US1313196A - lucre - Google Patents

Description

C. E. LUCKE.

APPARATUS FOR BURNING EXPLOSIVE GASEOUS MIXTURES.

APPLICATION FILED sEPT.8,19|5. RENEWED 0cT.3l.1918.- 1,313,196.

Patented Aug. 12, 1919 3 SHEETS-SHEET l.

MII

Attest nventor:

v Atty C. E. LUCKE.

APPARATUS FOR BURNING EXPLOSIVE GASEOUS MIXTURES.

APPLICATION FILED SEPLS, 1915. IIENEwED OCT. 31. I9I8.

1,313,1 96. Patentedmig. 12,191

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0000 o 00900 o o oOo 0 O 0 o O oo o 0o OOO O O O O oo o 000 00000-00000 O 0 0 0 O O 0 ooo@ ooo oo o 000000000 o 0000 o Attest: A I l Inven or: @Vw 3m A I M752, WSW-w f A.; Atty C. E. LUCKE. l APPARATUS FOR BURNING EXPLOSIVE GASEOUS MIXTURES. APPLICATION FILED SEPT.3|19|5 RENEWED OCT. 31| 191B.

Attest: g! Ingentor: Ela-M) @5er/f M!" 'f/f UNITED sTATEs PATENT oEEicE CHARLES E. LUCKE, 0F YORK, N.'Y.

APPARATUS-ron BURNING ExPLosIvE GAEOUSMIXTURES. I

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application led. September 8, 1915, Serial No. 49,561. Renewed October 31, 154318. Serial No. 260,5444

To aZZw'wm it may concern:

Be it known that I, CHARLES E. LUCKE,

a citizen of the United States, residing at New York city, in the county of New York and State of New York, have invented certain newand useful Improvements in Apparatus for Burning Explosive Gaseous Mixtures, fully described and represented in the following specification and the accompanying drawings, forming a part of the same.

This invention relates to apparatus for burning explosive gaseous mixtures. The obj ect of the invention is to provide apparatus suitable for use generally and by which localized and non-explosive or continuous combustion of such mixtures may be maintained With the mixture supplied under'comparatively low pressure.

Continuous and localized combustion of vexplosive gaseous mixtures may be maintained by feeding the mixture through a passage With a velocity greater than the rate of propagation of inflammation of the mixture in order to prevent back-iashing and then rapidly reducing the flow velocity and burning the mixture Where the' flow velocity equalsthe rate of propagation of inflammation of the mixture, and also by feeding the mixture with a velocity less than the rateoi:l

propagation of inflammation of the mixture through a flame interrupting passage or orilice which is of such width that back-Hashing will be prevented by the cooling action on the mixture of the walls of the passage or orifice, the mixture then burning as it escapes fromthe passage or orifice. In an apparatus for burning explosive gaseous mixtures in either of these ways, where the combustion takes place closely adjacent to the discharge opening, it is necessary that the apparatus be constructed so as to prevent heat from being conducted backward through the Walls of the supply passage to such extent asto heat the walls of the mixture supply chamber to the temperature of ignition of the mixture, and in an apparatus operating on the principle of the Harrie-interrupting passage, to prevent back-lashing it is necessary that the Walls of the llameinterrupting passage or passages shall be kept at such comparatively ,low temperature that theyv may continue to perfom their function of cooling, or abstraeting heat from, the mixture itself flowing through ,the

passage or passages suiiciently to prevent` ignition thereof by heat communicated back` throughthe mixture and consequent backi'la'shing. ,The difficulty of preventing backward 'conduction of heat through the walls of the supply passages is especially troublesome in apparatus in which the mixture is supplied to the place of combustion through a large number of closely adjacent passages.

U. S. Patents Nos. 1,113,171, granted on an application of Frank Creelman, and 1,113,174, granted on an application of Charles E. Lucke and Frank Creelman, both Patented Aug. 12,1919.

dated October 6, 1914,`sh0w apparatus constructed to prevent backward conduction of heat from the 'combustion zoneto the supply chamber to such an extent as might cause ignition of the mixture in the supply chamber; and in my application Serial No.

7 68,7 7 4, filed May 20, 1913, there is disclosed.

a low pressure birrner or apparatus for lconstruction, of the apparatus of 'each of said patents and of said application is such that the heat is conducted away from the walls of the mixture passages to suchan extent as to secure the desired results, and in each of them the passages through which the mixture is supplied to the place of combustion lead from amixture supply chamtilt)v ber located close to the pl-ace of combustion so as to reduce the length of the small supply passages *and thereby avoid excessive resist- .ance to ilow of the mixture. f

