US11963981B2 - Chimeric antigen receptor - Google Patents

Chimeric antigen receptor Download PDF

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US11963981B2
US11963981B2 US17/054,670 US201917054670A US11963981B2 US 11963981 B2 US11963981 B2 US 11963981B2 US 201917054670 A US201917054670 A US 201917054670A US 11963981 B2 US11963981 B2 US 11963981B2
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car
nucleic acid
antigen
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US20210113618A1 (en
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Martin Pulé
Evangelia Kokalaki
Shaun Cordoba
Shimobi Onuoha
Simon Thomas
Biao Ma
Mathieu Ferrari
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Autolus Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/14—Blood; Artificial blood
    • A61K35/17—Lymphocytes; B-cells; T-cells; Natural killer cells; Interferon-activated or cytokine-activated lymphocytes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/461—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
    • A61K39/4611—T-cells, e.g. tumor infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL], lymphokine-activated killer cells [LAK] or regulatory T cells [Treg]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/463—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by recombinant expression
    • A61K39/4631—Chimeric Antigen Receptors [CAR]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/464—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the antigen targeted or presented
    • A61K39/4643—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/4644—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/464402—Receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • A61K39/464411—Immunoglobulin superfamily
    • A61K39/464413—CD22, BL-CAM, siglec-2 or sialic acid binding Ig-related lectin 2
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K14/7051—T-cell receptor (TcR)-CD3 complex
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    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70503—Immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K14/70521—CD28, CD152
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    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70575—NGF/TNF-superfamily, e.g. CD70, CD95L, CD153, CD154
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70578—NGF-receptor/TNF-receptor superfamily, e.g. CD27, CD30, CD40, CD95
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2239/00—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K39/46
    • A61K2239/27—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K39/46 characterized by targeting or presenting multiple antigens
    • A61K2239/28—Expressing multiple CARs, TCRs or antigens
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
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    • C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
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    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07K2317/62—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments comprising only variable region components
    • C07K2317/622—Single chain antibody (scFv)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/01—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif
    • C07K2319/03—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif containing a transmembrane segment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/33—Fusion polypeptide fusions for targeting to specific cell types, e.g. tissue specific targeting, targeting of a bacterial subspecies
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    • C12N2510/00—Genetically modified cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR).
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • a CAR having a Fab-like antigen binding domain a CAR having a Fab-like antigen binding domain.
  • CARs Chimeric antigen receptors
  • Chimeric antigen receptors are proteins which graft the specificity of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the effector function of a T-cell. Their usual form is that of a type I transmembrane domain protein with an antigen recognizing amino terminus (binder), and a transmembrane domain connected to an endodomain which transmits T-cell activation signals.
  • mAb monoclonal antibody
  • scFv single-chain variable fragments
  • CAR-T cell-mediated treatment have shown success towards compact target antigens such as CD19 or GD2, chimeric antigen receptors often to fail to signal in response to antigens with bulky extracellular domains.
  • FIG. 1 Schotchuppression Activated Cell Sorting
  • Fab Fab CAR
  • scFv classical CAR having an scFv antigen binding domain
  • CD45 CD4/TCR/MHC complex
  • CD2:CD58 complex CD2:CD58 complex.
  • a T cell interacts with a tumour cell, either via a TCR:MHC interaction or a CAR:target antigen interaction, an immunological synapse is formed and phosphatases such as CD45 and CD148 are excluded.
  • FIG. 2 Schott al. —Schematic diagram illustrating the relative sizes of the extracellular domains of CD22, CD45, a CD4/TCR/MHC complex and a CD2:CD58 complex.
  • CD22 has a very large, bulky extracellular domain. This makes it a difficult target for a CAR T-cell as the combined length of the CAR extracellular domain and the CD22 extracellular domain is too long for an optimal T-cell;Target cell synapse, meaning that phosphatases such as CD45 and CD148 are not efficiently excluded.
  • FIG. 3 Schott al. 3 —Schematic diagram illustrating the T-cell:target cell synapse for (A) a FabCAR targeting CD22, and b) a classical scFv CAR targeting CD22.
  • the extracellular domain is longer and more bulky than an scFv CAR extracellular domain and therefore might be predicted to compound the issues related to the target antigen having a large and bulky extracellular domain, the FabCAR results in better CAR-mediated signalling upon target cell encounter, and more efficient killing of target cells.
  • FIG. 4 Graph comparing killing of CD22-expressing target cells by T cells expressing a FabCAR or an scFv CAR.
  • T cells were transduced with viral vectors expressing either a Fab CAR or an scFv CAR having a CD8 stalk spacer.
  • the antigen binding domains were based on the same anti-CD22 antibody, either 10C1 or 1D9-3.
  • T cells were co-cultured with CD22-expressing SupT1 target cells for 24 hours and absolute number of target cells was calculated, and the number in the CAR normalised according to the target number in the non-transduced (NT) condition.
  • the normalised data are expressed as a percentage of target cell survival.
  • FIG. 5 Histograms showing T-cell proliferation after 4 days co-culture with target cells.
  • CD56-depeleted CAR expressing T cells were co-cultured with Raji target cells and analysed by flow cytometry to measure the dilution of the Cell Trace Violet (CTV) which occurs as the T-cells divide.
  • the T cells labelled with CTV are excited with a 405 nm (violet) laser.
  • the same panel of constructs were tested as for the killing assay, namely: a 10C1 FabCAR; a 10C1 scFv CAR having a CD8 stalk spacer; a 1D9-3 FabCAR and a 1D9-3 scFv CAR having a CD8 stalk spacer.
  • FIG. 6 Different binding domain formats of chimeric antigen receptors
  • FIG. 7 CAR OR gate targeting CD19, CD22 and CD79 using different format CARs
  • a tricistronic cassette can be generated be separating the coding sequences for the two receptors using two FMD-2A sequences;
  • OR gate combining three different formats: scFv-CAR for CD19, Fab CAR for CD22 and dAb CAR for CD79
  • FIG. 8 Graph showing the results of a FACS-based killing assay comparing target cell killing by T cells expressing a FabCAR having a 9A8 antigen-binding domain and T cells expressing a FabCAR having a 3B4 antigen-binding domain
  • FIG. 9 Graph showing the IL-2 release following 72 hours co-culture with SupT1 target cells comparing T cells expressing a FabCAR having a 9A8 antigen-binding domain and T cells expressing a FabCAR having a 3B4 antigen-binding domain
  • FIG. 10 Graph showing the results of a FACS-based killing assay comparing target cell killing by T cells expressing various anti-CD22 FabCARs.
  • Target cells were either non-transduced SupT1 cells (A); or SupT1 cells transduced to express CD22, showing one of three levels of CD22 expression:
  • FIG. 11 Schott al. 11 —Schematic diagram illustrating the problem of cross-pairing when expressing two FabCARs.
  • FIG. 12 Schott al. 12 —Schematic diagram illustrating “Crossmab” and “Ortho-Fab” to avoid cross-pairing between FabCARs.
  • the present inventors have found that it is possible to improve CAR-mediated targeting of bulky antigens and the efficiency of CAR-mediated killing of target cells expressing bulky target antigens, using a CAR having a Fab binding domain as opposed to an scFv binding domain.
  • the present invention provides a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) which binds a target antigen having a bulky extracellular domain, wherein the CAR comprises a Fab antigen binding domain.
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • the target antigen may have an extracellular domain of at least about 150 ⁇ .
  • the target antigen may have an extracellular domain of at least about 400 amino acids.
  • the target antigen may be selected from the following group: CD22, CD21, CEACAM5, MUC1 or FcRL5.
  • the target antigen may be CD22.
  • the antigen-binding domain may comprise;
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 93) NFAMA CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 94) SISTGGGNTYYRDSVKG CDR3 (SEQ ID No. 95) QRNYYDGSYDYEGYTMDA; and
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 96) RSSQDIGNYLT CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 97) GAIKLED CDR3 (SEQ ID No. 98) LQSIQYP.
  • the antigen-binding domain may comprise:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 101) TSGMGVG CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 102) NIWWDDDKNYNPSLKN CDR3 (SEQ ID No. 103) IAHYFDGYYYVMDV; and
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 104) LASGGISNDLA CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 105) AASRLQD CDR3 (SEQ ID No. 106) QQSYKYPY
  • the CAR may comprise a VH domain having the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 65; and a VL domain having the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 66.
  • the CAR may comprise a VH domain having the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 99; and a VL domain having the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 100.
