US1270369A - Art of illustrating phenomena. - Google Patents

Description

C. F. BISHOP.

ART OF ILLUSTRATING PHENOMENA.

APPLICATION man JUNE 26, I917.

Patented June 25, 1918.,

Ilnmentcw:

Chan/ 441%- STATES PATENT OFFICE.

owns 1'. nxsnor, or noonns'rna, NEW Yonx, assrcnon renown nasr nnnc'rmc' COMPANY, OF ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, A. COBBORATION OF NEW YORK.

OF ILLUSTBATING PHENOMENA.

' Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented June 25, 1918.

Application filed June 26,1917. Serial No. 177,014.

To all whom it may concern: r I

Be it known-that I, CHARLES F. BISHOP, a citizen of the United-States, residin g'at Rochester, in the county of Monroe and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Art of Illustrating Phenomena; and I do hereby declare the following 'to be a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in'the artto which it appertains to'make and use the same.

This invention relates to the illustration of phenomena which, either by reason of their inherently invisible character, or because of practical difiiculties arising from the character of the apparatus in which such phenomena occur, it is impossible or difiicult to demonstrate in actualvisible form.

In connection with written or oral description of such phenomena it is common to use diagrams in which apparatus, and the phenomena occurring in the apparatus, are indicated by various more or less arbitrary or conventional symbols. In some cases such diagrams are arranged to show different positions of the apparatus ordifierent stages of the phenomena occurring in the apparatus. previously used for the purpose in question have demanded, when at all complicated, a

either illustrate, or suggest to the imagination, the nature and sequence of the phenomillustrated, and thatthe arbitrary or conventional symbols which form these diagrams are represented in apparent motion,

such as a illustrate or suggest the phenomena represented.

The pictures may be reduced and reproduced in various we -known ways, but where the diagram to beshown is at all comviews of a series of In every case, however, the diagrams plicated in character the kinetographic pictures are preferably produced photographically on a film-strip, by takln successive iagrams di ering from each other by the slight degrees necessary to produce the illusion of continuous motion.

The pictures so produced may then be reproduced by the usual projecting apparatus,

and used in connection with lectures or' ad- -vert1s1ng demonstratlons, or in other ways single sheet on which so much of the diagram as is to remain motionless is shown, and to modify this diagram, for the successive views, by the use of separate movable symbols, which may be applied, moved about, and removed as conditions require. I

The invention may be used in illustrating phenomena of various natures-chemical, physical, physiological, or even purely abstreet or transcendentalthe symbols used being more or less abstract or arbitrary according to the nature of the subject. The invention is particularly useful, however, in

illustrating such physical phenomena as the actions of ma etism and electric currents, and the flow o gases and fluids.

In the accompanying drawings ures 1 to 4, inclusive, represent our successive views from'diiferent portions of a conthe Fig-f tinuous series of kinetographic views, which 7 series is adapted, when suitably projected, to

show a moving diagram in accordance with the present invention.

The diagram illustrated is designed to,

show the sequence of operations occuring in :an internal-combustion engine and in the electric ignition-apparatus associated there with. It will be understood that the kinetogra'phicpictures may include any number of repetitions of the cycle of operations, and that the figures in the drawings are taken from successive portions of a single cycle of symbols. In Fig. 1 theparts are shown as in positions corresponding to the last art of the exhaust-stroke of the piston. e

int

cams 10, 11 and 12 which actuate, respecnaraoee haust-valve and the inlet-valve, are all shown in rotation, while the crankshaft l3 is also in rotation, and the piston it is shown as reciprocating, Fig. 4 sing a view which occurs as the piston nearly attains its uppermost position. The exhaust-valve is open, but has coenced a downward movement. The escape of the exhaust-gases is indicated by arrows 16, which move, from the cylinder, through the exhaust-valve.

After a number of successive kins-tographic views in which the motions above indicated are continued, the parts reach the position of F ig. 2, which occurs during the intake-stroke oil the piston. The rotation of the cams and the crankshaft has brought them to the positions shown in Fig. 2, and the inlet-valve l7 has been opened to admit combustible mixture to the cylinder. lln this figure the inflowing gases are indicated by arrows 18, which are shown as moving through the carburetor 19, past the valve l7,

and into and throughout the combustionspace in the cylinder.

Continued movement of the diagram results in the attainment of the position shown in. Fig. 3, which occurs during the compresdill Elli

sion-stroke of the piston; Rotation ot the valve-cams has permitted. both valves to close, and the piston is in upward movement. The compression of the combustible mixture in the cylinder is indicated by vertically arranged arrows 20. At the moment when the intake-strolre'ends the arrows 180i F ig. 2 may be shown as moving into the vertical positions of the arrows 20, and thereafter these arrows may be shown as becoming shortened progressively as the piston rises. While these arrows do not indicate anything which is actual orwhich could in any way be rendered visible in an engine-cylinder,

they are thought to be suggestive, to the mind, of the pneumaticv actions occurring within the engine. 3 *3 indicates also the moment at which the electric ignition-apparatus comes into 3 operation. In Figs. 1 and 2 this apparatus til is shown as being idle, except for the rotation of the cam 10 by which its operation is controlled. lln Fig. 3 this cam has rotated to a position in which it permits the contactarm 21L, actuated by it, to engage the stationary contact 22 with which it cooperates, thus permitting current to flow, from a bat tery 23 through the circuit-controller and through the primary winding 2d of an in duction-coil, this winding being arranged on one leg of a magnetic core 25.

