US1207388A - Method and apparatus for submarine signaling. - Google Patents

Description

H. A. FESSENDEN.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SUBMARINE SIGNALING. APPLICATION FILED JAN.29. I913.

v 2@7,388. Patented Dec. 5,1916.

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UNITED STATES PATENT curios.

REGINALD A. FESSENDEN, OF BROOKLINE, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOR TO S'UBMARINE SIGNAL COMPANY, OF WATERVILLE, 1VIAI1\TE, A CORPORATION OF MAINE.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SUBMARINE SIGNALING.

memes.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Dec. 5, 1916.

Application filed January 29, 1913. Serial No. 744,793.

0 all Whom it may concern Be it known that I, REGINALD A. FESSEN- DEN, of Brookline, in the county of Norfolk and State of Massachusetts, a citizen of the United States, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Methods and Apparatus for Submarine Signaling, of which the following is a specification. The invention described herein relates to elect'rodynamic apparatus and methods, for the receipt of energy, and more particularly to submarine signaling.

It has for its object increased efficiency in these lines and more particularly the more efficient transmission and receipt of submarine signals.

The invention is hereinafter more fully described and claimed. I

In the accompanying drawings Figure 1 illustrates diagrammatically receiving circuits arranged to embody my invention. Figs. 2 and 3 show diagrammatically apparatus for use as a receiving transmitter.

In Fig. 1, 11 represents the skin of a ship. In place of this may be used a diaphragm inserted in a hole cut in the side of the ship,

or a diaphragm attached to-the side ofthe ship, preferably to the inside, the space between the diaphragm and the side of the ship being filled with water or other liquid, as oil, which may be under pressure. Or,

instead of liquid, compressed gas may be used, as air or carbonic acid. In the figure, 35 1s such a diaphragm, attached to the inside of the skin 11 of the ship, 36 being the liquid, and 37, 37 a packing ring, preferably of rubber. The diaphragm may be so constructed that when struck it vibrates forsome tlme, llke a tuning fork, or which may be dead-beat.

The apparatus 12, mounted on the skin of the ship 11 is preferably of the character shown in detail in Fig. 2, and described below. It forms the subject-matter of Letters Patent No. 1,167,366, dated January 4, 1 916, divided out from this case. When it is used and the switch 13 is thrown down, and the key 16 depressed (moved to the right), current from the alternating current dynamo or source of intermittent current 15 flows into 12 and causes the tube 40 of Fig. 2 to vibrate with great force, say, in an appara tus of given size, with over 3500 lbs. stress. This tube being attached to the skin of the ship directly or indirectly as in the case where it is mounted on the diaphragm 35, or attached to a rod or spring, produces compressional waves in the water outside of the ships skin, analogous to sound waves in air, which waves are transmitted and received at the receiving station. The frequency of the waves so transmitted may be any desired, ranging from 5 per second to several thousand per second. In practice the frequency is preferably determined by the frequency of the source 15. The key 16 may be used for telegraphing, as in the case of the ordinary telegraph. When the switch 13 is thrown up, the device 12 is put in cir-. cuit with the battery 38 and the controlling device 14, which may be a carbon telephone transmitter where large currents are used or a transmitter and relay. Telephonic transmission through the water is accomplished by talking into the transmitter 14.

\Vhen the switch 13 is thrown down and the switch 17 up, and the key 16 is up (moved to the left) the device 12 is connected to the station, the waves cause the skin of the ship to move, carrying with it the tube 40 (Fig.

2), and the motion of 40 causes currents to be generated in the windlng 46, 47 (Fig. 2)

' which currents actuate the receivers 27, 28.

The current entering at the righthand side of the switch 17 and conductor 21, divides, one part flowing through the differential transformer primary 22, the variable induc-, tance 29, 29 and then uniting with the other half which has flowed through the other primary 23 and the fixed inductance 31, 31 both then flowing back to the other side of the switch 17 through the conductor 33. The adjustable inductance 29, 29 has preferablv a condenser, fixed or variable, 30 inserted in series with it and preferably between the two elements 29, 29 In case the condenser 30 is variable the inductance 29, 29 may be fixed. When the circuit is derived from a battery or other continuous current source the inductance 31, 31 has no capacity in series with it. This type of. apparatus is hence sharply divided from all previous kinds in that the two sides are dissimilar, one being tuned to a given frequency by means of varying 30 or 29, 29 while the other side is untuned, i. 6., non

resonant.

each other.