  • nucleic acid sequence which encodes a CAR according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • the nucleic acid sequence may have the following general structure:
  • VH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain variable domain of a first polypeptide
  • CH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain constant domain of the first polypeptide
  • spacer is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the first polypeptide
  • TM is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane region of the first polypeptide
  • endo is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the first polypeptide
  • VL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain variable domain of a second polypeptide
  • CL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain constant domain of the second polypeptide
  • coexpr is a nucleic acid sequence enabling the co-expression of the first and second polypeptides.
  • nucleic acid construct which comprises a first nucleic acid sequence according to the second aspect of the invention, and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second chimeric antigen receptor which has a domain antibody (dAb) or scFv antigen binding domain.
  • nucleic acid construct which comprises a first nucleic acid sequence according to the second aspect of the invention; a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second chimeric antigen receptor which has a domain antibody (dAb) antigen binding domain; and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding a third CAR which has an scFv antigen binding domain.
  • dAb domain antibody
  • the first nucleic acid sequence may encode an anti-CD22 Fab CAR; the second nucleic acid sequence may encode an anti-CD79 dAb CAR; and the third nucleic acid sequence may encode an anti-CD19 scFv CAR.
  • a vector which comprises a nucleic acid sequence according to the second aspect of the invention or a nucleic acid construct according to the third aspect of the invention.
  • a cell which expresses a CAR according to the second aspect of the invention.
  • a cell which expresses a first CAR according to the first aspect of the invention, and a second chimeric antigen receptor which has a domain antibody (dAb) or scFv antigen binding domain.
  • dAb domain antibody
  • scFv domain antibody
  • a cell which expresses a first CAR according to the first aspect of the invention; a second CAR which has a domain antibody (dAb) antigen binding domain; and a third CAR which has an scFv antigen binding domain.
  • dAb domain antibody
  • the first CAR may be an anti-CD22 Fab CAR; the second CAR may be an anti-CD79 dAb CAR; and the third CAR may be an anti-CD19 scFv CAR.
  • a method for making a cell according to the fifth aspect of the invention which comprises the step of introducing a nucleic acid sequence according to the second aspect of the invention; a nucleic acid construct according to the third aspect of the invention; or a vector according to the fourth aspect of the invention into a cell ex vivo.
  • a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a plurality of cells according the fifth aspect of the invention, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • a method for treating cancer which comprises the step of administering a pharmaceutical composition according to the seventh aspect of the invention to a subject.
  • the cancer may, for example, be a B-cell lymphoma or leukemia.
  • a pharmaceutical composition according to the seventh aspect of the invention for use in treating cancer.
  • a cell according to the fifth aspect of the invention in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for treating cancer.
  • the present invention provides chimeric antigen receptors which show improved
  • cancer target antigens have bulky extracellular domains, for example, CD22, CD21, CEACAM5, MUC1 or FcRL5.
  • the present invention provides improved constructs for targeting these antigens, enabling them to be used as single targets and, importantly, to be included in strategies for targeting multiple antigens in order to increase CAR-T cell efficacy and safety.
  • the present invention relates to a chimeric antigen receptor with a Fab antigen-binding domain.
  • a classical chimeric antigen receptor is a chimeric type I trans-membrane protein which connects an extracellular antigen-recognizing domain (binder) to an intracellular signalling domain (endodomain).
  • the binder is typically a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from a monoclonal antibody (mAb), but it can be based on other formats which comprise an antibody-like antigen binding site.
  • scFv single-chain variable fragment
  • mAb monoclonal antibody
  • a spacer domain is usually necessary to isolate the binder from the membrane and to allow it a suitable orientation.
  • a common spacer domain used is the Fc of IgG1. More compact spacers can suffice e.g. the stalk from CD8a and even just the IgG1 hinge alone, depending on the antigen.
  • a trans-membrane domain anchors the protein in the cell membrane and connects the spacer to the endodomain.
  • TNF receptor family endodomains such as the closely related OX40 and 41BB which transmit survival signals.
  • OX40 and 41BB which transmit survival signals.
  • CARs have now been described which have endodomains capable of transmitting activation, proliferation and survival signals.
  • the CAR When the CAR binds the target-antigen, this results in the transmission of an activating signal to the T-cell it is expressed on. Thus the CAR directs the specificity and cytotoxicity of the T cell towards tumour cells expressing the targeted antigen.
  • CARs typically therefore comprise: (i) an antigen-binding domain; (ii) a spacer; (iii) a transmembrane domain; and (iii) an intracellular domain which comprises or associates with a signalling domain.
  • a CAR may have the general structure:
  • Antigen binding domain-spacer domain-transmembrane domain-intracellular signaling domain endodomain
  • the antigen binding domain is the portion of the chimeric receptor which recognizes antigen.
  • the antigen-binding domain comprises: a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from a monoclonal antibody (see FIG. 6 c ).
  • CARs have also been produced with domain antibody (dAb) or VHH antigen binding domains (see FIG. 6 b ).
  • the antigen binding comprises a Fab fragment of, for example, a monoclonal antibody (see FIG. 6 a ).
  • a FabCAR comprises two chains: one having an antibody-like light chain variable region (VL) and constant region (CL); and one having a heavy chain variable region (VH) and constant region (CH).
  • VL antibody-like light chain variable region
  • CL constant region
  • CH constant region
  • One chain also comprises a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signalling domain. Association between the CL and CH causes assembly of the receptor.
  • the two chains of a Fab CAR may have the general structure:
  • VL-CL-spacer-transmembrane domain-intracellular signalling domain VL-CL-spacer-transmembrane domain-intracellular signalling domain
  • the antigen binding domain is made up of a VH from one polypeptide chain and a VL from another polypeptide chain.
  • the polypeptide chains may comprise a linker between the VH/VL domain and the CH/CL domains.
  • the linker may be flexible and serve to spatially separate the VH/VL domain from the CH/CL domain.
  • Flexible linkers may be composed of small, non-polar residues such as glycine, threonine and serine.
  • the linker may comprise one or more repeats of a glycine-serine linker, such as a (Gly 4 Ser) n linker, where n is the number of repeats.
  • the or each linker may be less than 50, 40, 30, 20 or 10 amino acids in length.
  • the lambda class has 4 subtypes: ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4 .
  • the light chain constant region of a Fab-type chimeric receptor may be derived from any of these light chain types.
  • the light chain constant domain of a chimeric receptor of the present invention may have the sequence shown as SEQ ID NO. 1 which is a kappa chain constant domain.
  • immunoglobulin heavy chain There are five types of mammalian immunoglobulin heavy chain: ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ which define the classes of immunoglobulin IgG, IgD, IgA, IgM and IgE respectively.
  • Heavy chains ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ have a constant domain composed of three tandem Ig domain and have a hinge for added flexibility.
  • Heavy chains p and c are composed of four domains.
  • the CH domain of a Fab-type chimeric receptor of the present invention may comprise the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 2 which is from a ⁇ immunoglobulin heavy chain.
  • Classical CARs comprise a spacer sequence to connect the antigen-binding domain with the transmembrane domain and spatially separate the antigen-binding domain from the endodomain.
  • a flexible spacer allows the antigen-binding domain to orient in different directions to facilitate binding.
  • the spacer may cause two of the polypeptide chains to dimerise.
  • Two of the polypeptide chains may, for example, comprise one or more suitable cysteine residues to form di-sulphide bridge(s).
  • the hinge from IgG1 is suitable in this regard.
  • a spacer based on an IgG1 hinge may have the sequence shown as SEQ ID. No. 3
  • a hinge spacer may have the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 4
  • the two polypeptides of a dimeric FabCAR are identical. They have the same antigen binding domains derived from the same antibody, and they bind the same epitope on the same target antigen.
  • the first and second polypeptides in the dimer are simply duplicate copies of a polypeptide encoded from the same transcript.
  • the transmembrane domain is the portion of the chimeric receptor which spans the membrane.
  • the transmembrane domain may be any protein structure which is thermodynamically stable in a membrane. This is typically an alpha helix comprising of several hydrophobic residues.
  • the transmembrane domain of any transmembrane protein can be used to supply the transmembrane portion of the chimeric receptor.
  • the presence and span of a transmembrane domain of a protein can be determined by those skilled in the art using the TMHMM algorithm (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/). Alternatively, an artificially designed TM domain may be used.
  • the endodomain is the signal-transmission portion of the chimeric receptor. It may be part of or associate with the intracellular domain of the chimeric receptor. After antigen recognition, receptors cluster, native CD45 and CD148 are excluded from the synapse and a signal is transmitted to the cell.
