US11905332B2 - Antigen-binding molecules that bind CD38 and/or CD28, and uses thereof - Google Patents

Antigen-binding molecules that bind CD38 and/or CD28, and uses thereof Download PDF

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US11905332B2
US11905332B2 US17/477,870 US202117477870A US11905332B2 US 11905332 B2 US11905332 B2 US 11905332B2 US 202117477870 A US202117477870 A US 202117477870A US 11905332 B2 US11905332 B2 US 11905332B2
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antigen
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David DiLillo
Aynur HERMANN
Jessica Kirshner
Kara Olson
Olga Sineshchekova
Eric Smith
Erica ULLMAN
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Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc
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    • C07K16/2896—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against molecules with a "CD"-designation, not provided for elsewhere
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    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2809—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against the T-cell receptor (TcR)-CD3 complex
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    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2818—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD28 or CD152
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    • C07K16/2878—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the NGF-receptor/TNF-receptor superfamily, e.g. CD27, CD30, CD40, CD95
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    • C07K16/2887—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against CD20
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to antigen-binding molecules, including antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof, and bispecific antigen-binding molecules (e.g., bi-specific antibodies), which are specific for CD38 and/or CD28, and methods of use thereof.
  • antigen-binding molecules including antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof, and bispecific antigen-binding molecules (e.g., bi-specific antibodies), which are specific for CD38 and/or CD28, and methods of use thereof.
  • sequence listing is submitted concurrently with the specification electronically via EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file name of “10786US01_Sequence_Listing_ST25”, a creation date of Sep. 17, 2021, and a size of about 56 KB.
  • the sequence listing contained in this ASCII formatted document is part of the specification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • MM Multiple Myeloma
  • MM is the second most common blood cancer after non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with a prevalence of ⁇ 120,000, and roughly 30,000 new cases and 13,000 deaths each year in the US.
  • MM is characterized by a clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells which secrete cytokines in an unregulated manner.
  • the production of cytokines, especially IL-6 causes localized organ and tissue damage responsible for many of the symptoms associated with myeloma.
  • Subjects with MM suffer from bone pain and osteoporosis, anemia, impaired kidney function and kidney failure, bacterial infections, and neurological impairments.
  • MM is rarely curable with a median life expectancy of 4-5 years. While progress has been made in treating MM, new therapies have disproportionately benefited younger patients. Prognosis of relapsed MM patients is poor, and novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed.
  • CD38 also known as cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase, is a 45 KDa surface glycoprotein expressed on thymocytes, some activated peripheral blood T cells and B cells, plasma cells, and dendritic cells. CD38 functions as an ectoenzyme involved in the metabolism of extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and cytoplasmic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) (Howard, et al. Formation and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose catalyzed by lymphocyte antigen CD38.
  • NAD + extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  • NADP cytoplasmic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
  • Ca 2+ -mobilizing compounds such as cyclic adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribose, ADP ribose (ADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
  • ADP cyclic adenosine diphosphate
  • ADPR ADP ribose
  • nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate cyclic adenosine diphosphate
  • Calcium regulation results in the activation of signaling pathways that control a wide range of physiological functions, including lymphocyte proliferation, insulin release by the pancreas, cardiac muscle contraction, neutrophil chemotaxis and T cell activation.
  • CD38 enzymatic activities regulate NAD levels and improve the function of proteasome inhibitors (Cagnetta, et al.
  • ADPR Intracellular NAD(+) depletion enhances bortezomib-induced anti-myeloma activity. Blood (2013) 122:1243-55).
  • ADPR can be metabolized by CD203a/PC-1 and CD73 to produce the immunosuppressive molecule adenosine (ADO), facilitating the escape of tumor cells from the control of the immune system (Chillemi et al. Roles and modalities of ectonucleotidases in remodeling the multiple myeloma niche. Front Immunol. (2017) 8:305).
  • ADO immunosuppressive molecule adenosine
  • CD38 appears to contribute to the proliferative potential of B-chronic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma; malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow express high and uniform levels of CD38.
  • Anti-CD38 mAbs are thought to deplete CD38+ immunosuppressive cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, and regulatory B cells, leading to increased anti-tumor activity of immune effector cells.
  • Daratumumab an anti-CD38 antibody, has been approved for multiple myeloma patients who are refractory to conventional therapy.
  • T cell activation involves stimulation of a highly specific T cell receptor (TCR) by an antigen-presenting cell (such as a dendritic cell) presenting its specific antigen on its class II major histocompatibility (MHC) complex, and can be facilitated by costimulatory molecules such as CD28.
  • TCR highly specific T cell receptor
  • an antigen-presenting cell such as a dendritic cell
  • MHC major histocompatibility
  • CD28 is a 44 KDa disulfide-linked homodimer receptor that is glycosylated at five different sites.
  • CD28 is expressed on T-cells (95% of resting CD4+ cells and 50% of resting CD8+ T-cells in human peripheral blood), and plasmablasts, and provides co-stimulatory signalling required for T-cell activation and survival.
  • Costimulation occurs when CD28 on the surface of the T-cell binds with CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) on the antigen presenting cell.
  • CD80 expression is upregulated in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) when activated, and CD86 is constitutively expressed on APCs.
  • APCs antigen-presenting cells
  • CD28 costimulation of T helper cells enhances the transcription of IL-2R and IL-2 (leading to T-cell proliferation), induces expression of Bcl-XL (enhancing T-cell survival), and increases production of IL-4 (leading to Th2 differentiation), IFN ⁇ , IL-1, TNF, IL-5, various chemokines, and their receptors.
  • CD28 induces expression or upregulation of several other costimulatory and regulatory molecules, including ICOS, 4-1BB, and CTLA-4, along with the CD40L molecules necessary for T-B cell interaction.
  • the present invention relates, in part, to monospecific antibodies that bind CD38, or CD28 and bispecific antibodies that bind both CD38 and CD28 and their use in treating various diseases, including cancer.
  • the antibodies or bispecific antibodies can be used alone or in combination with other agents for treating cancers that express CD38.
  • antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind human CD38.
  • the antibodies may be useful, inter alia, for targeting cells expressing CD38 and/or inducing apoptosis.
  • the antibodies may be useful for mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and/or complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC) against CD38+ cancer cells.
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • CDC complement-mediated cytotoxicity
  • the anti-CD38 antibodies provided herein, or antigen-binding portions thereof may be included as part of a bispecific antibody that facilitates CD38-targeted cytotoxicity of specific cell types such as tumor cells.
  • Tables 1 and 2 Exemplary anti-CD38 antibodies provided herein are listed in Tables 1 and 2.
