US11973226B2 - Capacitor-assisted electrochemical devices having hybrid structures - Google Patents

Capacitor-assisted electrochemical devices having hybrid structures Download PDF

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US11973226B2
US11973226B2 US17/084,782 US202017084782A US11973226B2 US 11973226 B2 US11973226 B2 US 11973226B2 US 202017084782 A US202017084782 A US 202017084782A US 11973226 B2 US11973226 B2 US 11973226B2
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positive
negative
electroactive layer
current collector
electrode
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US20210135224A1 (en
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Mengyan Hou
Haijing Liu
Qili Su
Xiaochao Que
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
    • H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/08—Structural combinations, e.g. assembly or connection, of hybrid or EDL capacitors with other electric components, at least one hybrid or EDL capacitor being the main component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/10—Multiple hybrid or EDL capacitors, e.g. arrays or modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
    • H01G11/28—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features arranged or disposed on a current collector; Layers or phases between electrodes and current collectors, e.g. adhesives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
    • H01M10/0413—Large-sized flat cells or batteries for motive or stationary systems with plate-like electrodes
    • H01M10/0418—Large-sized flat cells or batteries for motive or stationary systems with plate-like electrodes with bipolar electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M12/02—Details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/531—Electrode connections inside a battery casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/029—Bipolar electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the present disclosure pertains to solid-state electrochemical cells including one or more capacitor additives and to hybrid electrochemical devices including the solid-state electrochemical cells and having concurrent serial and parallel electrical connections.
  • Typical lithium ion batteries include at least two electrodes and an electrolyte and/or separator. One of the two electrodes serves as a positive electrode or cathode and the other electrode serves as a negative electrode or anode. A separator and/or electrolyte may be disposed between the negative and positive electrodes.
  • the electrolyte is suitable for conducting lithium ions between the electrodes and, like the two electrodes, may be in solid and/or liquid form and/or a hybrid thereof.
  • the solid-state electrolyte may physically separate the electrodes so that a distinct separator is not required.
  • positive electrode materials for lithium batteries typically comprise an electroactive material which can be intercalated or reacted with lithium ions, such as lithium-transition metal oxides or mixed oxides, for example including LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 , LiNi (1 ⁇ x ⁇ y) Co x M y O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, y ⁇ 1, and M may be Al, Mn, or the like), or one or more phosphate compounds, for example including lithium iron phosphate or mixed lithium manganese-iron phosphate.
  • the negative electrode typically includes a lithium insertion material or an alloy host material.
  • capacitors or super capacitors may be integrated into the battery to increase the power of lithium-ion electrochemical cells.
  • capacitors can provide high power density (e.g., about 10 kW/kg) in power-based applications.
  • batteries or cells may be electrically connected, for example in a stack, to increase overall output.
  • cells may be electrically connected in parallel or in series.
  • Series configurations may increase module voltage and uniform current distribution within the pack. In certain instances, such series configuration may also reduce the volume and weight of the battery pack.
  • Such serial configurations may have limited capacity capabilities.
  • the serial configuration increases only the voltage of the cell.
  • parallel configurations of the batteries or cells may form the pack. Parallel configurations may increase capacity within the pack.
  • Such parallel configurations may have limited voltage capability.
  • the parallel configuration increases only the capacity of the cell. Accordingly, it would be desirable to develop electrochemical devices and systems having both enhanced voltage and capacity capabilities, as well as enhanced power capabilities and increased energy densities.
  • the hybrid electrochemical device may include at least two electrically connected solid-state electrochemical cells.
  • Each solid-state electrochemical cell includes a first outer electrode, a second outer electrode, and one or more intervening electrode.
  • the first outer electrode includes a first current collector and a first electroactive layer disposed on or adjacent a first surface of the first current collector.
  • the second outer electrode includes a second current collector and a second electroactive layer disposed on or adjacent a first surface of the second current collector.
  • the one or more intervening electrodes may be disposed between the first electroactive layer and the first electroactive layer. At least one of the one or more intervening electrodes comprises one or more capacitor additives.
  • the first outer electrode may be electrically connected to at least one of the one or more intervening electrodes in a first electrical configuration selected from series or parallel.
  • the second outer electrode may be electrically connected to at least one of the one or more intervening electrodes in a second electrical configuration selected from series or parallel.
  • the at least two electrochemical cells may be electrically connected in a third electrical configuration selected from series or parallel.
  • the first and second electrical configurations may be the same.
  • the third electrical configuration may be distinct from the first and second electrical configurations.
  • the first and second electrical configurations are series configurations and the third electrical configuration is a parallel configuration.
  • the one or more intervening electrodes may be bipolar electrodes.
  • Each bipolar electrode may include a bipolar current collector, a second positive electroactive layer, and a second negative electroactive layer.
  • the bipolar current collector may have a first surface opposing a second surface.
  • the positive electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface of the bipolar current collector.
  • the negative electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent a second surface of the bipolar current collector.
  • one of the positive electroactive layer and the second electroactive layer of at least a first bipolar electrode may include the one or more capacitor additives.
  • one of the positive electroactive layer and the negative electroactive layer of at least a first bipolar electrode may be a capacitor layer consisting essentially of the one or more capacitor additives.
  • greater than or equal to about 1 to less than or equal to about n ⁇ 1 of the intervening electrodes includes the one or more capacitor additives, where n is a total number of intervening electrodes in the solid-state electrochemical cell.
  • one of the first and second electroactive layers includes the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the positive outer electrode, the negative outer electrode, and the one or more intervening electrodes may electrically connected in parallel and the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells may be electrically connected in a series.
  • the one or more intervening electrodes may be monopolar electrodes.
  • Each monopolar electrode includes a third current collector having a first surface that opposes a second surface, a third electroactive layer disposed on or adjacent the first surface of the third current collector, and a fourth electroactive layer disposed on or adjacent the second surface of the third current collector.
  • one of the second and third electroactive layers includes the one or more capacitor additives.
  • one of the second and third electroactive layers consisting essentially of the one or more capacitor additives, and greater than or equal to about 1 to less than or equal to about n ⁇ 1 of the intervening electrodes includes the one or more capacitor additives, where n is a total number of intervening electrodes in the solid-state electrochemical cell.
  • a solid-state electrolyte may be disposed between each of the positive outer electrode, the one or more intervening electrodes, and the negative outer electrode.
  • the present disclosure provides a hybrid electrochemical device.
  • the hybrid electrochemical device includes at least two solid-state electrochemical cells.
  • the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells may be electrically connected in series.
  • Each of the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells may include a positive outer electrode, a negative outer electrode, at least one positive monopolar electrode, and at least one negative monopolar electrode.
  • the positive outer electrode may include a first positive current collector and a first positive electroactive layer.
  • the first positive electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface of the first positive current collector.