  • the most commonly used endodomain component is that of CD3-zeta which contains 3 ITAMs. This transmits an activation signal to the T cell after antigen is bound. CD3-zeta may not provide a fully competent activation signal and additional co-stimulatory signalling may be needed. Co-stimulatory signals promote T-cell proliferation and survival.
  • co-stimulatory signals There are two main types of co-stimulatory signals: those that belong the Ig family (CD28, ICOS) and the TNF family (OX40, 41BB, CD27, GITR etc).
  • CD28, ICOS the Ig family
  • OX40, 41BB, CD27, GITR etc the TNF family
  • chimeric CD28 and OX40 can be used with CD3-Zeta to transmit a proliferative/survival signal, or all three can be used together.
  • the endodomain may comprise:
  • a co-stimulatory domain such as the endodomain from CD28 or ICOS;
  • a domain which transmits a survival signal for example a TNF receptor family endodomain such as OX-40, 4-1BB, CD27 or GITR.
  • the chimeric receptor of the present invention may therefore comprise an antigen-binding component comprising an antigen-binding domain and a transmembrane domain; which is capable of interacting with a separate intracellular signalling component comprising a signalling domain.
  • the vector of the invention may express a chimeric receptor signalling system comprising such an antigen-binding component and intracellular signalling component.
  • the chimeric receptor may comprise a signal peptide so that when it is expressed inside a cell, the nascent protein is directed to the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently to the cell surface, where it is expressed.
  • the signal peptide may be at the amino terminus of the molecule.
  • a ‘target antigen’ is an entity which is specifically recognised and bound by the antigen-binding domains of a chimeric receptor of the invention.
  • the target antigen may be an antigen present on a cancer cell, for example a tumour-associated antigen.
  • the target antigen may have a relatively long and/or bulky extracellular domain.
  • the extracellular domain of CD45 is 216A in size.
  • the antigen binding domain of a classical CAR will measure in the range of 25-75 ⁇ , as such, antigens larger than 150A are difficult to target due to the poor synapse formation, leading to the presence of phosphatases within said synapse.
  • the target antigen may have an extracellular domain which is greater than about 150 ⁇ , for example the target antigen may have an extracellular domain which is 150-400 ⁇ , 200-350 ⁇ or 250-310 ⁇ in size.
  • the target antigen may have an extracellular domain which is greater than about 400 amino acids in length, for example the target antigen may have an extracellular domain which is 400-1000, 500-900, 600-800 or 600-700 amino acids in length.
  • the extracellular domain of CD22 has seven IgG-like domains in its extracellular domain.
  • the target antigen of the chimeric receptor of the invention may have a length equivalent to at least 4, 5, 6 or 7 Ig-like domains.
  • the extracellular domain of CD21 has 21 short consensus repeats (SCR) of about 60 amino acids each.
  • the target antigen of the chimeric receptor of the invention may have a length equivalent to at least 15, 17, 19 or 21 CSRs.
  • the target antigen may have an extracellular domain which is longer than the optimal intracellular distance between a T-cell and a target cell at a T-cell:target cell synapse.
  • the target cell may have an extracellular domain which is at least 40, 50, 60 or 70 nM
  • the target antigen may be CD22, CD21, CEACAM5, MUC1 or FCRL5
  • CD22 has seven extracellular IgG-like domains, which are commonly identified as Ig domain 1 to Ig domain 7, with Ig domain 7 being most proximal to the B cell membrane and Ig domain 1 being the most distal from the Ig cell membrane.
  • anti-CD22 CARs with antigen-binding domains derived from m971, HA22 and BL22 scFvs are described by Haso et al. (Blood; 2013; 121(7)).
  • the antibodies HA22 and BL22 bind to an epitope on Ig domain 5 of CD22.
  • anti-CD22 antibodies are known, such as the mouse anti-human CD22 antibodies 1D9-3, 3B4-13, 7G6-6, 6C4-6, 4D9-12, 5H4-9, 10C1-D9, 15G7-2, 2B12-8, 2C4-4 and 3E10-7; and the humanised anti-human CD22 antibodies LT22 and Inotuzumab (G5_44).
  • Table 1 summarises the, VH, VL and CDR sequences (in bold and underlined) and the position of the target epitope on CD22 for each antibody.
  • An antigen binding domain of a FabCAR which binds to CD22 may comprise the VH and/or VL sequence from any of the CD22 antibodies listed in table 1, or a variant thereof which has at least 70, 80, 90 or 90% sequence identity, which variant retains the capacity to bind CD22.
  • CD21 also known as CR2 is a protein expressed on mature B cells and follicular dendritic cells which is involved in the complement system. On mature B cells, CD21 forms the B cell coreceptor complex with CD19 and CD81. When membrane IgM binds to the antigen, CD21 binds to antigens through the attached C3d.
  • Mature CD21 is 1,408 amino acids that includes 21 short consensus repeats (SCR) of about 60 amino acids each, plus transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions.
  • SCR short consensus repeats
  • CD21 monoclonal antibodies against CD21 are known, such as MAB4909 (MDS Systems) and EP3093, SP186, Bu32, SP199, 1F8 and LT21 (Abcam).
  • Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEA) is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family; a set of highly related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion.
  • CEACAM5 is produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development but is also expressed by some cancers including lung, pancreatic, cervical and gastrointestinal cancers.
  • CEACAM5 is composed of 642 amino acids, has a molecular mass of approximately 70 kDa and has 28 potential N-linked glycosylation sites.
  • the protein comprises an Ig variable region (IgV)-like domain, termed N, followed by six Ig constant region (IgC)-type 2-like domains, termed A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, and B3.
  • IgV Ig variable region
  • IgC Ig constant region
  • Mucin 1 or MUC1 is a glycoprotein with extensive O-linked glycosylation of its extracellular domain. Mucins line the apical surface of epithelial cells in the lungs, stomach, intestines, eyes and several other organs. They protect the body from infection by pathogen binding to oligosaccharides in the extracellular domain, preventing the pathogen from reaching the cell surface. Overexpression of MUC1 is often associated with colon, breast, ovarian, lung and pancreatic cancers.
  • MUC1 has a core protein mass of 120-225 kDa which increases to 250-500 kDa with glycosylation. It extends 200-500 nm beyond the surface of the cell.
  • the extracellular domain includes a 20 amino acid variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) domain, with the number of repeats varying from 20 to 120 in different individuals. The most frequent alleles contains 41 and 85 repeats. These repeats are rich in serine, threonine and proline residues which permits heavy o-glycosylation.
  • VNTR variable number tandem repeat
  • MUC1 monoclonal antibodies against MUC1 are known, such as EPR1203, EP1024Y, HMFG1, NCRC48, SM3, MH1 and 115D8 (Abcam).
  • Fc receptor-like protein 5 (FCRL5) is a member of the immunoglobulin receptor superfamily and the Fc-receptor like family FCRL5 is a single-pass type I membrane protein and contains 8 immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains.
  • the mature protein is 106 kDa.
  • FCRL5 has a cytoplasmic tail with two inhibitory ITIM phosphorylation signaling motifs. It inhibits B cell antigen receptor signaling by recruiting SHP1 upon B cell antigen receptor co-stimulation, resulting in diminished calcium influx and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Co-stimulation of FCRL5 and the B cell antigen receptor promotes proliferation and differentiation of naive B cells. FCRL5 is expressed on both mature B cells and plasma cells, and is induced by EBV proteins. It is overexpressed on malignant B cells of hairy cell leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma patients.
  • FCRL5 monoclonal antibodies against FCRL5 are known, such as CD307e (ThermoFisher) and REA391 (Miltenyi Biotec).
  • the present inventors have also generated four new anti-FCRL5 antibodies, the VH, VL and CDR sequences of which are summarised in Table 2.
  • the CDR sequences are in bold an underlined.
  • the CAR of the present invention may be used in a combination with one or more other activatory or inhibitory chimeric antigen receptors.
  • they may be used in combination with one or more other CARs in a “logic-gate”, a CAR combination which, when expressed by a cell, such as a T cell, are capable of detecting a particular pattern of expression of at least two target antigens.
  • a cell such as a T cell
  • antigen A and antigen B the three possible options are as follows:
  • Engineered T cells expressing these CAR combinations can be tailored to be extremely specific for cancer cells, based on their particular expression (or lack of expression) of two or more markers.