The inductances 29, 29 and 31,- 31 are preferably constructed in two parts, each inductance consisting of a pair of arms. In like manner the transformer 23, 25, 24, 22 consists of two twin insulated wire Windings, one wire of each twin winding being a primary coil as 22, the other a secondary as 24. The twoparts are preferably assembled so as to touch each other physically, and thus secure greater efficiency of operation, and so as to assist or oppose each other as may be found best, but preferably so that the primaries oppose each other. This is determined by varying the connections and using that connection which is found to be the most effective for the particular case, for example, by interchanging the terminals of with each other or interchanging the terminals of any of the other coils with each other, for example, those of the coils 23, 24, o

22, 31, 31 29, 29 until the best result is obtained. The secondaries also are preferably connected so that they are in series with each other and so add their voltages, impressed upon them by the primaries, but so that their mutual inductive effects on each other are opposed, i. 6., so that the inductance of'the two secondaries 24, 25, in series is less than the sum of the inductance of24 plus the inductance of 25 when the two secondaries are removed to a distance from I have found that this gives better elimination of extraneous noises. The transformer, the fixed inductance and the variable inductance are preferably arranged on planes at right angles to each other. If

the condenser is adjustable, a number of sections are preferably made, having the ratios 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, etc., and arranged so as to be thrown in parallel by a spiral cut contact As the sum of l and 3 is 2 squared, and the sum of 1, 3 and 5 is 3 squared, etc., and as the wave length is as the square root of thecapacity, a dial may be attached to the spiral cut contact to operate it by hand in such a Way that the first position will. give a wave length of 1 foot, the second position will give two feet,-etc., i. e. the spacing on the dial will correspond exactly to the wave length and indicate the adjustment. The same arrangement can be made for the inductance, if desired, but here the contactsmay be in series instead of in parallel. .If both are so arranged the Wave length is found by multiplying the reading on the condenser dial by that on the inductance dial. The receivers 27, 28 are connected in series with the secondaries 24, 25. A condenser 26 which may be adjustable, may also be inserted in series, but is preferably omitted for most work.

In the operation of this device, the currents generated by the signals to be detogether through 21. The adjustable inductance 29, 29 being adjusted so that that side of the branch circuit is tuned to the signals to be received, say 1,000 per second, the currents from the signals tobe received fiow almost entirely through. that branch and very little through the branch containing 31, 31 Consequently the primary 22 produces a strong effect in the secondary circuit 24, 25, 27, 28. On the other hand, the extraneous disturbance currents flow approximately equally through the two branches, and so the effect of 22 on 24 is neutralized by the effect of 23 on 25 and the noises are practically cut entirely out.

In practice extraneous noises which under ordinary circumstances could be heard plainly with the receivers 27, 28 at arms length are thus so cut out as to be low even with the receivers held closely to the ear, while the received signals are madesmore loud than when received direct. This is another striking difference between this apparatus and all previous balanced circuits, for instead of the signals being weakened they are actually increased from five to ten times in loudness. Instead of 12 for receiving the waves, an ordinary microphone may be used. This may be placed as usual .in a tank of water screwed to the ships side, or may be attached as shown in Fig. 1, where 20 isa microphone of the inertia type attached by the clamp 19 to the wire 18, which may be adjustable in length if desired so as to tune to the received Waves. By throwing theswitch 17 down, the microphone 20 and battery 34 are connected to the selective circuits above described, and the action is as described in the previous case, that is, the currents to be detected pass over the tuned branch while the currents set up by the extraneous noises divide between the two branches.

