual twist, and the sections 101 showing the strand after being twisted with a second strand. The yarn 104 is unwound to show the nature of the section 120.

It is worthy of comment that the condenser unit employed in the process of Fig. 3 and various modifications thereof is subject to considerable modification to produce-results desirable for a given type of yarn. For example instead of a single set of rubbelts, Where a considerable rub action is desirable, several sets may be used, progressively operating on the raw stock to condense and smooth out the same. Similarly, the belts may be extended materially or the rate or amplitude of lateral displacement may be considerably modified to produce important modifications on the product.

In other instances, however, as exemplified in Fig. 7, the rub belts may be (lIS- pensed with and dependence placed wholly on forming run-ways or wrappers combined with twisters. As illustrating a modified former, there is shown in Fig. 9 a conical tube structure 111 through which the strip and core are fed simultaneously the contracting conical terminal 113- of the tube condensing the fabric over the coreso that on emergence a covered elementary yarn 114 is obtained. The core is fed over the guide plate 112. Such a yarn may then be rubbed to condense the casin or merely twisted as in the process of Fi e? according to the uses to be made of the nal product. However,

such means (as-exemplified in Fig. 7) for" placing the asbestos paper-like material on a core are not specifically claimed herein, and it should be distinctly understood that such subject matter is expressly reserved to be claimed in a later application.

Attention should be directed to certain important aspects of the process by which valuable results are obtained. While reference has been made to the presence of binding or cementingsubstances in the paper used, it is not held to be an essential part of the. invention that only such be employed, inasmuch as body material in which coherence is maintained merely by frictional'coaction of the ,fibrous or elemental structure may be utilized with marked success.

Moreover,'in some instances as already 1ntimated, the material may be naturally entirely non-coherent and to form paper strip with the aid of a binder is the appropriate and necessary step in yarn building process with such material.

In cases, as exemplified, where a paper strip is employed, the process contemplates merely a wetting of the binder and a partialremoval or a complete removal of the binding substances. In ordinary processes, the binder is softened only so as to give pliability to the fibrous structure, the binder remaining almost in its entirety in the fabric On drying, the binder assists in maintaining coherence in the yarn, acts as a filler and tends to prevent undue absorption of atmospheric moisture. The binder serves also to give smoothness to the yarn exterior and functions as a carrier for dyes or other substances. Where a partial solution of the binder occurs the general result is similar to that secured from a non-removal of the cementing agent. In the case where the binder is completely removed, the completed yarn obtains coherence solely from the binding effect of individual fibres and the holding effect of the twisted core'as will be here inafter detailed. Where the yarn 1s to be subjected to usage in the presence of liquids and in consequence waterproofing operations are desirable, the entire removal of the soluble binder may be a requisite step and hence, such an operation is an appropriate part of the invention.

Certain pulps, such as are formed by chemical processes or which have been subjected to straining processes have little or no fibrous constituents and it is notable the! such pulps lend themselves readily to the uses of this invention. With these substances it is desirable that the paper strip binder be loosened by a wet process and retained, at least in part, in the completed yarn. Moreover, the complete twisting operation and the intertwisting. with additional strands serves to give added rigidity and coherence to the final yarn.

paper-like material upon the core.

It is a notable feature of the invention, moreover, that manufacture of yarn in accordance with the process does not necessitate expensive carding machinery or even pulp or paper apparatus. The manufacturer may, on the contrary, have the paper made by a paper maker and then manufacture yarn with no other equipment .than a moistener, condenser and twister. Moreover, in accordance with this process, the

finished yarn may contain only the yarn stock and the core. In the case of asbestos 'yarn adapted for use in brake lining, fireproof curtains, steam pipe casingsand insulations for electric wire circuits, this feature is of highest importance, since the completed yarn would contain only pure asbestos fibre secured to a metal filament with such combustible material, as long cotton fibres now commonly used, entirely eliminated.