  • Such “Logic Gates” are described, for example, in WO2015/075469, WO2015/075470 and WO2015/075470.
  • An “OR Gate” comprises two or more activatory CARs each directed to a distinct target antigen expressed by a target cell.
  • the advantage of an OR gate is that the effective targetable antigen is increased on the target cell, as it is effectively antigen A+antigen B. This is especially important for antigens expressed at variable or low density on the target cell, as the level of a single antigen may be below the threshold needed for effective targeting by a CAR-T cell. Also, it avoids the phenomenon of antigen escape. For example, some lymphomas and leukemias become CD19 negative after CD19 targeting: using an OR gate which targets CD19 in combination with another antigen provides a “back-up” antigen, should this occur.
  • the FabCAR of the present invention may be used in an OR gate in combination with a second CAR against a second target antigen expressed by the target cell.
  • the OR gate may comprise a CAR against a second antigen expressed in B cells, such as CD19, CD20 or CD79.
  • the second CAR may have any suitable antigen binding domain, for example a binding domain based on an scFv, a domain antibody (dAb) or a Fab.
  • the second CAR may comprise a spacer to spatially separate the antigen binding domain from the transmembrane domain and provide a degree of flexibility.
  • spacers for CAR, for example, an IgG1 Fc region, an IgG1 hinge (as described above) or a human CD8 stalk.
  • the spacer may comprise a coiled-coil domain, for example as described in WO2016/151315.
  • the second CAR comprises an activating endodomain. It may, for example comprise the endodomain from CD3. It may comprise one or more co-stimulatory domains as described above. For example, it may comprise the endodomains from CD28, OX-40 or 4-1BB.
  • the FabCAR of the present invention may be used in a triple OR gate, which comprises a second CAR against a second antigen and a third CAR against a third antigen expressed by the target cell.
  • a triple OR gate may comprise CARs against second and third antigens expressed in B cells, such as CD19, CD20 or CD79.
  • the present invention provides a triple OR gate which comprises:
  • the OR gate of the present invention may comprise two (or more) Fab CARs.
  • Crossmab involves switching the CL and CH1 domains between chains so that a variable light chain (VL) is connected to a heavy chain constant domain (CH) in one molecule; and that a variable heavy chain (VH) is connected to a light chain constant domain (CL) in the other molecule ( FIG. 12 , Crossmab 1 and 2).
  • a nucleic acid construct encoding a FabCAR in a crossmab format may have the structure:
  • VH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain variable region
  • CH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain constant region spacer is a nucleic acid encoding a spacer;
  • TM is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain
  • endo is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain
  • coexpr is a nucleic acid sequence enabling co-expression of the first and second polypeptides
  • VL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain variable region
  • CL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain constant region.
  • “Ortho-Fab” involves introducing mutations to avoid alternative combinations.
  • amino acids with bulky side chains may be engineered into one chain (e.g. CL) to create a protrusion and the correctly pairing domain (e.g. CH) may be engineered to accommodate the protrusion.
  • electrically charged side chains may be engineered into one chain (e.g. VH engineered to have positively charged amino acid) and the correctly pairing domain (e.g. VL) be engineered to have a negatively charges amino acid.
  • a Dual FabCAR of the invention may comprise a CD19 Fab CAR having the CDRs shown as SEQ ID No. 69-74 in a wild-type Fab CAR format; and a CD22 Fab CAR having the CDRs shown as SEQ ID No. 93-98 in an orthoFab or crossmab1 Fab CAR format.
  • CD79 or “Cluster of differentiation 79” refers to the protein at the surface of B cells that encompasses two transmembrane proteins, CD79a and CD79b, which form a disulfide-linked heterodimer and are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily.
  • the transmembrane CD79a and CD79b proteins couple at the extracellular end with any one of the five different types of transmembrane Ig molecules (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, or IgA), which are disulfide-linked proteins composed of two Ig heavy chains and two Ig light chains.
  • This combination of CD79 and immunoglobulin on the B-cell surface forms the B-cell signalling receptor (BCR).
  • BCR B-cell signalling receptor
  • the intracytoplasmic domains of CD79a and CD79b contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) that transmit activation signals to the B-cell upon antigen-induced BCR aggregat
  • CD79 expression is restricted to Pre-B cells and mature B cells (excluding plasma cells). CD79 is also expressed on a majority of B-cell-derived malignancies. This narrow expression pattern makes it a promising target for cancer-targeted therapies with minimal targeting to normal tissue.
  • CD79a refers to the B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain also known as Ig-alpha, MB-1 membrane glycoprotein, membrane-bound immunoglobulin-associated protein, and surface IgM-associated protein.
  • the human isoforms of CD79a are depicted under Accession Nos. P11912.1 (Isoform 1 or long) and P11912.2 (Isoform 2 or short) in the Uniprot database on 20 Apr. 2018.
  • CD79b refers to the B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein beta chain also known as Ig-beta, B-cell-specific glycoprotein B29, and immunoglobulin-associated B29 protein.
  • the human isoforms of CD79b are depicted under Accession Nos. P40259-1 (Isoform long), P40259-2 (Isoform short) and P40259-3 (Isoform 3) in the Uniprot database on 20 Apr. 2018.
  • the invention relates to a CAR which specifically binds CD79a.
  • the CAR binds the unspliced portion or CD79a ectodomain, i.e. residues 33 to 143 of CD79a isoform 1, shown below as SEQ ID No. 67 (Uniprot Accession No. P11912.1).
  • the invention relates to a CAR which specifically binds CD79b.
  • the CAR binds the unspliced portion or CD79b ectodomain, i.e. residues 29 to 159 of CD79b isoform long, shown below as SEQ ID No. 68 (Uniprot Accession No. P40259-1).
  • CD79a isoform 1 SEQ ID No. 67 MPGGPGVLQALPATIFLLFLLSAVYLGPGCQALWMHKVPASLMVSLG EDAHFQCPHNSSNNANVTWWRVLHGNYTWPPEFLGPGEDPNGTLIIQ NVNKSHGGIYVCRVQEGNESYQQSCGTYLRVRQPPPRPFLDMGEGTK NRIITAEGIILLFCAVVPGTLLLFRKRWQNEKLGLDAGDEYEDENLY EGLNLDDCSMYEDISRGLQGTYQDVGSLNIGDVQLEKP CD79b isoform 2 SEQ ID No.
  • the invention provides OR gates comprising a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) which binds CD79.
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • the CAR may specifically bind CD79 ⁇ .
  • it may bind the unspliced portion of CD79 ⁇ ectodomain (residues 33 to 143 of SEQ ID NO: 67).
  • the CAR may specifically bind CD79B.
  • CD79B may bind the unspliced portion of CD79B ectodomain (residues 29 to 159 of SEQ ID NO: 68).
  • anti-CD79 antibodies are known in the art, for example JCB117, SN8, CB3.1 and 2F2 (Polatuzumab).
  • the CD79-binding domain may comprise
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VH sequence:
  • VH sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 11 EVQLQESGPGLVKPSQSLSLTCTVTGYSITSDYAWNWIRQFPGNKLEW MGNIWYSGSTTYNPSLKSRISITRDTSKNQFFLQLNSVTSEDTATYYC SRMDFWGQGTTLTVSS
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VL sequence:
  • VL sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No 12 DIVLTQSPPSLAVSLGQRATISCRASESVDSYGKTFMHWHQQKPGQPP KLLIYRVSNLESGIPARFSGSGSRTDFTLTINPVEADDVATYYCQQSN EDPFTFGGGTKLEIKR
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following scFv sequence:
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise an antigen-binding domain which comprises a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) having complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with the following sequences:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VH sequence:
  • VH sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 20 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGYTFSSYWIEWVRQAPGKGLEWI GEILPGGGDTNYNEIFKGRATFSADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYC TRRVPVYFDYWGQGTLVTVSS
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VL sequence:
  • VL sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No 21 DIQLTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCKASQSVDYDGDSFLNWYQQKPGKAP KLLIYAASNLESGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSN EDPLTFGQGTKVEIKR
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following scFv sequence:
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise an antigen-binding domain which comprises a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) having complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with the following sequences:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 SEQ ID No. 14
  • CDR2 SEQ ID No. 15
  • EILPGGGDTNYNEIFKG CDR3 SEQ ID No. 23
  • RVPIRLDY EILPGGGDTNYNEIFKG CDR3
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 17) KASQSVDYDGDSFLN; CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 18) AASNLES CDR3 (SEQ ID No. 19) QQSNEDPLT.