A principal object of the present invention is to-still further reduce the resistance to flow of themixture in passing rom the mixture chamber to the place of co bustion so as to further yreduce the pressure required to be maintained in the mixture chamber. To lreduce the How resistance as much as possible, it is necessary to reduce as much as 'possible the length of the small passage or passages through which the mixture Hows to the combustion space. I therefore provide in apparatus embodying thel present invention very short discharge pastivity, Would not have the necessary conducting capacity for carrying heat away from the Walls of the orifices rapidly enough to maintain such Walls at the desired comparatively low temperature, I form the metal body in Which the discharge orifices are located so that it shall have the neces sary large heat conducting capacity by making it of such form that it shall have a rapidly increasing cross-section in the direction of the flow of heat from the Walls'of each orifice and shall be ofy such cross-section'or mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity for carrying away at the necessary rate all heat reaching such par-t from the Walls of any one or more of the discharge orifices. This result is most desirably attained by providing a body of-metal of high heat conductivity of the required mass or lcross-section and forming lthrough it discharge passages leading from a supply chamber to the place of combustion constricted at their discharge ends to form the desired discharge orifices. s

Suitable means must also: of course be provided for dispersing the heat conducted out- Ward through, the metal body, and vfor this purpose suitable dissipating surfaces of large extent are most desirably provided for discharging the-v heat directly to the surrounding atmosphere. It is desirable that the burner or apparatus shallnot be dependent upon the provision of any circulatin fluid for carrying away heat from the meta body, but the invention in its broade-raspeet 1s not to,be limited in thisrespect. The

ybody in vWhich the discharge orifices are formed should, as before stated, be of a material off high thermal conductivity, and

most `desirably is formed of a metal of a conductivity of the class of that of copper, aluminum, etc., and including suitable a1- loys;and of these metals I `consider aluminum the best, for the reason that while it is not the best conductor, it is the best for -cost and availability.

4 Theunvention has been made especially with the idea of providing a burner for explosive gasous mixtures intendedfor burning mixture supplied under a ressure'not sufiieient to cause the mixture to the discharge orifice or orifices with a velocity in excess of the rate of propagation of inflammation of the mixture, and in which back-flashing is prevented b the cooling action of the Walls of the disc arge'orifice or orifices on the mixture flowing therethrough, such discharge orifices having a cross-section or Width sufficiently small to so act; and of securing in such 'a burner the ovv through of the discharge orifices with a minimum mixture flow resistance so that a suitable quantity of mixture may be discharged through the orifice or orifices with a very low supply pressure. The invention is also applicable to, and of great value for, burners intended for burning explosive gaseous mixtures supplied under pressure sufficient to cause the mixture to flow through the dis- -charge orifice or orifices With a velocity greater than the rate of propagation of iniammation of the mixture, and in which such excess flow velocity is depended on to prevent back-hashing, and localization of combustion is secured by rapidly reducing the flow velocity of the escaping mixture. In such burners also, the reduction of resistance to`floW of the mixture and consequent reduction of the pressure necessary to give the required velocity of discharge is sometimes of great advantage. Such burners need not, of course have their discharge orifices of such small Width as to serve asfiame-inte'rruptin passages or orifices which prevent back-Has mg by cooling the mixture stream. But by providing burners having flame-interrupting orifices with means for causing the mixture flowing from the orifices to spread out'rapidly With reduction of fiow velocity, they are made adaptable for burning explosive mixtures supplied under a` range of pressures including. pressures sufficient to cau-se the mixture to flow through the discharge orifices with a veloc ity in excess of the rate of propagation of inflammation of the mixture and pressures not suflicient tocause such excess flow velocit through the discharge orifices.

W en it is desirable to develop radiant heat With a burner not provided With velocity reducingy means, some suitable solid matter is disposed with reference tothe discharge orifices, so that it Will be heated to incandescence when the burner is in operation. Such matter should most desirably bev arranged so as not to reflect heat back to the metal body of the burner to any considerable extent. A hearth of fire brick or other suitable refractory material of lovv heat conductivity, formed- With fiaring holes registeringl with thel discharge orifices and covering practically all of the outer or hearth Wall of the'metal body Without offering any gas flow resistance, is desirably provided. The side Walls of the flaring holes of such hearth Will become radiant themselves, but may be supplemented by suitably ioo iammation. For producing the highest temperature, the oxygen should be undiluted and the mixture should contain oxygen and combustible matter in chemical Combiningproportions at the time of combustion; but

- theremay be an excess of either the combustible matter or the combustion supporting gas within the limits which determine the property of self-propagation. Themixture may be varied in this respect according to the desired character of the products ofl combustion, that is, whether it is desired that the products shall be neutral, oxidizing or reducing. Also, the mixture may of course contain neutral gas such is nitrogen, carbon dioxid orfwater vapor, so long as the amount' of such neutral gas is not suicient to make the mixture non-explosive.`

The accompanying drawings illustrate lvarious forms of apparatus made in accordance with the present invention. In said f drawings:

in Fig. 1 with the layer of refractory mate- Figure v1 is -a sectional view taken on line 1 1 of Fig. 2 of a burner made in accordance with the invention; f

Fig. 2 is a plan view of the burner shown rial or hearth removed;

Fig. 3 is a sectional view taken on line 3-3 of Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is a view'similar to Fig. 3 but showing the burner supplied with a combustion localizingbed'; i

Fig. 5 is a sectional view of a single slot burner shown as provided-witha combustion localizing bed;`

