US1362182A - potter - Google Patents

Description

F. W. POTTER.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 19, 1917.

Patented Dec. 14, 1920.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Fig.1.

F. W. POTTER.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS.

APPLICATION FILED APR.19, 1917.

1,362,1 2, Patented Dec.14,1920.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

22 WVEWTUQ.

F. W. POTTER.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS- APPLICATION FILED APR. 19. I917.

1,362,182, v Patented Dec. 14,1920.

4 SHEETSSHEET 3.

F. w. POTTER.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 19.1917.

1,362,182, Patented Dec. 14; 1920.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4- v Wvavma I UNITED STATES PATENT" OFFICE.

FREDERIC W. POTTER, 013 LOS ANGELES,

CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR TO 'FITZ-EMPIRE DOUBLE PIVOT LAST COMPANY, OF AUBURN, MAINE, A CORPORATION-0F MAINE.

LATHE FOR CUTTING IRREGULAR OBJECTS.

Application filed April 19,

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, Fnnnnnrc WV. POTTER, a citizen of the United States, residing at Los Angeles, in the county of Los Angeles and State of California, have invented certain Improvements in Lathes for Cutting Irregular Objects, of which the following description, in connection with the accompanying drawings, is a specification,'like reference characters on the drawings indicating like parts in the several figures.

This invention relates to the production of irregular objects from models, such, for instance, as last lathes, gunstock lathes, hat block lathes, and pattern grading machines for producing patterns for shoes, gloves, or clothing generally. The invention is herein disclosed as embodied in a last lathe, but its scope is not limited to this type of machine, or to machines producing solid, as distinct from flat, objects.

The problem solved by the present invention will be described in connection with the art of last making, but it will be found, as the description of the invention proceeds, that the invention has equally valuable applications in other arts, including those alluded to in the preceding paragraph.

As is well known, lasts are turned from models in lathes adapted for that purpose. A whole set of lasts may be turned from a single model made by hand by .a skilled workman, by the use of grading mechanisms which effect desired pantographic reproductions of the model. The shoe manufacturer for whom the lasts are being made generally submits a sample which is nearly what he wants, asking that certain changes he made in it, and the model maker effects these changes in the last by removing or adding material, in the proper places. This proceeding requires much care and time, as a discrepancy amounting to 0.02 inch will entail rejection. The resulting last, which will generally be a wooden body with pieces of paper or wax sticking to it in various places, will be used as a model in a lathe for turning out anall wood duplicate which will be prepared. in the ordinary manner to serve as a model for producing lasts in quantities.

Often the changes required in a last in Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented'Dec. 14, 1920.

1917. Serial No. 163,275

order to produce the desiredmodel are systematic in their nature. The shoe manufacturer may desire to have a progressive change made in the shape of the last rather than a series of local corrections. For in stance, he may desire to lengthen some portlons of the last or to shorten others, or both. Take, for example, the moving of the ball backward in the last. This will shorten the rear portion of the last and lengthen that grade or vary by definite amounts per size. The last lathe as ordinarily constructed will produce a set of lasts, all having the same width number, which will be geometrically similar solids, varying in length by 1/3 inch per size. These lasts will vary by substantially 1/4 inch per size in the perimeter at the ball, waist'and instep,

these three measurements diifering only 5/8 inch among themselves Many manufacturers insist that the heel measurement which is taken around the-heel and over the instep, shall grade 3/8 inch per size. On most styles this measurement will grade 1/64: to 3/64 more than this, per size. The

shortening of the rear part of the last relative to the forepart which can be accom plished by my invention, will enable the last maker to cut graded lasts from a model,

which shall depart from strict geometrical] similarity thereto in such fashion that meas-' urements of the lastshaving a substantial lengthwisecomponent shallv grade more or less rapidly than required by such similarity. M It is a principal object ofmy inventlonto provide for accomplishing many such results demanded by the customers of the last maker. More specifically, an important ob- 1 ject of theinvention is the production of a machine which ,Can be usedito reproduce a model on a non-uniform grade, that is, which will grade different parts of the lasts produced, at different rates. Such a machine, for instance, by grading more slowly from the ball to the heel than from the toe to the ball will produce the result of moving the ball backward, alluded to in a preceding paragraph.

A feature of the invention comprises a machine having model and work holding instrumentalities, and model and work engaging instrumentalities and mechanism for effecting relative movements between corresponding instrumentalities in pairs, said movements having a velocity ratio variable during the production of the work. These pairs may be formed as desired. That is, they may comprise the two model instrumentalities and the two work instrumentalities, or they may comprise the two holders and the two engaging instrumentalities. The present procedure is to hold the model and work motionless as far as the direction of length grade is concerned, to produce a movement of the model wheel on the model and of the tool on the work, and to cause these movements to have an approximately constant velocity ratio. Grading, however, can, for example, be done by relatively moving the model and the work and also the model wheel and the tool, and effecting an arbitrary velocity ratio between these movements. The whole question of producing and grading such objects as those dealt with by my invention being one of relative movements between the four principal instrumentalities of the machine, the model and work holders (or holder), the model wheel or guide and the tool, I desire that my claims be construed as broadly as the prior art permits, and that they be not restricted to an interpretation dependent on the particular form of machine shown in the drawing.

Another feature of the invention is a machine having model and work instrmnentalities either for holding or engaging and means for moving them at velocities having a variable ratio. Corresponding portions of the model and work are thereby dealt with at different speeds. A further feature of the invention is a machine having model and work instrumentalities and means for altering their distance from each other at a nonuniform rate during the production of the work. By the operation of such instrumentalities work may be produced having a predeterminedly systematic lack of proportion to the model.

7 A further feature of the invention is a machine having model and work instrumentalities and mechanism for altering their distance comprising a lever the advantage of which varies during the production of the work. A non-uniformity in the change of relation between those instrumentalities during the work production is thereby produced.

Another feature of the invention is a machine having a model or work instrumentality which has accelerated movement during the production of the work. A non-uniformity of grading action may be produced by this means. The acceleration may be positive or negative.

Another feature of the invention is a machine comprising model and work holding instrumentalities, model and work engaging instrumentalities, and means for effecting relative movements between corresponding instrumentalities in pairs, said movements havin a variable velocity ratio during a portion of the operation and an approximately constant velocity ratio during a portion of the operation.