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VH sequence:
  • VH sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 24 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGYTFSSYWIEVVVRQAPGKGLEWIG EILPGGGDTNYNElFKGRATFSADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCTRR VPIRLDYWGQGTLVTVSS
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VL sequence:
  • VL sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 21 DIQLTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCKASQSVDYDGDSFLNVVYQQKPGKAPK LLIYAASNLESGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSNEDP LTFGQGTKVEIKR
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following scFv sequence:
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise an antigen-binding domain which comprises a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) having complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with the following sequences:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 SEQ ID No. 14
  • CDR2 SEQ ID No. 15
  • EILPGGGDTNYNEIFKG CDR3 SEQ ID No. 23
  • RVPIRLDY EILPGGGDTNYNEIFKG CDR3
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 26) KASQSVDYEGDSFLN; CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 18) AASNLES CDR3 (SEQ ID No. 19) QQSNEDPLT.
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VH sequence:
  • VH sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 24 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGYTFSSYWIEVVVRQAPGKGLEWIG EILPGGGDTNYNEIFKGRATFSADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCTRR VPIRLDYWGQGTLVTVSS
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VL sequence:
  • VL sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 27 DIQLTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCKASQSVDYEGDSFLNVVYQQKPGKAPK LLIYAASNLESGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSNEDP LTFGQGTKVEIKR
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following scFv sequence:
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise an antigen-binding domain which comprises a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) having complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with the following sequences:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 SEQ ID No. 14
  • CDR2 SEQ ID No. 15
  • EILPGGGDTNYNEIFKG CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 23
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 29) KASQSVDYSGDSFLN; CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 18) AASNLES CDR3 (SEQ ID No. 19) QQSNEDPLT
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VH sequence:
  • VH sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 24 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGYTFSSYWIEWVRQAPGKGLEWIG EILPGGGDTNYNEIFKGRATFSADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCTRR VPIRLDYWGQGTLVTVSS
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VL sequence:
  • VL sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 30 DIQLTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCKASQSVDYSGDSFLNWYQQKPGKAPK LFIYAASNLESGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSNEDP LTFGQGTKVEIKR
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following scFv sequence:
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise an antigen-binding domain which comprises a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) having complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with the following sequences:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 SEQ ID No. 14
  • CDR2 SEQ ID No. 15
  • EILPGGGDTNYNEIFKG CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 16
  • RVPVYFDY RVPVYFDY
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 17) KASQSVDYDGDSFLN; CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 18) AASNLES CDR3 (SEQ ID No. 19) QQSNEDPLT.
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VH sequence:
  • VH sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 32 EVQLQQSGAELMKPGASVKISCKATGYTFSSYWIE WVKQRPGHGLEWIGEILPGGGDTNYNEIFKGKATF TADTSSNTAYMQLSSLTSEDSAVYYCTRRVPVYFD WGQGTSVTVSS
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VL sequence:
  • VL sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 33 DIVLTQSPASLAVSLGQRATISCKASQSVDYDGDSF LNVVYQQKPGQPPKLFIYAASNLESGIPARFSGSGS GTDFTLNIHPVEEEDAATYYCQQSNEDPLTFGAGTE LELKR
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following scFv sequence:
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise an antigen-binding domain which comprises a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) having complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with the following sequences:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 SEQ ID No. 14
  • CDR2 SEQ ID No. 15
  • EILPGGGDTNYNEIFKG CDR3 SEQ ID NO: 23
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 26) KASQSVDYEGDSFLN; CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 18) AASNLES CDR3 (SEQ ID No. 19) QQSNEDPLT.
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VH sequence:
  • VH sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 24 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGYTFSSYWIEWVRQA PGKGLEWIGEILPGGGDTNYNElFKGRATFSADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCTRRVPIRLDYWGQGTLVTVSS
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VL sequence:
  • VL sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 27 DIQLTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCKASQSVDYEGDSFLNWY QQKPGKAPKLLIYAASNLESGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS LQPEDFATYYCQQSNEDPLTFGQGTKVEIKR
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following scFv sequence:
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise an antigen-binding domain which comprises a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) having complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with the following sequences:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • CDR1 (SEQ ID No. 15) NYGMN; CDR2 (SEQ ID No. 16) RIYPGSGSTNYQKFKG CDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 35) YAMDY; and
  • VL light chain variable region
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VH sequence:
  • VH sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 36 QVQLQQSGPELVKPGASVKISCKASGYTFTNYGMNWVKQRPGQGL QWIGRIYPGSGSTNYQKFKGKATLTVDKSSSTAYMELRSLTSENS AVYYCARYAMDYTGQGTSVTVSS
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following VL sequence:
  • VL sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 37 DVLMTQTPLSLPVSLGDQASISCRSSQSIVHSNGNTYLEWYLQKP GQSPKLLIYKVSNRPSGVPNRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVQAQNLGV YYCFQGSHVPWTFGGGTKLEIKR
  • the anti-CD79 CAR may comprise the following scFv sequence:
  • Each CDR may, for example, have one, two or three amino acid mutations.
  • anti-CD19 antibodies have been previously described in a CAR format, such as fmc63, 4G7, SJ25C1, CAT19 (as described in WO2016/139487) and CD19ALAb (as described in WO2016/102965)
  • An anti-CD19 CAR for use in a double or triple OR gate of the present invention may comprise an antigen-binding domain, such as an scFv-type antigen binding domain, derived from one of these anti-CD19 antibodies.
  • the CD19-binding domain may comprises
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • Each CDR may, for example, have one, two or three amino acid mutations.
  • the CDRs may be in the format of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv), which is a fusion protein of the heavy variable region (VH) and light chain variable region (VL) of an antibody, connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids.
  • the scFv may be in the orientation VH-VL, i.e. the VH is at the amino-terminus of the CAR molecule and the VL domain is linked to the spacer and, in turn the transmembrane domain and endodomain.
  • the CDRs may be grafted on to the framework of a human antibody or scFv.
  • the CAR of the present invention may comprise a CD19-binding domain consisting or comprising one of the following sequences
  • the anti-CD19 CAR may comprise the following VH sequence:
  • VH sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No. 75 QVQLQQSGPELVKPGASVKISCKASGYAFSSSWMNWVKQRPGKGLEWIG RIYPGDEDTNYSGKFKDKATLTADKSSTTAYMQLSSLTSEDSAVYFCAR SLLYGDYLDYWGQGTTLTVSS
  • the anti-CD19 CAR may comprise the following VL sequence:
  • VL sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No 76 QIVLTQSPAIMSASPGEKVTMTCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKSGTSPKRWIYD TSKLASGVPDRFSGSGSGTSYFLTINNMEAEDAATYYCQQWNINPLTFG AGTKLELKR
  • the anti-CD19 CAR may comprise the following scFv sequence:
  • VH-VL scFv sequence from murine monoclonal antibody SEQ ID No 77 QVQLQQSGPELVKPGASVKISCKASGYAFSSSWMNWVKQRPGKGLEWIG RIYPGDEDTNYSGKFKDKATLTADKSSTTAYMQLSSLTSEDSAVYFCAR SLLYGDYLDYWGQGTTLTVSSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQIVLTQSPAIMSA SPGEKVTMTCSASSSVSYMHWYQQKSGTSPKRWIYDTSKLASGVPDRFS GSGSGTSYFLTINNMEAEDAATYYCQQWNINPLTFGAGTKLELKR
  • the anti-CD19 CAR may comprise an antigen-binding domain which comprises a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) having complementarity determining regions (CDRs) with the following sequences:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • Each CDR may, for example, have one, two or three amino acid mutations.
  • the CAR of the present invention may comprise one of the following amino acid sequences:
  • the scFv may be in a VH-VL orientation (as shown in SEQ ID No.s 84, 85 and 86) or a VL-VH orientation.
  • the CAR of the present invention may comprise one of the following VH sequences:
  • An anti-CD19 CAR may comprise one of the following VL sequences:
  • the CAR may comprise a variant of the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 84 to 91 having at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 98 or 99% sequence identity, provided that the variant sequence retain the capacity to bind CD19 (when in conjunction with a complementary VL or VH domain, if appropriate).
  • the percentage identity between two polypeptide sequences may be readily determined by programs such as BLAST which is freely available at http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  • the present invention also provides a nucleic acid construct encoding a chimeric receptor of the invention.
