US1480903A - Valve mechanism for elastic-fluid turbines or other prime movers - Google Patents

Description

Jan. 15, 1924. 1,480,903

i R. F. HALLIW ELL u VALVE MECHANISM FOR ELASTIC FLUiD TURBINES OR vOTHER PRIME MOVERS Filed May 10. 1921 Q Inventor:

\ I his afittorney Patented Jan. 15, 192 4.

-UNI TJED ;S T

REGINALD EB A NCIS HALLIWELL; F RUGB ENGLAND, :sssronorwo ennnnan mic; COMRANY, aconncnamronos nnw YonK.

Apple-na tetanus 9.2 l s m 3 To. all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, B LDER QE i-LiLLiwnLL, a subject of the King ofGreat Bri. in, residing at Rugby in the county 01" ii 'arwickshire, England, hays invented certain new and useful lmprovernentsin Valve Mechanisms for Elastic Fluid Turbine's or Other lrime .Movers, (of which the following is a specification.

This application isacontinuationn part of my application Sr. No. .,362i281, ngiled Eiarch 1, 1920. Y

The present. invention relates tot-valve mechanisms for controlling the s upp lyiof astitfluid to turbines or other prin e'rnovs which are supplied with elastic fluid rom two sources of difierent pressures. One application of my invention connection with elastic fluid turbines of the so-called mixed pressure type wherein the turbine is supplied with higher-pressure elastic fluid and also with elasticfiuid of lower pressure which latter maybe elastic fluid exhausting from non-condensing "engines for example. VVith anysuoh arrangement, it is desirable that the turbine or-other prime mover be operated as far aspossible by the lower pressure fluid, the higher presure fluid being utilized to supplement; the lower pressure fluid, since this, leadsto the greatest economy in operation. f

The object of my invention is to proyide an improved valve mechanism of the above referred to type, and for a considerationof what I believe to be novel and myinventioiit attention is directed to ,theaccompanying description and, the claims appended thereto.

in the course of the following specification the invention is particularly described )lied to a mixed pressure turbine but it will be understood tiat the invention is not necessarily limited to turbines but may ed in. connection with other forms of e movers.

the drawing, Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic a valve mechanism embodyingmy 1011, only so much of the turbine bei1 0 shown as is necessary to an understandoi" the operation oi the valve mechan' m. and Fig. 2 is a detail View. of part of the high pressure valve means/ i Referring to the drawing, 5 indicates the high pressure elastic-fluid valve chest ofthe turbine in ;wl1ich are arranged a number-of valves whichhaye'their stems 6 connected to operating levers 7, which levers are successively raised to open the valves by a camshaft Sj-which is turned bya suitable servomotor. In the present instance 'such servom to i fshou as c mp n an t l cylinder 91in which moves a pisto'n in the V for' m of a blade or plat e' 1 0. "Cylinder 9 is divideld by partition member 11 and; actuatngnuiaror moying blade-m is admitted on jopposijte D sides .of partition member '11 through pipes {12 and .13. The'high pressure valvegearand actuating me'ans therefor just described is of-imewn type and is to be talgen as typical of, any suitabletype of valve gear.

Low pressure elastic fluid is admitted to the turbine through a valvel; the-elastic I fluid entering throughin1et 15 and beingdischarged"to the turbine through outlet 16. stem 'l'i of'valve 1a is connected by n ea-ns..,of a cross head 1am the central portion ofa leVer 'IQQQOne end of lever 19 is pivoted on a nutQO which threads on the upperjend of a rod 21, and the other end is pivotally' connected through a linkf22- to the stern 23 of afiuid-actuated motor comprising piston 24- and" cylinder; 25. The lowenj end ofro'd 21 passes through a guide 26 and'jca-rries at its endj a spring h'o lder'27 between Whichand guide' 26fis arra-nged' a spring 28which actsin'a. direct-ionic close valve 14. Rod'21 isnormally held in the.

position shown infl'the drawing by, a trip "trigger -29 which'engages a notch in it. Trip trigger 29 is co-nnected' in any suitable manner to either" a hand lever, an emergency governor for the turbindflor both, and the arrangement is such that whenever ithe trip triggerris actuated, stem2l will be released and valvefli; will automatically closed by spring 28 Connected to nut 20' is a hand wheel 30 and bytu'rning the hand wheel, ,v alve 14 can be closed and opened manually as is obvious.