Since electric currents are in themselves invisible and there is no way, therefore, of

of a series of moving symbols or dots 2?. The conductors through which the currents flow are shown, throughout the .lrinetographic picture, in the :torm of stationary parallel lines, and when no curent is flowing in these conductors the space between these lines is shown blanh, as in Fig. 2. At the moment when the primary circuit is completed "however, the spaces betweenthe parallel llnes are shown as filled at once with the dots 27, which dots thereafter, throughout the continuation of the closed condition of the circuit, more rogressively along the conductors, thus sym. olizing the flow of current throughout the circuit. Thus in Fig. 3 and the succeeding views the dots are shown as moving through the primary winding or the induction-coil and through the wires which connect the coil with the cir-" (suit-controller and the battery.

The flow of current through the primary winding 2% results in magnetization of the it'll core 25, and this magnetization is also indi as shown in Fig. 3, these lines being designed to illustrate the theoreticallines of force in a magnet. Since it is well known that such lines require a sensible time for their generation, the transition from Fig. 2 to Fig. 3 is preferably made to show, in the successive hinetographic views, first dots or short'discontinuous lines arranged in series, and these symbols. extend in length in the successive views, until they ally unite themselves into continuous lines 26, as in Fig. 3.

Fig. 4t is a view talren from that part of the lrinetographic picture which illustrates the action of ignition and combustion in the engine. in this view the cam 10 has raised the contact-member 21', thus breamng the primary circuit, and cessation of tlow oi current in this circuit is indicated by the immediate disappearance of the moving dots 27. This breaking or the pary cir llltl lib,

cuit results in the disappearance or contraction of the magnetic lines of force 2%, and this phenomenon is suggested by the breaking up ot the lines 26 into short in= terrupted lines 28, as in Fig. 4t, and by the rapid contraction and disappearance ct" these short lines.

The disappearance of the magnetic lines or force results, at least theoretically, in the flow of an induced currentin the secondary winding 29 of the induction-coil, and this induced currentis shown in Fig. i by a series oi dots 30, which move throughout the 180 circuit for a short period, indicated by a few su'ccessive views. The spark-plug 31 of the engine is conventionally illustrated, and the effect of ignition and combustion in the engine-cylinder is indicated by the substitution, for the compression-indicating arrows 20, of moving arrows 32 which start at the spark-plug and radiate thence throughout the combustion-space in the engine-cyl inder. During the succeeding expansion, indicated by a downward movement of the piston, these arrows 32 may be shown as changing their direction of movement and following the piston downwardly, as the gases indicated by the arrows expand within the cylinder.

Where a diagram made in accordance with the present invention illustrates an operation which occurs with the rapidity of the operation of an internal-combustion engine, the timing of the movements of the diagrammatic symbols will necessarily be very much slower than the actual timing of the operation in question, in order that the spectator may have sufiicient time to see and grasp these movements. In fact, the operations may be diagrammatically extended to any degree necessary for convenience in explaining these operations, either verbally or by written matter appearing upon the kinetographic picture. At any desired point, moreover, the kinetographic picture may be stopped and an ordinary stationary diagram may be substituted, representing the particular point in the cycle of operations at which the kinetographic picture was arrested, in order that the lecturer may have as much time as may be necessary to explain the particular conditions of affairs at the moment in question.

The reference-numbers in the accompanying drawings have been inclosed in circles to indicate that they constitute no part of the moving diagram as represented in the kinetographic picture. It will be understood, however, that anydesired legends or reference-characters may appear in the actual kinetographic picture, either temporarily or, throughout.

The invention is not limited to the exemplification thereof hereinbefore described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, but it may be embodied in various forms within the scope of the following claims.

The invention claimed is:

1. The improvement, in theart of illustrating phenomena, which consists in the use of kinetographic pictures in which actual but inherently invisible phenomena are indicated by arbltrary symbols which oocupy different positions in successive views to illustrate movement suggestive of assumed characteristics of such phenomena.

2. The improvement in the art of illustrating phenomena, which consists in the use if kinetographic pictures representing an electrical diagram in which stationary conductors are represented by stationary lines, while electrification of such conductors is indicated by symbols which occupy diflerent positions along said lines in successive views to illustrate movement suggestive of the assumed flow of an electric current.

CHARLES F. BISHOP.

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