  • a nucleic acid construct encoding a FabCAR ( FIG. 6 A ) may have the structure:
  • VH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain variable region
  • CH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain constant region spacer is a nucleic acid encoding a spacer;
  • TM is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain
  • endo is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain
  • coexpr is a nucleic acid sequence enabling co-expression of the first and second polypeptides
  • VL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain variable region
  • CL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain constant region.
  • nucleic acid sequences encoding the two polypeptides may be in either order in the construct.
  • nucleic acid construct encoding an OR gate, which comprises two of more CARs, at least one of which is a FabCAR according to the present invention.
  • a nucleic acid construct encoding a double OR gate may have the structure:
  • VH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain variable region of the first CAR
  • CH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain constant region of the first CAR
  • Spacer 1 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the first CAR
  • TM1 is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain of the first CAR
  • Endo1 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the first CAR
  • Coexpr1 and coexpr2 which my be the same or different, are nucleic acid sequences enabling co-expression of the first and second polypeptides of the first CAR; and the first and second CARs;
  • VL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain variable region of the first CAR
  • CL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain constant region of the first CAR
  • AgBD is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antigen binding domain of the second CAR
  • Spacer2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the second CAR
  • TM2 is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain of the second CAR.
  • Endo2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the second CAR.
  • the antigen-binding domain of the second CAR may, for example, be an scFv or a dAb.
  • nucleic acid sequences encoding the two polypeptides of the first CAR; and the nucleic acid sequences encoding the first and second CARs may be in any order in the construct.
  • nucleic acid construct encoding a triple OR gate, which comprises three CARs, one of which is a FabCAR according to the present invention.
  • a nucleic acid construct encoding a triple OR gate may have the structure:
  • VH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain variable region of the first CAR
  • CH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain constant region of the first CAR
  • Spacer 1 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the first CAR
  • TM1 is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain of the first CAR
  • Endo1 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the first CAR
  • Coexpr1, coexpr2 and coexpr3, which my be the same or different, are nucleic acid sequences enabling co-expression of the first and second polypeptides of the first CAR; and the first, second and third CARs;
  • VL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain variable region of the first CAR
  • CL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain constant region of the first CAR
  • AgBD2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antigen binding domain of the second CAR
  • Spacer2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the second CAR
  • TM2 is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain of the second CAR
  • Endo2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the second CAR
  • AgBD3 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antigen binding domain of the third CAR
  • Spacer3 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the third CAR
  • TM3 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain of the third CAR.
  • Endo3 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the third CAR
  • the antigen-binding domain of the second and third CARs may, for example, be an scFv or a dAb.
  • one CAR may have a dAb antigen-binding domain and the other may have an scFv antigen binding domain.
  • the construct may be as illustrated in FIG. 7 a .
  • the construct may encode three CARs as illustrated in FIG. 7 b , namely a FabCAR against CD22; a dAb CAR against CD79 and an scFV CAR against CD19.
  • polynucleotide As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide”, “nucleotide”, and “nucleic acid” are intended to be synonymous with each other.
  • Nucleic acids according to the invention may comprise DNA or RNA. They may be single-stranded or double-stranded. They may also be polynucleotides which include within them synthetic or modified nucleotides. A number of different types of modification to oligonucleotides are known in the art. These include methylphosphonate and phosphorothioate backbones, addition of acridine or polylysine chains at the 3′ and/or 5′ ends of the molecule. For the purposes of the use as described herein, it is to be understood that the polynucleotides may be modified by any method available in the art. Such modifications may be carried out in order to enhance the in vivo activity or life span of polynucleotides of interest.
  • variant in relation to a nucleotide sequence include any substitution of, variation of, modification of, replacement of, deletion of or addition of one (or more) nucleic acid from or to the sequence.
  • “coexpr” is a nucleic acid sequence enabling co-expression of two polypeptides as separate entities. It may be a sequence encoding a cleavage site, such that the nucleic acid construct produces both polypeptides, joined by a cleavage site(s). The cleavage site may be self-cleaving, such that when the polypeptide is produced, it is immediately cleaved into individual peptides without the need for any external cleavage activity.
  • the cleavage site may be any sequence which enables the two polypeptides to become separated.
  • cleavage is used herein for convenience, but the cleavage site may cause the peptides to separate into individual entities by a mechanism other than classical cleavage.
  • FMDV Foot-and-Mouth disease virus
  • various models have been proposed for to account for the “cleavage” activity: proteolysis by a host-cell proteinase, autoproteolysis or a translational effect (Donnelly et al (2001) J. Gen. Virol. 82:1027-1041).
  • the exact mechanism of such “cleavage” is not important for the purposes of the present invention, as long as the cleavage site, when positioned between nucleic acid sequences which encode proteins, causes the proteins to be expressed as separate entities.
  • the cleavage site may, for example be a furin cleavage site, a Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) cleavage site or encode a self-cleaving peptide.
  • TSV Tobacco Etch Virus
  • a ‘self-cleaving peptide’ refers to a peptide which functions such that when the polypeptide comprising the proteins and the self-cleaving peptide is produced, it is immediately “cleaved” or separated into distinct and discrete first and second polypeptides without the need for any external cleavage activity.
  • the self-cleaving peptide may be a 2A self-cleaving peptide from an aphtho- or a cardiovirus.
  • the primary 2A/2B cleavage of the aptho- and cardioviruses is mediated by 2A “cleaving” at its own C-terminus.
  • apthoviruses such as foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) and equine rhinitis A virus
  • the 2A region is a short section of about 18 amino acids, which, together with the N-terminal residue of protein 2B (a conserved proline residue) represents an autonomous element capable of mediating “cleavage” at its own C-terminus (Donelly et al (2001) as above).
  • the cleavage site may comprise the 2 ⁇ -like sequence shown as SEQ ID No.92 (RAEGRGSLLTCGDVEENPGP).
  • the present invention also provides a vector, or kit of vectors, which comprises one or more nucleic acid sequence(s) encoding a chimeric receptor according to the invention.
  • a vector may be used to introduce the nucleic acid sequence(s) into a host cell so that it expresses a chimeric polypeptide according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • the vector may, for example, be a plasmid or a viral vector, such as a retroviral vector or a lentiviral vector, or a transposon based vector or synthetic mRNA.
  • the vector may be capable of transfecting or transducing a T cell or a NK cell.
  • the present invention provides a cell which comprises a chimeric antigen receptor of the invention.
  • the cell may comprise two of more CARs, for example it may comprise a double or triple or gate as described above.
  • the cell may comprise a nucleic acid or a vector of the present invention.
  • the cell may be a cytolytic immune cell such as a T cell or an NK cell.
  • T cells or T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface.
  • TCR T-cell receptor
  • Helper T helper cells assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.
  • TH cells express CD4 on their surface.
  • TH cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by MHC class II molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs).
  • APCs antigen presenting cells
  • These cells can differentiate into one of several subtypes, including TH1, TH2, TH3, TH17, Th9, or TFH, which secrete different cytokines to facilitate different types of immune responses.
  • Cytolytic T cells destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection.
  • CTLs express the CD8 at their surface. These cells recognize their targets by binding to antigen associated with MHC class I, which is present on the surface of all nucleated cells.
  • MHC class I MHC class I
  • IL-10 adenosine and other molecules secreted by regulatory T cells, the CD8+cells can be inactivated to an anergic state, which prevent autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
  • Memory T cells are a subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved. They quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen, thus providing the immune system with “memory” against past infections.
  • Memory T cells comprise three subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and two types of effector memory T cells (TEM cells and TEMRA cells). Memory cells may be either CD4+ or CD8+. Memory T cells typically express the cell surface protein CD45RO.
  • Treg cells Regulatory T cells
  • suppressor T cells are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Their major role is to shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress auto-reactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus.
  • CD4+Treg cells Two major classes of CD4+Treg cells have been described—naturally occurring Treg cells and adaptive Treg cells.
  • Naturally occurring Treg cells arise in the thymus and have been linked to interactions between developing T cells with both myeloid (CD11c+) and plasmacytoid (CD123+) dendritic cells that have been activated with TSLP.
  • Naturally occurring Treg cells can be distinguished from other T cells by the presence of an intracellular molecule called FoxP3. Mutations of the FOXP3 gene can prevent regulatory T cell development, causing the fatal autoimmune disease IPEX.
  • Adaptive Treg cells may originate during a normal immune response.