Fig. 6 is a plan view ofthe burer shown in Fig. 5 wlth the combustion, localizing bed removed;

Fig. 7 is a section taken on line 7-7 of Fig.5; 'vv Fig. v8 is a sectional view of another form o f burner embodying features of the inventol.; 9 I

1s a in 8;

Fig. .10 is a sectionalview of a burner plan view of the burner shown which is a modication of the form of burner shown in Figs. 8 and 9;

Fig. .11 is a' sectional view of another illustrative form of burner, and j Fig. 12 is a plan view of the burner shown by Fig. 11i` Figs. 1, 2 and 3, the burner shown in these figures vcomprises a metal body 10 formed to provide a plurality of discharge orifices 1.1 through which explosive gaseous mixture from a mixture chamber v12 1s discharged to be burned. 'The discharge orifices in the parallel slots extending through the upper wall of the metal body'lO. The discharge orifices 'are made very short in the direc- .tion of iiow of the mixture through them,

and below the orifices and between the oriiices and the mixture chamber proper the i metal of the body is Aextended vdownward or inward between the discharge slots or oriiices so as to provide a comparatively'substantial body 13 of metal between the slots and -connected With the portions of the body beyond the ends of the slots. The lopenings or passages between such inwardly extending portions 13 of metal:` between the slots are of greater cross-sectional dimension than the slots, the walls of such openings most desirably, spreading outward or away from each other in the directionsl both widthwise and lengthwise ofthe slots, so as to avoid resistance to How of the mixture and there-` by reduce the resistance to flow of mixture escaping'from the supply chamber to that minimum resistance offered bythe discharge orifice itself. The body may be considered as being formed with dischargepassages leading from the mixture chamber which are constricted at their upper ordischarge ends to provide short portions Yor discharge orifices of the desired cross-sectional dimension or'width. i

The walls of the passages or flow spaces leading to the discharge orifices being as shown and as .above described, the metal body will have the desired rapidly increasjlng cross-section in thedirection in which the body the heat conducted through it. It

is most desirable, however, and especially for small burners, not to resort to means involving forced" circulation in contact with the body of water or other cooling liquid or gas, but to secure the discharge of heat from the body to the surrounding atmosphere by pror viding the body with an extended heat-dissipating surface of suitable area, and for A this purpose' the body, itself suitably ex- Referring to the drawings, and first to* tended, may be provided with relatively thin ribsor ns' 14 extending therefrom. The body is best extended downward about the mixture chamber, and I consider it most delOl.

sirable to have the body extend completely.

about the mixture chamber, that is, that the mixture chamber shall be formed within the metal body as shown, as I thereby secure a large extent of discharging surface of the body with simple construction. The portions of the body extending downward and about the sides and bottom of t'he chamber are desirably made of adually decreasing thickness -since the requlred heat conducting capacity decreases in the portions more re`.

mote from the -discharge orifices by reason of the heat already disposed of.

When the cooling action of the walls of the discharge orifices on the mixture passing through them is to be depended upon to pre- -vent back-flashing through the orifices and ignition of the mixture in the supply chamber, the width of the orifices must of course be suiiiciently small to secure this result. While the maximum width of the orifices will vary according to the character of the mixture to be burned, orifices of between .02'

and .03 of an inch in width will usually be found most suitable.

An inlet opening 15 isprovided to the mixture chamber through' which the exploinjector and through the discharge or pres-- .sure cone 18 to the supply chamber.

The injector should be designed and the nozzle and combining tube set in proper .relative position, as by adjusting either one, to supply a mixture containing the gas andv air in suitable combining proportions, and the gas should reach the injector under sufiicient pressure to cause the mixture in the supply chamber to be maintained under such pressure as will cause the mixture tosflow through` the discharge orifices in quantities sufficient for the desired rate of combustion, though notpwith a velocity in excess of the rate of propagation of llame through the: mixture when no means for causing lateral spreading of the mixture leaving the orifice is lprovided. The supply chamber should be large enough to permit the mixture to move therein with such comparatively low velocity as to secure a substantially uniform supply of mixture to all the discharge orifices.

A layer or hearth 2O ofvre brick or other suitable refractory material of low heat conductivity is best provided covering the outer or hearth wall of the metal body and formed with outwardly flaring openings or holes registering with the discharge orifices. Such hearth or covering layer protects the metal body from a great deal of heat which would otherwise enter itand also provides walls adjacent the place Where combustion takes place which become highly heated and serve i as sources of radiant heat. thearing enings will refiect little if any heat back to the metal body. As sources of radiant heat, they may also be supplemented by -a suit'abl disposed screen 21 of a sultable non-oxidiza le metal, such as nickel or a nickel alloy, or other suitable material best formed with openings for the esca-pe of the products of combustion, such for example, as a perforated silica or metal plate or woven wire netting. i