The present invention may be regarded from still another point of view. The ordi nary pattern copying machine may be regarded broadly as a machine for separately reproducing and then recombining a series of difierential elements of the model, according to some (generally pantographic) law. In the last lathe, these elements are the transversely extending vertical slices or laminae into which a model last may be conceived as divided. These reproduced differential elements are arranged in the work in a relation corresponding geometrically in two respects to that of their prototypes in the model, viz., (1) the distances between the reproduced elements are proportional to the distances between their prototypes in the model, and (2) their relations considered transversely to the direction in which their relative distances are measured correspond geometrically to those of their prototypes. The function of the pattern reproducing machine, as heretofore understood, has been substantially merely that of geometric reproduction of the model, and this is said without failure to recognize the fact that the work of the machine had certain distinct nongeometrical characteristics as shown, for example, in the treatment of seam allowances in the production of shoe upper patterns upon the pattern grading machine and in certain practices in width grading upon the last latheinvolving anomalous adjustments of the model wheel (so that, for example, the front faces of the model wheel and cutter would not come into the axis of rotation in the swing frame at the same time). The reproduction of the differential elements of the model, even though it might itself be non-pantographic (non-geometric), effected substantial differences only in size, as distinguished from shape or style, owing to the fact that the reproduced differential elements were combined in the work, as

stated, in an aggregate having a geometric similarity to the corresponding aggregate of differential elements of the model. The present invention providesbroadly, entirely aside from the law of individual reproduction of the differential elements, fora dis tinctly non-geometric relation between the arrangement of these elements in the work as compared with that of their model prototypes, thereby effecting distinct changes in shape and style as distinguished from size, and consequently bringing about large savings in the matter of model making which,

as heretofore practised, has been a very expensive hand labor proposition. In the machine shown, the distances between the reproduced elements are rendered non-proportional to the corresponding distances in the model by a non-uniformly acting length grading mechanism. While I have selected this type of re-arrangement of the reproduced elements for illustrative purposes, this does not import a limitation of the invention to this particular embodiment as the invention may be carried out in other ways, for example, by sliding the reproduced elements upon one another as described in the application of L. B. Vhipple, entitled Manufacture of articles having a systematic resemblance to a pattern, Ser. No. 185,104, filed Aug. 8, 1917, renewed as Ser. No. 252,122, filed Aug. 30, 1918.

Another important feature of'iny invention resides in the provision of convertibility. My machine can be adjusted so that its action corresponds exactly to that of the commercial machines at present in use. It can thus be converted from an ordinarily grading machine to a non-uniformly grading machine, and can therefore be kept running all the time at one kind of work or the other. I

These and other features of the invention comprising various combinations and arrangements of parts will be best understood and appreciated from the following description of a preferred embodiment thereof in a last making machine selected for purposes of illustration and shown in the accompanying drawings in which,

Figure 1 is a front elevation of the machine;

Fig. 2 is a plan, partially in section, of

the novel 'rading mechanism;

Fig. 3 is a front elevation of a portion of the grading mechanism v Fig. 4 is an enlarged sectional plan of a portion of the grading mechanism taken on the line 4-4 of Fig. 1;

6-6 of Fig. 3; a

Figs. 7 to 12' inclusive are diagrammatic 'Fig. 5 is a section'on the line 55 of Fig. 3;

Fi 6 is a sectional elevatlon on the line a purpose which will appearlater.

illustrations of the operation of the machine,

with a different adjustment.

The main frame 2, the swing frame 4, the width grading mechanism 5,'the cutter carriage 6, the model wheel carriage 8 and the driving mechanism for the model and the block and the carriages are all of ordinary construction and need not be further de scribed. The cutter 14 is directly geared to the shaft of a motor 16 in order thatit may be revolved at a very high speed and be free from vibration due to belt transmission and is of peculiar construction having its axis of rotation incllned toward and with the direction of travel of the cutter carriage. The

model wheel 18 is a spherical ball correspending in dimensions to the nose of the cutter 14. The model wheel and cutter form no part ofthe present invention and need not'be further described.

Mounted on the frame of the'machine is a bar 20 which extends dlagonally down ward and is braced to the frame by a hori- .Zontal'brace 22. Adjustably clamped to this bar by means of the bolts 24 and a plate 25 is a member 26 having in it a vertical slideway 28. In this slideway a slide 30 is arranged for free vertical movement, and has mounted in it a stud 32. The stud 32 has an enlarged bearing portion 34 adaptedto receive pivotally the end of a link 36 the pur pose of which will be described later. Next to the link 36 on the stud 32 is pivotally mounted a radius block 38 in which is fixedly mounted a stud 40. The stud 40 is threaded and carries a nut 42 the purpose of which is to clamp the length grading lever 44 tightly to the radiusblock 38. The studs 40' and 32 extend through a long slot 46in the gradinglever. The stud32 has on its end a nut 48 which draws the members 44 and 38 against the. shoulder on the bearing 34, though not so tightly as to prevent pivotal movement there, This construction permits the lever 44 to be adjusted up and down and to have, at the same time, a pivotal movement about the center of the stud 32,

the leverbeing clamped firmly to the radius block 38 and the radius block rotating upon the stud 32.

The upper end of the lever 44 is slotted front and back, and in the rear slot 50 carries a slidably mounted block 52. A thumb screw 54 is provided for clamping the block 52 in any adjusted position in the slot 50-for front slot 56 in the lever carries a block 58 which may be adjustably clamped therein by the thumb screw 60 mounted in a U- shaped clamp 61 extending aroundthe lever :44. .Pivotally mounted in the block 52 is The a stud 62 which is fixedly mounted in the model wheel carriage 8. The block 58 carries a stud 64 upon which is pivotally mounted the end of a link 66 having a length adjustment at 68 and pivotally mounted at its other end upon a stud 7O fixedly mounted in the cutter carriage."

Pivotally mounted at 71 upon a block 72 which is slidably adjustable on a bar 73 mounted on the main frame and extending parallel to the bar 20, is a segment 74 having a slot 76. This slot is preferably an arc of a circle passing through the point 71. Slidably and adjustably mounted in this slot is a block 78 to which is pivotally con nected at 79 the upper end of the link 36 before mentioned. The link 36 has a length adjustment at 80. An upwardly projecting arm 81 of the segment carries two ears 82 and 84 so arranged as to be vertically movable on guides 86 and spaced at such a distance that a stud on some part of the power driven mechanism which may conveniently.

be the stud 62 just fits between them when they are both projecting upwardly from the arm 81 in their uppermost positions on the guides 86. The bolts 88 clamp them in adjusted position on these guides.

Two adjustable stops 90 and 92 are arranged for sliding horizontal adjustment on the main frame by means of the bolts 94 and are arranged to contact the arm 81 of the segment when suitably positioned. Their range of adjustment is sufficient to permit their being placed out of the normal path of the segment arm 81 when desired. A spring 96 is arranged to be connected to either of two hooks 98 at the ends of the segment and to the bottom of the bar 20.

It is contemplated that all the adjustments of the lathe will be supplied with conveniently graduated scales to facilitate their use. Such scales may be interchangeable for different sorts of work. Their graduation may be largely empirical.