The use of a metal filament in theyarns as above described while not requisite in all cases is very desirable where a twist is imparted to the final product inasmuch as the metal maintains the set produced by the twisting stress and thus assists in holding the case material thereto. Preferably a nonresilient, non-fragile and plastic material 7 core as copper is used in' preference to a resilient core which requires increased stresses to surpass the elastic llmit.

It should be understood that as a result.

of the first step of wrapping the asbestos paper strip around a core, use may be. made of asbestos paper of less cohesiveness and tenacity than is required by methods here tofore in use, to withstand subsequent operations such as condensing and twisting. Or stated in another way, applicant is enabled to make an equalgrade of yarn with an inferior grade of asbestos paper. This is possible because the paper-like asbestos material is initially wrapped around its core in a substantially dry condition, with the result that there is more uniformity, in fact, exact uniformity of distribution of the In so wrapping the paper the strength and quality of thepaper utihzed need not be so great,

and the extreme care in binding the asbestos material into a thin uni-form paper-like strip or band of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations need not be respecification and claims, is intended to refer to material having a substantial percentage of asbestos fibres, such as to give more or less the characteristics of asbestos as far as working and handling are concerned, and the term asbestos material Where used in the specification and claims shall be considered as thus defined.

Various other advantages and uses and results leading from the specific process disclosed, and modifications based thereupon, will be evident to those skilled in the art, and, therefore, it is intended that the invention be covered broadly as well as specifically within the scope of the claims hereto appended. J

It should be understood that although there has been described herein the combination of a reinforced strand with a binding filament by means of the apparatus shown in Fig. 5, that such subject matter is not claimed herein but is claimed in my copending application, Serial No. 685,300, filed January 10th, 1924, and that claims to the yarn formed in that manner are included in my co-pending application, said Serial No. 685,300 and my co-pending application Serial No. 287,218, filed January 19th, 1924. It should also be understood that a yarn formed by twisting together two or more strands, such as shown in Fig. 1, is claimed in my co-pending application, Serial No. 654,511, filed July 30th, 1923. What I claim and desire to secure by Let ters Patent is:

1. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of 'fabrlcs and other pur poses, which comprises the steps of binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of suflicient cohesiveness and tenaclty to undergo subsequent strand forming operations, wrapping said strip or band While substantially dry around a core, and of further uniting said strip or bandand said core to form a strand, 2. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprisesbinding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paperlike strip or band of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band while substantially dr around a core, further uniting said strip or and and core to form a strand, and thereafter twisting the strand to form a yarn.

3. A method of making asbestos yarn forthe manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into athin uniform paperlike strip or .band of sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, positioning said strip or band around a core, softening said strip or band after being positioned on the' core, further uniting said softened strip or band and said core to form a strand, and thereafter twisting the strand to form a yarn.

- 4. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paperlike strip or band of sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band while substantially dry around a core, and further uniting the strip or band and the core in twisted arrangement to form a yarn.

5. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material united with workable binding material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band about a core, moistening said strip or band after being wrapped on the core, and further uniting the moistened strip or band and the core in twisted arrangement to form a yarn.

6. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture 'of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into thin uniform paper-i like strips or hands of suificient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping each of said strips or bands while substantially dry about a core, further uniting eachof said strips or bands with its core to form strands or yarns, and thereafter twisting a plurality of strands or yarns together to form a final Yam.

7. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band around a core, moistening said strip or band after being wrapped on the core, further uniting said moistened strip or band with said core to form a moistened strand, and thereafter twisting the strand while in moistened condition to form a yarn.

8. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comp-rises binding and forming asbestos material into thin uniform paper-like strips or hands of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrap- 'ping each of said strips orbands around a core, moistening said strips or hands on said ,cores after being wrapped, further uniting each of said moistened strips or bands with its core to form moistened strands, and thereafter twisting a plurality of moistened strands together to form a yarn.

9. A process of making asbestos yarn, b which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-llke strip or band of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping sald 1o strip or band around a core,advanc1ng said strip or band and said core, moistening the strip or band as it advances withits core, and thereafter further uniting the moistadvancing strip or band with its core into a twisted yarn.