The metal body, in order that it shall have the necessary heat conducting capacity, is best-made, as before pointed out, of metal of Such Walls of high thermal conductivity such as copper or aluminum. The body may be formed of a single integral piece of metal or of separate .parts formed and secured together in anyV suitable manner so as not to interfere with the flow of heat through the body from the walls of the discharge orifices; In the burner shown; in Figs. 1, 2 'and 3,'the body is formed of -a series of bodysections a alter-V nating with thin spacing sections b, the end body sections being formed to provide end Walls for the mixture supply chamber. The intermediate body'sections are each formed so that the metal extendscomplctely about a central openlng and is cut away at the top of the opening as shown to provide 'the portions 13 which extend downwardly .between adjacentJ discharge passages. The spacing sections are of the same general form as the body sections except that each spacing section has an opening through the topfportion thereof of a length equalto and which de termines the length of the discharge orifice. l 4 The body sections and spacing sectionsare v shown as secured together by bolts wliich extend through lugs projecting outward from the sections. Y r

In use, assuming the discharge orificesl of the burner to be of such small width as to serve as dame-interrupting orifices, and as` suming the burner to be used as shown withtained undersuch low. pressure therein that escaping mix- 4the velocity of. flow of the mixture through i the discharge orifices will be lessl than or equal to or not much in excess of the rate of propagation of inflammation of themixture, and the mixture will burn at the discharge side of the orificesv or slightly within the orifices. Heat entering the body adjacent the orifices will passthrough the body and `be discharged from the ns 14, and the temperature of the walls of the orifices and other walls in contact with the mixture will interrupting property of the discharge orifices will be maintained. In a-properl designed burner having a body of aluminum or other metal of a. like order'of heat conductivity, the hottest parts of the body near the mixture exits will not be materially hotter than the -most distant parts, that is, by providing for sufficient amount of heat conducting capaci-ty of the body the temperature difference between theC hottest and cooli lest parts of the body may be controlled in a pand serve as a source of radiant heat. The

screen 21, if provided, will also becomes,

highly heated and radiate heat.

If the burner is to be operated with such pressure maintained in the mixture chamber as to cause the mixture to flow through the discharge orifices with a velocity appreciably in excess of the rate of propagation of inflammation of the mixture, then means should be provided for causing the mixture flowing from the discharge orifices to spread out with rapid reduction of its flow velocity. Fig. 4t shows a burner of the construction shown in Figs. 1 to 3 provided with a porous and permeable combustion bed of refractory material formed to cause the mixture entering it from the discharge orifices with an excess lvelocity to spread out and advance with rapidly increasing cross-section and decreasing velocity, such bed being shown as formed by broken, molded or other suitable pieces of highly refractory material such as alundum, chrome ore or magnesite, or fireclay, filled into the space between the flaring walls of 'the openings in the hearth or layer 20. The pieces or granules forming the bed may be either loose or bonded together and may vary in size according to the size, design and intended use`of the burner, and especially according to the thickness of the bed. A burner such as shown in Fig. 4 having discharge orifices of a width sufficiently small to prevent back-flashing by cooling, or abstracting heat from, the mixture streams passing through the orifices may be operated A with mixture maintained in the supply chamber under a range of pressures including those which will cause the mixture to be discharged through the orifices with a velocity greater than the rate -of propagation of inflammation of the mixture and lower pressures which will not cause such excess velocity of discharge. through the discharge orifices with a velocity less than the rate of propagation of in- When the mixture flows flammation of the mixture,4combustion will take place at or just within' the mouths of the orifices, but when the mixture is discharged with a flow velocity appreciably in excess of the rate of propagation of'inflain- 70 mation, the mixture leaving the discharge orifice. with such excess velocity will have its ve ocity reduced as it advances through the combustion bed and the surface or zone of combustion will then locate within or at the outer surface of thebed where the reduced flow velocity equals the rate of propagation of inflammation. When sufficient mixture is being burned, the combustion bed will become uniformly heated to a high state of incandescence Iand serve as a source of radiant heat. A If because of the small amount of mixture being burned and the size of the granules the bed does not become uniformly heated, the radiating screen 21 85 may still be uniformly. heated to incandescence by the products of combustion escaping through the bed and passing the screen. Heat received by portions of'the body adj acent the place of combustion will be conducted away and dissipated as before point- E ed out, so that ignition of mixture 1n the supply chamber and in the flow passages 13 will be prevented, and the property of the narrowV orifices of preventing back-flashing .95

when the mixture is flowing with a velocity less than the rate of propagation of inflammation will be maintained.

This burner provided with velocity reducing means suchias that shown in Fig. 4 need 100 not have its discharge orifices of such small width as to' act as flame-interrupting orifices provided it is to be operated only with the mixture maintained under such pressure ink the supply chamber that Ibackflashing will be prevented by reason of the fact that the mixture flows through the discharge orifices with a velocity greater than the rate .o-f

. propagation of inflammation of the mixture.

charge passage of decreasing cross-area terminating in a discharge or1fice. The mixture to be burned is supplied to thelchamber through an inlet 16a, and the chamber may be formed with such an inlet opening at each end either one to be Aused and the other to be pluggedfas shown, this both for convenience in manufacture and to enable the supply connection to be made to either end of the burner.