  • Table 1 sets forth the amino acid sequence identifiers of the heavy chain variable regions (HCVRs) and light chain variable regions (LCVRs), as well as heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3), and light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3) of the exemplary anti-CD38 antibodies.
  • Table 2 sets forth the sequence identifiers of the nucleic acid molecules encoding the HCVRs, LCVRs, HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 of the exemplary anti-CD38 antibodies.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCVR comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an LCVR comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCVR and an LCVR amino acid sequence pair (HCVR/LCVR) comprising any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 paired with any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1.
  • the present invention provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair contained within any of the exemplary anti-CD38 antibodies listed in Table 1.
  • the HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2/18 (e.g., mAb1) and 32/48 (e.g., mAb2).
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCDR1 heavy chain CDR1
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCDR2 heavy chain CDR2
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCDR3 heavy chain CDR3
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a light chain CDR1 (LCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • LCDR1 light chain CDR1
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a light chain CDR2 (LCDR2) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • LCDR2 light chain CDR2
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • LCDR3 light chain CDR3
  • anti-CD38 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCDR3 and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair (HCDR3/LCDR3) comprising any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1 paired with any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1.
  • the antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprise an HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair contained within any of the exemplary anti-CD38 antibodies listed in Table 1.
  • the HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 8/24 (e.g., mAb1); 38/54 (e.g., mAb2).
  • antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising a set of six CDRs (i.e., HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3) contained within any of the exemplary anti-CD38 antibodies listed in Table 1.
  • the HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequences set is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4-6-8-20-22-24 (e.g., mAb1) and 34-36-38-50-52-54 (e.g., mAb2).
  • antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising a set of six CDRs (i.e., HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3) contained within an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair as defined by any of the exemplary anti-CD38 antibodies listed in Table 1.
  • antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof comprising the HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequences set contained within an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2/18 (e.g., mAb1) and 32/48 (e.g., mAb2).
  • the anti-CD38 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes:
  • an HCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GFTFDDYA (SEQ ID NO: 4; or a variant thereof); an HCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: ISWKSDNI (SEQ ID NO: 6; or a variant thereof); and an HCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: AKALGGWKFDYYYGMDV (SEQ ID NO: 8; or a variant thereof); and
  • an LCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QSISSY (SEQ ID NO: 20; or a variant thereof); an LCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: AAS (SEQ ID NO: 22; or a variant thereof); and an LCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QQSYSTPPIT (SEQ ID NO: 24; or a variant thereof).
  • the anti-CD38 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes:
  • an HCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GGPFRSSS (SEQ ID NO: 34; or a variant thereof); an HCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: IIPILGKT (SEQ ID NO: 36; or a variant thereof); and an HCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: VRGSSLFDY (SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof); and
  • an LCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QSVSSSY (SEQ ID NO: 50; or a variant thereof); an LCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GAS (SEQ ID NO: 52; or a variant thereof); and an LCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QQYGSSPWT (SEQ ID NO: 54; or a variant thereof).
  • the anti-CD38 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes:
  • an HCVR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 2; or a variant thereof) EVQLVESGGGLVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFTFDDYAMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVSG ISWKSDNIGYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTALYYCAKAL GGWKFDYYYGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS; and an LCVR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 18; or a variant thereof) DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYA ASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGSDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSTPPITFG QGTRLEIK.
  • the anti-CD38 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes:
  • an HCVR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 32; or a variant thereof) QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGGPFRSSSFSWVRQAPGQGLEWMGG IIPILGKTNYAQKFQGRITIVTDESTTTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVFYCVRGS SLFDYWGQGTLVTVSS; and an LCVR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 48; or a variant thereof) EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSSYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIY GASSRATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSPWTFG QGTKVEIK.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding anti-CD38 antibodies or portions thereof are also provided herein.
  • the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR1 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR2 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR3 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR1 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR2 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 1; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR3 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding an HCVR wherein the HCVR comprises a set of three CDRs (i.e., HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3), wherein the HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-CD38 antibodies listed in Table 1.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding an LCVR wherein the LCVR comprises a set of three CDRs (i.e., LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3), wherein the LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-CD38 antibodies listed in Table 1.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding both an HCVR and an LCVR, wherein the HCVR comprises an amino acid sequence of any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1, and wherein the LCVR comprises an amino acid sequence of any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 1.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto, and a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 2, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encodes an HCVR and LCVR, wherein the HCVR and LCVR are both derived from the same anti-CD38 antibody listed in Table 1.
  • recombinant expression vectors capable of expressing a polypeptide comprising a heavy or light chain variable region of an anti-CD38 antibody.
  • recombinant expression vectors comprising any of the nucleic acid molecules mentioned above, i.e., nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR sequences as set forth in Table 1.
  • host cells into which such vectors have been introduced are also included within the scope of the present disclosure, as well as methods of producing the antibodies or portions thereof by culturing the host cells under conditions permitting production of the antibodies or antibody fragments, and recovering the antibodies and antibody fragments so produced.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies having a modified glycosylation pattern.
  • modification to remove undesirable glycosylation sites may be useful, or an antibody lacking a fucose moiety present on the oligosaccharide chain, for example, to increase anti-tumor activity such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) function (see Shield et al. JBC 277: 26733 2002).
  • ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • modification of galactosylation can be made in order to modify complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant human antibody or fragment thereof which specifically binds CD38 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention features a composition which is a combination of an anti-CD38 antibody and a second therapeutic agent.
  • the second therapeutic agent is any agent that is advantageously combined with an anti-CD38 antibody.
  • agents that may be advantageously combined with an anti-CD38 antibody include, without limitation, agents that bind and/or inactivate CD38 signaling (including other antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, etc.) and/or agents which do not directly bind CD38 but nonetheless activate or stimulate immune cell activation. Additional combination therapies and co-formulations involving the anti-CD38 antibodies of the present invention are disclosed elsewhere herein.
  • therapeutic methods for facilitating treatment of cancer using an anti-CD38 antibody or antigen-binding portion of an anti-CD38 antibody disclosed herein comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD38 antibody to a subject in need thereof.
  • the disorder treated is any disease or condition which is improved, ameliorated, inhibited or prevented by inhibition of CD38 activity or signaling.
  • antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind human CD28.
  • the antibodies according to this aspect of the invention are useful, inter alia, for binding immune cells expressing CD28, including CD4+, CD8+, plasma cells and natural killer cells, and for costimulating T cell activation, e.g., under circumstances where T cell-mediated killing is beneficial or desirable.
  • the anti-CD28 antibodies of the invention, or antigen-binding portions thereof may be included as part of a bispecific antibody that directs T cell activation to specific cell types such as tumor cells.