In Fig. 2, is a coppertube, say 8 inches diameter and 8 inches long (the length being preferably equal to or less than the diameter). 45, is the magnetizing coil of the magnetic circuit, 4343 being north pole and 44 44 being south pole. The magnetic flux flows from 4343 through the top air gap to the armature or core 41, thence through the bottom air gap to 44-44 and back through the outside ring to 4343. The tube 40 lies in the two air gaps and such part of it as is not over the windings 46, 47, is preferably slotted vertically as at ance. .Thewindings 46, 47 ,.are preferably wound on the core 41, though they may. be wound on the inside ofthe poles 4343, 44-44. In the drawings thesewindings are merely shown diagrammatically, but should preferably be about two hundred turns of flat steel enameled onto the core. It is best that the tube 40 shall be movable rather 50, Fig. 2 or otherwise made'of high resistiss than the windings as the tube is solid, though theoretically either might be movable. 48, 49 are plates for bolting 4343 and 4444 and 41 together. 42 is a hole for lifting, mounting terminals, etc. On passing an alternatin current of .a frequency of 1,000 throug 46, 47, the tube 40 acts as ashort circuited secondary, and has induced in it the same number of ampere turns as 46, 47. Consequently, being inthe air gap which has, say about 11,000 lines per square centimeter, it is driven up and down with a force, in the apparatus described, of over 3,500 lbs. The stroke may be of any desired length. If the side of a ship or the piston rod of a locomotive be attached to the ends of the tube 40, it will be set in motion. This form of motor has the great advantage over all other alternating current motors in that owing to the short-circuiting action of 40 there is no hysteresis or inductance or eddy currents. At a frequency of 1,000 per second, and an ohmic resistance of 4 ohms for the winda voltage of 87 volts will make 20 amperes pass through the circuit, showing a very high power factor, and this when the tube 40 is held still. When the tube is allowed to move the power factor is very close to unity. The losses are very small, and the construction is very cheap per horse power, as no laminated iron need be used, and the winding is very simple and the amount of wire very small. The starting torque is very high. Two-phase current may be used, one phase on turns 46 and the other on turns 47. The two phases have one common point which is connected to the point where 46 and 47 join. The force is very large per unit of current, and hence it is well adapted for submarine signaling. It is of altogether different dimensions to what has been obtained heretofore, and if applied for one second would give a 12 inch shell three time the velocity it has when fired from a 12 inch gun. It starts up very rapidly on account of the small time constant, 11. e., of about the one ten thousandth of a second.

Fig. 3 shows another form where the device is used for a telephone receiver. Here 60 is the telephone diaphragm, 61 is the tube, N S is the magnet, 62 being the armature or core and 63-63 the pole, circular in form, and 64 64 being the winding. On currents ings,

from a microphone passing through 64-64 the tube 61 vibrates and the diaphragm 60 to which it is attached reproduces the sound. In this construction only one air gap is used. One reason for two air gaps in Fig. 2 is that when used as a microphone by winding 46 in the opposite direction to 47 they act dif-. ferently as regards any fluctuations in the magnetizing coil 45, and give silence except for the received signals. This is not necessary in Fig. 3 with a permanent magnet.

Also in Fig. 2 the tube 40 may be cut in two half way down, and both ends may be made to move oppositely, the windings 46, 47 being in the same direction. This gives no unbalanced inertia efiects. By the use of this novel construction the obstacle which has prevented the use of oscillating dynamos, 2'. 6., the dragging of the lines of force with the motion of the coil, is done away with. To such an extent is this true that the device here shown is more sensitive, for equal motions, than any carbon microphone. It will detect motions less than one per cent. of those which carbon microphone will detect. The absence of dragging of lines and of inductance and hysteresis makes it very suitable for tunin to which hysteresis is almost absolutely fatal. Such microphones may be coupled in series, or parallel,'which carbon microphones cannot be, on account of difference of phase. The device has many uses, which need not be here enumerated. When used as a telephone relay, the tube is preferably attached to a diaphragm having a higher natural period than the average frequency of the voice. This is to strengthen the higher vibrations, which fall ofl most.

VVhat'I claim as my invention is:

1. The method of selecting and utilizing periodic impulses which consists in first transforming the energy of the impulses received into the energy of fluctuating currents comprising periodic and non-periodic impulses, impressing all the impulses bothperiodic and non-periodic upon a circuit tuned to the periodic impulses to be detected and also upon a circuituntuned to any frequency within the range of said impulses and thereby neutralizing the effect on an indicating apparatus of one portion of the nonperiodic impulses by the other portion thereof, whereby the indicating apparatus will be affected by the periodic impulses.