  • the negative outer electrode may include a first negative current collector and a first negative electroactive layer.
  • the first negative electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface of the first negative current collector.
  • the at least one positive monopolar electrode may be disposed between the first positive electroactive layer and the first negative electroactive layer.
  • the at least one positive monopolar electrode may be electrically connected to the positive outer electrode in parallel.
  • the at least one negative monopolar electrode may be disposed with the at least one monopolar positive electrode between the first positive electroactive layer and the first negative electroactive layer.
  • the at least one negative monopolar electrode may be electrically connected to the negative outer electrode in parallel.
  • One of the at least one monopolar positive electrode and the at least one monopolar negative electrode includes a capacitor additive.
  • each positive monopolar electrode includes a second positive current collector, a second positive electroactive layer, and a third positive electroactive layer.
  • the second positive current collector may have a first surface that opposes a second surface.
  • the second positive electroactive layer may be disposed on the first surface of the second positive current collector.
  • the third positive electroactive layer may be disposed on the second surface of the second positive current collector.
  • Each negative monopolar electrode includes a second negative current collector, a second negative electroactive layer, and a third negative electroactive layer.
  • the second negative current collector may have a first surface that opposes a second surface.
  • the second negative electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent the first surface of the second negative current collector.
  • the third negative electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent the second surface of the second positive current collector.
  • the one of the second positive electroactive layer, the second negative electroactive layer, the third positive electroactive layer, and the third negative electroactive layer includes the capacitor additive.
  • the one of the second positive electroactive layer, the second negative electroactive layer, the third positive electroactive layer, and the third negative electroactive layer may be a capacitor layer consisting essentially of the capacitor additive.
  • the present disclosure provides a hybrid electrochemical device.
  • the hybrid electrochemical device includes at least two solid-state electrochemical cells.
  • the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells may be electrically connected in parallel to form the stack.
  • Each of the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells includes a positive outer electrode, a negative outer electrode, and at least two bipolar electrodes.
  • the positive outer electrode includes a first positive current collector and a first positive electroactive layer.
  • the first positive electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface of the first positive current collector.
  • the negative outer electrode includes a first negative current collector and a first negative electroactive layer.
  • the first negative electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface of the first negative current collector.
  • the at least two bipolar electrodes may be disposed between the first positive electroactive layer and the first negative electroactive layer.
  • One of the at least two bipolar electrodes comprises a capacitor additive.
  • each bipolar electrode includes a bipolar current collector, a second positive electroactive layer, and a second negative electroactive layer.
  • the bipolar current collector may have a first surface opposing a second surface.
  • the second positive electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface of the bipolar current collector.
  • the second negative electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent a second surface of the bipolar current collector.
  • a first bipolar electrode of the at least two bipolar electrodes includes the capacitor additive.
  • a first bipolar electrode of the at least two bipolar electrodes includes the capacitor additive.
  • one of the second positive electroactive layer and the second negative electroactive layer of the first bipolar electrode may be a capacitor layer consisting essentially of the capacitor additive.
  • FIG. 1 A is an example schematic illustration of a solid-state electrochemical cell having a parallel configuration and at least one electrode comprising a capacitor additive in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1 B is an example schematic illustration of a hybrid electrochemical device comprising at least two solid-state electrochemical cells like those illustrated in FIG. IA, where the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells are electrically connected in series to form a battery pack in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure;
  • FIG. 2 A is an example schematic illustration of a solid-state electrochemical cell having a serial configuration and at least one electrode comprising a capacitor additive in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 2 B is an example schematic illustration of a hybrid electrochemical device comprising at least two solid-state electrochemical cells like those illustrated in FIG. 2 A , where the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells are electrically connected in series to form a battery pack in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure;
  • FIG. 2 C is another example schematic illustration of a hybrid electrochemical device comprising at least two solid-state electrochemical cells like those illustrated in FIG. 2 A , where the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells are electrically connected in series to form a battery pack in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
  • Example embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific compositions, components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some example embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies are not described in detail.
  • compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and/or process steps are also specifically includes embodiments consisting of, or consisting essentially of, such recited compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and/or process steps.
  • the alternative embodiment excludes any additional compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and/or process steps, while in the case of “consisting essentially of,” any additional compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and/or process steps that materially affect the basic and novel characteristics are excluded from such an embodiment, but any compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and/or process steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics can be included in the embodiment.
  • first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various steps, elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these steps, elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms, unless otherwise indicated. These terms may be only used to distinguish one step, element, component, region, layer or section from another step, element, component, region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first step, element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second step, element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.
  • Spatially or temporally relative terms such as “before,” “after,” “inner,” “outer,” “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures.
  • Spatially or temporally relative terms may be intended to encompass different orientations of the device or system in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures.
  • “about” as used herein indicates at least variations that may arise from ordinary methods of measuring and using such parameters.
  • “about” may comprise a variation of less than or equal to 5%, optionally less than or equal to 4%, optionally less than or equal to 3%, optionally less than or equal to 2%, optionally less than or equal to 1%, optionally less than or equal to 0.5%, and in certain aspects, optionally less than or equal to 0.1%.
  • disclosure of ranges includes disclosure of all values and further divided ranges within the entire range, including endpoints and sub-ranges given for the ranges.
  • the present technology pertains to electrochemical cells including one or more capacitor additives that may be incorporated into energy storage devices, for example lithium-ion batteries, having hybrid structures, so as to integrate the voltage capabilities of serial electrical connections with the capacity capabilities of parallel electrical connections, and in various aspects, the high power density of capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.
  • the electrochemical cells and devices may be used in, for example, automotive or other vehicles (e.g., motorcycles, boats).
  • the described electrochemical cells and devices may also be used in a variety of other industries and applications, such as consumer electronic devices, by way of non-limiting example.
  • Typical lithium-ion batteries include a first electrode (such as a positive electrode or cathode) opposing a second electrode (such as a negative electrode or anode) and a separator and/or electrolyte disposed therebetween.
  • the first and second electrodes are connected, respectively, to first and second current collectors (typically a metal, such as copper for the anode and aluminum for the cathode).
  • the current collectors associated with the two electrodes are connected by an external circuit that allows current generated by electrons to pass between the electrodes to compensate for transport of lithium ions across the battery cell.
  • lithium-ion battery cells may be electrically connected in an electrochemical device to increase overall output.
  • lithium-ion battery cells may be electrically coupled in a stack. Stacks often include positioning first and second current collectors and corresponding first and second electrodes in alternating arrangements with a separator and/or electrolyte disposed between the electrodes. The current collectors may be electrically connected in a serial or parallel arrangements.
  • a hybrid electrochemical device may comprise at least two capacitor-assisted, solid-state electrochemical cells that are electrically connected, for example in a stack.
  • Each solid-state electrochemical cell may comprise a first or positive outer electrode and a second or negative outer electrode.