  • Table 4 sets forth the amino acid sequence identifiers of the heavy chain variable regions (HCVRs) and light chain variable regions (LCVRs), as well as heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3), and light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3) of the exemplary anti-CD28 antibodies.
  • Table 5 sets forth the sequence identifiers of the nucleic acid molecules encoding the HCVRs, LCVRs, HCDR1, HCDR2 HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 of the exemplary anti-CD28 antibodies.
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCVR comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 4, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an LCVR comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 4, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCVR and an LCVR amino acid sequence pair (HCVR/LCVR) comprising any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 paired with any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 4.
  • the present disclosure provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair contained within any of the exemplary anti-CD28 antibodies listed in Table 4.
  • the HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 10/18 (e.g., mAb3) and 40/48 (e.g., mAb4).
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCDR1 heavy chain CDR1
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCDR2 heavy chain CDR2
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCDR3 heavy chain CDR3
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a light chain CDR1 (LCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • LCDR1 light chain CDR1
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a light chain CDR2 (LCDR2) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • LCDR2 light chain CDR2
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • LCDR3 light chain CDR3
  • anti-CD28 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCDR3 and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair (HCDR3/LCDR3) comprising any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4 paired with any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4.
  • the present disclosure provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising an HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair contained within any of the exemplary anti-CD28 antibodies listed in Table 4.
  • the HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16/24 (e.g., mAb3) and 46/54 (e.g., mAb4).
  • the present invention also provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a set of six CDRs (i.e., HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3) contained within any of the exemplary anti-CD28 antibodies listed in Table 4.
  • the HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequences set is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12-14-16-20-22-24 (e.g., mAb3) and 42-44-46-50-52-54 (e.g., mAb4).
  • the present disclosure provides antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, comprising a set of six CDRs (i.e., HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3) contained within an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair as defined by any of the exemplary anti-CD28 antibodies listed in Table 4.
  • HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequences set contained within an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 10/18 (e.g., mAb3); 40/48 (e.g., mAb4).
  • the anti-CD28 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes:
  • an HCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GFTFSRNN (SEQ ID NO: 12; or a variant thereof); an HCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: ISSNGGRT (SEQ ID NO: 14; or a variant thereof); and an HCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: TRDDELLSFDY (SEQ ID NO: 16; or a variant thereof); and
  • an LCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QSISSY (SEQ ID NO: 20; or a variant thereof); an LCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: AAS (SEQ ID NO: 22; or a variant thereof); and an LCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QQSYSTPPIT (SEQ ID NO: 24; or a variant thereof).
  • the anti-CD28 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes:
  • an HCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GGSISSYY (SEQ ID NO: 42; or a variant thereof); an HCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: IYYSGIT (SEQ ID NO: 44;
  • an HCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: ARWGVRRDYYYYGMDV (SEQ ID NO: 46; or a variant thereof); and
  • an LCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QSVSSSY (SEQ ID NO: 50; or a variant thereof); an LCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GAS (SEQ ID NO: 52; or a variant thereof); and an LCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QQYGSSPWT (SEQ ID NO: 54; or a variant thereof).
  • the anti-CD28 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes:
  • an HCVR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 10; or a variant thereof) EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSRNNMHWVRQAPGKGLEYVSG ISSNGGRTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMGGLRAADMAVYFCTRDD ELLSFDYWGQGTLVTVSS; and an LCVR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 18; or a variant thereof) DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYA ASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSTPPITFG QGTRLEIK.
  • the anti-CD28 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof includes:
  • an HCVR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 40; or a variant thereof) QVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSYYWSWIRQPPGKGLEWIGY IYYSGITHYNPSLKSRVTISVDTSKIQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARWGV RRDYYYYGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS; and an LCVR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 48; or a variant thereof) EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSSYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIY GASSRATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSPWTFG QGTKVEIK.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding anti-CD28 antibodies or portions thereof are also provided herein.
  • the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 4; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 4; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR1 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR2 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCDR3 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR1 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR1 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR2 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR2 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the LCDR3 amino acid sequences listed in Table 4; in certain embodiments the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCDR3 nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding an HCVR wherein the HCVR comprises a set of three CDRs (i.e., HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3), wherein the HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-CD28 antibodies listed in Table 4.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding an LCVR wherein the LCVR comprises a set of three CDRs (i.e., LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3), wherein the LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-CD28 antibodies listed in Table 4.
  • the LCVR comprises a set of three CDRs (i.e., LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3), wherein the LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 amino acid sequence set is as defined by any of the exemplary anti-CD28 antibodies listed in Table 4.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding both an HCVR and an LCVR, wherein the HCVR comprises an amino acid sequence of any of the HCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 4, and wherein the LCVR comprises an amino acid sequence of any of the LCVR amino acid sequences listed in Table 4.
  • the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the HCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto, and a polynucleotide sequence selected from any of the LCVR nucleic acid sequences listed in Table 5, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the nucleic acid molecule encodes an HCVR and LCVR, wherein the HCVR and LCVR are both derived from the same anti-CD28 antibody listed in Table 4.
  • recombinant expression vectors capable of expressing a polypeptide comprising a heavy or light chain variable region of an anti-CD28 antibody.
  • the present disclosure includes recombinant expression vectors comprising any of the nucleic acid molecules mentioned above, i.e., nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR sequences as set forth in Table 4.
  • host cells into which such vectors have been introduced are also included within the scope of the present disclosure, as well as methods of producing the antibodies or portions thereof by culturing the host cells under conditions permitting production of the antibodies or antibody fragments, and recovering the antibodies and antibody fragments so produced.
  • anti-CD28 antibodies having a modified glycosylation pattern.
  • modification to remove undesirable glycosylation sites may be useful, or an antibody lacking a fucose moiety present on the oligosaccharide chain, for example, to increase antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) function (see Shield et al. (2002) JBC 277:26733).
  • ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • modification of galactosylation can be made in order to modify complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant human antibody or fragment thereof which specifically binds CD28 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the disclosure features a composition which is a combination of an anti-CD28 antibody and a second therapeutic agent.
  • the second therapeutic agent is any agent that is advantageously combined with an anti-CD28 antibody.
  • agents that may be advantageously combined with an anti-CD28 antibody include, without limitation, other agents that activate or stimulate immune cell activation (including other antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, etc.) and/or agents which do not directly bind CD28 but nonetheless facilitate an anti-tumor response. Additional combination therapies and co-formulations involving the anti-CD28 antibodies of the present disclosure are disclosed elsewhere herein.
  • the provided herein are therapeutic methods for stimulating T cell activation using an anti-CD28 antibody or antigen-binding portion of the antibody, wherein the therapeutic methods comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an anti-CD28 antibody to a subject in need thereof.