Fluidinoi'tor cylinders 9 and 25 "are con nested in parallel to a common pilotvalve 31, the cylinder-1 9 being connected thereto by pipesli and 18 andthefcylinderlfi'being connected thereto by pipe T32; and pipe sections 33' and 33?. v Pipes 12 and 32 both connect to port 34 of. the pilot valve and pipes 13 v and bothconnect to portfj$ 5p Ports 34 and 35 are controlled by spaced valve members 36 and 37 carried by pilot valve stem 38, and operating fluid is admitted to charge pipe from the pilot valve is indicated at 40. Pilot valve stem 38 is connected to the central portion of a floating lever 41, one end of which is connected tothe governor lever 42 of a suit-able speed governor 43. Governor 43 may be taken as typical of.

any suitable type of speed governor and its spindle 44 is dr'ven from the turbine shaft in the usual manner as will be understood. The other end of floating lever 41 is connected by a link 45 to one end of a lever 46, the other end of which is connected to stem 17 of valve 14. At an intermediate point, lever 46' is connected by a link 47 to a rack 48 which engages with a pinion 49 on cam shaft 8.

The fluid-actuated motor comprising cylinder 25 and piston 24 in addition to being under the control of pilot valve 31, which is speed governor actuated, is also under control of a pressure actuated abutment here shown in the form of a piston 50 which moves in a cylinder 51. Connected to piston 50 is a stem 52, the outer end of which is connected by a link 53 to one end of a lever 54, the other end of which is connected to stem 17 of valve 14. Surrounding stem'52 is an adjustable spring 55 which acts to bias piston 50 toward the top of cylinder 51. Spring 55 is located between the top wall of cylinder 51 and an adjustable collar 55 on stem 52. The cylinder space above piston 50 is connected by a pipe 56 to the casing of valve 14 so that the upper side of piston 50 is subjected to the pressure of the low pressure fluid supply. The cylinder space below piston 50 is connected by a pipe 57 to any suitable point of constant pressure, such as for example, to atmosphere, or in cases where it is desired to regulate the open ing of the low pressure valve 14 by the vacuum, pipe 57 may be there connected to the condenser. Interposed between pipe sections 33 and 33 is a valve casing 58 having a chamber 58 in which are two spaced valves 59 and 59' carried by a valve stem 59 which is connected by a: link 59 to lever 54 at a point which is distant from the ends of lever 54 approximately in proportion to the amounts of travel of stem 17 and piston 50. Pipe 33 is connected to chamber 58? through a port 60 located between valves 59 and 59- and pipe 33 is connected to chamber 53 through a port 60 adapted to be justcovered by-valve 59. Valve 59 covers a port 60 in casing 58 and is made longer than valve 59 so'thata downward movement of valves uncovers port 60 before port 60 and port 60 is not uncovered by an upward movement of the valves. The ends of chamber 58 beyond valves 59 and 59 are connected by a passage 61 and leading from the lower end of; casing 58 is a discharge pipe 63 which connects with discharge pipe 40. Valves 59 and 59 are moved by piston 50 and it will be noted that the arrangement is such that when piston 50 is held down by the pressure of the low pressure elastic fluid in its lowermost position against the action of spring 55, port 60 is connected to port 60 so pipes 33 and 33 are connected together, and port 60 is connected through passage 61 to discharge pipe 63. Valve 59 then lies below port 60 but valve 59 does not descend far enough to cover the lower end of passage 61 so that its connection to discharge pipe 63 is maintained. When valves 59 and 59 are in their central position valve 59 covers the port 6O so port 60 is disconnected from port 60 and valve 59 covers port 60*. When valves 59 and 59 are in their uppermost position valve 59 opens port 60 and places pipe 33 in communication with discharge pipe 63, port 60 still being covered by valve 59 In discharge pipe 4O is an adjustable spring-pressed relief valve 64 which serves to maintain in the portion of pipe 40 in advance of it a certain desired intermediate pressure. Connecting'inlet pipe 39 to pipe 40 is a by-pass 65 in which is a pressure relief valve 66 for relieving excess pressure in inlet pipe39.