  • the negative outer electrode may be parallel with the positive outer electrode.
  • a first surface of the positive outer electrode may oppose a first surface of the negative outer electrode.
  • the positive outer electrode may comprise a first positive current collector and a first positive electroactive layer.
  • the first positive electroactive layer may be disposed in electrical communication with the first positive current collector.
  • the first positive electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent the first surface of the first positive current collector.
  • the negative outer electrode may comprise a first negative current collector and a first negative electroactive layer.
  • the first negative electroactive layer may be disposed in electrical communication with the first negative current collector.
  • the first negative electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent the first surface of the first negative current collector.
  • One or more intervening electrodes may be disposed between the first positive electroactive layer and the first negative electroactive layer.
  • the one or more intervening electrodes may be bipolar (series) electrodes and the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells may be electrically connected in a parallel configuration to form the stack.
  • each bipolar electrode may comprise a bipolar current collector having a first surface that opposes a second surface.
  • a second positive electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent the first surface of the bipolar current collector, and a second negative electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent the second surface of the bipolar current collector.
  • At least a first bipolar electrode of the one or more intervening electrodes may include the one or more capacitor additives.
  • one of the second positive electroactive layer and the second negative electroactive layer of the first bipolar electrode may include greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 100 wt. % of the capacitor additive.
  • one of the second positive electroactive layer and the second negative electroactive layer of the first bipolar electrode may be a capacitor layer consisting essentially of the capacitor additive.
  • one of the first positive electroactive layer and the first negative electroactive layer may comprise the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the one or more intervening electrodes may be monopolar (parallel) electrodes and the at least two solid-state electrochemical cells may be electrically connected in a series configuration to form the stack.
  • the one or more intervening electrodes may comprise a first or positive monopolar electrode and a second or negative monopolar electrode.
  • the positive monopolar electrode may comprise a second positive current collector having a first surface that opposes a second surface.
  • a second positive electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent the first surface of the second positive current collector, and a third positive electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent the second surface of the second positive current collector.
  • the negative monopolar electrode may comprise a second negative current collector having a first surface that opposes a second surface.
  • a second negative electroactive layer may be disposed on or adjacent the first surface of the second negative current collector, and a third negative electroactive layer disposed on or adjacent the second surface of the second positive current collector.
  • One of the positive monopolar electrode and the second monopolar electrode may include the capacitor additive.
  • one of the second positive electroactive layer, the second negative electroactive layer, the third positive electroactive layer, and the third negative electroactive layer comprises greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 100 wt. % of the capacitor additive.
  • one of the second positive electroactive layer, the second negative electroactive layer, the third positive electroactive layer, and the third negative electroactive layer is a capacitor layer consisting essentially of the capacitor additive.
  • separators or solid-state electrolytes are disposed between each of the positive end electrode, the one or more intervening electrodes, and the negative end electrodes.
  • the solid-state electrolyte physically separate and electrically isolated the positive end electrode, the one or more intervening electrodes, and the negative end electrodes.
  • the current collectors connected in series or parallel may facilitate the flow of electrons between the electrodes and an exterior circuit.
  • FIG. 1 A An exemplary and schematic illustration of a capacitor-assisted, solid-state electrochemical cell 20 is shown in FIG. 1 A .
  • the electrochemical cell 20 has a parallel configuration.
  • the electrochemical cell 20 may include outer electrodes 22 , 30 that define the perimeter of the electrochemical cell 20 and a plurality of monopolar electrodes 26 A, 26 B disposed between the outer electrodes 22 , 30 .
  • the electrochemical cell 20 may comprise a positive outer electrode 22 and a negative outer electrode 30 , and at least two monopolar electrodes 26 A, 26 B disposed therebetween.
  • One of the at least two monopolar electrodes 26 A, 26 B comprises one or more capacitor additives.
  • a first layer 56 of the second monopolar electrode 26 B may comprise the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the electrochemical cell 20 also includes a plurality of separators 60 A, 60 B, 60 C that are disposed between the electrodes 22 , 26 A, 26 B, 30 .
  • the separators 60 A, 60 B, 60 C provide electrical separation—preventing physical contact—between the electrodes 22 , 26 A, 26 B, 30 .
  • the separators 60 A, 60 B, 60 C also provide minimal resistance paths for internal passage of ions.
  • a first separator 50 A may be disposed between the positive outer electrode 22 and a first monopolar electrode 26 A.
  • a second separator 60 B may be disposed between the first monopolar electrode 26 A and a second monopolar electrode 26 B.
  • a third separator 60 C may be disposed between the first monopolar electrode 26 B and the negative outer electrode 30 .
  • the separators 60 A, 60 B, 60 C may each be formed by solid-state electrolytes.
  • the separators 60 A, 60 B, 60 C may each include individual pluralities of one or more solid-state electrolyte particles (not shown). Each plurality of solid-state electrolyte particles may be disposed in one or more layers or composites so as to define a three-dimensional structure of respective separator 60 A, 60 B, 60 C.
  • each separator 60 A, 60 B, 60 C may have a thickness greater than or equal to about 1 ⁇ m to less than or equal to about 1 mm, and in certain aspects, optionally greater than or equal to about 5 ⁇ m to less than or equal to about 100 ⁇ m.
  • the one or more solid-state electrolyte particles may comprise one or more polymer-based particles, oxide-based particles, sulfide-based particles, halide-based particles, borate-based particles, nitride-based particles, and hydride-based particles.
  • the polymer-based particles may comprise one or more of polymer materials selected from the group consisting of: poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polyethylene carbonate, poly(trimethylene carbonate (PTMC), poly(propylene carbonate (PC), polyethylene glycol, poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and combinations thereof.
  • PEO poly(ethylene oxide)
  • PEG poly(ethylene glycol)
  • PTMC polyethylene carbonate
  • PTMC poly(trimethylene carbonate
  • PC poly(propylene carbonate
  • PPO poly(p-phenylene oxide)
  • PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate)
  • PAN polyacrylonitrile
  • PVDF poly
  • the oxide-based particles may comprise one or more garnet ceramics, LISICON-type oxides, NASICON-type oxides, Perovskite-type ceramics, and antiperovskite-type ceramics.
  • the one or more garnet ceramics may be selected from the group consisting of: Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.75 Te 0.25 O 12 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 6.2 Ga 0.3 La 2.95 Rb 0.05 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 6.85 La 2.9 Ca 0.1 Zr 1.75 Nb 0.25 O 6.12 Al 0.25 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Nb 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Nb 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Nb 0.25 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 M 2 O 12 (where M is one of Nb and Ta), and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more LISICON-type oxides may be selected from the group consisting of: Li 14 Zn(GeO 4 ) 4 , Li 3+x (P 1-x Si x )O 4 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), Li 3+x Ge x V 1 ⁇ x O 4 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more NASICON-type oxides may be defined by LiMM′(PO 4 ) 3 , where M and M′ are independently selected from Al, Ge, Ti, Sn, Hf, Zr, and La.