  • the disorder treated is any disease or condition which is improved, ameliorated, inhibited or prevented by stimulation of CD28 activity or signaling.
  • the present disclosure provides bispecific antigen-binding molecules that bind CD28 and a target antigen. According to yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides bispecific antigen-binding molecules that bind CD38 and a co-stimulatory molecule. According to certain exemplary embodiments, the bispecific antigen-binding molecules bind CD38 and CD28; such bispecific antigen-binding molecules are also referred to herein as “anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules”.
  • the anti-CD38 portion of the anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecule is useful for targeting tumor cells that express CD38 (e.g., plasma cells), and the anti-CD28 portion of the bispecific molecule is useful for providing co-stimulation of T cells activated by cognate MHC peptide or tumor targeted CD3 bispecific antibodies.
  • the simultaneous binding of CD38 on a tumor cell and CD28 on a T-cell facilitates directed killing (cell lysis) of the targeted tumor cell by the activated T-cell.
  • the anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules of the invention are therefore useful, inter alia, for treating diseases and disorders related to or caused by CD38-expressing tumors (e.g., lymphomas, leukemias, and multiple myeloma).
  • the bispecific antigen-binding molecules provided herein comprise a first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds human CD38, and a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28.
  • the present disclosure includes anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bi-specific molecules (e.g., bispecific antibodies) wherein each antigen-binding domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) paired with a light chain variable region (LCVR).
  • HCVR heavy chain variable region
  • LCVR light chain variable region
  • the anti-CD38 antigen-binding domain and the anti-CD28 antigen binding domain each comprise different, distinct HCVRs paired with a common LCVR.
  • bispecific antibodies were constructed comprising a first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38, wherein the first antigen-binding domain comprises an HCVR/LCVR pair derived from an anti-CD38 antibody; and a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28, wherein the second antigen-binding domain comprises an HCVR derived from an anti-CD28 antibody paired with an LCVR derived from an anti-CD38 antibody (e.g., the same LCVR that is included in the anti-CD38 antigen-binding domain).
  • the first and second antigen-binding domains comprise distinct anti-CD38 and anti-CD28 HCVRs but share a common anti-CD38 LCVR.
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules wherein the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprises any of the HCVR amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 1.
  • the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 may also comprise any of the LCVR amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 1.
  • the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprises any of the HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pairs as set forth in Table 1.
  • the present disclosure also provides anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules, wherein the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprises any of the heavy chain CDR1-CDR2-CDR3 amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 1, and/or any of the light chain CDR1-CDR2-CDR3 amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 1.
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bi-specific molecules wherein the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprises a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 32 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCVR heavy chain variable region
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules wherein the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprises a light chain variable region (LCVR) having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 48, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • LCVR light chain variable region
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules wherein the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprises a HCVR and LCVR (HCVR/LCVR) amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2/18 and 32/48.
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules wherein the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprises a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 8 and 38, or a substantially similar sequence thereto having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 54, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCDR3 heavy chain CDR3
  • LCDR3 light chain CDR3
  • the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprises a HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 8/24 and 38/54.
  • the first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprises a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 34, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 36, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a light chain CDR1 (LCDR1) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 50, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR2 (LCDR2) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of
  • Certain non-limiting, exemplary anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules of the invention include a first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD38 comprising HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 domains, respectively, having the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 4-6-8-20-22-24 (e.g. bsAb6031) and 34-36-38-50-52-54 (e.g. bsAb7945).
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules wherein the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprises any of the HCVR amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 4.
  • the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 may also comprise any of the LCVR amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 4.
  • the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprises any of the HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pairs as set forth in Table 4.
  • the present disclosure also provides anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules, wherein the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprises any of the heavy chain CDR1-CDR2-CDR3 amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 4, and/or any of the light chain CDR1-CDR2-CDR3 amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 4.
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bi-specific molecules wherein the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprises a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 40 or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCVR heavy chain variable region
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules wherein the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprises a light chain variable region (LCVR) having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 48, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • LCVR light chain variable region
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules wherein the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprises a HCVR and LCVR (HCVR/LCVR) amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 10/18 and 40/48.
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific molecules wherein the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprises a heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16 and 46, or a substantially similar sequence thereto having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR3 (LCDR3) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 24 and 54, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity.
  • HCDR3 heavy chain CDR3
  • LCDR3 light chain CDR3
  • the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprises a HCDR3/LCDR3 amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16/24 and 46/54.
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules wherein the second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprises a heavy chain CDR1 (HCDR1) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 42, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a heavy chain CDR2 (HCDR2) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 14 and 44, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; a light chain CDR1 (LCDR1) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 20 and 50, or a substantially similar sequence thereof having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity; and a light chain CDR2 (LCDR2) domain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of
  • Certain non-limiting, exemplary anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules provided herein include a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds CD28 comprising HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 domains, respectively, having the amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 12-14-16-20-22-24 (e.g. bsAb6031) and 42-44-46-50-52-54 (e.g. bsAb7945).
  • the multispecific (e.g., bi-specific) antigen-binding molecule e.g., antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof
  • the multispecific antigen-binding molecule e.g., antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof
  • an anti-CD38 binding arm that comprises:
  • an HCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GFTFDDYA (SEQ ID NO: 4; or a variant thereof); an HCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: ISWKSDNI (SEQ ID NO: 6; or a variant thereof); an HCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: AKALGGWKFDYYYGMDV (SEQ ID NO: 8; or a variant thereof); an LCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QSISSY (SEQ ID NO: 20; or a variant thereof); an LCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: AAS (SEQ ID NO: 22; or a variant thereof); and an LCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QQSYSTPPIT (SEQ ID NO: 24; or a variant thereof); and an anti-CD28 binding arm that comprises: an HCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GFTFSRNN (SEQ ID NO: 12; or a variant thereof); an HCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: ISSNGGRT (SEQ ID NO: 14;
  • the multispecific (e.g., bi-specific) antigen-binding molecule e.g., antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof
  • the multispecific antigen-binding molecule e.g., antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof
  • an anti-CD38 binding arm that comprises:
  • an HCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GFTFDDYA (SEQ ID NO: 4; or a variant thereof); an HCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: ISWKSDNI (SEQ ID NO: 6; or a variant thereof); an HCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: AKALGGWKFDYYYGMDV (SEQ ID NO: 8; or a variant thereof); an LCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QSISSY (SEQ ID NO: 20; or a variant thereof); an LCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: AAS (SEQ ID NO: 22; or a variant thereof); and an LCDR3 that comprises the amino acid sequence: QQSYSTPPIT (SEQ ID NO: 24; or a variant thereof); and an anti-CD28 binding arm that comprises: an HCDR1 that comprises the amino acid sequence: GGSISSYY (SEQ ID NO: 42; or a variant thereof); an HCDR2 that comprises the amino acid sequence: IYYSGIT (SEQ ID NO: 44;
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the HCVR, LCVR or CDR sequences of the anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules disclosed herein, including nucleic acid molecules comprising the polynucleotide sequences as set forth in Table 2 herein, as well as nucleic acid molecules comprising the polynucleotide sequences as set forth in Table 5 herein, in any functional combination or arrangement thereof.