As is clear from the foregoing description, speed governor 43 controls both the high pressure valve means and the low pressure valve means through pilot valve 31 to which :they are connected in multiple, and in order utilize other suitable means. to accomplish this result. In the present instance, I have shown the pipes 13' and 33 which lead from the pilot valve 31 to cylinders 9 and 25 respectively as provided with valve means 67 and 68 which permit or". prac- V tically unrestricted flow of fluid in one direction but offer a resistance to flow of fluid in the other direction. These valve means are shown as being alike and each comprises a piston'67 or 68 which slides iio freely in' the valve means casing and through which is an opening controlled by an adjustable spring pressed valve 67 or 68 In the case of valve means 67 A fluid flowing through pipe 13 toward cylinder '9 must pass through valve 67 and hence must overcome the pressure of its spring while-fluid flowing in the opposite direction, i. e., away'from cylinder 9, can raise piston'tfi and thus have unrere stricted flow. In the caseot valve means 68 the arrangement is such that fluid may flow freely through pipe 33 toward cylinder'25 but must overcome the resistance of spring pressed valve 68* in order to. flow in the reverse direction.

At a point between cylinder 9 and valve means 67, pipe 13' is connectedby a pipe 70 to port 60 in valve casing 58. In the present instance the connection to pipe 13 is made through the bottom of the casing of valve means 67.

The operation is as follows :-Assume the turbine is in operation and that there is a supply of low pressure elastic fluid being supplied through valve 14 of such pressure as to hold piston 50 down inrcylinder 51 against the action of spring 55. Under these circumstances valve 59 lies below port 60" but is' not low enough to cover the lower end [1 of passage 61. Port 60 is thus connected directly to port 60 placing the lower end of cylinder in direct communication with pipe 33. Pilot valve 31, and hence governor 43 is then in direct control of both the high pressure valve means and the low pressure valve means. 'Howevendue to valve means 67 and 68 in pipes 13 and 33 respectively, it will be clear that the low pressure valve means will be fully opened prior to'the opening of the high pressure valve means and will close subsequently thereto. If. the load increases, thus lowering the turbines speed, governor 43 will act to raise the stem 38 and valves 36 and 37 of pilot valve '31 thereby connecting pilot valve port to inlet pipe 39 and pilot valve port 34' to discharge pipe 40. Operating fluid from pipes 39 will then pass to pipes 13and 33. In the case of the pipe 13 the pressure of the fluid must overcome the spring pressure of valve 67 before it can enter the cylinder 9 of the servo-motor for the high pressure valve means. In the case of pipe 33, however, piston 68 affords practically no resistance to the flow of fluid and hence willpermit'the flow of fluid directly to the lower end of cylinder 25, thus acting to raise piston:24 to open further the low pressure valve 14. If, iowever, the low pressure valve is fully open, then the pressure in pipes 13 and 33 will build up sufiiciently high to overcome the spring controlled valve 6'7 thus admitting operating-fluid to cylinder 9, which results iii the plate-like piston lO' therein being moved in an anti-clockwise direction to open moved by stem 17fOI by rack -48 and pinion 49 torestore'the pilot valve 31- to its-original position,the action'beingthat of the well understood follow-up device. In case of a decrease in load, thus permitting the tur= bines speed to increase, an action similar to'that already described takes place except in the opposite sense, the high pressure valve means being firstclosed, followed by closing' of thelow pressure valve means. This is due to the iactthat opera-ting fluid can escape freely from cylinder 9 past valve 167 to pilot valve'3l but can escape from the under side of piston '24'back'to pilot valve 31' only by overcoming the I pressure of the springcontr'olled valve 68.

:In case-of-'failure inthe supplyof low pressure elasti'c fluid to valve 14, the pressure above piston "50- in cylinder 51 will be re lieved and spring 55 will raise -piston' i5O -thereby lifting valvesf59 and 59 in cylinder 58 and-placing pipe 33 in communication with dischargepipe 63. Due to the presence of the spring-pressed relief valve 64 in pipe 40, an intermediate pressureis always maintained in pipes 12 and 32 equal to that-for which relie't'valve 64 is set. This pressure acting on the top of piston '24 serves to quickly torce it downwardwhen the pressure beneath it is relieved as just described, such action taking'place entirely independent of pilotvalv'eBl. When the low pressure valve 14.,closeS, the left hand end' of'lever 46 is lowered and the'right handiend raised, the