  • the one or more NASICON-type oxides may be selected from the group consisting of: Li 1+x Al x Ge 2 ⁇ x (PO 4 ) 3 (LAGP) (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), Li 1+x Al x Ti 2 ⁇ x (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP) (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), Li 1+x Y x Zr 2 ⁇ x (PO 4 ) 3 (LYZP) (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiTi 3 , LiGeTi(PO 4 ) 3 , LiGe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiHf 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiTi 0.5 Zr 1.5 )(PO 4 ) 3 , and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more antiperovskite-type ceramics may be selected from the group consisting of: Li 3 OCl, Li 3 OBr, and combinations thereof. In each instance, however, the one or more oxide-based materials may have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 5 S/cm to less than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm.
  • the sulfide-based particles may include one or more sulfide-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 -MS x (where M is Si, Ge, and Sn and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), Li 3.4 Si 0.4 P 0.6 S 4 , Li 10 GeP 2 S 11.7 O 0.3 , Li 9.6 P 3 S 12 , Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 9 P 3 S 9 O 3 , Li 10.35 Si 1.35 P 1.65 S 12 , Li 9.81 Sn 0.81 P 2.19 S 12 , Li 10 (Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 )P 2 S 12 , Li(Ge 0.5 Sn 0.5 )P 2 S 12 , Li(Si 0.5 Sn 0.5 )P s S 12 , Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 (LGPS), Li 6 PS 5 X (where X is Cl, Br, or I), Li 7 P 2 S 8 I, Li 10.35 Ge 1.35 P 1.65 S
  • the halide-based particles may include one or more halide-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li 2 CdCl 4 , Li 2 MgCl 4 , Li 2 CdI 4 , Li 2 ZnI 4 , Li 3 OCl, LiI, Li 5 ZnI 4 , Li 3 OCl 1 ⁇ x Br x (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more halide-based materials may have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 8 S/cm to less than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 5 S/cm.
  • the borate-based particles may include one or more borate-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li 2 B 4 O 7 , Li 2 O—(B 2 O 3 )—(P 2 O 5 ), and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more borate-based materials may have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 7 S/cm to less than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 6 S/cm.
  • the nitride-based particles may include one or more nitride-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li 3 N, Li 7 PN 4 , LiSi 2 N 3 , LiPON, and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more nitride-based materials may have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 9 S/cm to less than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm.
  • the hydride-based particles may include one or more hydride-based materials selected from the group consisting of: Li 3 AlH 6 , LiBH 4 , LiBH 4 —LiX (where X is one of Cl, Br, and I), LiNH 2 , Li 2 NH, LiBH 4 —LiNH 2 , and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more hydride-based materials may have an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 7 S/cm to less than or equal to about 10 ⁇ 4 S/cm.
  • the plurality of separators 60 A, 60 B, 60 C may each be formed from a quasi-solid electrolyte, which is a hybrid of the above described solid-state electrolyte systems a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution.
  • the plurality of separators 60 A, 60 B, 60 C may comprise greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 50 wt. %, and in certain aspects, optionally greater than or equal to about 1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. %, of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution.
  • Numerous conventional non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solutions may be employed.
  • the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution includes a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent or a mixture of organic solvents. Appropriate lithium salts generally have inert anions.
  • the lithium salt is selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (LiTFSI) (LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ), lithium fluorosulfonylimide (LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 ) (LiFSI), and combinations thereof.
  • LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
  • LiTFSI lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide)
  • LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 lithium fluorosulfonylimide
  • LiFSI lithium fluorosulfonylimide
  • lithium salts may be dissolved in a variety of organic solvents, including but not limited to various alkyl carbonates, such as cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)), linear carbonates (e.g., dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)), aliphatic carboxylic esters (e.g., methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate), ⁇ -lactones (e.g., ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone), chain structure ethers (e.g., 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1-2-diethoxyethane, ethoxymethoxyethane), cyclic ethers (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydro
  • the electrolyte 100 may include greater than or equal to 1 M to less than or equal to about 2 M concentration of the one or more lithium salts.
  • the electrolyte 100 may include one or more diluters, such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and/or hydrofluoroether (HFE).
  • FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
  • HFE hydrofluoroether
  • first separator 60 A may be the same as or different from the second separator 60 B and/or the third separator 60 C.
  • second separator 60 A may be the same as or different from the first separator 60 A and/or the third separator 60 C; and the third separator 60 C may be the same or different from the first separator 60 A and/or the second separator 60 B.
  • the positive outer electrode 22 may be a bilayer structure.
  • the positive outer electrode 22 may have a first positive electroactive layer 24 disposed in electrical communication with a first positive current collector 28 .
  • the first positive electroactive layer 24 may be disposed on or adjacent one or more parallel surfaces of the first positive current collector 28 .
  • the first positive electroactive layer 24 may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface 27 of the first positive current collector 28 .
  • the first surface 27 of the first positive current collector 28 may face the negative outer electrode 30 .
  • the first surface 27 of the first positive current collector 28 may face a first surface 37 of a first negative current collector 36 .
  • the negative outer electrode 30 may also have a bilayer structure.
  • the negative outer electrode 30 may comprise a first negative electroactive layer 34 disposed in electrical communication with a first negative current collector 36 .
  • the first negative electroactive layer 34 may be disposed on or adjacent one or more parallel surfaces of the first negative current collector 36 .
  • the first negative electroactive layer 34 may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface 37 of the first negative current collector 36 .
  • the first surface 37 of the first negative current collector 36 faces the first outer electrode 22 .
  • the first surface 37 of the first negative current collector 36 may face the first surface 27 of the first positive current collector 28 .
  • the monopolar electrodes 26 A, 26 B may each have a trilayer structure.
  • each monopolar electrode 26 A, 26 B comprises an additional current collector and one or more additional electroactive layers disposed in electrical communication with the additional current collector.
  • the at least two monopolar electrodes 26 A, 26 B may comprises a first or negative monopolar electrode 26 A and a second or positive monopolar electrode 26 B.
  • the negative monopolar electrode 26 A includes a second negative current collector 40 and one or more negative electroactive layers 46 , 48 disposed in electrical communication with the second negative current collector 40 .
  • a second negative electroactive layer 46 may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface 42 of the second negative current collector 40 .
  • the first surface 42 of the second negative current collector 40 may face the positive outer electrode 22 .
  • a third negative electroactive layer 48 may be disposed on or adjacent a second surface 44 of the second negative current collector 40 .
  • the first surface 42 of the second negative current collector 40 may be parallel with the second surface 44 of the second negative current collector 40 .