  • Recombinant expression vectors carrying the nucleic acids of the invention, and host cells into which such vectors have been introduced are also encompassed by the invention, as are methods of producing the antibodies by culturing the host cells under conditions permitting production of the antibodies, and recovering the antibodies produced.
  • the present invention includes anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules wherein any of the aforementioned antigen-binding domains that specifically bind CD38 is combined, connected or otherwise associated with any of the aforementioned antigen-binding domains that specifically bind CD28 to form a bispecific antigen-binding molecule that binds CD38 and CD28.
  • anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules having a modified glycosylation pattern.
  • modification to remove undesirable glycosylation sites may be useful, or an antibody lacking a fucose moiety present on the oligosaccharide chain, for example, to increase antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) function (see Shield et al. (2002) JBC 277:26733).
  • ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • modification of galactosylation can be made in order to modify complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecule as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention features a composition which is a combination of an anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecule and a second therapeutic agent.
  • the second therapeutic agent is any agent that is advantageously combined with an anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecule.
  • Exemplary agents that may be advantageously combined with an anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecule are discussed in detail elsewhere herein.
  • therapeutic methods for targeting/killing tumor cells expressing CD38 using an anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecule of the invention comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bi-specific antigen-binding molecule provided herein to a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure also includes the use of an anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bi-specific antigen-binding molecule provided herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder related to or caused by CD38 expression.
  • FIGS. 1 - 4 show cytotoxicity, T cell activation, T cell proliferation, and cytokine release in H929 tumor cells after treatment with the costimulatory anti-CD38 ⁇ CD28 bi-specific antibodies bsAb6031 and bsAb7954.
  • FIGS. 5 - 10 show in vivo anti-tumor activity of the costimulatory anti-CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies bsAb6031 and bsAb7954 alone or in combination with BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb.
  • CD28 refers to an antigen which is expressed on T cells as a homodimer.
  • Human CD28 comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 61 (Human CD28 extracellular domain (N19-P152).mFc), and/or having the amino acid sequence as set forth in NCBI accession NM_006139.3, and/or having the amino acid sequence of the Human CD28>NP_006130.1 T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 isoform 1 precursor (SEQ ID NO: 63).
  • CD28 means human CD28 unless specified as being from a non-human species, e.g., “mouse CD28,” “monkey CD28,” etc.
  • an antibody that binds CD28 or an “anti-CD28 antibody” includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically recognize a single CD28 unit, as well as antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically recognize a dimeric complex of two CD28 subunits.
  • the antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of the present invention may bind soluble CD28 and/or cell surface expressed CD28.
  • Soluble CD28 includes natural CD28 proteins as well as recombinant CD28 protein variants such as, e.g., monomeric and dimeric CD28 constructs, that lack a transmembrane domain or are otherwise unassociated with a cell membrane.
  • the expression “cell surface-expressed CD28” means one or more CD28 protein(s) that is/are expressed on the surface of a cell in vitro or in vivo, such that at least a portion of a CD28 protein is exposed to the extracellular side of the cell membrane and is accessible to an antigen-binding portion of an antibody.
  • “Cell surface-expressed CD28” includes CD28 proteins contained within the context of a functional T cell receptor in the membrane of a cell.
  • the expression “cell surface-expressed CD28” includes CD28 protein expressed as part of a homodimer on the surface of a cell.
  • a “cell surface-expressed CD28” can comprise or consist of a CD28 protein expressed on the surface of a cell which normally expresses CD28 protein.
  • “cell surface-expressed CD28” can comprise or consist of CD28 protein expressed on the surface of a cell that normally does not express human CD28 on its surface but has been artificially engineered to express CD28 on its surface.
  • CD38 also known as cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase, refers a glycoprotein expressed on malignant plasma cells. CD38 plays a central role in regulating intracellular calcium levels.
  • the protein has an N-terminal cytoplasmic tail, a single membrane-spanning domain, and a C-terminal extracellular region with four N-glycosylation sites.
  • an antibody that binds CD38 or an “anti-CD38 antibody” includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically recognize CD38.
  • antigen-binding molecule includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, including, e.g., bispecific antibodies.
  • antibody means any antigen-binding molecule or molecular complex comprising at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) that specifically binds to or interacts with a particular antigen (e.g., CD38 or CD28).
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • the term “antibody” includes immunoglobulin molecules comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds, as well as multimers thereof (e.g., IgM).
  • antibody also includes immunoglobulin molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds.
  • Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or V H ) and a heavy chain constant region.
  • the heavy chain constant region comprises three domains, C H 1, C H 2 and C H 3.
  • Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or V L ) and a light chain constant region.
  • the light chain constant region comprises one domain (C L 1).
  • the V H and V L regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • Each V H and V L is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • the FRs of the anti-CD38 antibody or anti-CD28 antibody may be identical to the human germline sequences, or may be naturally or artificially modified.
  • An amino acid consensus sequence may be defined based on a side-by-side analysis of two or more CDRs.
  • antibody also includes antigen-binding fragments of full antibody molecules.
  • antigen-binding portion of an antibody, “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody, and the like, as used herein, include any naturally occurring, enzymatically obtainable, synthetic, or genetically engineered polypeptide or glycoprotein that specifically binds an antigen to form a complex.
  • Antigen-binding fragments of an antibody may be derived, e.g., from full antibody molecules using any suitable standard techniques such as proteolytic digestion or recombinant genetic engineering techniques involving the manipulation and expression of DNA encoding antibody variable and optionally constant domains.
  • DNA is known and/or is readily available from, e.g., commercial sources, DNA libraries (including, e.g., phage-antibody libraries), or can be synthesized.
  • the DNA may be sequenced and manipulated chemically or by using molecular biology techniques, for example, to arrange one or more variable and/or constant domains into a suitable configuration, or to introduce codons, create cysteine residues, modify, add or delete amino acids, etc.