- 10. A process of making asbestos yarn, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paperlike strip or band of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band around a core, advancing said strip or band and said core, moistening the strip or band as it advances with its core, 2 further unitingthe moist advancing strip or band with its core into a strand, and thereafter twisting said strand in a yarn. 11. Ina method of'making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of'fabrics and other 3 purposes, the steps which comprise binding and forming asbestos material into a thin v uniform paper-like strip or band of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand forming operations, wrapping said strip or band around a core, advancing the strip or band and core, moistening said strip or bandas it advances with its core, and thereafter further uniting said moistened strip or band with its core to 40 form a strand.

\ 12. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises the steps of binding and forming asbestos material into a thin 'unifor'm paper-like'strip or band of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand forming operations, 'wrapping said strip or band while substantially dry around a core, and of condensing said strip or band on its core to form a strand. v v 13. In a method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, the steps which comprise binding and forming asbestos material into a thinuniform paper-like strip or band of sufficien't cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band while substantially dry around a core, condensing said strip or band on said core, to, form a strand, and thereafter twisting the strand to form a yarn.

v14=. A method 'ofinaking asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other bestos material into a thin uniform paperlike strip or band of sufficient'cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band about a core, advancing-said strip or band and said core, moistening said strip or band as it advances with its core, and further. uniting the strip or band to its core by condensing and twisting to form a yarn.

16. A process of making asbestos yarn, which comprises binding and forming asbestos materialinto a thin uniform paperlike strip or band of sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band around a core, advancing said strip or band and said core, moistening the strip or band as it advances with its core, condensing the strip or band on the core to form a rounded strand, and twisting the rounded strand to form a yarn.

17. In a method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, the steps which comprise binding antDforming asbestos material into a thin paper-like strip or band of sufficient cohe siveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand forming operations, wrapping said strip or band around a core, advancing said strip or band and said core, moistening saidstrip or band as it advances with its core, and thereafter condensing said strip or band on 1ts core to form a strand.

18. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises the steps of binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand forming opera-.'

tions, wrapping said strip or band while substantially dry around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, further uniting said strip or band and said core to form a strand.

19.A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into a thin unifo1'm paper-like strip or band of suflicient cohesiveness and tenac ty to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operaand of,

sequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, softening said strip or band after being wrapped on the core, further uniting said softened strip or band and said core to form a strand, and thereafter twisting the strand to form a yarn.

21. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of sutiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip -or band while substantially dry around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, and further uniting the strip or band and the core in twisted arrangement to form a yarn.

22. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material united with workable binding material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations,

.wrapping said strip or band about a core with successive convolutions overlapping, nioistening said strip or band after being wrapped on the core, and further uniting the moistened strip or band and the core in twisted arrangement to form a yarn.

23. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into thin uniform paper-like strips or' hands of sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations,

wrapping each of said strips or bands Whilesubstantially dry about a core with successive convolutions overlapping, further unit ing each of said strips or bands with its core to form strands or yarns, and thereafter twisting .a plurality of strands or yarns together to form a final yarn.

24. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of sufiicient maaeaa cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, moistening said strip or band after being so wrapped, further uniting said moistened strip or band with said core to forma moistened strand, and thereafter twisting the strand while in moistened condition to form a yarn.

25. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into thin uniform paper-like strips or bands of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping each of said strips or bands around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, moistening said strips or bands on said cores after being wrapped thereon, combining each of said moistened strips 01' bands with its core to form moistened strands, and thereafter twisting a plurality of moistened strands together to form a yarn.

26. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises the steps of wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a core,

softening said strip or band after being wrapped on the core, further uniting said softened strip or band and said core to form a strand, and thereafter twisting the strand to form a yarn.

27. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band about a core, moistening said strip or band after being wrapped on the core, and further uniting the moistened strip or band and the core in twisted arrangement to form a yarn. 4

28. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises forming paper-like strips or hands, wrapping each of said strips or bands around a core, moistening said strips or bands after being wrapped on said cores, further uniting each of said moistened strips or bands with its core to form moistened strands, and thereafter twisting a plurality of moistened strands together to form a yarn.