If it is desired, for instance, to make a last similar to a given model, but in which the length is graded at a progressivly slower rate from the toe to the heel, the block 78 will be placed in a suitable position in the left half of the slot 76. The thumb screw 54 will be loose and the thumb screw 60 will be tightly holding the block 58 in adjusted position in the slot 56. The stops 90 and 92 are both slid back from the segment and the ears 82 and 84 are extended, clamping the stud 62. When the cutting begins at the toe, the stud will push the model wheel carriage to the left by means of the link 66, the lever 44 and the stud 62. The stud 62 as it moves to the left will exert pressure upon the finger 82 thereby rotating the segment 74 about its pivot 71 in the ear 72. This rotation of the segment 74 will carry downward the link 36 which, through the bearing 34, will lower the slide 30 in the slideway 28. This movement of the slideway will carry downward the block 38 and the lever 44 which is rigidly clamped thereto but is free to rotate about the center of the axle of the stud 32. As the lever descends, rotating at the same time, it carries with it the block 58 which is rigidly clamped to it. The block 58, as has been remarked, carries the left end of the link 56 at 64. It will be evident then, that the movement of the stud 62 with regard to the moving center 32 about which the lever 44 rotates is upon an arc of continually increasing radius, while the movement of the stud 64 with regard to the center 32 is upon an arc of constant radius, the studs 32 and 64 having an invariable re lation to each other on the lever. In other words, the advantage of the lever as regards the studs 62 and 64, is continually changing. It results, therefore, that the model wheel carriage will accelerate or move to the left more and more rapidly as the cutter carriage moves to the left, preferably at uniform velocity. It is thus apparent that equal segments of the block, measured longitudinally correspond to segments of continually increasing length on the model; or, which is the same thing; that equal segments of the model, measured longitudinally, correspond to continually decreasing segments of the block. The heel portion of the last cut will be proportionally shorter than the toe portion.

Figs. 7 to 12 inclusive illustrate this op eration diagrammatically. Fig. 7 shows the adjustment so made that the pivot 64 at the beginning of the turning is below the stud 62 on the lever 44. Fig. 8 shows the condition of things when the turning has proceeded a short distance from the toe. The lever 44 has descended, because of the rotation of the segment 74, carrying with it the pivot 64. Figs. 9, 10 and 11 show three later positions in the operation. Fig. 12 shows in its upper line the movements executed by the model wheel carriage between the positions represented by Figs. 7 to 11, and in its lower line the corresponding movements of the cutter carriage. The points marked 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 in the two lines correspond to the positions occupied by cutter carriage and model carriage at the instants corresponding to Figs. 7 to 11 respectively, the scale, however, being doubled in order to make the operation more clear. It will be noticed that the spaces on the upper line are equal, the figures having been plotted to correspond to the quarter points in the length of the model. It is clear that the cutter carriage between the points 7 and 8 has moved a shorter distance than the model carriage and that it is moved a still shorter distance between the points 8 and 9 than has the model carriage and so on,

so that the grading of the last out grows progressively shorter from the toe to the heel.' The ratio between the velocity of the model wheel relative tothe model and the velocity of the cutter relative to the block, or, as I have termed it in the appended claims, the velocity ratio of these two relative movements, is a continually increasing one. In ordinary grading such velocity ratio is desired to be constant, and in reproduction of the same size the ratio is unity.

Figs. 13 to 17 show a corresponding series of positions obtained with another adjustment of the parts and Fig. 18 illustrates the corresponding movements of the cutter and model carriages. This series of figures shows how a last may be out having the same over-all length as the model but graded longer at the toe and shorter at the heel, the

notation and scales corresponding to those of the previously discussed series of figures. It will be seen that the cutter carriage moves faster than the model carriage at the beginning of the cutting and gradually slows down so that at the end of the cutting it is moving more slowly than the model carriage, the arrangement being suchthat the over-all traverse of the two: carriages is the same.

A result analogous to that described above, may be produced by another'mode of operation of my lathe, which more nearly re- 'sembles the operation of the machine heretofore known. The screw 54; is set, firmly clamping the block 52 in the lever 44, which thus becomes suspended from the model wheel carriage as under the ordinary pracscribed, but the link 36 will now carry 7 downward only the pivot 32 when the slide 30 descends. This will cause both the studs 62 and 64 to move relative to the center upon arcs of continually increasing radii and so that the ratio of the radii will be continually changing. The advantage of the lever relative to the studs is therefore variable during the last-cutting, but in a different manner.

The two radii become more and more nearly equal as the cutting proceeds, and with the particular adjustment described, the cutter carriage therefore moves slower than the model wheel carriage, but gains constantly in velocity relative to it. The. result is then opposite to that of the first described operation. A result like the former in kind but differing in degree can of course be obtained by shifting the block 78 to the other side of the segment-74.-

In this connection a valuable application of my invention to the turning-oflasts as vention.

distinct from models, may be described.

models, this measurement will increase more than 3/8inch per size when the cutting is done inthe ordinary last lathe. It is clear that the shortening of the rear part of the last and the corresponding lengthening of the forepart accomplished by my invention willmeet this difiiculty, since the girth measurements at the ball, waist and instep will be unaffected. I accomplish the desired result as: follows: i

The stud 64: is adjusted above .the stud 62, which will be assumed fixedin the lever, the fulcrum 32 consequently being arranged to slide in the lever, and the link 36'is placed on the left as shown in Fig. 3. Inthe or dinary Gilman lathe the length grading scale is graduated 7/8 inch per size graded up or. down from the model. Denote by a the distance between the pivots 62 and 32 when the lever 4E4; isvertical. (In ordinary turning with a 10 inch model this distance is about 261% inches); Denote by b the dis tancethe pivot 32-is dropped by the segment mechanism, and by m the length of the model. Denote the 7/8 inch graduation interval by g. Then, if the pointer is set up n graduations, for an n size grade, the average rate of magnification will be:

1 a- +ng cH-g rng and the length of the last out will be the grading of the last being 1/3 inch per size- This equation reduces to This gives the relation between the quantities a, b, g, mwhich must be satisfied if a wholeset of lasts are to be graded with the 9 scale, with their foreparts graded longer than their rear parts by means of my in- For instance suppose a ten-inch model is being used; we substitute the values of m and g in the above and obtain a and I) can be changed simultaneously by the adjustments at 7 9 and 80. The adjustment which will give the desired irregularity of grade will have to be found by trial, as the value of b will be found to vary with different styles in order to give the desired 3/8 inch grade in the heel measurement. The variations in a will be very small. If 7) equals 0, a equals 26% as stated above; if 6 equals 5, a is between 26.48 and 26.49. This change is far within the limits within which the grading scale itself can be relied on. It is well known that the adjustments in a last lathe need a good deal of jockeying with models of different styles, and the above demonstration is to be regarded merely as a first approximation to an empirical solution. It shows, however that the solution ispossible.

Another mode of operation of the machine will now be described. Let the ear 84 be dropped as shown in Fig. 3 so that it cannot contact .with the stud 62 and sup pose the stop 92 to be so adjusted that the spring 96 holds the segment against it in the position shown in Fig. 3,the adjustments of the screw 54 and the nuts 42 and 48 being as in the first described operation. At the beginning of the cutting the stud 62 will be in the dotted position to the right indicated in Fig. 3. As the cutting proceeds from the toe the stud 62 will move to the left but the segment 7 4 will remain motionless since the stud 62 is not in contact with either ear S2 or 84. The pivot 32 will remain motionless and the lever 44 will simply swing about it. The stud 62 will of course move in a horizontal direct-ion with its carriage 8 while the stud 64 will move in a circle of large radius around the stud 82 as center. The distances of the studs 62 and 64 from the stud 32 will not, however, change very much during this part of the cutting and the grading from the toe up to the point when the stud 62 comes in contact with the ear 82 will be substantially uniform. When the stud 62 reaches the ear 82 the segment will begin to rotate and the rate of grade will begin to change as has been described. A lathe when adjusted in this way will cut a last having a substantially constant or zero grade in the forepart and having a variably graded heelpart.