  • the cell may be a Natural Killer cell (or NK cell).
  • NK cells form part of the innate immune system. NK cells provide rapid responses to innate signals from virally infected cells in an MHC independent manner
  • NK cells (belonging to the group of innate lymphoid cells) are defined as large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and constitute the third kind of cells differentiated from the common lymphoid progenitor generating B and T lymphocytes. NK cells are known to differentiate and mature in the bone marrow, lymph node, spleen, tonsils and thymus where they then enter into the circulation.
  • LGL large granular lymphocytes
  • the cells of the invention may be any of the cell types mentioned above.
  • T or NK cells may either be created ex vivo either from a patient's own peripheral blood (1st party), or in the setting of a haematopoietic stem cell transplant from donor peripheral blood (2nd party), or peripheral blood from an unconnected donor (3rd party).
  • T or NK cells according to the first aspect of the invention may be derived from ex vivo differentiation of inducible progenitor cells or embryonic progenitor cells to T or NK cells.
  • an immortalized T-cell line which retains its lytic function and could act as a therapeutic may be used.
  • chimeric polypeptide-expressing cells are generated by introducing DNA or RNA coding for the chimeric polypeptide by one of many means including transduction with a viral vector, transfection with DNA or RNA.
  • the cell of the invention may be an ex vivo T or NK cell from a subject.
  • the T or NK cell may be from a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) sample.
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cell
  • T or NK cells may be activated and/or expanded prior to being transduced with nucleic acid encoding the molecules providing the chimeric polypeptide according to the first aspect of the invention, for example by treatment with an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody.
  • the T or NK cell of the invention may be made by:
  • the T or NK cells may then by purified, for example, selected on the basis of expression of the antigen-binding domain of the antigen-binding polypeptide.
  • the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing a plurality of cells according to the invention.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may optionally comprise one or more further pharmaceutically active polypeptides and/or compounds.
  • Such a formulation may, for example, be in a form suitable for intravenous infusion.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating and/or preventing a disease which comprises the step of administering the cells of the present invention (for example in a pharmaceutical composition as described above) to a subject.
  • a method for treating a disease relates to the therapeutic use of the cells of the present invention.
  • the cells may be administered to a subject having an existing disease or condition in order to lessen, reduce or improve at least one symptom associated with the disease and/or to slow down, reduce or block the progression of the disease.
  • the method for preventing a disease relates to the prophylactic use of the cells of the present invention.
  • such cells may be administered to a subject who has not yet contracted the disease and/or who is not showing any symptoms of the disease to prevent or impair the cause of the disease or to reduce or prevent development of at least one symptom associated with the disease.
  • the subject may have a predisposition for, or be thought to be at risk of developing, the disease.
  • the method may involve the steps of:
  • the T or NK cell-containing sample may be isolated from a subject or from other sources, for example as described above.
  • the T or NK cells may be isolated from a subject's own peripheral blood (1st party), or in the setting of a haematopoietic stem cell transplant from donor peripheral blood (2nd party), or peripheral blood from an unconnected donor (3rd party).
  • the present invention provides a chimeric polypeptide-expressing cell of the present invention for use in treating and/or preventing a disease.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a chimeric polypeptide-expressing cell of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of a disease.
  • the disease to be treated and/or prevented by the methods of the present invention may be a cancerous disease, such as bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer (renal cell), leukaemia, lung cancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and thyroid cancer.
  • a cancerous disease such as bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer (renal cell), leukaemia, lung cancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and thyroid cancer.
  • the disease may be Multiple Myeloma (MM), B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (B-ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL), Neuroblastoma, T-cell acute Lymphoblastic Leukaema (T-ALL) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
  • MM Multiple Myeloma
  • B-ALL B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
  • CLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
  • Neuroblastoma T-cell acute Lymphoblastic Leukaema
  • T-ALL T-cell acute Lymphoblastic Leukaema
  • DLBCL diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
  • the cells of the present invention may be capable of killing target cells, such as cancer cells.
  • the target cell may be characterised by the presence of a tumour secreted ligand or chemokine ligand in the vicinity of the target cell.
  • the target cell may be characterised by the presence of a soluble ligand together with the expression of a tumour-associated antigen (TAA) at the target cell surface.
  • TAA tumour-associated antigen
  • the cells and pharmaceutical compositions of present invention may be for use in the treatment and/or prevention of the diseases described above.
  • the present invention also provides a new CD22-binding antibody, termed 9 ⁇ 8-1.
  • the VH, VL and CDR sequences of 9 ⁇ 8 are shown in Table 1 above.
  • This antibody shows particularly good efficacy in a CAR.
  • 9 ⁇ 8-1 in a FabCAR format showed improved target cell killing and cytokine release that an equivalent CAR with an alternative CD22 binder, 3B4.
  • the present invention also provides the aspects summarised in the following numbered paragraphs.
  • An antigen-binding domain which comprises:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • An antigen-binding domain according to paragraph 1 which comprises a VH domain having the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 65; and a VL domain having the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 66.
  • ADC antibody-drug conjugate
  • BiTE bispecific T-cell engager
  • a chimeric antigen receptor which comprises an antigen-binding domain according to paragraph 1 or 2.
  • a nucleic acid sequence according to claim 8 which encodes a CAR according to any of paragraphs 5 to 7 and has a GC content of at least 60%.
  • a nucleic acid sequence according to claim 8 which encodes a CAR according to any of paragraphs 5 to 7 and has a GC content of about 64%.
  • a nucleic acid construct which comprises a first nucleic acid sequence according to any of claims 8 to 11 encoding a CAR according to any of paragraphs 5 to 7 and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding an anti-CD19 CAR.
  • a nucleic acid construct according to claim 12 wherein the antigen binding domain of the anti-CD19 CAR comprises
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • a nucleic acid construct according to claim 13 wherein the antigen-binding domain of the anti-CD19 CAR comprises a VH domain as shown in SEQ ID No. 75 and a VL domain as shown as SEQ ID No. 76.
  • nucleic acid construct according to any of claims 12 to 14 , wherein the anti-CD22 CAR is in a Fab format, the nucleic acid construct having the general structure:
  • VH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain variable region of the first CAR
  • CH is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heavy chain constant region of the first CAR
  • Spacer 1 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the first CAR
  • TM1 is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain of the first CAR
  • Endo1 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the first CAR
  • Coexpr1 and coexpr2 which my be the same or different, are nucleic acid sequences enabling co-expression of the first and second polypeptides of the first CAR; and the second CAR;
  • VL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain variable region of the first CAR
  • CL is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a light chain constant region of the first CAR
  • AgBD is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antigen binding domain of the second CAR
  • Spacer2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the second CAR
  • TM2 is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain of the second CAR.
  • Endo2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the second CAR.
  • nucleic acid construct according to any of claims 12 to 14 , wherein the anti-CD22 CAR is in an ScFv format, the nucleic acid construct having the general structure:
  • AgBD1 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antigen binding domain of the first CAR
  • Spacer1 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the first CAR
  • TM1 is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain of the first CAR.
  • Endo1 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the first CAR.
  • Coexpr is a nucleic acid sequence enabling co-expression of the first and second CARs
  • AgBD2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antigen binding domain of the second CAR
  • Spacer2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer of the second CAR
  • TM2 is a a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transmembrane domain of the second CAR.
  • Endo2 is a nucleic acid sequence encoding an endodomain of the second CAR.
  • a vector which comprises a nucleic acid sequence according to any of paragraphs 8 to 11 or a nucleic acid construct according to any of paragraphs 12 to 16.
  • a kit of vectors which comprises a first vector comprising a first nucleic acid sequence as defined in any of paragraphs 12 to 16; and a second vector comprising a second nucleic acid sequence as defined in any of paragraphs 12 to 16.
  • a cell according to claim 22 wherein the antigen binding domain of the anti-CD19 CAR comprises
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a plurality of cells according to any of paragraphs 21 to 24, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • a method for treating cancer which comprises the step of administering a pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph 26 to a subject.
  • a cell according to any of paragraphs 21 to 24 for use in treating a cancer is a cell according to any of paragraphs 21 to 24 for use in treating a cancer.
  • the present invention also provides a new CD22-binding antibody, termed 1G3-4.
  • the VH, VL and CDR sequences of 1G3-4 are shown in Table 1 above.
  • This antibody shows particularly good efficacy in a CAR.
  • 9 ⁇ 8-1 in a FabCAR format showed improved target cell killing and cytokine release that an equivalent CAR with an alternative CD22 binder, 3B4.