29. A process of making y'arn, whichcoms prises wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a core, advancing said strip or band and said core, moistening the strip or band as it advances with its core, further uniting the moist advancing strip or band with its core into a strand, and thereafter twisting said strand into a yarn.

30. 1A processof making yarn, which oomprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a-core, advancing sald strip or band and said core, moistening the strip or band as it advances with its core, further uniting said moistened strip or band with its core as they advance into a loosely twisted moistened strand, and thereafter twisting said moistened strand to form a yarn.

3 1. In a method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, the steps which comprise wrapping a paperlike stripor band around a core, advancmg the strip or band and core, moistening said strip or band as it advances with its core, and thereafter further uniting said moistened strip or band with its core to form a strand.

82. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes,

which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a core, softening said strip or band after being wrapped on its core, and further uniting the moistened strip or band to its core by condensing and twisting to form a yarn.

A process of making yarn, which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band about a core, advancing said strip or band and said core, moistening said strip or band as it advances with its core, and further uniting the strip or band to its core by condensing and twisting to form a yarn.

34. A process of making yarn, which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a core, advancing said strip or band a and said core, moistening the strip or band as it advances with its core, condensing the strip or band on the core to form a rounded strand, and twisting the rounded strand to form a yarn.

35. In a method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes,

the steps which comprise wrapping a paper-like strip or band. around a core, advancing said strip or band and said core, moistening said strip or band as it advances with its core, and thereafter condensing 'said strip or band on its core to form a strand.

36. A process of making yarn, which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, advancing said strip or band and said core, moistening the strip or band as it advances with its core, and thereafter further uniting the moist advancing strip or band with its core into a twisted yarn.

37. A process of making yarn, which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, advancing said stri or band and said core, moistemng the strlp or band as it advances with its core, further uniting the moist advancing strip or band with its core into a strand, and thereafter twisting said strand intoa yarn. 1

38. A process of making yarn, which comcessive convolutions overlapping, advancing the strip or band and core, moistening said strip or band as it advances with its core, and thereafter further uniting said moistened strip or band with its core to form a yarn.

40. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises the steps of wrapping a paper-like dry strip or band around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, and of condensing said strip or band on its core by transverse rubbing to form a strand.

41. In a method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, the steps which comprise wrapping a paperlike dry strip or band around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, condenslng said strip or band on said core to form a strand, and thereafter twisting the strand to form a yarn.

42. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, softening said strip or band after being wrapped on its core, and further uniting the moistened strip or band to its core by condensing and twisting to form a yarn.

43. A process of making yarn, which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band about a core with successive convolutions overlapping, advancing said stri or band and said core, moistening said strlp or band as it advances with its core, and further uniting the strip or band to its core by condensing and twisting to form a yarn.

44. A process of making yarn, which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a core with-successive convolutions said strip or band and said core, moistening said strip or band as it advances with its core, and thereafter condensing said strip or band on its core to form a strand.

46. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises the steps of wrapping a paper-like strip or band while substantially dry around a corewith successive convolutions overlapping, and of subsequently further uniting said strip or band and said core by transverse rubbing to form a strand.

47. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises wrapping a paper-like strip or band while substantially dry around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, further uniting said strip or band and or hands, wrapping each of said strips or bands while substantially dry about a core with successive convolutions overlapping, further uniting each of said strips or bands with its core to form strands or yarns, and thereafter twisting a plurality of strands or yarns togetherto form a final yarn.

50. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises the steps of wrapping a paper-like strip or band While substantially dry around a core, moistening said strip or band after being wrapped on the core, and of combining said moistened strip or band on its core to form a yarn.

. 51. An asbestos yarn formedof a core and i a strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand andya'rn forming o erations wrapped while substantially d a out said core and further united therewith.

52. An asbestos yarn formed of a core encased in a substantially dry strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and am forming operations and further unite therewith.