By adjusting the screw 54 and the nuts 42 and 48 as in the second described operation, the lathe will grade exactly in accordance with the practice heretofore known until the stud 62 picks up the car 82. This grade will be more nearly uniform in its uniform portion than that ust described.

It is possible, of course, by dropping both ears 82 and 84, to make my machine the en tire equivalent of the ordinary lathe. It will thus be clear that my invention has produced an exceedingly flexible machine which embodies every possibility of the ordinary machine, and in addition is capable of pro ducing a wide range of irregular grading operations.

If the stop 92 is moved to extreme rightmost position and the stop 90 advanced to the right to contact with theupper arm of the segment, the car 82 dropped and the ear 84 raised, and the spring 96 moved to the other side of the segment the lathe will cut a last which is non-uniformly graded in the forepart and substantially uniformly or Zero graded in the heelpart. It has been proposed to mount interchangeable last foreparts on standard heelparts, and the advantage of my invention in connection with such a system of last making will be obvious.

While I have described and shown the cars 82 and 84 as placed in position in the path of the stud 62 before the cutting operation begins, I regard construction in which an ear is automatically projected into connection with a power driven member at a predetermined time, as within the scope of my invention.

It will be evident that the spring 96'niay be used as the driving means of th segment at all times, by placing it on the left side of the lever. The stud 62 will then merely control the movement of the segment.

A. few general remarks covering the adjustments of my apparatus may not be out of place. It is well known from existing practice that the last out is graded longer or shorter than the model according as the stud 64 is above or below the stud 62 during the cutting. When the block 78 is to the left of the center 71, the pivot 64 will be lowered at a rate dependent on the distance of the block from the center 71. hen the block 78 is adjusted on the right arm of the segment, the pivot 64 will be raised as the cutting proceeds. When the block 78 is centrally adjusted on the segment, there will be no vertical movement of the lever 44, and the pivot 64 willmove vertically only to the extent compelled by purely circular movement. The link 36 is shown of the same eifective length as the radius of curvature the slot 7 6, but the adjustment 80 permits a variation of this length. The adjustment of the member 26 on the bar 20 permits the placing of the pivot 32 at any desired distance from the other two fulcra of the lever, and thus has an effect on the rate of grade.

The purpose of the adjustment of the pivot corresponding to 82 in the ordinary lathe along the diagonal bar 20 is to enable the operator to aline this pivot with the center of the model when the length of the model is changed. It will be noticed that as the model shortens, the pivot, in following its center to the left, rises along the bar 20. This causes a greater relative movement of the pivots 62 and 64 which corresponds to the greater relative diiferences in length between a short model and its adjacent sizes, i

due to the fact that the total shortening per size remains 1/3 inch. It will be remembered that the relative position of the pivots 62 and 6% for the same number of sizes change in grade will be the same for a short model as for a long one, since thesame adjusting scale is used on the lever. It is therefore necessary to move the lower pivot.

The adjustment of the pivot 71 along the parallel bar 73 enables the operator to keep the pivot 71 directly above the pivot 32 and alined with the center of the model.

t will not always be necessary to have these pivots so alined in model making, and, in some cases such practice may be found inadvisable. This adjustment adds another degree of flexibility to the machine. The failure to aline those pivots with the center of the model will cause aninequality of action on the fore and heel parts of the last out.

Further, the lack of parallelism in the movements of the link 66 is of considerable importance in my novel apparatus. When the link 66 is approaching a horizontal position, t. 6., when the pivot6 l is approaching the level of the pivot 62 from above or below, the stud YO has a smaller movement in a given interval than the horizontal component of the corresponding movement of the stud 64, and vice versa. All the effects mentioned may be cumulative or differential, according to circumstances, and the machine by proper adjustment, may be made to produce a wide variety of results.

lVhile in this country it is the universal practice to mount the model and the work co-axially at a fixed distance from each other and to grade by controlling the movements of the'tool and model wheel relative to the block and to the model and to each other, it is quite possible to cut and grade lasts by machines otherwise constructed. All that is necessary is to effect a relative movement between the model wheel and the model and between the cutter and the block and also a relative movement between two of these objects, one from each of the pairs. I intend that the terms model instrumentality and work instrumentality in the claims shall be broadly interpreted to mean respectively either member of the pair which work on the model side of the machine, namely the model wheel carriage and the model holder, and either member of the pair which operate upon the work side of the lathe, namely the cutter and the work holder. and that these terms shall not be limited to either specific member of these pairs of operating instrumentalities unless required, in the case of any particular claim, by the prior art.

As alread ointed out above this invention can be regarded from a radically different point of view. The pattern copying machine, various forms of which are known for reproducing patterns or models of three or less dimensions, may be regarded funda mentally as a mechanism for first, reproducing differential elements into which the model may be regarded as divided, and, secall these magnified radii from the correspending pole in the block; 3, arranging all these reproduced differential elements in order with their poles in the aXis of rotation in the block and (b) so that their distances from one another parallel to the axis of rotation are proportional to the corresponding distances in the model.

My invention can be regarded generically as reproducing differential elements (the laminae of the illustration in the preceding paragraph) and altering their relative positioning so as to produce lack of geometric correspondence between the arrangement in the work and the arrangement in the model. problem dealt with by the present machine, with the machine as ordinarily arranged (with the cutter carriage fed uniformly and driving the model wheel carriage through the length grader), the reproduced laminae will be uniformly spaced in the work along the axis of rotation (which extends substantially perpendicular to them, and along which their distances from one another are measured) and their model prototypes will In that branch of the rarefactions and condensations in arrangement. The want of. geometric correspond ence between the two arrangements is ap- I parent. It is obvious that either arrangement may be regarded as out of proportion to the other.

I have usedthe term model wheel in generic sense, intending thereby'any memher which follows the model in order to control the operation of the machine. In

American practice such a member is gen-' erally an idler wheel. I "I wish to emphasize distinctly that although I have illustrated my invention embodied in a last lathe length grading ap-- ferent points on a pattern to be fully within the scope of my invention, and I intend that the appended claims shall be construed to cove any such machine upon which their terms read.

The term space relation as applied to the model wheel and model, for instance, in such a machine, would refer to the varying distances between the wheel and the axis of the model; whereas, in such a machine as I have shown, the term refers to the longitudinal traverse of one object on the other.

The action of the length grading mechanism as it has been disclosed herein is entirely independent of the action of the width grader 5; either may be used independently of the other, or both may be used together.

Broadly, I believe any predeterminedly non uniformly acting or accelerating grading mechanism on any machine for reproducing irregular forms, either plane or solid, which is covered by the appended claims when their terms, such for instance, as model, model wheel, block, work, cutter, last, cutting, space relation, etc., are given a generic interpretation is included within the scope of the present invention.