  • the present invention also provides the aspects summarised in the following numbered paragraphs.
  • An antigen-binding domain which comprises:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • An antigen-binding domain according to paragraph A1 which comprises a VH domain having the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 99; and a VL domain having the sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 100.
  • An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) or bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) which comprises an antibody according to paragraph A3.
  • a chimeric antigen receptor which comprises an antigen-binding domain according to paragraph A1 or A2.
  • A7 A nucleic acid sequence which encodes an antigen-binding domain according to paragraph A1 or A2, and antibody according to paragraph A3, an ADC or BiTE according to paragraph A4, or a CAR according to paragraph A5 or A6.
  • a method for making a cell according to paragraph A9 which comprises the step of introducing a CAR-encoding nucleic acid sequence according to paragraph A7 into a cell.
  • a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a plurality of cells according to paragraph A9, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • a method for treating cancer which comprises the step of administering a pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph A11 to a subject.
  • A13 A method according to paragraph A12, wherein the cancer is a B-cell leukemia or lymphoma.
  • A14 A cell according to paragraph A9 for use in treating a cancer.
  • An antigen-binding domain which comprises:
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • VH heavy chain variable region having complementarity determining regions
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • ADC antibody-drug conjugate
  • BiTE bispecific T-cell engager
  • a chimeric antigen receptor which comprises an antigen-binding domain according to paragraph B1 or B2.
  • a method for making a cell according to paragraph B9 which comprises the step of introducing a CAR-encoding nucleic acid sequence according to paragraph B7 into a cell.
  • a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a plurality of cells according to paragraph B9, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • a method for treating cancer which comprises the step of administering a pharmaceutical composition according to paragraph B11 to a subject.
  • a panel of CARs was created as summarised below and their cytotoxic capability was compared against CD22 expressing target cells.
  • 10C1-D9 Fab A FabCAR based on the 10C1 mAb
  • All CARs had a second generation endodomain comprising CD3 and a 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain.
  • T-cells were co-cultured with the CD22-expressing SupT1 target cells at a ratio of 1:1.
  • the assay was carried out in a 96-well plate in 0.2 ml total volume using 5 ⁇ 10 4 transduced T-cells per well and an equal number of target cells.
  • the co-cultures are set up after being normalised for the transduction efficiency.
  • the FBK was carried out after 24h of incubation.
  • the results of the FBK are shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the CAR having a Fab antigen binding domain outperformed the equivalent CAR having an scFv antigen-binding domain in terms of target cell killing.
  • CTV Cell Trace Violet
  • the CTV dye was reconstituted to 5 mM in DMSO.
  • the T-cells were resuspended at 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells per ml in PBS, and 1 ul/ml of CTV was added.
  • the T-cells were incubated the CTV for 20 minutes at 37° C. Subsequently, the cells were quenched by adding 5V of complete media. After a 5 minutes incubation, the T-cells were washed and resuspended in 2 ml of complete media. An additional 10 minute incubation at room temperature allowed the occurrence of acetate hydrolysis and retention of the dye.
  • T-cells were co-cultured with Raji target cells for four days.
  • the assay was carried out in a 96-well plate in 0.2 ml total volume using 5 ⁇ 10 4 transduced T-cells per well and an equal number of target cells (ratio 1:1).
  • the T-cells were analysed by flow cytometry to measure the dilution of the CTV which occurs as the T-cells divide.
  • the number of T-cells present at the end of the co-culture was calculated, and expressed as a fold of proliferation compared to the input number of T cells.
  • FIG. 5 shows that for both CD22 binders tested: 10C1 and 1D9-3, T cells expressing the CAR having a Fab antigen binding domain proliferated more than the equivalent CAR having an scFv antigen-binding domain.
  • the area under the curve for both both FabCAR constructs has shifted further along the X-axis compared to the equivalent scFvCAR construct.
  • Example 3 Investigating the efficacy of the anti-CD22 antibody 9A8-1 in a FabCAR format
  • a panel of CARs was created as summarised below and their cytotoxic capability was compared against CD22 expressing SupT1 target cells.
  • 3B4 A FabCAR based on the 3B4 mAb
  • 9A8 A FabCAR based on the 9A8-1 mAb
  • All CARs had a second generation endodomain comprising CD3 and a 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain.
  • T-cells expressing the CARs to kill target cells were investigated. T-cells were co-cultured with the CD22-expressing SupT1 target cells at a ratio of 1:4 E:T. A FACS-based killing assay was carried out after 72h of incubation as described below.
  • the results of the FBK are shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the CAR having a 9 ⁇ 8 antigen-binding domain outperformed the equivalent CAR having a 3B4 antigen-binding domain in terms of target cell killing.
  • Fmc63 An anti-CD19 CAR (negative control)
  • 10C1 An anti-CD22 FabCAR based on the 10C1 mAb
  • 3B4 An anti-CD22 FabCAR based on the 3B4 mAb
  • 7G6 An anti-CD22 FabCAR based on the 7G6 mAb
  • 9F8-2 An anti-CD22 FabCAR based on the 9F8-2 mAb
  • 9A8-1 An anti-CD22 FabCAR based on the 9A8-1 mAb
  • 1G3-4 An anti-CD22 FabCAR based on the 1G3-4 mAb
  • 9F9-6 An anti-CD22 FabCAR based on the 9F9-6 mAb
  • All CARs had a second generation endodomain comprising CD3 and a 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain.
  • SupT1 cells were either left untransduced ( FIG. 10 , panel A) or transduced to express CD22.
  • Transduced target cells were sorted into three populations: those with a level of CD22 expression which is undetectable by flow cytometry ( FIG. 10 , panel B); those with a low level of CD22 expression, averaging 255 copies per cell ( FIG. 10 , panel C); and those with a high level of CD22 expression, averaging 78,916 copies per cell ( FIG. 10 , panel D).
  • T-cells were co-cultured with the CD22-expressing SupT1 target cells at a ratio of 1:4 E:T.
  • a FACS-based killing assay was carried out after 72h of incubation as described below.
  • FIG. 10 The results of the FBK are shown in FIG. 10 .
  • All of the anti-CD22 FabCARs showed effective killing of target cells expressing a high level of target antigen ( FIG. 10 D ).
  • the Fab CARs having a 9 ⁇ 8 antigen-binding domain or an 1G3-4 antigen binding domain showed killing at of target cells even at an ultra low level of expression of target antigen (panel B).
  • Retrovirus was generated by transiently transfecting 293T cells using Gene Juice (EMD Millipore) with RDF plasmid (RD114 envelope), gag/pol plasmid and CAR T-cell plasmid and viral supernatant was collected at 48 and 72 hours.
  • T cells were stimulated using 0.5 ⁇ g/mL of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies in T175 TC-treated flasks and maintained in 100 U/mL IL-2.
  • Non-TC treated six-well plates were coated with Retronectin in accordance to manufacturer's instructions (Takara Bio) and incubated at 4° C. for 24 hours prior to T cell transduction.
  • 3 ml of viral supernatant was plated prior to the addition of 1 ml of activated T cells at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 cells/ml, 100 U/mL of IL-2 was then added and centrifuged at 1000 ⁇ g for 40 minutes at room temperature and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 for 2-3 days.
  • CAR T-cells were co-cultured with SupT1-NT and SupT1 CD22 at effector:target ratios 4:1 (200,000:50,000 cells) in a TC-treated 96-well plate.
  • Readout was taken at 72 hours by staining with anti-hCD34-APC (FAB7227A), anti-CD2-FITC and anti-CD3-PeCy7 (300419) to differentiate effector T-cells and target cells, 7-AAD cell viability dye (420403) was used to exclude dead cells and phosphate-buffered saline (Ser. No. 10/010,023) to carry out cell washes between incubations. Cytotoxicity readouts were acquired using the MACSQuant® Analyzer 10 flow cytometer (Miltenyi Biotec).
  • IL-2 by CAR T-cells were measured by collecting supernatant at 72 hr from co-cultures at a 4:1 E:T ratio and freezing at ⁇ 20° C. prior to analysis by ELISA.
  • Cytokine analysis were performed using the Human IFN- ⁇ ELISA MAXTM Deluxe Sets (BioLegend, 430106) and IL-2 ELISA MAXTM Deluxe Sets (BioLegend, 431806) following manufacturers protocol.
  • Varioskan LUX Multimode Microplate Reader (Thermo Fisher) used to measure ELISA signal.

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