  • Non-limiting examples of antigen-binding fragments include: (i) Fab fragments; (ii) F(ab′)2 fragments; (iii) Fd fragments; (iv) Fv fragments; (v) single-chain Fv (scFv) molecules; (vi) dAb fragments; and (vii) minimal recognition units consisting of the amino acid residues that mimic the hypervariable region of an antibody (e.g., an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) such as a CDR3 peptide), or a constrained FR3-CDR3-FR4 peptide.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • engineered molecules such as domain-specific antibodies, single domain antibodies, domain-deleted antibodies, chimeric antibodies, CDR-grafted antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, nanobodies (e.g. monovalent nanobodies, bivalent nanobodies, etc.), small modular immunopharmaceuticals (SMIPs), and shark variable IgNAR domains, are also encompassed within the expression “antigen-binding fragment,” as used herein.
  • SMIPs small modular immunopharmaceuticals
  • an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least one variable domain.
  • the variable domain may be of any size or amino acid composition and will generally comprise at least one CDR which is adjacent to or in frame with one or more framework sequences.
  • the V H and V L domains may be situated relative to one another in any suitable arrangement.
  • the variable region may be dimeric and contain V H -V H , V H -V L or V L -V L dimers.
  • the antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain a monomeric V H or V L domain.
  • an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain at least one variable domain covalently linked to at least one constant domain.
  • variable and constant domains that may be found within an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention include: (i) V H -C H 1; (ii) V H -C H 2; (iii) V H -C H 3; (iv) V H -C H 1-C H 2; (v) V H -C H 1-C H 2-C H 3; (vi) V H -C H 2-C H 3; (vii) V H -C L ; V L -C H 1; (ix) V L -C H 2; (x) V L -C H 3; (xi) V L -C H 1-C H 2; (xii) V L -C H 1-C H 2-C H 3; (xiii) V L -C H 2-C H 3; and (xiv) V L -C L
  • variable and constant domains may be either directly linked to one another or may be linked by a full or partial hinge or linker region.
  • a hinge region may consist of at least 2 (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 or more) amino acids which result in a flexible or semi-flexible linkage between adjacent variable and/or constant domains in a single polypeptide molecule.
  • an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention may comprise a homodimer or hetero-dimer (or other multimer) of any of the variable and constant domain configurations listed above in non-covalent association with one another and/or with one or more monomeric V H or V L domain (e.g., by disulfide bond(s)).
  • antigen-binding fragments may be monospecific or multispecific (e.g., bispecific).
  • a multispecific antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least two different variable domains, wherein each variable domain is capable of specifically binding to a separate antigen or to a different epitope on the same antigen.
  • Any multispecific antibody format, including the exemplary bispecific antibody formats disclosed herein, may be adapted for use in the context of an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the present invention using routine techniques available in the art.
  • the antibodies of the present invention may function through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
  • CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • FcRs Fc receptors
  • NK Natural Killer
  • the constant region of an antibody is important in the ability of an antibody to fix complement and mediate cell-dependent cytotoxicity.
  • the isotype of an antibody may be selected on the basis of whether it is desirable for the antibody to mediate cytotoxicity.
  • the anti-CD38 monospecific antibodies, anti-CD28 monospecific antibodies, or anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antibodies provided herein are human antibodies.
  • the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
  • the human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3.
  • the term “human antibody”, as used herein is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.
  • the antibodies of the invention may, in some embodiments, be recombinant human antibodies.
  • the term “recombinant human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to include all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell (described further below), antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library (described further below), antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor et al. (1992) Nucl. Acids Res.
  • Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies are subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the V H and V L regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline V H and V L sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.
  • an immunoglobulin molecule comprises a stable four chain construct of approximately 150-160 kDa in which the dimers are held together by an interchain heavy chain disulfide bond.
  • the dimers are not linked via inter-chain disulfide bonds and a molecule of about 75-80 kDa is formed composed of a covalently coupled light and heavy chain (half-antibody).
  • the frequency of appearance of the second form in various intact IgG isotypes is due to, but not limited to, structural differences associated with the hinge region isotype of the antibody.
  • a single amino acid substitution in the hinge region of the human IgG4 hinge can significantly reduce the appearance of the second form (Angal et al. (1993) Molecular Immunology 30:105) to levels typically observed using a human IgG1 hinge.
  • the instant invention encompasses antibodies having one or more mutations in the hinge, C H 2 or C H 3 region which may be desirable, for example, in production, to improve the yield of the desired antibody form.
  • the antibodies of the invention may be isolated antibodies.
  • An “isolated antibody,” as used herein, means an antibody that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from at least one component of its natural environment. For example, an antibody that has been separated or removed from at least one component of an organism, or from a tissue or cell in which the antibody naturally exists or is naturally produced, is an “isolated antibody” for purposes of the present invention.
  • An isolated antibody also includes an antibody in situ within a recombinant cell. Isolated antibodies are antibodies that have been subjected to at least one purification or isolation step. According to certain embodiments, an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.
  • the present invention also includes one-arm antibodies that bind CD38 or CD28.
  • a “one-arm antibody” means an antigen-binding molecule comprising a single antibody heavy chain and a single antibody light chain.
  • the one-arm antibodies of the present invention may comprise any of the HCVR/LCVR or CDR amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 1 or Table 4.
  • the anti-CD38 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, or anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 antibodies disclosed herein may comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions and/or deletions in the framework and/or CDR regions of the heavy and light chain variable domains as compared to the corresponding germline sequences from which the antibodies were derived. Such mutations can be readily ascertained by comparing the amino acid sequences disclosed herein to germline sequences available from, for example, public antibody sequence databases.
  • the present disclosure includes antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, which are derived from any of the amino acid sequences disclosed herein, wherein one or more amino acids within one or more framework and/or CDR regions are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of the germline sequence from which the antibody was derived, or to the corresponding residue(s) of another human germline sequence, or to a conservative amino acid substitution of the corresponding germline residue(s) (such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”).
  • germline mutations such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”.
  • all of the framework and/or CDR residues within the V H and/or V L domains are mutated back to the residues found in the original germline sequence from which the antibody was derived.
  • only certain residues are mutated back to the original germline sequence, e.g., only the mutated residues found within the first 8 amino acids of FR1 or within the last 8 amino acids of FR4, or only the mutated residues found within CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3.
  • one or more of the framework and/or CDR residue(s) are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of a different germline sequence (i.e., a germline sequence that is different from the germline sequence from which the antibody was originally derived).
  • the antibodies of the present invention may contain any combination of two or more germline mutations within the framework and/or CDR regions, e.g., wherein certain individual residues are mutated to the corresponding residue of a particular germline sequence while certain other residues that differ from the original germline sequence are maintained or are mutated to the corresponding residue of a different germline sequence.