The utility of the invention in connection with machines for making all sorts of articles intended for individual use, will be apparent. The user of a shot gun is as particular about the lit of his gunstocks as he is about that of his gloves. Thousands of golf clubs are made to order every year for the purpose of securing slight individual differences of contour in the heads. Individual patterns for clothing of all sorts, and artificial limbs may be satisfactorily and cheaply produced by means of my invention.

All the articles mentioned, among others, are produced on pattern copying machinery operating on the generic principle of the last lathe.

' Having described the invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. A. machine of the class described having model and work holding instrumentalities, and model and work engaging instrumentalities, and mechanism for effecting relative movements between corresponding instrumentalities in pairs, said movements having a velocity ratio which is variable during the cutting of a last.

in a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, cutter carriage, a model holder and a work holder, and mechanism constructed. and arranged to effect relative movements between the first and third and between the second and fourth of said instrumentalities, said movements having a velocity ratio variable during the cutting of a last.

3. In a machine of the class described, a

model model anism rel l i wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a holder and a work holder, and mechconstructed and arranged to effect ative movements between the first and rd and between the second and fourth of said instrumentalities, comprising a linkage the effective length of which is variable nonuni ormly during the cutting of a last.

-l- In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a model holder and a work holder, means for simultaneously effecting varying space relations between the first and third and be tween the second and fourth of said instrumentalities, corresponding space variations having a non-uniformly varying relation to each other during the cutting of a last.

. 5. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a work holder, and a model follower and a cutter, arranged to contact with a model and a block carried respectively by said model holder and work holder, and means for simultaneously carrying the points of contact of the model and follower and of the cutter and the block along the model and block respectively, the ratio of corresponding movements of said points of contact being variable during the turning of last.

6. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a work holder, a model follower and a cutter, means for carrying the point of contact of the model and follower along the model, means for simultaneously carrying the point of contact of the work and the cutter along the work, the velocities of the said points of contact having a ratio variable during the turning of a last.

7. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel and a cutter, a model and a lOCk, means for effecting relative traverses between the corresponding members of the said pairs of instrumentalities and means for effecting a varyingly determinable nonuniform relative movement between the members of one of said pairs of instrumentalities.

8. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, and mechanism for moving said carriages at a variable velocity ratio during the cutting of last.

9. In a machine of the class described, a carriage and means for moving said carriage continuously in the same direction at a variable velocity during the turning of a last.

10. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a work instrumentality, and means for altering the distance between said instrumentalities at a variable rate during the cutting of a last.

11. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a work carriage, means for driving one of said carriages and a second driving means connecting said carriage with the other carriage, the driving action of said means havinga varyingly determinable non-uniform time rate.

12. In a machine'of the class, described,

a model instrmnentality, a work instrumentality, means for driving one lnStI'Uk mentality, and means connecting the two instrumentalities for simultaneous movement,; said means having an effective length which varies non-uniformly according to an arbitrary law during the turning of a last.

13. Ina machine of the class described,

a moving model wheel carriage, a moving cutter carriage, an instrumentality connecting said carriages and means for eflecting a relative movement of the points at which said instrumentality is connected to said riages and means for effecting relative movement on this member between its two points through which connection is madeto the carriages, during'the turning of a last, in order to bring about a non-uniform relative movement of the carriages.

15. In a machine of the class described,

a model wheel instrumentality, a work instrumentallty, an angularly moving member connected to both of these 1nstrumen-' talities, and means for effecting relative movement of the two points of connection on the angularly moving member during the turning of a last.

16, In a machine of the class described, a carriage on the modelside, a carriage on the work side, a member connected to both of these carriages and means operated by one of the carriages for eliecting relative movement between the two points of connec tion on the member during the turning of a last. V F

17. In amachine of the class described, relatively moving carriages, a length grading device for producing the relativemovement and mechanism'for varying automatically the grading effect during the grading operation.

18. In a machine of the class described,

relatively moving carriages, a grading device for controlling their relative movement, and a mechanism for variably controlling the grading device operated by the movement of a carriage.

19. In a machine of the class described, relatively moving carriages, a grading de vice for controlling their relative movement, and a mechanism for varying the op-' eration of the grading device operated in time relation to the progressive performance of the work.

tion of the work.

20. In a machine of the class described,

two carriages, means for operating them during the progressive performance of the work, a grading device for controlling their relative movement,.means for variably controlling the grading device and a member for operating the controlling means are ranged for operation by a carriage during a portion of the operation of the machine.

21. Ina machine of the class described,

two carriages, means for operating them during the progressive performance of the work, a grading device for controlling their relative movement, means for varying the operation ofthe grading device, means for operating the controlling meansand means for controlling its operation by the move ment of a carriage,

22. In amachine of the class described,

a plurality of moving carriages, a grading ,mechanism for controllingtheir relative movement, and a controller for variably operating the grading mechanism having a part constructed and arranged to beproected into the path'of movement ofa moving part for actuating the controller.

23. In a machine of. the class described, a model Wheel carriage, acutter carriage, a drive for one carriage, and a connection between the carriages comprising a lever the advantage of which varies substantially during the turning of a last,

24. A machine of the class described havriages for varying the advantage of the lever during the cutting of a last.

26. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a work instrumentality, andmechanism connecting themncomprising alever having a fixed point of connection to each instrumentality, a pivot for the lever, mounted on the frame, andmeans for moving said pivot during 27. .In amachine of the class described, a model 1nstrumental1ty,a work mstru-men:

tality a lever having two of its fulcra con nected to these instrumentalities respectively, and means for vary ng the d stance between these fulcra during the turning of o tality, and a grading lever between said in?- strumental1t1es, having a fulcrum connected to each, and having a fulcrum, fixedin the lever, on the frame of the machine, the

the producing model and work ,instrumentalities and- -means for altering their distance co1npris- 5 ing a lever the advantage of which is vari leverhaving a longitudinal movement and carrying said last-named fulcrum and one other, but not the third, therewith during said movement, so that a shift of leverage occurs as between the two first-named fulcra.

29. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, and a lever pivotally Connected to each, said lever having a pivot moving toward or from a first mentioned pivotal connection during the turning of a last to vary the advantage of the lever.

30. In a machine of the class described, a carriage on the model side, a carriage on the work ,side, and means for relatively moving said carriages comprising a lever rotatable about a fulcrum moving with relation to the connections to the said carriages during the turning of a last, to vary the leverage of one with reference to that of the other.

31. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a cutter instrumentality,a grading lever having two of its fulcra connected to the carriages respectively, the distances between these fulcra and the third fulcrum being variable and invariable, respectively during the turning of a last.

32. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, and a grading lever between said carriages having three moving fulcra, whereby the advantage of the lever as between the carriages may be altered as it swings.

33. In a machine of the class described, a grading lever having three pivots moving in such manner as to vary the advantage of the lever as between the carriages, the movements of two of said pivots being controlled by that of the third.

34. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, and a grading lever connecting the carriages and having one of its fulcra operatively connected to one of the carriages for movement to vary the mechanical advantage of the lever as between the carriages as the operation of the machine proceeds.

35. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a grading lever having two of its fulcra connected to one of the carriages and its third fulcrum connected to the other carriage, one of the fulcra being connected for reaction against the machine frame whereby one of the two fulcra may be moved independently of its movement in the line of travel of the carriage to vary the advantage of the lever as between the carriages.

36. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a grading lever, two pivots connected to the carriages respectively, a

third pivot on the frame, and means for interchan eably adjustably or slidably connecting the lever to each of said pivots, whereby ordinary or quite non-uniform grading action may be secured as desired.

37. In a machine of the class described, a pivot on the main frame, carriages on the model side and on the work side, a plurality of pivots connected to the carriages, respectively, and a lever arranged for slidable connection to two of said pivots, whereby, at the will of the operator, the machine may be adjusted to grade in the ordinary way, or systematically non-uniformly.

38. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a grading lever, two pivots connected to the carriages respectively, a third pivot on the frame, and means for slidably connecting the lever to each of said pivots, whereby the lever may be rendered of variable advantage as between the carriages or ordinary in its action, at will.

39. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, mechanism operatively connecting the car riages comprising a lever to which both are connected, and means independent of the connecting means operated by the movement of one carriage for controlling the relation of the lever to the carriages.

4-0. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cutter carriage, a grading lever connecting the carriages, and means operated by one of the carriages for varying the position in space of a fulcrum of the lever, whereby the advantage of the lever as between the carriages is varied during the cutting of a work piece.

a1. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cutter carriage, and a grading mechanism connecting the carriages comprising a lever having a fixed fulcrum and controlled by a carriage, and a second lever having two fulcraconnected to the carriages respectively, and regulated as to fulcrumage by the first mentioned lever.

42. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, and a grading instrumentality connecting said carriages comprising a lever controlled by one carriage and a second lever regulated in advantage, as between the carriages by the first mentioned lever and a carriage.

43. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a work instrumentality, a grading lever having fulcra operatively connected to the instrumentalities respectively and means controlling another fulcrum for effecting relative movement between the first mentioned fulcra.

4.4. In a. machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a grading lever having fulcra operatively connected to the carriages respectively and means controlling another fulcrum for'moving one of the first mentioned fulcra along,

the lever. 1

45. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a lever controlled by one of said carriages, and a second lever suspended on the first lever, and operatively connected to both carriages.

46. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a Work instrumen tality, a grading lever connecting said instrumentalities and means for rotating said lever at a substantially non-uniform angular velocity during the turning of a last.

47. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a grading lever connecting said carriages, and means for rotating said lever at an angular velocity substantially disproportionate to the velocity of one of said carriages,

48. In a machine of-the class described, a model instrumentality, a work instrumentality, a member connecting them and arranged to produce relative movement between them, and means for moving said member with a substantial angular accelerationduring the cutting of a last to produce the relative movement.

49. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a lever pivotally connected to each, and means for changing the operative relation of the lever to the carriages comprising mechanism for lifting said lever bodily during the turning of a last.

50. In a machine of the class described, a

iodel Wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a lever connected to each, a slide mounted on the frame of the machine, and containing a fulcrum of said lever, and means moving said slide during the turning of a last.

51. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a lever connected to each, anda slide mounted on the frame of the machine, and containing a fulcrum of said lever, said slide being operatively connected with one of said carriages for moving said fulcrum.

In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a lever connected to each, a slide mounted on the frame of the machine, and containing a fulcrum of aid lever, and a lever controlled by one of said carriages and connected to said slide. a

53. In a machine of the class described, a plurality of moving carriages, and a lever connecting said carriages constructed and arranged to rotate about a moving fulcrum fixed in the lever and not connected't-o either of said carriages, and means for moving the fulcrum.

54. In a machine of the class described, a

plurality of moving carriages, and a lever connected to the carriages at different points for altering their distance and constructed and arranged to move as a whole transversely to its line of action on the carriages to alter the relative locations of its fulcra whereby its advantage is varied during the production of a workpiece.

55. A machine of the class described havcarriage on the model side, a carriage on the work side, and grading mechanism comprising a fulcrumon the frame, a fulcrum on one carriage, a fulcrum connected to the other carriage, and a lever carrying said latter fulcrum and arranged to be slidably or fixedly connected to either of the other fulcra. I I 57. In a machine of the class described,'a model'holder and a model follower, a Work holder and a cutter, means for efi'ecting relative traverses between the members of each of said pairs of instrumentalities at an approximately constant velocity ratio during a portion of the turning of a last, and at a substantially variable velocity ratio during a portion of the turning of the last.

58. In a machine of the class described, a

model and a model wheel, a block and a cut ter, means for moving the point of contact of'the model and wheel along the model, and for moving the point of contact of the block and cutter along the block, corresponding movements of said contact points having a predetermined approximately constant ratio during a part of the turning of a last and a substantially variable ratio during a part of the turning of the last. I

59; In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cutter carriage, means for driving said carriages at an approximately constant velocity ratio during av portion of the turning of a last, and at a substantially variable velocity ratio during a portion of the turning of the last. i

60. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a work instrumentality, means for driving said instrumentalities at'an approximately constant velocity ratio during a predetermined portion of the cutting of alast and at a substantially" variable velocity ratio during a predetermined 4 portion of the cutting of the last.

61. In a machine oftheclass described, a

model wheel. carriage, a cutter carriage and means for varying the distance between said carriages at an approximately uniform rate during a portion of the cutting of a last and at a substantially non-uniform rate during a portion of the cutting of the last.

In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, and a mechanism connecting them constructed and arranged to alter its effective length at an approximately uniiorm rate during a portion of the cutting of a last and at a substantially non-uniform rate during a portion of the cutting or" the last.

63. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a wor: instrumentality, a lever connected to them, and means for rotating the lever at approximately constant advantage durin a part of the turning of a last, and at substantially varying advantages during a part of the turning of a last.

64 In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carria e, a lever connected to them at different points, and mean for substantially varying the distance between the points of connection during a portion of the turning of a last.

65. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, a grading lever connecting them, and having a point of connection with one of them. movable on the lever, and means for substantially moving this point during a part of the cutting of a last.

66. In a machine of the class described, a model wheel carriage, a cutter carriage, lever connecting them and arranged to alter their distance by rotatin and means for effecting translational movement of the lever during a part of the cutting of a last, hereby the advantage of the connection to the carriages may be altered.

67. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a grading device connecting them, mechanism for varying the uniformity of grade while the work is being formed, and means for rendering said mechanism inactive during a portion of the work forming operation.

68. In a machine of the class described,

two carriages, a grading device connecting them, mechanism tor varying the uniformity of grade while the work is being formed, and means for placing said mechanism in operative relation to said device during a part of the work forming operation.

69. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a grading mechanism connecting them, a mechanism for controlling the regularity of the grade and means for starting or stopping said controlling mechanism at a predetermined time during the work forming operation.