-motor '9 ;is immediately operated to open same fulcruin-ing aboutthe end of link' .47.

the high pressure valve means. High pressureelastic fluid is thereupon-immediately supplied in =lieu of the low pressureelastic 'fillldfllPOIlfWhlCh the turbinehad previously been -operating. When thezhigh pressure valve means is thus-operated, pilot'valve 31 is restored to itso'riginal position by means of pinion49 and rack 48 as already referred llll to. The connections of the lever 46 to .low

pressure valve 14, floating lever 41 and rack -48-areso proportioned that when the low pressurevalve means closes, :the high preseration to high pressure operation or viceversa, s earl-governor 43 .is not affected If-,now, the supply of low pressure elastic fluid is restored, then'piston 5O willibe 'lowered in cylinder 51 "thereby" lowering the valves 59 'and' '59 andeconnecting port 60%",to

port 60. As soon as port 60 is connected to port 60* actuating fluid flows through pipes 33 and 38 to the lower end of cylinder 25 to quickly raise piston 24; and open low pre sure valve 14:. l'Vhen piston 2d rises the fluid above it is forced out through pipes 32 and 12 directly to se vo-motor 9 entering on the lower side oi blade 10. fit the same time the servo-motor on the upper side oi blade 10 is connected by way of thesection of pipe 13 which lies between cylinder 9 and valve means 67, pipe 70, port 60 and passage 61 to discharge pipe 63. As a result, the fluid forced from piston 25 acts on blade 10 to move it in a direction to close the high pressure valve or valves 5. It will thus be seen that when the supply of lower pressure elastic fluid is restored, low pressure valve ll is opened and high pressure valve means 5 is closed at the same time and independently of the speed governor 4: 3. In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, I have described the principle of operation of my invention, together with the apparatus which I now consider to represent the best embodiment thereof, but I desire to have it understood that the apparatus shown is only illustrative and the invention may be carried out by other means. 7

lVhat I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent ot the United States, is:-

1. In combination, a plurality of valve means for admitting elastic fluid of different pressures to a machine, a fluid actuated motor for each valve means, a single pilot valve connected to said motors in multiple, a governor connected to said pilot valve, means which effects the operation of said motors in sequence, a movable abutment which is subjected 'to the pressure of the elastic fluid supplied through one of said valve means, and means connecting such movable abutment to such valve means. 2. The combination with a machine, of a valve means for supplying high pressure elastic fluid thereto, a valve means for supplying low pressure elastic fluid thereto, a fluid actuated motor for each valve means, a single pilot valve connected to said motors in multiple, a, governor connected to said pilot valve, a movable abutment which is subjected to the pressure of the low pressure elastic fluid. and means whereby it may take control of the fluid actuated motor for the low pressure valve means to the exclusion of the governor.

3. The combination with a machine, of a valve means for supplying high pressure elastic fluid thereto, a valve means for sup plying low pressure elastic fluid thereto, a fluid actuated motor for each valve means, a single pilot valve connected to said motors in multiple, a governor connected to said pilot valve, a movable abutment which is subjected to the pressure of the low pressure elastic fluid, means controlled by said movable abutment for closing the low pressure valve means in case the supply of low pressure elastic fluid fails, and means connecting a moving part of the low pressure valve means to said pilot valve whereby when the low pressure valve closes the pilot valve will be actuated to effect an opening movement of said high pressure valve means.

4. The combination with a machine, of a valve means for supplying high pressure elastic fluid thereto, a valve means for supplying low pressure elastic fluid thereto, a fluid actuated motor for each valve means, a pilot valve, conduits connecting said pilot valve to both said fluid actuated motors, means associated with said conduits which offer resistances of different degrees to the flow of fluid therethrough, whereby said valve means are operated in sequence, a movable abutment which is subjected to the pressure of the low pressure elastic fluid, and means controlled-by said abutment for disconnecting the fluid motor for the low pressure valve means from said pilot valve and permitting such motor to close the low pressure valve means.