  • antibodies and antigen-binding fragments that contain one or more germline mutations can be easily tested for one or more desired property such as, improved binding specificity, increased binding affinity, improved or enhanced antagonistic or agonistic biological properties (as the case may be), reduced immunogenicity, etc.
  • Antibodies and antigen-binding fragments obtained in this general manner are encompassed within the present invention.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, or anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 antibodies comprising variants of any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences disclosed herein having one or more conservative substitutions.
  • the present disclosure includes anti-CD38 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, or anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 antibodies having HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences with, e.g., 10 or fewer, 8 or fewer, 6 or fewer, 4 or fewer, 3 or fewer, 2, or 1 conservative amino acid substitutions relative to any of the HCVR, LCVR, and/or CDR amino acid sequences set forth in Tables 1, 4, or 7 herein.
  • epitope refers to an antigenic determinant that interacts with a specific antigen binding site in the variable region of an antibody molecule known as a paratope.
  • a single antigen may have more than one epitope. Thus, different antibodies may bind to different areas on an antigen and may have different biological effects.
  • Epitopes may be either conformational or linear.
  • a conformational epitope is produced by spatially juxtaposed amino acids from different segments of the linear polypeptide chain.
  • a linear epitope is one produced by adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain.
  • an epitope may include moieties of saccharides, phosphoryl groups, or sulfonyl groups on the antigen.
  • nucleic acid or fragment thereof indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 95%, and more preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or Gap, as discussed below.
  • a nucleic acid molecule having substantial identity to a reference nucleic acid molecule may, in certain instances, encode a polypeptide having the same or substantially similar amino acid sequence as the polypeptide encoded by the reference nucleic acid molecule.
  • the term “substantial similarity” or “substantially similar” means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 95% sequence identity, even more preferably at least 98% or 99% sequence identity.
  • residue positions which are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • a “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein.
  • the percent sequence identity or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Pearson (1994) Methods Mol. Biol. 24: 307-331, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include (1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine; (2) aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; (3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; (4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; (5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; (6) acidic side chains: aspartate and glutamate, and (7) sulfur-containing side chains are cysteine and methionine.
  • Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine.
  • a conservative replacement is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al. (1992) Science 256: 1443-1445, herein incorporated by reference.
  • a “moderately conservative” replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.
  • Sequence similarity for polypeptides is typically measured using sequence analysis software. Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • GCG software contains programs such as Gap and Bestfit which can be used with default parameters to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species of organisms or between a wild type protein and a mutein thereof. See, e.g., GCG Version 6.1. Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA using default or recommended parameters, a program in GCG Version 6.1.
  • FASTA e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3
  • FASTA2 and FASTA3 provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson (2000) supra).
  • Another preferred algorithm when comparing a sequence of the invention to a database containing a large number of sequences from different organisms is the computer program BLAST, especially BLASTP or TBLASTN, using default parameters. See, e.g., Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-402, each herein incorporated by reference.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, and anti-CD38/anti-CD28 bi-specific antigen-binding molecules disclosed herein can comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions and/or deletions in the framework and/or CDR regions of the heavy chain variable domains as compared to the corresponding germline sequences from which the antibodies were derived.
  • antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof which are derived from any of the amino acid sequences disclosed herein, wherein one or more amino acids within one or more framework and/or CDR regions are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of the germline sequence from which the antibody was derived, or to the corresponding residue(s) of another human germline sequence, or to a conservative amino acid substitution of the corresponding germline residue(s) (such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”), and having weak or no detectable binding to a CD38 antigen or a CD28 antigen.
  • binding in the context of the binding of an antibody, immunoglobulin, antibody-binding fragment, or Fc-containing protein to either, e.g., a predetermined antigen, such as a cell surface protein or fragment thereof, typically refers to an interaction or association between a minimum of two entities or molecular structures, such as an antibody-antigen interaction.
  • binding affinity typically corresponds to a K D value of about 10 ⁇ 7 M or less, such as about 10 ⁇ 8 M or less, such as about 10 ⁇ 9 M or less when determined by, for instance, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology in a BIAcore instrument using the antigen as the ligand and the antibody, Ig, antibody-binding fragment, or Fc-containing protein as the analyte (or antiligand).
  • SPR surface plasmon resonance
  • Cell-based binding strategies such as fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) binding assays, are also routinely used, and FACS data correlates well with other methods such as radioligand competition binding and SPR (Benedict, C A, J Immunol Methods. 1997, 201(2):223-31; Geuijen, C A, et al. J Immunol Methods. 2005, 302(1-2):68-77).
  • the antibody or antigen-binding protein of the invention binds to the predetermined antigen or cell surface molecule (receptor) having an affinity corresponding to a K D value that is at least ten-fold lower than its affinity for binding to a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein).
  • a non-specific antigen e.g., BSA, casein
  • the affinity of an antibody corresponding to a K D value that is equal to or less than ten-fold lower than a non-specific antigen may be considered non-detectable binding, however such an antibody may be paired with a second antigen binding arm for the production of a bispecific antibody of the invention.
  • K D refers to the dissociation equilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, or the dissociation equilibrium constant of an antibody or antibody-binding fragment binding to an antigen.
  • K D binding affinity
  • binding affinity there is an inverse relationship between K D and binding affinity, therefore the smaller the K D value, the higher, i.e. stronger, the affinity.
  • the terms “higher affinity” or “stronger affinity” relate to a higher ability to form an interaction and therefore a smaller K D value
  • the terms “lower affinity” or “weaker affinity” relate to a lower ability to form an interaction and therefore a larger K D value.
  • a higher binding affinity (or K D ) of a particular molecule e.g.
  • antibody to its interactive partner molecule (e.g. antigen X) compared to the binding affinity of the molecule (e.g. antibody) to another interactive partner molecule (e.g. antigen Y)
  • binding affinity of the molecule (e.g. antibody) to another interactive partner molecule (e.g. antigen Y) may be expressed as a binding ratio determined by dividing the larger K D value (lower, or weaker, affinity) by the smaller K D (higher, or stronger, affinity), for example expressed as 5-fold or 10-fold greater binding affinity, as the case may be.
  • k d (sec ⁇ 1 or 1/s) refers to the dissociation rate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, or the dissociation rate constant of an antibody or antibody-binding fragment. Said value is also referred to as the k off value.
  • k a (M ⁇ 1 ⁇ sec ⁇ 1 or 1/M/s) refers to the association rate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, or the association rate constant of an antibody or antibody-binding fragment.
  • K A (M ⁇ 1 or 1/M) refers to the association equilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, or the association equilibrium constant of an antibody or antibody-binding fragment.