The upper portion of the body is made -sufiiciently thick so thatl the portions adjalmixture chamber gives an extended heat dissipating surface andsuch surface is desirably extended by providing fins or ribs 14a as shown; The lower portions of the body to which only a part of the heat received by the body is conducted, may be, and for lightness desirably are, of less thickness than the portions nearer the discharge orifice. The burner is provided with a hearth layer 2O formed with a fia-ring opening registering with the discharge orifice, the hearth face of the body being shown as extended to provide a sufficient support for such hearth layer. The hearth 20 performs the same functions in this burner as in the burner previously described. As in the case of the burner of Figs. 1 to 4, also, the discharge orifice may be of such small width as to serve as a flame-interrupting orifice, in

which case means for reducing the velocity of gas escaping from the orifice may or may not be provided as desired, or the orifice may be of greater width so that backflashing will be prevented only by causing the mixture to fiow through the orifice with a velocity greater than the rate of propagation of infiammation of the mixture, in which case.

a bed of pieces of refractory material or other'suitable velocity reducing means must be provided for causing the velocity of the escapin mixture to be reduced and combustion to localized. Such a bed of-broken 'refractory material is shown in Fig. 5.v

, Figs. 8 and 9 illustrate a form of burner ,having a comparatively large number of small round discharge orifices opening through the hearth face of the burner body. The body is yformed -to provide a mixture chamber 12b from which a plurality of discharge passages 13b extend through the body, said passages being constricted at their outer ends to form the discharge orifices of the desired size. The passages may thus be considered as passages of decreasing cross area terminating in a discharge orifice. The passages are shown as decreasing sharply or suddenly in cross area, but the decrease might obviously be more or lessgradual as' inthe case of forms of apparatus illustrated by other figures of the drawings. The portions of the metal adjacent each orifice will be of increasing cross-section in the direction of the flow of heat from the walls of the orifice, and, as in the case of the burners before described, the `body is made of such cross-section or mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away all heat reaching such part from the walls of any of the dis-- charge orifices. For this purpose the upper part of the body orpart adjacent the hearth face thereof must ybe made sufficiently massive and the discharge orifices must lbe suitably spaced. The portion of the body lying between the mixture chamber and the hearth face of the body must be of sufficient thickness or depth in the direction of the dis-' charge passages, dependent onpthe number and arrangement of the passages, to have at all oints the're'quired heat conducting capacity. As the inner or central portions of this part of the body receive less heat than the outer portions which have to conduct away not only the heat from their immediately adjacent discharge orifices but also heat reaching them from the inner orifices, it is not necessary that the inner or central portion of thisv part ofthe body be made so thick as the outer portions, and in order to reduce the amount of metal in the burner, therefore, it is desirable to so shape the upper wall 4of the mixture chamber with relation to the shape of the hearth face that the portion of the body between the mixture chamber and the hearth face shall be of decreasing thickness toward the center of the burner. burner is formed with a flat hearth face as shown, the upper wall of the chamber will be of generally concave form. The body is When the shown as provided with heat dissipating fins f or ribs 14, and the side walls of the body are shown as extended downward tofurther increase the capacity of the body of disposing of heat received from the walls ofthe discharge orifices,4 such extended portions of the walls being desirably of decreasing thickness as shown since the required heat conducting capacity of portions more remote from the vorifices is .less than that of nearer portions because of the fact that only a part of the heat reaches such remote portions. The burner is provided with a hearth layer 20 of refractory material of low heat conductivity formed with outwardly flaring openings 21 registering with the discharge orifices, such layer being similar to and serving the s ame purpose as the hearth layer of the burners previously described.

Fig. 10 shows a form of burner similar to that of Figs. 8 and 9, except that the metal body is further extended so as to secure the necessary dissipation of heat tothe su-rrounding atmosphere without its being pro-y vided with heat dissipating fins or ribs, and that the discharge orifices or constricted portions of the discharge passages are provided by driving plugs 30 formed with the small discharge orifices 11c into the outer ends of the passages 13 extending through i body.

Figs. 11 and 12l illustrate a form of burner in which heat conductors pass from the hearth face or Side of the body through the mixture chamber to the opposite side of the body. In the particular construction shown in these figures the burner body comprises a heavy casing 40 providing the side walls and bottom wall, or wall opposite t-he hearth wall, of -the mixture chamber 12d, and a hearth wall formed by enlarged or head portions of a plurality of conducting members or rods 41 which are driven into openings in the bottom wall of the casing 40, and which most desirably extend through and beyond the bottom wall of the casing as shown. The heads of these conducting members or rods 41 are formed so as to provide between adjacent heads discharge orifices of the ,desi-red AShape and capacity.