  • the second surface 44 of the second negative current collector 40 may face the negative outer electrode 30 .
  • the positive monopolar electrode 26 B comprises a second positive current collector 50 and one or more positive electroactive layers 56 , 58 disposed in electrical communication with the second positive current collector 50 .
  • a second positive electroactive layer 56 may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface 52 of the second positive current collector 50 .
  • the first surface 52 of the second positive current collector 50 may face the positive outer electrode 22 .
  • a third positive electroactive layer 58 may be disposed on or adjacent a second surface 54 of the second positive current collector 50 .
  • the first surface 52 of the second positive current collector 50 may be parallel with the second surface 54 of the second positive current collector 50 .
  • the second surface 54 of the second positive current collector 50 may face the negative outer electrode 30 .
  • each of the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and the third positive electroactive layer 58 comprises a lithium-based positive electroactive material that is capable of undergoing lithium intercalation and deintercalation, alloying and dealloying, or plating and stripping, while functioning as a positive terminal of the electrochemical cell 20 .
  • the first positive electroactive layer 24 may be comprise the same or different lithium-based positive electroactive material as the second positive electroactive layer 56 and/or the third positive electroactive layer 58 .
  • the second positive electroactive layer 56 may be comprise the same or different lithium-based positive electroactive material as the first positive electroactive layer 24 and/or the third positive electroactive layer 58 ; and the third positive electroactive layer 58 may be comprise the same or different lithium-based positive electroactive material as the first positive electroactive layer 24 and/or the second positive electroactive layer 56 .
  • each of the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and the third positive electroactive layer 58 may be defined by a plurality of one or more positive electroactive particles (not shown) comprising one or more transition metal cations, such as manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), vanadium (V), and combinations thereof.
  • positive electroactive particles may be disposed in one or more layers to define the three-dimensional structures of the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and the third positive electroactive layer 58 .
  • the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and the third positive electroactive layer 58 may further include an electrolyte, for example a plurality of solid-state electrolyte particles (not shown).
  • the solid-state electrolyte particles within the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and/or the third positive electroactive layer 58 may be the same or different from the solid-state electrolyte particles that form the plurality of separators 60 A, 60 B, 60 C.
  • the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and/or the third positive electroactive layer 58 may each be one of a layered-oxide cathode, a spinel cathode, and a polyanion cathode.
  • layered-oxide cathodes comprises one or more lithium-based positive electroactive materials selected from LiCoO 2 (LCO), LiNi x Mn y Co 1 ⁇ x ⁇ y O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1), LiNi 1 ⁇ x ⁇ y Co x Al y O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1), LiNi x Mn 1 ⁇ x O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), and Li 1 ⁇ x MO 2 (where M is one of Mn, Ni, Co, and Al and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1).
  • LiCoO 2 LiCoO 2
  • LiNi x Mn y Co 1 ⁇ x ⁇ y O 2 where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1
  • LiNi 1 ⁇ x ⁇ y Co x Al y O 2 where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1
  • LiNi x Mn 1 ⁇ x O 2 where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1
  • Li 1 ⁇ x MO 2 where M is one of
  • Spinel cathodes comprise one or more lithium-based positive electroactive materials selected from LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) and LiNi x Mn 1.5 O 4 .
  • Olivine type cathodes comprise one or more lithium-based positive electroactive material LiMPO 4 (where M is at least one of Fe, Ni, Co, and Mn).
  • Polyanion cations include, for example, a phosphate such as LiV 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and/or a silicate such as LiFeSiO 4 .
  • the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and/or the third positive electroactive layer 58 may each (independently) include one or more lithium-based positive electroactive materials selected from the group consisting of: LiCoO 2 (LCO), LiNi x Mn y Co 1 ⁇ x ⁇ y O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1), LiNi 1 ⁇ x ⁇ y Co x Al y O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiNi x Mn 1 ⁇ x O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), Li 1+x MO 2 where M is one of Mn, Ni, Co, Al and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO), LiNi x Mn 2 ⁇ x O 4 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiV 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiMSiO 4 (where M is at least one of Fe and Mn), LiMPO 4 (where M is at least one of Fe, Ni, Co, and Mn),
  • the one or more lithium-based positive electroactive materials may be optionally coated (for example by LiNbO 3 and/or Al 2 O 3 ) and/or may be doped (for example by magnesium (Mg)). Further, in certain variations, the one or more lithium-based positive electroactive materials may be optionally intermingled with—the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and/or the third positive electroactive layer 58 may optionally include—one or more electronically conductive materials that provide an electron conductive path and/or at least one polymeric binder material that improves the structural integrity of the respective electrode.
  • the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and/or the third positive electroactive layer 58 may each include greater than or equal to about 30 wt. % to less than or equal to about 98 wt. % of the one or more lithium-based positive electroactive materials; greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 30 wt. % of electronically conductive materials; greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 50 wt. % of one or more ionically conductive materials (e.g., one or more solid-state electrolytes); and greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. %, and in certain aspects, optionally greater than or equal to about 1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. %, of a binder.
  • a binder e.g., one or more solid-state electrolytes
  • the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and/or the third positive electroactive layer 58 may optionally include binders such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), styrene ethylene butylene styrene copolymer (SEBS), styrene butadiene styrene copolymer (SBS), lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA), sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA), sodium alginate, lithium alginate, and combinations thereof.
  • binders such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF),
  • Electronically conductive materials may include carbon-based materials, powder nickel or other metal particles, or a conductive polymer.
  • Carbon-based materials may include, for example, particles of carbon black, graphite, acetylene black (such as KETCHENTM black or DENKATM black), carbon fibers and nanotubes, graphene, and the like.
  • Examples of a conductive polymer include polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and the like.
  • the first and second positive current collectors 28 , 50 may facilitate the flow of electrons between the electrodes 22 , 26 B and an exterior circuit.
  • an interruptible external circuit and a load device may connect the positive outer electrode 22 (through the first positive current collector 28 ) and the positive monopolar electrode 26 A (through the second positive current collector 50 ).
  • the positive current collectors 28 , 50 may include metal, such as a metal foil, a metal grid or screen, or expanded metal.
  • the positive current collectors 28 , 50 may be formed from aluminum and/or nickel or any other appropriate electronically conductive materials known to those of skill in the art.
  • the first and second positive current collectors 28 , 50 may be the same or different.
  • each of the first negative electroactive layer 34 , the second negative electroactive layer 46 , and the third negative electroactive layer 48 comprises a lithium host material (e.g., negative electroactive material) that is capable of functioning as a negative terminal of the electrochemical cell 20 .
  • the first negative electroactive layer 34 may be comprise the same or different negative electroactive material as the second negative electroactive layer 46 and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 .
  • the second negative electroactive layer 46 may be comprise the same or different negative electroactive material as the first negative electroactive layer 34 and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 ; and the third negative electroactive layer 48 may be comprise the same or different negative electroactive material as the first negative electroactive layer 34 and/or the second negative electroactive layer 46 .