5. The combination with a machine, of a valve means for supplying high pressure elastic fluid thereto, a valve means for supply low pressure elastic fluid thereto, a fluid actuated motor for each valve means, a pilot valve, conduits connecting said pilot valve to both said fluid actuated motors, means associated with said conduits which offer resistances of different degrees to the flow oi fluid therethrough, whereby means are operated in sequence, a movable abutment which is subjected to the pressure of the low pressure elastic fluid, means controlled by said abutment for disconnecting the fluid motor for'the low pressure valve means from-said pilot valve and permitting such motor to close the low pressure valve means, and means including a follow-up device connecting the low'pressure and high pressure valve means to saidpilot .valve whereby when thelow pressure valve means closes, the pilot valve will be operated to effectan opening movement of the high pressure valve means.

6. The combination with a machine, ot a valve meansfor supplying high pressure elastic fluid thereto, a valve means for supplying low pressure elastic fluid thereto, a

said valve fluid actuated motor for each valve means,

a pilot valve, conduits connecting said pilot valve to both said fluid actuated motors,

valve mechanism in one of the conduits connecting the pilot valve to the motor ofthe low pressure valve means which is adapted to interrupt the flow of actuating fluid from the pilot valve through such conduit and connect themotor to a region of lower pressure, and means "controlled by the pressure of the low pressure elastic fluid for actuating said valve mechanism. 7 i

r. The combination with amachine, of a valve means for supplying high pressure elastic fluid thereto, avalve means for supplying low pressure elastic fluid thereto, a fluid actuated motor for each valve means, a pilot valve, conduits connecting said pilot valve to both said fluid actuated motors, a

discharge pipe for the pilot valve, a check valve therein whereby an intermediate pressure is maintained in said conduits, valve mechanism in one of the conduits connecting the pilot valve to the motor of the low pressure valve means which is adapted to interrupt the flow of actuating fluid from the pilot valve through such conduit and connect the motor to aregion of lower pressure, and means controlled by the pressure of the low pressure elastic fluid for actuating said valve mechanism.

8. The combination with a machine, of avalve means for supplying high pressure elastic fluid thereto, a valve means for supplying low pressure elastic fluid thereto, a fluid actuated motor for each valve means, a pilot valve, conduits connecting said pilot valve to both said fluid actuated motors, a governor connected to said pilot valve, valve mechanism in one of the conduits connecting thepilot valve to the motor of the low pressure valve means which is adapted to interrupt the flow of actuating fluid from the pilot valve through such conduit and connect the motor to aregion of lower pressure, whereby the motor may operate to close the low pressure valve means, and means including a follow-up device connect ingthe low pressure valve means and the high pressure valve means to said pilot valve whereby when the low pressure valve means move toward closed position the pilot valve will be actuatedto effect an opening movementof the high pressure valve means.-

9. The combination with a machine, of a valve means for supplying elastic fluid thereto, a motor for actuating it, a pilot valve, conduits connecting the pilot valve to the motor, a discharge pipe for the pilot valve, a check valve therein which serves to maintain an intermediate pressure in said conduits, a valve mechanism in one of said conduits adapted to disconnect such conduit from said pilot valve and connect a side of the motor to a region of lower pressure, and means for actuating said valve mechanism.

10. The combination with a machine, of a valve means for supplying elastic fluid thereto, a motor for actuating it, a pilot valve, conduits connecting the pilot valve to the motor, a discharge pipe for the pilot valve, a check valve thereon which serves to maintain an intermediate pressure in said conduits, a valve mechanism il 0 1. Of said conduits adaptedto disconnect such conduit troinsaid p lot valve and connect a side of the ,m'oto r to'a region of lower pressure, and

means controlledby the pressure of theelasticfluid su ap liedlthrough said valve means for actu'ating saidlvalve mechanism.