70. In a machine of the class described, actuating mechanism, two relatively moving carriages, a grading device for controlling their relative movement and mechanism for controlling the grading device comprising an element arranged to be operatively related to the actuating mechanism at predetermined times.

71. In a machine of the class described, power driven mechanism comprising two carriages, a grading mechanism for controlling the movement or" the carriages, means for controlling the grading mechanism comprising a part constructed and arranged to be projected into position to be engaged by a member of the power driven mechanism at a predetermined time.

72. In a machine of the class described, a power driven member, a plurality of moving carriages, a grading mechanism for controlling their relative movement and a control for said mechanism having a member arranged for unilateral engagement with the power driven member whereby said control may become operative at a predetermined time.

73. In a machine of the class described, a plurality of moving carriages, a power driven member, a grading mechanism for controlling their relative movement and a control for said mechanism having a member arranged for unilateral engagement with the power driven member during a portion of the operation of the machine, and means for holding said control immovable during the remainder of the operation.

7a. In a machine of the class described, a power driven member, a plurality of moving carriages, a grading mechanism for controlling their relative movement and a control for said mechanism having a member arranged for unilateral engagement with the power driven member whereby a relative pressure between the member and the control will govern the control, and means for limiting the operation of such pressure at a predetermined point.

75. In a machine of the class described, power driven mechanism comprising a carriage on the model side and a carriage on the work side, a grading mechanism for effecting inequalities in the movements of the carriages, and a rate governor for the grading mechanism arranged for unilateral contact with an element of the power driven mechanism for controlling the movement of the governor, and means for limiting such contact.

76. In a machine of the class described, power driven mechanism comprising a carriage on the model side, and a carriage on the work side, a grading mechanism, a rate controller for the grading mechanism constructed and arranged to be contacted at a predetermined point by an element of the power driven mechanism whereby said con troller may be set in action.

'77. In a machine of the class described,

power driven mechanism comprising a carriage on the model side, and a carriage on the work side, a grading mechanism, a rate controller for the grading mechanism constructed to press against an element of said power driven meclianism in the direction of its length.

79. In a machine of the class described,

a carriage on the model side, a carriage on the work side, a grader for effecting relative movement between them, and a device for controlling the rate of grade, the grader and the controlling device being severally adjustable longitudinally of the model.

80. In a machine of the class described, a carriage on the model side,a carriage on the work side, two parallel members mounted on the frame and a grader and a grader control adj ustably mounted on said members respectively, for controlling the relative movement of said carriages.

81. In machine of the class described, a carriage on the model side, a carriage on the work side, a grader constructed and arranged to effect substantially the same absolute variations between the work and the model regardless of the size of the latter, and a rate controller for said grader constructed and arranged to effect its control irrespective of the size of the model.

82. In a machine of the class described, carriages on the model and work side, respectively, grading mechanisms for controlling the relative movement of the carriages in two mutually transverse directions and a rate variation control for one of the grad ing mechanisms operating continuously during last cutting.

83. In a machine of the class described, model holding and model gulded mstrumentalities, work and tool holding instru mentalities, means for effecting relative movements in more than one dimension be tween said instrumentalitie's in pairs, and mechanism for effecting a substantial variation during the cutting of the ratio between the components, parallel to one di mension, of corresponding relative movements in the pairs.

84L. In a machine of the class described, model holding and model guided instrumentalities, work and tool holding instrumentalities, means for effecting relative move- .ments in two dimensions bet-ween said instrumentalities in pairs, and mechanism for effecting during-the last cutting a substantial variation in the ratio between the compcnents, in a fixed direction, of corresponding movements between members of the pairs. I

85. In amachine of'the class described,

two carriages, a grading device connecting them, and mechanismfor varying the uniformity of grade while the work is being formed. r

86. In a machine of the class described, amodel wheel carriage, acutter carriage, and

a lever pivotally'fconnected to each, said leverhaving a third pivot, and mechanism wherebythe third pivot may be moved, if

desired, towardor from one of the firstmentioned pivotal connections curing the turning'of a last. I

87. A machine of the class described having model and work holding instrumentalities, and model and workengaging instrumentalities, and .mechanism for effecting relative movements between corresponding instrumentalities in pairs, said mechanism having provision for adjustment whereby the velocity ratio, between said relative movements may be made systematically non-uniform or approximately uniform, as desired.

88. In a machine of the class described,

model and ,work instrumentalities, and a grading mechanism controlllng them and having provision for producing approxi-' 'mately geometrical or systematically nongeometrical correspondence between their movements in the direction of grade, as de sired, p

89. Ina machine of the class described, model and work instrumentalities, and a grading mechanism controlling them, said grading mechanism being convertlble from approximately geometrical to distinctly nongeometrical performance, and vice versa.

90. In a machine of the class described, relatively moving model'and work instrumentalities, and a grading mechanism controllingthe movement, comprising a lever the advantage ofwhich maybe rendered approximately constant or distinctly variable. I i '91-. In a machine of the'class described, a

model 1 wheel carriage, a cutter carriage,

mechanism connecting the carriages ,com-

prising a lever to which both are connected,"

and means operated by themovement of one carriage for-variably controlling the relative leverage effect; r

92. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cutter carriage, a grading lever connecting the carriages, and means operated by one of the carriages for varying the advantage of the lever.

93. In a machine of the class described, carriages on the model and work side, respectively, grading mechanisms for controlling the relative movement of the carriages in two mutually transverse directions and a control for one of the grading mechanisms operating discontinuously during the cutting of a last.

94. In a machine of the class described, carriages on the model and work side, respectively, grading mechanisms for controlling the relative movement of the carriages in two mutually transverse directions and a control for one of the grading mechanisms operating continuously or discontinuously as desired.

95. In a machine of the class described, a model instrumentality, a work instrumentality, and a grading lever between said instrumentalities having a fulcrum connected to each and having a fulcrum, fixed in the lever, on the frame of the machine, the lever having a longitudinal movement and carrying said last-named fulcrum and one other therewith during said movement, but not the third, so that a shift of leverage occurs as between the two first-named fulcra.

96. In a machine of the class described, a carriage on the model side, a carriage on the work side, and means for relatively moving said carriages comprising lever rotatable about a fulcrum moving with relation to the connections between the two carriages to vary the leverage upon one with reference to the other.

97. In a machine of the class described, two carriages, a grading lever, two pivots connected to the carriages respectively, a third pivot on the frame, and means for adjustably connecting the lever to each of said pivots, which means includes possible relative leverage shifting movability for fulcra during the cutting of a last as between the carriages, whereby ordinary or quite non-uniform grading action may be secured as desired. i

98. In a machine of the class described, a model carriage, a cutter carriage, a grading lever connecting the carriages, and means operated by one of the carriages for varying the effective leverage as between the carriages.

99. In a machine for reproducing solid objects, comprising four primary instrumentalities, viz., a model guide and a. model holder, a tool and a work holder connected for relative movements to reproduce the model considered as an aggregate of difierential elements, such elements bein reproduced systematically in the work, means which, for effecting non-geometric reproduction from the pattern as regards the relative positions of such reproduced differential elements in the work, determines differences in condition of adjustment in the copying mechanism at predetermined times during the reproduction.