  • each of the first negative electroactive layer 34 , the second negative electroactive layer 46 , and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 may be defined by a plurality of one or more negative electroactive particles (not shown). Independent pluralities of one or more negative electroactive particles may be disposed in one or more layers to define the three-dimensional structures of the first negative electroactive layer 34 , the second negative electroactive layer 46 , and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 .
  • the first negative electroactive layer 34 , the second negative electroactive layer 46 , and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 may further include an electrolyte, for example a plurality of solid-state electrolyte particles (not shown).
  • the solid-state electrolyte particles within the first negative electroactive layer 34 , the second negative electroactive layer 46 , and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 may be the same or different from the solid-state electrolyte particles that form the plurality of separators 60 A, 60 B, 60 C and/or the solid-state electrolyte particles present in the first positive electroactive layer 24 , the second positive electroactive layer 56 , and/or the third positive electroactive layer 58 .
  • the negative solid-state electroactive particles 50 may be lithium-based comprising, for example, a lithium metal and/or lithium alloy.
  • the negative solid-state electroactive particles 50 may be silicon-based, comprising silicon, for example, a silicon alloy, silicon oxide, or combinations thereof that may be further mixed, in certain instances, with graphite.
  • the negative solid-state electroactive particles 50 may be carbonaceous-based comprising one or more of graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and combinations thereof.
  • the negative solid-state electroactive particles 50 may comprise lithium titanium oxide (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) and/or one or more transition metals (such as tin (Sn)), one or more metal oxides (such as vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), tin oxide (SnO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )), titanium niobium oxide (Ti x Nb y O z , where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 24, and 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 64), and one or more metal sulfides (such as iron sulfide (FeS) and/or titanium sulfide (TiS 2 )).
  • transition metals such as tin (Sn)
  • metal oxides such as vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), tin oxide (SnO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )
  • titanium niobium oxide Ti x Nb y O z , where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 24, and
  • the first negative electroactive layer 34 , the second negative electroactive layer 46 , and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 may each (independently) include a negative electroactive material selected from the group consisting of: lithium metal, lithium alloy, silicon (Si), silicon alloy, silicon oxide, activated carbon (AC), hard carbon (HC), soft carbon (SC), graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, lithium titanium oxide (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ),tin (Sn), vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), titanium niobium oxide (Ti x Nb y O z , where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 24, and 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 64), ferrous sulfide (FeS), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium titanium silicate (Li 2 TiSiO 5 ), and combinations thereof.
  • a negative electroactive material selected from the group consisting of: lithium metal, lithium alloy, silicon (Si), silicon alloy, silicon oxide
  • the one or more negative electroactive materials may be optionally intermingled with—the first negative electroactive layer 34 , the second negative electroactive layer 46 , and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 may optionally include—one or more electronically conductive materials that provide an electron conductive path and/or at least one polymeric binder material that improves the structural integrity of the electrodes.
  • the first negative electroactive layer 34 , the second negative electroactive layer 46 , and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 may each include greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 99 wt. % of the negative electroactive material; greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 30 wt.
  • % of electronically conductive materials greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 50 wt. % of one or more ironically conductive materials (e.g., one or more solid-state electrolyte materials); and greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. %, and in certain aspects, optionally greater than or equal to about 1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. % of a binder.
  • ironically conductive materials e.g., one or more solid-state electrolyte materials
  • the first negative electroactive layer 34 , the second negative electroactive layer 46 , and/or the third negative electroactive layer 48 may optionally include binders such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), styrene ethylene butylene styrene copolymer (SEBS), styrene butadiene styrene copolymer (SBS), lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA), sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA), sodium alginate, lithium alginate, and combinations thereof.
  • binders such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), n
  • Electronically conductive materials may include carbon-based materials, powder nickel or other metal particles, or a conductive polymer.
  • Carbon-based materials may include, for example, particles of carbon black, graphite, acetylene black (such as KETCHENTM black or DENKATM black), carbon fibers and nanotubes, graphene, and the like.
  • Examples of a conductive polymer include polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and the like.
  • the first and second negative current collectors 36 , 40 may facilitate the flow of electrons between the electrodes 26 A, 30 and an exterior circuit.
  • an interruptible external circuit and a load device may connect the negative outer electrode 36 (through the first negative current collector 36 ) and the negative monopolar electrode 26 B (through the second negative current collector 40 ).
  • the negative current collectors 36 , 40 may include metal, such as a metal foil, a metal grid or screen, or expanded metal.
  • the negative current collectors 36 , 40 may be formed from copper or any other appropriate electronically conductive material known to those of skill in the art.
  • At least one of the at least two monopolar electrodes 26 A, 26 B includes one or more capacitor additives.
  • one of the negative electroactive layers 46 , 48 may comprise the one or more capacitor additives.
  • one of the positive electroactive layers 56 , 58 comprise the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the number of capacitor-containing electrodes in an electrochemical cell 20 may be greater than or equal to about 1 to less than or equal to about n ⁇ 1, where n is the total number of electroactive layers in the battery.
  • the positive monopolar electrode 26 B may comprise the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the second positive electroactive layer 56 may comprise greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 100 wt. %, optionally greater than or equal to about 1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 100 wt. %, and in certain aspects, about 3 wt. %, of the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the second positive electroactive layer 56 may be a capacitor layer consisting essentially of the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the one or more capacitor additives may comprise one or more porous carbonaceous material, such as activated carbons (ACs), carbon xerogels, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), mesoporous carbons, templated carbons, carbide-derived carbons (CDCs), graphene, porous carbon spheres, and heteroatom-doped carbon materials.
  • porous carbonaceous material such as activated carbons (ACs), carbon xerogels, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), mesoporous carbons, templated carbons, carbide-derived carbons (CDCs), graphene, porous carbon spheres, and heteroatom-doped carbon materials.
  • the one or more capacitor additives may comprise one or more faradaic capacitor materials, such as noble metal oxides (for example RuO 2 ), transition metal oxides/hydroxides (for example MnO 2 , NiO, Co 3 O 4 , Co(OH) 2 , and Ni(OH) 2 ), conducting polymers (for example polyaniline (PANT), polypyrrole (PPY), and polythiophene (PTh)).
  • noble metal oxides for example RuO 2
  • transition metal oxides/hydroxides for example MnO 2 , NiO, Co 3 O 4 , Co(OH) 2 , and Ni(OH) 2
  • conducting polymers for example polyaniline (PANT), polypyrrole (PPY), and polythiophene (PTh)
  • the one or more capacitor additives may selected from the group consisting of: activated carbons (ACs), carbon xerogels, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), mesoporous carbons, templated carbons, carbide-derived carbons (CDCs), graphene, porous carbon spheres, heteroatom-doped carbon materials, ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ), manganese oxide (MnO 2 ), nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ), cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH) 2 ), nickel hydroxide Ni(OH) 2 , polyaniline (PANT), polypyrrole (PPY), and polythiophene (PTh), and combinations thereof.