The heads maybe square as shown, and each formed with a recess in two opposite sides so that when the heads are arranged as shown and lin contact with eachother they will form ,a'wall having short slot shaped orifices 11d through which mixture will be discharged from the mixture chamberlQfd. The heavy casing 40 and the conducting bodies or rods 41 are `made of ametal of suitable high heat conductivity, as in the case of the'bodies of the other burners illustrated. When the burner is in operation heat will be conducted by the conducting members or rods directly to the bottom Wall of the casing 40, some of the heat being conducted through the bottom wall of the casingt0 be discharged lfrom itsside walls which are provided with suitable dissipating iins or ribs 14, or from which heat may be Withdrawn by other suitable means. Some of the heat will pass on through the extended end portions of the conducting members or rods 41 to be discharged therefrom. The p parts being suitably proportioned, heat will be conducted away from the heat receiving portions of the body and disposed of at the required rate to maintain the walls of the discharge orifices suiiiciently cool and t-o prevent any part in contact with the mixture before it reaches the' orifices from becoming heated to the ignition tem- |The conducting bodies or rods perature. will of course be made of suitable size to have the required heat conducting capacity, and the casing 40,*and especially the bottom Wall `thereof through which the conductingvv rods pass, will beof sufiicient mass to carry away allheat received byit from the rods. The required heat conducting capacity of the f outer portions of this bottom wall will be greater thanthat of the inner portion thereof, and the inner portion may therefore be made thinner than the outer portion, as

shown-in the drawing. It will be seen that by providing the rods with slightly enlarged j heads the desired discharge orifices or short passages are provided and a sufficiently large flow space is also provided between the rods to avoid any appreciable resistance to flow of the mixture t0 the orifices. The mixtufre chamber may be considered as divided by the rods into connecting flow passages or discharge passages which are constricted'at their discharge ends to form the discharge orifices, or which are of decreasing cross area terminating in the discharge orifices. It will also be lseen that the metal adjacent each orifice increases in cross-section in the direction of How of heat 'therethrough from .the walls of the orifice.

What is claimed is: 3 j

1. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity inclosing and forming a mixture supply cham;

thereof to which heat is conducted from- A.

parts adjacent to which combustion takes place that'such portions shall have sufficient. heat conducting capacity to conduct the heat reaching them to a point from. which heat is discharged with `sufficient rapidity to keep the temperature of the -walls of the discharge orifice sufiiciently low to maintain the flame-interrupting property .of the orifice and to prevent the walls of the discharge passage and the supply chamber from becoming' heated .to the ignition teinperature..

2. A burner for explosive gaseous mixwhich heat is conducted from parts adjacent to which combustion takes place that such portions shall have sufiicient heat conducting capacity to conduct the heat reaching vthem to a point from which heat is discharged with suflicient rapidity'to prevent -the walls of they supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature'.

3. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure-providing al body of metal of high heat conductivity inclosing and forming a comparatively large mixture flow space extending close to the placewhere combustion occurs and a mixture discharge orifice forl the discharge of fmixture from such flow space to the place where combustion occurs, said orifice havl therethrough, and said body being so formed and of such mass in portions thereof to" which heat 1s conducted from parts adjacent to which-combustion takes place that such portions shall have suficient heat conducting capaci-ty to conduct the heat reach.- ing them to a point from which heat is discharged with sufficient rapidity to' keep the temperature of the walls of the discharge orifice suficiently low to maintain the flameinterrupting property of the orifice and to prevent the walls of the discharge passage and the supp-ly chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature.

4. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity inclosing and forming a comparatively large 'mixture iowl space extending close to the place where combustion occurs and a mixture discharge orifice for the discharge pf mixture from such flow space to the place where combustion occurs, said body being so formed and of such mass in portions thereof to which heat is conducted fromf parts adjacent to which combustion takes place that such portions shall have sufficient heat conducting capacity to conduct the heat reaching them to a point from which heat is 1^ discharged with suflicient rapidity to prevent the walls of .the supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature.

5. A burner for explosive gaseous inixtures, comprising a structure providing a.

body of metal of high heat conductivity inclosing and forming a mixture supply chamber and a p-lurality of mixturedischarge passages of decreasing cross area terminating in discharge orifices having a width sufficiently small to prevent backward propagation vor inflammation therethrough, said body being so formed and of such mass in portions thereof to which heat is conducted from parts adjacent to which combustion takes place that such portions shall have sufficient heat ciiducting capacity to conduct the heat reaching them to a point from which heat is discharged Awith sufficient rapidity to keep the temperature of the walls of the discharge orifices suiiiciently low to maintain the flame-interrupting property of the orifices and to prevent the walls of the discharge passages and ofthe supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature. y

6. .A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity inclosing and form-ing a mixture supply chamber and a plurality of mixture discharge passages of decreasing cross area terminat- Vformed and of such mass in portions thereof to which heat is conducted from parts adjacent to which combustion takes place that such portions shallhave suiiicient heat conducting capacity to conduct the heat reaching t em to a point from which heat is discharged with suiicient rapidity to prevent the walls of the discharge passages and of the supply chamber from becoming heated to theignition temperature.

7. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity, a mixture supply chamber, and a discharge orifice opening through the body for the passage of mixture from the supply chamber to the place where the mixture burns, `the portions of the body adjacent the orifice being of rapidly increasing cross-section in the directlon of the fiow of heat through the body from the walls of the orifice, and the body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct `away heat reaching such part from-the portions adjacent the discharge orifice at a rate suflicient to prevent the walls of the supply chamber from becomingheated to the ignition temperature.

8. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal yof high heat conductivity, a mixture supply chamber, and a discharge orifice opening throughthe body for the passage of mixture from the supply chamber to "the place where the mixture burns, said discharge orifice having a width sufficiently small to prevent backward propagation of inflammation therethrough, and the portions of the body adjacent the orifice being of rapidly increasing cross-section in the direction of the iiow'of heat through the body from the walls of the orifice, and the body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such part from the portions adjacent the discharge orifice at a rate suiiicient to keep the temperature of the walls of the orice sufiiciently low to maintain the iameinterrupting property of the orifice and to prevent the walls of the supply chamber from becoming heated to theignition temperature.

9. A burner Jfor explosive gaseous mixtures comprising a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity, a mixture supply chamber, and a discharge orice opening through the body for the passage of mixture from the supply chamber to the place where the mixture burns, the portions of the body adjacent the orifice bein of rapidly increasing cross-section in the irection of the iow of heat vthrough the body from the Walls of the orifice, and the body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such par-t shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such part from the portions ladjacent the discharge orifice at a rate suilicient to prevent the Walls of the supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature, and means for causing unburned mixture escaping from the discharge orifice With a velocity greater than the rate of propagation of infianxmation to spread out with rapid reduction of flow velocity.

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Y of the body adjacent the 10. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity, a mixture supply chamber, and a discharge orifice opening through the body for the passage of mixture from the supply chamber to the place Where the mixture burns, said discharge orifice having a Width snfiiciently small to prevent backward propagation of infiammation therethrough, and the portions orifice being of rapidly increasing cross-section in the direction of the flow of heat through the body from the Walls of the orifice, and the body being of such cross-section of mass at'any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such part from the portions adjacent the discharge orifice at a ratevsufiicient to keep the temperature of the walls of the orifice sufiiciently lovv to maintain the fiame interrupting property of the orifice and to prevent the Walls of the supply chamber from becoming heated tothe ignition temperature, and means for causing unburned mixture escaping from the discharge orifice With a velocity greater than the rate of propagation of inflammation to spread out with rapid reduction of fioW velocity.

11. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity, a mixture supply chamber, and a discharge orlfice opening through the body for the passage of mixture from the supply chamber to the place Where the mixture burns, the portions of the body adjacent the orifice being of rapidly increasing cross-section in the direction of the fioW of Vheat through the body from the Walls ofthe orifice, and the body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reachin such part from the portions adjacent the cdischarge orifice at a rate sufficient to prevent the walls of the supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature, and means for Withdrawing heat from said body.

12. A burner vfor explosive gaseous mix- .tures, comprising. a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivit a mixture supply chamber, and a discharge orifice opening through the body for the passage of mixture from the supply chamber to the place Where the mixture burns, the portionsI of the body adjacent the orifice being of rapidly increasing cross-section in the direction of the fiovv of heat through the body from the Walls of the orifice, and the body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such part from the portions adjacent the discharge orifice at a rate sufficient to prevent the Walls of the supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature, and heat dissipating` fins for withdrawing heat from the body and discharging it to the surrounding atmosphere.

13. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a' body of metal of high heat conductivity, a mixture supply chamber, and a discharge orifice opening through the body Jfor the passage of mix-ture from the supply chamber portions of the body adjacent the orifice being of rapidly increasing cross-section in the direction of the fiow of' heat through the body from the Walls, of the orifice, and the bodyv being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such part shall have the re- I quired hea-t conducting capacity to prevent the Walls of the supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature, 10o and a hearth formed by a layer of refractory material of low heat conductivity having a flaring opening registering'with the discharge orifi 14. A 'burner for explosive gaseous mix- 105 tures, comprising a structure providing a' bodyjofmetal of high heat conductivity, a mixture supply chamber, and a discharge orifice opening -through the body .for the susv passage of mixture from the supply chambody from the Walls of the orifice, and the 115 body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to prevent the Walls of the sulpply chamber from becoming heated to Ithe ignition temperature, a hearth formed by a layer of refractory 'material of low heat conductivity having a flaring opening registering with the dis- 77charge orifice, anda combustion localizin bed formed by ypieces of refractory materia placed Within the flaring opening of the hearth.

15. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body 0f man of high heat conductivity, s me di. mi

. mixture supply chamber, and a plurality of heatthrough the body from the walls of thei orifice, an'd the body being of such cross-y section or mass at any part that such partshall have the required heart conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such I part vfrom the portions adjacent the discharge orifices at a rate sufficient to pre- Avent the walls of the supply chamber Jfrom becoming heated to the ignition temperature.