100. In a pattern reproducing machine comprising four primary instrumentalities, via, a model guide and a model holder, a tool and a work holder connected for relative movements to produce the model considered as an aggregate or differential elements, such elements being reproduced systematically in the work, a grading mechanism having variable leverage upon a plurality of the primary instrumentalities during the production of a work piece, whereby the reproduced differential elements are shifted'relatively toward and from one another to effect non-geometric reproduction from the pattern as regards the relative positions of such reproduced differential elements in the work.

101. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lasts which consists in subdividing (in effect) the model into a system of differential elements, reproducing each element according to a systematic law, and automatically rearranging the reproductions in the work in order in a relation to one another which has a substantially nongeometric relation to the relation between their prototypes in the model.

102. T hat improvement in the art of pattern reproduction which consists in subdividing (in effect) the model into a system of differential elements, reproducing each element according to a systematic law, and rearranging the reproductions in the work in order in relatively condensed and rarefied arrangement in different parts of the work, as compared with their prototypes in the model.

103. In a pattern copying machine, means for holding a model and a work piece, and power-operated means for systematically reproducing the work, sections of the model and shifting any desired portion of such reproduced sections relatively to one another as they are formed.

104. In a three-dimensional pattern copying machine, means for holding a model and a work piece, and a grading mechanism and connections for pantographically reproducing in the work sections taken from the model. and for automatically shifting such reproduced sections relatively to one another at a varying rate as they are formed.

105. In a three-dimensional pattern copying machine, means for holding a model and a work piece, and means for systematically reproducing in the work piece sections taken from the model and for predeterminedly shifting such reproduced sections nonuniformly relatively to one another as they ing machine, means for holding a model and I a work piece, and means for systematically reproducing in the work piece sections taken from the model and for shifting suchreproduced sections at an arbitrarily predetermined non-uniform rate as they are formed.

107. In a pattern copying machine, means for holding a model and a work piece, a grading mechanism and connections for pantographically reproducing in the work piece sections of amodel and for relatively shifting such reproduced sections relatively to one another, permitting an automatic change in the amount of relative shift at an intermediate point of the work.

108. In a threedimensional pattern copying machine, guiding and cutting instrumentalities, model holding mechanism and block holding mechanism, constructed and arranged to present a model and a block of these instrumentalities respectively in similar relations, and means for varying the similarity of these relations during the production of a piece of work.

109. In a machine of the class described, guiding and cutting instrumentalities, model holding mechanism and block holding mechanism constructed and arranged to rotate and present a model and a block to said instrnmentalities respectively'in similar relations, and means for automatically'varyi-ng the relations between said instrumentalities and said model and block in time relation to the longitudinal production of the work.

110. In a last lathe, guiding and cutting instrumentalities, model holding mechanism and block holding mechanism constructed and arranged to rotate and present the model to the guiding mechanism in operational relation and the block to the cutting mechanism in a similar relation respectively, and means for varying the similarity of these relations during the turning of a last.

111. In a last lathe, guiding and cutting instrumentalities, model holding mechanism and block holding mechanism, constructed and arranged to present a model and a block to these instrumentalities respectively in substantially parallel sections of the model differentially and non-geometricallyshifted relatively to one another "perpendicularly to their parallel. dimensions 1 1 1. That improvement in the art of copy turning which consists in automatically reproducmg in a work piece pantographic reproductions of successivesubstantially parallel sections of a model and shifting them relatively to one another differentially, the

rate of shift varying in different parts of the work. I

115. That-improvement 1n the art of manufacturing solid bodies which consists in presenting a blockto a cutter and a model to a guide, governing the relatlon between the cutter andblock by that between the model and guide to reproducethe model section by section, and causing variations in the relations between the four objects independent of the reproductional relative movement to effect a norrgeomet'ric relative shift between reproduced sections, sa1d shift being substantially perpendicular to the sectlons.

116. In a three-dimensional patterncopy-' ing machine, model and blockholding instrumentalities, model and block following instrumentalities, means for causing relative movement between the block and its following instrumentalities to effect a pantographic reproduction of the model providing for ordinary length grading, if desired, section by section, and connections for combining with such movement a movement effecting a relative shift between the reproduced sections. I I I 117. In a three-diniensional pattern copyingmach1ne,-a model holder, a model wheel, a block holder and a cutter, the relation between the block holder and cutter being pantographically controlled by the relation be tween the'model holder and model wheel; andmeans for-effecting a relative movement between a said controlled and a said controlling element to effect HOB-gGOHlGtIlC rela-' tive shifting between differential elements in the reproduction.

118 In a three dimensional pattern copying machine, a model holder, a model Wheel, a block holder and a cutter, the relation between the block holder and cutter being pantographically controlled by the relation between the model holder and model Wheel, and providing for ordinary length grading; and a driving mechanism for effecting a relative movement between a said controlled and a said controlling element to effect relativeshifting between differential elements in the reproduction.

119. In a three-dimensional pattern copying machine, a model holder, a model wheel,

a block holder and a cutter, the relation between the block holder and cutter being pantographically controlled by the relation between the model holder and model wheel;

and driving mechanism for causing a nonuniform movement of one of the said elements independent of its behavior incident to the pantographic reproduction.

120. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a model wheel, a block holder and acutter, the relation between the block holder and cutter being controlled by the relation between the model holder and model wheel; supporting and operating mechanism for relatively moving said elements to effect pantographic reproduction in arbitrary proportions in length and width, and a driving mechanism intermediate between one of said elements and the supporting and operating mechanism to effect relative shifting between differential elements in the reproduction.

121. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a model wheel, a block holder and a cutter, the relation between the block holder and cutter being pantographically controlled by the relation between the model holder and model wheel, supporting and operating mechanism for relatively moving. said elements to effect reproduction of difierential elements and providing for relative separation or approach between the reproductions and a mobile connection intermediate between one of said elements and the supporting and operating mechanism to effect further relative shifting between differential elements in the reproduction.

122. In a machine of the class described, a model holder, a model wheel, a work holder and a work contacting tool, supporting and operating means for these four instrumentalities constructed and arranged to cause relative pantographic reproductional movement including ordinary length grading between the model instrumentalities and the work instrumentalities respectively,

the relation between the work instrumentalities being governed primarily by the relation between the model instrumentalities to produce systematic reproduction of differential elements of the model in the work, and driving mechanism for compounding with the normal reproductional action of a said instrumentality a movement to effect a shifting between reproduced differential elements in the work.

123. That improvement in the art of producing solid objects having a systematic resemblance to a solid pattern which consists in controlling the relation between the work and a work contacting tool by the relation between a model and model guide to reproduce differential elements of the model according to a pantographic law providing for alteration in size in all dimensions, and efiecting a movement of one of the said elements independent of its action incidental to pantographic reproduction to effect relative shifting of reproduced differential model elements.

124. That improvement in the art of pro FREDERIC W. POTTER.

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