  • ACs activated carbons
  • CNTs carbon nanotubes
  • CDCs carbide-derived carbons
  • CDCs carbide-derived carbons
  • porous carbon spheres heteroatom-doped carbon materials
  • RuO 2 ruthenium oxide
  • MnO 2 manganese oxide
  • FIG. 1 B is an example schematic As illustration of a hybrid electrochemical device comprising solid-state electrochemical cells comprising one or more capacitor additives or materials and having a parallel configuration, like those illustrated in FIG. 1 A , that are connected in series to form a stack 100 .
  • two or more electrochemical cells for example electrochemical cells like electrochemical cell 20 illustrated in FIG. 1 A , may be configured in series to form the stack 100 .
  • the stack 100 may include three electrochemical cells 20 A, 20 B, 20 C in series.
  • the electrochemical cells 20 A, 20 B, 20 C may be the same or different.
  • the integration of the higher capacity parallel electrical configuration of the electrochemical cells 20 A, 20 B, 20 C (e.g., second level connection) with the higher voltage series electrical configuration of the stack 100 (e.g., first level connection) enables a cell having both improved voltage and capacity capabilities.
  • FIGS. 1 A and 1 B are representative, but not necessarily limiting, of electrochemical cells comprising one or more capacitor materials and having parallel electrical configurations and/or stacks having series electrical configurations.
  • the electrochemical cells and stacks may be employed in other design configurations to provide the solid-state electrochemical device.
  • the capacitor additive or material may be incorporated into one or more other electroactive layers and that the details illustrated in FIGS. 1 A and 1 B extend also to various cell and stack configurations, for example stack configurations incorporating additional electrochemical cells.
  • FIG. 2 A Another exemplary and schematic illustration of a capacitor-assisted, solid-state electrochemical cell 200 is shown in FIG. 2 A .
  • the electrochemical cell 200 has a series configuration.
  • the electrochemical cell 200 may include outer electrodes 210 , 230 that define the perimeter of the electrochemical cell 200 and a plurality of bipolar electrodes 220 A, 220 B disposed between the outer electrodes 210 , 230 .
  • the electrochemical cell 200 may comprise a positive outer electrode 210 and a negative outer electrode 230 and at least two bipolar electrodes 220 A, 220 B disposed therebetween.
  • One of the at least two bipolar electrodes 220 A, 220 B may comprise one or more capacitor additives.
  • a second layer 224 of the first bipolar electrode 220 A may comprise the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the electrochemical cell 200 also includes a plurality of separators 260 A, 260 B, 260 C that are disposed between the electrodes 210 , 220 A, 220 B, 230 .
  • the separators 260 A, 260 B, 260 C provide electrical separation—preventing physical contact—between the electrodes 210 , 220 A, 220 B, 230 .
  • the separators 260 A, 260 B, 260 C also provide a minimal resistance paths for internal passage of ions.
  • a first separator 260 A may be disposed between the positive outer electrode 210 and a first bipolar electrode 220 A.
  • a second separator 260 B may be disposed between the first bipolar electrode 220 A and the second bipolar electrode 220 B.
  • a third separator 260 C may be disposed between the second bipolar electrode 220 B and the negative outer electrode 230 .
  • the separators 260 A, 260 B, and 260 C may each be formed by solid-state electrolytes.
  • the separators 260 A, 260 B, 260 C may each include individual pluralities of one or more solid-state electrolyte particles (not shown). Each plurality of solid-state electrolyte particles may be disposed in one or more layers or composites so as to define a three-dimensional structure of respective separator 260 A, 260 B, 260 C.
  • the separators 260 A, 260 B, 260 C may comprise a quasi-solid electrolyte.
  • the plurality of separators 260 A, 260 B, 260 C may comprise greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 50 wt. %, and in certain aspects, optionally greater than or equal to about 1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. %, of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution.
  • the first separator 260 A may be the same as or different from the second separator 260 B and/or the third separator 260 C.
  • the second separator 260 A may be the same as or different from the first separator 260 A and/or the third separator 260 C; and the third separator 260 C may be the same or different from the first separator 260 A and/or the second separator 260 B.
  • the positive outer electrode 210 may have a bilayer structure.
  • the positive outer electrode 210 may have a positive electroactive layer 212 disposed in electrical communication with a positive current collector 214 .
  • the positive electroactive layer 212 may be disposed on or adjacent one or more parallel surfaces of the positive current collector 214 .
  • the positive electroactive layer 212 may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface 216 of the positive current collector 214 .
  • the first surface 316 of the positive current collector 214 may face the negative outer electrode 230 .
  • the first surface 316 of the positive current collector 214 may face a first surface 236 of a first negative current collector 234 .
  • the negative outer electrode 230 may also have a bilayer structure.
  • the negative outer electrode 230 may comprise a negative electroactive layer 232 disposed in electrical communication with a first negative current collector 234 .
  • the negative electroactive layer 232 may be disposed on or adjacent one or more parallel surfaces of the first negative current collector 234 .
  • the negative electroactive layer 232 may be disposed on or adjacent the first surface 236 of the first negative current collector 234 .
  • the first surface 236 of the first negative current collector 234 faces the first outer electrode 210 .
  • the first surface 236 of the first negative current collector 234 may face the first surface 216 of the positive current collector 214 .
  • the bipolar electrodes 220 A, 220 B may each have a trilayer structure.
  • each bipolar electrode 220 A comprises a first bipolar current collector 240 and one or more electroactive layers 222 , 224 disposed in electrical communication with the first bipolar current collector 240 .
  • a first electroactive layer 222 may be disposed on or adjacent a first surface 242 of the second negative current collector 40 .
  • the first surface 242 of the second negative current collector 40 may face the positive outer electrode 210 .
  • a second electroactive layer 224 may be disposed on or adjacent a second surface 244 of the second negative current collector 40 .
  • the first surface 242 of the second negative current collector 40 may be parallel with the second surface 244 of the second negative current collector 40 .
  • the second surface 244 of the second negative current collector 40 may face the negative outer electrode 230 .
  • the first electroactive layer 222 which opposes the positive outer electrode 210 , may be capable of functioning as a negative terminal of the electrochemical cell 200 .
  • the negative electroactive layer 232 may be a first negative electroactive layer 232 and the first electroactive layer 222 of each bipolar electrode 220 A, 220 B may be a second negative electroactive layer 222 .
  • the negative electroactive layers 222 , 232 may be defined by independent pluralities of one or more negative electroactive material particles (not shown).
  • a first plurality of negative electroactive material particles may be disposed in one or more layers to define the three-dimensional structures of the first negative electroactive layer 232 .