53. An asbestos yarn formed of a. core and a strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacityto undergo strand and yarn forming operatlons Wrapped while substantially drv about the core and further united therewith in intertwisted relation.

naeaeaa 54. An asbestos yarn formed of a core and a strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations wrapped while substantially dry about the core and subsequently moulded thereon. v

55. An asbestos yarn formed of a core and a strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations Wrapped while substantially dry about the core and subsequently moulded thereon and twisted therewith.

56. An asbestos yarn formed of a twisted core and a strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations wrapped while substantially dry upon the core and subsequently moulded thereon.

57. An asbestos yarn formed of a metal core and a strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations wrapped while substantially dry about the core and further united by twists in the core. I

58. An asbestos yarn formed of a core and a strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of sufiicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations wrapped While substantially dry about a core ina helix with overlapping convolutions and further united therewith.

59. An asbestos yarn formed of a core and a strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations wrapped while substantially dry about the core in a helix with overlapping convolutions and moulded about the core.

60. An asbestos yarn formed of a core and a strip of asbestos material bound into finished paper of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo strand and yarn forming operations wrapped while substantially dry about the core in a helix and moulded into an envelope for said core, and further united with said core in intertwisted relation.

61. A method of makin asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabricsand other purposes, which comprises binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band ,of sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsematerial united with workable binding ma terial into a thin uniform paper-like strip or'band of suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, wrapping said strip or band While substantially dry around a core with successive convolutions overlapping, and thereafter twisting said strip or band on said core to form a yarn.

63. A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises the steps of wrapping a paper-like strip or band around a core, sof tening said strip or band after being Wrapped on the core, and thereafter twisting said strip band and said core to form a arm.

6 A method of making yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises the steps of wrapping a paper-like strip around a core with successive co-nvolutions' overlapping, advancing said strip or bandiwith its core, moistening said strip or band as it advances with its core, and thereafter twisting said strip or band and said core to form a yarn.

65. A method of making asbestos yarn for the manufacture of fabrics and other purposes, which comprises the steps of binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-like-strip or band of suffithe manufacture of fabrics and other pur-,

poses, which comprises the steps of binding and forming asbestos material into a thin uniform paper-like strip or band of sufficient cohesiveness to undergo subsequent strand and yarn forming operations, of wrapping said strip or band about a core Without change in the condition of the core as to twist, and of further uniting said strip or or band of asbestos material around a core,

advancing said strip or band and said core, moistening sald strip or band as 1t advances with its core, and'then further uniting said moist advancing strip or band with its core to form a yarn.

68. A method of making asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-like material bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted for yarn manufacture, which in cludes mechanically positioning said paperlike material while substantially dry on a filament, and further mechanically uniting said paper-like material and said filament to form a strand or yarn.

69. A method of making asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-like material bound with sufficient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted for yarn manufacture, which includes mechanically placing said paper-like material while substantially dry on a core, further mechanically uniting said paper-like material and core to form a strand, and thereafter mechanically twisting the strand.

70. A method of making asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-like material bound with suflicient cohesiveness'and tenacity and adapted for yarn manufacture, which includes mechanically placing said paper-like material on a core, moistening said paperlike material after being placedon the core, and further mechanically uniting the moistened paper-like material and the core to form a strand or yarn.

71. A methodof making asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-like material bound with suflicient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted for yarn manufacture, which includes applying said paper-like material while substantially dry to a'core, mechanically associating said paper-like material 'with the core to form a strand, and thereafter mechanically twisting a plurality of strands together to form a final yarn.

72. A method of making asbestos yarn from asbestos paper-like material bound with sutficient cohesiveness and tenacity and adapted for yarn manufacture, which includes mechanically placing said paper-like material while substantially dry on a metallic core, and further mechanically uniting said paper-like material with the metallic core in helical arrangement to form a strand or yarn.

In testimony whereof, I aflix my signature.

' JOHN ALLEN HEANY.