16. A burner for explosive gaseous. mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal ohigh heat conductivity, a

mixture-supply chamber, and a discharge passage leading from 'the supply chamber through the bodv, said passage being constricted at its discharge end to form a discharge orice, the portions of. the body adjacent the discharge orifice 'being of rapidly increasing cross-section in the direction of fiow of heat through the body from the walls of .the orifice, andsaid body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such part from the portions adjacent the discharge orifice at a rate sufiicient to prevent the walls of rthe passage and of the supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature.

17. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, ,comprising'a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity, a mixture supply chamber, and a plurality of discharge passages leading from the supply chamber through the lbody to the place where the mixture burns., said passages being 'constricted aft their discharge ends to form discharge orifices, the portions of thel body adjacent each orifice being 'of -rapidly increasing cross-section in the direction of f iow of heat through the body from the walls of the orifice, and said body being of such cross-section or mass at'any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity I to conduct away heat reachin such pant from the portions adjacent the discharge orifices at a raie sufficient to preventv the .walls of the Ipassages and of the supplyjchamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature. Y

18. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity, a mixturev supply chamber, an'd a yplurality of' discharge passages leading from the 'supply chamber through the body, said passages being constricted at their discharge ends to form dischar e orifices havin a width sufficiently smal toprevent bac {Ward propagartiony of inflammation therethrough, theportions 'of the body adjacent each orice being of rapidly increasingjcross-section in the direction of flow of yheat through the body from the walls of the orifice, and said body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such` pant shall;l have the required. heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such part from the portions adjacentthe discharge orifices at a rate sufficient to keep the temperature of the walls of the discharge orifices sufiiciently low to maintain the dame-interrupting property of the orifices and to prevent the Walls of the discharge passages and of the supply chamber from becoming hearted tov the ignition temperature.

19. burner for explosive gaseous mix- 85 tures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal yof high heateconductivity, a mixture supply chamber, fand a plurality of discharge passages leading from the supply chamber. through the body, said passages being constricted at their discharge ends to Jform discharge orifices having a width sufficiently small to prevent backward propagation of' inflammation therethrough, and said body being of such cross-section or 95 mass at any part that such pant shall have 'the required heat conducting capacity to tures, comprising a structure providing a body of metal of high heat conductivity, a mixture supply chamber, and -a plurality of discharge passages leading from the supply chamber through the body, said passages being constricted at their discharge ends to form discharge-orifices, the portions of the bodyadjacent each orifice being of rapidly increasing cross-secti-on in the direction of How of heat through the body from the walls of the orifice, and said body being of such cross-sectionor mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such part from the portions adjacent the discharge orifices at a rate sufficient to `'prevent the walls of the passages and of 125 the supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition tempera-ture, and means for causing unburned mixture 'escaping from the discharge orifices with a velocity greater than the rate of propagation of inflammavtion to spread out with reduction of fiow velocity.

21. A burner for explosive gaseous mixtures, comprising a structure providing a Ibody of metal of -high heat conductilvlty, a mixture supply chamber, and a discharge passage leading from the sulpply chamber through the body of decreasing cross area and terminating in an elongated or slot shaped discharge ori-fice, the portions of the body adjacent the orifice being of rapidly increasing cross-section in the direction of flow of heat through the |body from the walls of the orifice, said body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such part from the portions -adjacent the discharge'orifice at a rate sufficient to prevent the walls of the passage and of the supply chamber from becoming heated to the ignition temperature.

2:2. A burner for producing iby the combustion of an explosive gaseous mixture a substantially continuous incandescent su-rface of considerable extent, comprising a structure providing a mixture supply chamber having a wall formed-by a lbody of metal of high heat conductivity, a plurality of discharge passages extending from the sup ply ch'amber through said |body, said p-assages Ibeing constricted =at their discharge ends to form discharge orifices which are close together and at which the mixture burns, and a hearth for-ined by a layer of solid refractory material on the outer face of said body having openings registering with the discharge orifices, said body being of such cross-section or mass at any part that such [part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct aWav heat reaching such part from the walls of the discharge orifices at a rate sufficient to prevent the walls of the passages from becoming heated to the ignition temperature.

23. A burner for producing by the combustion of an explosive gaseous mixture asubstantially continuous incandescent surface of considerable extent, comprising a structure providing a mixture supply chanr ber having a wall formed by a body of metal of high Iheat conductivity, a plurality of' discharge passages extending from the sulpply chamber through said body, said passages 'being constricted at their discharge ends to form Idischarge orifices having a width sufficiently small to prevent backward propagation of inflammation therethrough and which are close together and a-t which the mixture burns, and a. hearth formed by a layer of Solid refractory material on the olhter face of said body having openings registering with the discharge orifices, said body being of such cross-section or mass at any par-t that such part shall have the required heat conducting capacity to conduct away heat reaching such part from. the Walls of the discharge orifices at a rate sufiicient to keep the temperature of the walls Y of the discharge orifices sufficiently low to maintain the fiamme-interrupting property of the orifices and to prevent the walls of the passages from becoming heated to the ignition temperature. p l

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

CHARLES E. LUCKE.

Witnesses:

DAVID C. LEWIS, A. L. KEN1'.

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