  • a second plurality of negative electroactive material particles may be disposed in one or more layers to define the three-dimensional structures of the second negative electroactive layer 222 .
  • the negative electroactive material particles may include one or more negative electroactive material selected from the group consisting of: lithium metal, lithium alloy, silicon (Si), silicon alloy, silicon oxide, activated carbon (AC), hard carbon (HC), soft carbon (SC), graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, lithium titanium oxide (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), tin (Sn), vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), titanium niobium oxide (Ti x Nb y O z , where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 24, and 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 64), ferrous sulfide (FeS), titanium sulfide (TiS 2 ), lithium titanium silicate (Li 2 TiSiO 5 ), and combinations thereof.
  • the second electroactive layer 224 , 254 which opposes the negative outer electrode 230 , comprises a lithium-based positive electroactive material that is capable of undergoing lithium intercalation and deintercalation, alloying and dealloying, or plating and stripping, while functioning as a positive terminal of the electrochemical cell 200 .
  • the positive electroactive layer 212 may be a first positive electroactive layer 212 and the second electroactive layer 224 , 254 of each bipolar electrode 220 A, 220 B may be a second positive electroactive layer 224 , 254 .
  • the positive electroactive layers 212 , 224 , 254 may be defined by independent pluralities of one or more positive electroactive material particles (not shown).
  • a first plurality of positive electroactive material particles may be disposed in one or more layers to define the three-dimensional structures of the first positive electroactive layer 212 .
  • a second plurality of negative electroactive material particles may be disposed in one or more layers to define the three-dimensional structures of the second positive electroactive layer 224 , 254 .
  • the positive electroactive material particles may include one or more positive electroactive material selected from the group consisting of: LiCoO 2 (LCO), LiNi x Mn y Co 1 ⁇ x ⁇ O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1), LiNi 1 ⁇ x ⁇ y CO x Al y O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1), LiNi x Mn 1 ⁇ x O 2 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), Li 1+x MO 2 (where M is one of Mn, Ni, Co, Al and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO), LiNi x Mn 2 ⁇ x O 4 (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiV 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiMSiO 4 (where M is at least one of Fe and Mn), LiMPO 4 (where M is at least one of Fe and Mn), LiMPO 4 (where M is at least one of Fe and Mn), LiMPO 4 (where M is at least one of Fe and Mn
  • the positive current collector 214 may include metal, such as a metal foil, a metal grid or screen, or expanded metal.
  • the positive current collector 214 may be formed from aluminum and/or nickel or any other appropriate electronically conductive materials known to those of skill in the art.
  • the negative current collector 234 may include metal, such as a metal foil, a metal grid or screen, or expanded metal.
  • the negative current collectors may be formed from copper or any other appropriate electronically conductive material known to those of skill in the art.
  • the bipolar current collector 240 may also include metal, such as a metal foil, a metal grid or screen, or expanded metal.
  • the bipolar current collector 240 may comprise one or more materials selected from aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), stainless, and combinations.
  • the bipolar current collector 240 may be a cladded bilayer foil.
  • At least one of the at least two bipolar electrodes 220 A, 220 B includes one or more capacitor additives.
  • the second electroactive layer 224 of the first bipolar electrode 220 A may comprise the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the second electroactive layer 224 of the first bipolar electrode 220 A may comprise greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 100 wt. %, optionally greater than or equal to about 1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 100 wt. %, and in certain aspects, about 3 wt. %, of the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the second electroactive layer 224 bipolar electrode 220 A may be a capacitor layer consisting essentially of the one or more capacitor additives.
  • the number of capacitor-containing electrodes in an electrochemical cell 200 may be greater than or equal to about 1 to less than or equal to about n ⁇ 1, where n is the total number of electroactive layers in the battery.
  • FIGS. 2 B and 2 C are example schematic illustrations of hybrid electrochemical devices comprising solid-state electrochemical cells comprising one or more capacitor additives or materials and having a series configuration, like those illustrated in FIG. 2 A , that are connected in parallel to form stacks 300 , 400 .
  • two or more electrochemical cells for example electrochemical cells like electrochemical cell 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 A , may be configured in series to form the stacks 300 , 400 .
  • the stacks 300 , 400 may each include three electrochemical cells 200 A, 200 B, 200 C in parallel.
  • the electrochemical cells 200 A, 200 B, 200 C may be the same or different.
  • insulation layers 300 A, 300 B may be disposed between electrochemical cells, like those illustrated in FIG. 2 A , that are electrically connected in parallel to form a stack 300 to limit short cycling within the stack.
  • a first insulation layer 300 A may be disposed between a first electrochemical cell 200 A and a second electrochemical cell 200 B
  • second installation layer 300 B may be disposed between the second electrochemical cell 200 B and a third electrochemical call 200 C.
  • the insulation layers 300 A, 300 B may be coated on one of the opposing outer electrodes.
  • the insulation layers 300 A, 300 B may comprise, for example, polyimide (PI), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), silicone, polyurethane, polypropylene (PP) and/or polyethylene (PE).
  • PI polyimide
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • PEEK polyether ether ketone
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • silicone silicone
  • PP polypropylene
  • PE polyethylene
  • the insulation layers 300 A, 300 B may be a free-standing layer, for example a film or plate.
  • the insulation layers 300 A, 300 B may also comprise, for example, polyimide (PI), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), silicone, polyurethane, polypropylene (PP) and/or polyethylene (PE).
  • PI polyimide
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • PEEK polyether ether ketone
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • silicone silicone
  • PP polypropylene
  • PE polyethylene
  • a stack 300 may be formed having reduced integral short cycling using a parallel-alternative configuration.
  • a second electrochemical cell 200 B disposed between a first electrochemical cell 200 A and a third electrochemical cell 200 C may have a reversed configuration.
  • the negative outer electrode 230 of the second electrochemical cell 200 B may oppose the negative outer electrode 230 of the first electrochemical cell 200 A; and the positive outer electrode 210 of the second electrochemical cell 200 B may oppose the positive outer electrode 210 of the third electrochemical cell 200 C.
  • the adjacent electrochemical cells 200 A, 200 B may share the same current collector 234 .
  • an insulating layer may be removed to further improve the energy density of the battery.
  • FIGS. 2 A- 2 C are representative, but not necessarily limiting, of electrochemical cells comprising one or more capacitor materials having series configurations and/or stacks having parallel configurations.
  • the electrochemical cells and stacks may be employed in other design configurations to provide the solid-state electrochemical device.
  • the capacitor additive or material may be incorporated into one or more other electroactive layers and that the details illustrated in FIGS. 2 A- 2 C extend also to various cell and stack configurations, for example stack configurations incorporating additional electrochemical cells.

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CN114597486A (zh) 2020-12-07 2022-06-07 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 具有均匀分布的电解质的固态电池组及与之相关的制造方法
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