2. The method of selecting and utilizing periodic impulses which consists in first transforming the energy of the impulses received into the energy of fluctuating currents comprising periodic and non-periodic impulses, impressing all the impulses both periodic and non-periodic upon a circuit tuned to the periodicimpulses to be detected and also upon a circuit untuned to any frequency within the range of said impulsesand thereby neutralizing the effect on an indicating apparatus of one portion of the nonperiodic impulses by the other portion thereof, whereby the indicating apparatus will be affected by the periodic impulses, and maintaining the effect on the indicating apparatus of the periodic impulses at'practically full strength.

3. The method of selecting and utilizing periodic impulses which consists in first transforming the energy of the impulses received into the energy of fluctuating currents comprising periodic and non-periodic impulses, impressing all the impulses both periodic and non-periodic upon a circuit' tuned to the periodic impulses to be detected and also upon a circuit untuned to any fre quency Within the range of said impulses and utilizing said fluctuating currents so separated to energize a secondary circuit containing an indicating apparatus and neutralizing the effect of one portion of the nonperiodic impulses upon said secondary circuit by the other portion thereof, whereby the indicating apparatus Will be affected practically by the periodic impulses only.

4. The method of selecting and utilizing periodic impulses which consists in first transforming the energy of the impulses received into the energy of fluctuating currents comprising periodic and non-periodic impulses, impressing all the impulses both periodic and non-periodic upon a circuit tuned to the periodic impulses to be detected and also upon a circuit untuned to any frequency Within the range of said impulses and utilizing said fluctuating currents so separated to energize a secondary circuit containing an indicating apparatus and neutralizing the effect of one portion of the nonperiodic impulses upon said secondary circuit by the other portion thereof, whereby the indicating apparatus Will be affected practically by the periodic impulses only,

and maintaining the effect on the indicating apparatus of said periodic impulses at practically full strength.

5. The method of selecting periodic impulses by causing the impulses received to excite fluctuating electric currents comprising periodic and non-periodic impulses, impressing all the impulses both periodic and non-periodic upon a circuit tuned to the periodic impulses to be detached and also upon a circuit untuned to any frequency Within the range of said impulses and thereby neutralizing the efi'ect on an indicating apparatus of a portion of the non-periodic impulses by the other portion thereof Whereby the indicating apparatus will practically not be afiected thereby.

6. Apparatus for selecting periodic impulses fromimpulses of a plurality of different frequencies, comprising means for transforming the energy of the received impulses into energy of fluctuating currents, a divided circuit for carrying such fluctuating currents, one side being tuned to the impulses to be received, and the other side untuned to any of said plurality of frequencies Within the range of said impulses, and receiving apparatus connected to both sides of the divided circuit.

7. Apparatus for selecting periodic impulses from impulses of a plurality of different frequencies, comprising means for transforming the energy of the received impulses into energy for fluctuating currents, a divided circuit for carrying such fluctuating currents, one side being tuned to the impulses to be received, and the other side untuned to any of said plurality of frequencies Within the range of said impulses, and receiving apparatus inductively connected to both sides of the divided circuit.

8. Apparatus for selecting periodic im pulses, comprising means for transforming the energy of the received impulses into energy of fluctuating currents, a divided primary for carrying said currents, one side of the primary being tuned to the impulses to be received, a divided secondary inductively connected to both primaries, and operatively connected to an electromagnetic indicating mechanism and the divided primaries being placed in close relation so that they are in inductive relation to each other as Well as to their respective secondaries.

9. Apparatus for selecting periodic impulses, comprising means for transforming the energy of the received impulses into energy of fluctuating currents, a divided primary for carrying said currents, one side of the primary being tuned to the impulses to be received, a divided secondary inductively connected to both primaries, and operatively .connected to an electromagnetic indicating mechanism and the divided primaries'being placed in close relation that they are in inductive relation to each other as well as to their respective secondaries, and in such fashion that their inductive effects oppose each other.

v REGINALD A. FESSENDEN.

Witnesses:

GEORGE O. G. COSER, M. E. FLAHERTY.

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