11 The combination with a machine, of a valve? means for suppl ing high pressure elastic 'fluid'thereto, valve means for supplying, low pressure elastic fluid thereto, a fluid actuated motor for each valve means, a pilot valve, conduits connecting said pilot valve to bothfsaid fluid actuated motors, means associated with s aid' conduits which offer re.- sistan'cesoi different degrees to the flow of fluid therethroirgh, whereby said valve means are operated in sequence, a movable abu which is subjected to the pressiire of thelowpressureelastic fluid, means controlled by said abutment for disconnecting the fluid motor for the tow pressure valve means from said pilot valve and permitting such motor to close the low'pressure valve means, and means whereby when said abutment ismoved to agaln connect the fluid motor for the low pressure valve meansto said pilot valve, a side of such fluid motor is connected to the fluid motor for the high press re valve means to eflect a closingmovement otthe high pressure valveineans; 12. The-combination with a machine, of a valve means for supplying high pres-' sureelastic'fluid thereto, a valve means for supplying low pressure elastic fluid thereto, speed governor and fluid lHQ'iiOiSTOl' reg-v ulating both said valve means, and means responsive'to the pressure of the low pres sure elastic fluid and operating independently of the speed governor for effecting a closing 0 the low pressure va'lve means and an openi *ofthe high pressure valve means when the supply oi low pressure elastic fluid fails and for effecting an opening movement ofthe low pressure "valve means and a closing movement of the high pres sure valve means: w'h'en'the supply of low pressure elastic fluid is restored, said high pressurevalve means being closed by-fluid discharged from the fluid motor for the low pressure valve means.

13. A regulating system for a mixed pressure turbine comprising a valve means con trolling the admission of high pressure elastic fluid, a valve means for controlling the admission of low pressure elastic fluid, fluid motors for said valve means, a speed governor controlling both said valve means through the medium of said fluid motors, and a means responsive to the pressure of the low pressure elastic fluid for controlling both said valve means also, characterized by the fact that when the supply of low pressure elastic fluid is restored after hav ing failed, the fluid motor for the high pressure valve means is operated by fluid discharged from the fluid motor for the low pressure valve means to eflect a closing movement of the high pressure valve means.

14. The combination with a machine, of a valve means for supplying high pressure elastic fluid thereto, a valve means for supplying low pressure elastic fluid thereto, a fluid actuated motor for each valve means, a single pilot valve controlling both said motors, a governor connected to said pilot valve, a movable abutment which is subjected to the pressure of the low pressure elastic fluid, means controlled by said movable abutment for closing the low pressure valve means in case the supply of low pressure elastic fluid fails, means connecting a moving part of the low pressure valve means to said pilot valve whereby when the low pressure valve closes the pilot valve will be actuated to effect an opening movement of said high pressure valve means, and means whereby when the supply of low pressure elastic fluid is restored the fluid motor for the high pressure valve means will be actuated by fluid discharged from the fluid motor for the low pressure valve means to effect a closing movement of the high pressure valve means.

15. In a governor mechanism for a mixedpressure elastic-fluid prime-mover, the combination with motor operated high-pressure and low pressure throttle valves of a single pilot valve controlling said throttle valves,-

an elastic fluid pressure actuated means, connecting the pressure actuated means to the low pressure throttle valve for operating said throttle valve independently of the pilot valve, means connecting the low pressure throttle valve with the pilot valve whereby a movement of the former causes the pilot valve to operate the high pressure throttle valve and maintain the supply of elastic fluid constant to the prime mover and means associated with the pilot valve for giving the throttle valves proper sequence of operation during changes in load.

16. In a governor mechanism for an elastic-fluid prime mover, the combination of a fluid pressure, a valve controlled by said governor, said valve forming an intermediary control between the pilot valve and one of said throttle valves, whereby a change in the pressure of the elastic fluid supplied through said last named throttle valve will change the position ofsaid throttle valve relative to its closed position, means connecting said throttle valve with the pilot valve whereby upon the closing of said throttle valve the pilot valve will be moved to open another throttle valve to keep the supply of elastic fluid to the prime mover constant and means associated with the pilot valve for'operating the throttle valves in proper sequence.

17. In a governor mechanism for a mixedpressure elastic-fluid prime-mover the combination of a speed governor comprising a centrifugal governor, a pilot valve connected therewith, throttle valves for elastic fluid c'ontrol, a motor for each throttle valve connected with said pilot valve, a pressure governor comprising a movable abutment subjected to the pressure of one source of elastic fluid supply, a cut-off valve connected therewith, said cut-off valve controlling a throttle valve motor independently of the pilot valve, means in the pilot valve connections for operating the throttle valves in proper sequence, and means connecting the speed governor with the pressure governor whereby the speed governor may assume complete control of the governor mechanism during load changes and the pressure governor may assume completecontrol of the I governor mechanism during pressure changes in the elastic-fluid supply.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand this fifteenth day of April, 1921.

V REGINALD FRANCIS HALLIWELL. Witnesses:

J. A. Fos'rnn,

DOROTHY WHITE.

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