  • the association equilibrium constant is obtained by dividing the k a by the k d .
  • EC50 refers to the half maximal effective concentration, which includes the concentration of an antibody which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time.
  • the EC 50 essentially represents the concentration of an antibody where 50% of its maximal effect is observed.
  • the EC 50 value equals the concentration of an antibody of the invention that gives half-maximal binding to cells expressing CD28 or tumor-associated antigen (e.g., CD38), as determined by e.g. a FACS binding assay.
  • a FACS binding assay e.g. a FACS binding assay.
  • decreased binding can be defined as an increased EC 50 antibody concentration which enables binding to the half-maximal amount of target cells.
  • the EC 50 value represents the concentration of an antibody of the invention that elicits half-maximal depletion of target cells by T cell cytotoxic activity.
  • increased cytotoxic activity e.g. T cell-mediated tumor cell killing
  • EC 50 half maximal effective concentration value
  • the antibodies of the present invention may be monospecific, bi-specific, or multispecific. Multispecific antibodies may be specific for different epitopes of one target polypeptide or may contain antigen-binding domains specific for more than one target polypeptide. See, e.g., Tutt et al., 1991, J. Immunol. 147:60-69; Kufer et al., 2004, Trends Biotechnol. 22:238-244.
  • the anti-CD38 monospecific antibodies, anti-CD28 monospecific antibodies, or anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antibodies of the present disclosure can be linked to or co-expressed with another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein.
  • an antibody or fragment thereof can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody or antibody fragment to produce a bi-specific or a multispecific antibody with a second or additional binding specificity.
  • anti-CD28 antibody or “anti-CD38 antibody” herein is intended to include both monospecific anti-CD28 or anti-CD38 antibodies as well as bispecific antibodies comprising a CD28-binding arm and a CD38-binding arm.
  • the present disclosure includes bispecific antibodies wherein one arm of an immunoglobulin binds human CD28, and the other arm of the immunoglobulin is specific for human CD38.
  • the CD28-binding arm can comprise any of the HCVR/LCVR or CDR amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 4 herein.
  • the CD28-binding arm binds to human CD28 and facilitates human T cell activation. In certain embodiments, the CD28-binding arm binds to human CD28 and induces human T cell activation. In other embodiments, the CD28-binding arm binds to human CD28 and induces tumor-associated antigen-expressing cell killing in the context of a bispecific or multispecific antibody.
  • the CD38-binding arm can comprise any of the HCVR/LCVR or CDR amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 1 herein.
  • the present invention includes bi-specific antigen-binding molecules that specifically bind CD28 and CD38.
  • Such molecules may be referred to herein as, e.g., “anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28” or “anti-CD38/anti-CD28,” or “anti-CD38 ⁇ CD28” or “CD38 ⁇ CD28” bispecific molecules, or other similar terminology (e.g., anti-CD28/anti-CD38).
  • CD38 refers to the human CD38 protein unless specified as being from a non-human species (e.g., “mouse CD38”, “monkey CD38”, etc.).
  • the human CD38 protein has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 62 (Human CD38 extracellular domain (V43-I300).mFc), and/or having the amino acid sequence as set forth in NCBI accession No. NP_001766.2 or NM_001775.3.
  • the bispecific antigen-binding molecules that specifically bind CD38 and CD28 may comprise an anti-CD28 antigen-binding molecule which binds to CD28 with a weak binding affinity such as exhibiting a K D of greater than about 200 uM, as measured by an in vitro affinity binding assay.
  • an antigen-binding molecule means a protein, polypeptide or molecular complex comprising or consisting of at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) that alone, or in combination with one or more additional CDRs and/or framework regions (FRs), specifically binds to a particular antigen.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • FRs framework regions
  • an antigen-binding molecule is an antibody or a fragment of an antibody, as those terms are defined elsewhere herein.
  • the expression “bispecific antigen-binding molecule” means a protein, polypeptide or molecular complex comprising at least a first antigen-binding domain and a second antigen-binding domain.
  • Each antigen-binding domain within the bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises at least one CDR that alone, or in combination with one or more additional CDRs and/or FRs, specifically binds to a particular antigen.
  • the first antigen-binding domain specifically binds a first antigen (e.g., CD38), and the second antigen-binding domain specifically binds a second, distinct antigen (e.g., CD28).
  • the bispecific antigen-binding molecule is a bispecific antibody.
  • Each antigen-binding domain of a bispecific antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain (HCVR) and a light chain variable domain (LCVR).
  • HCVR heavy chain variable domain
  • LCVR light chain variable domain
  • the CDRs of the first antigen-binding domain may be designated with the prefix “D1” and the CDRs of the second antigen-binding domain may be designated with the prefix “D2”.
  • the CDRs of the first antigen-binding domain may be referred to herein as D1-HCDR1, D1-HCDR2, and D1-HCDR3; and the CDRs of the second antigen-binding domain may be referred to herein as D2-HCDR1, D2-HCDR2, and D2-HCDR3.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises a first antigen-binding domain that comprises: (a) three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3) contained within a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and (b) three light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3) contained within a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 contained within a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2
  • LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 contained within a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises a first antigen binding domain comprising an HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises a first antigen binding domain comprising a LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, a LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the first antigen-binding domain comprises a HCVR comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and a LCVR comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises a second antigen-binding domain that comprises: (a) three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3) contained within a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; and (b) three light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3) contained within a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 contained within a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10
  • LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 contained within a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • the second antigen-binding domain comprises: a HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • the second antigen-binding domain comprises a LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, a LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the second antigen-binding domain comprises: an HCVR comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and an LCVR comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises a first antigen-binding domain that comprises: (a) three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3) contained within a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32; and (b) three light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3) contained within a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48.
  • HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 contained within a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32
  • LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 contained within a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen binding molecule comprises a HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, a HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36, and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises a LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, a LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52, and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54.
  • the first antigen-binding domain comprises a HCVR comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, and a LCVR comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises a second antigen-binding domain that comprises: (a) three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3) contained within a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40; and (b) three light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3) contained within a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48.
  • HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 contained within a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40
  • LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 contained within a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48.
  • the second antigen-binding domain comprises: a HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; a HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44; and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46.
  • the second antigen-binding domain comprises a LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, a LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52, and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54.
  • the second antigen-binding domain comprises: an HCVR comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, and an LCVR comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises: (a) a first antigen-binding domain comprising an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, and a HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; and (b) a second antigen binding domain comprising an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; a HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; and a HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • the isolated bi-specific antigen-binding molecule comprises a LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, a LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, and a LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises: (a) a first antigen-binding domain comprising an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, a HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36, and a HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; and (b) a second antigen binding domain comprising an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; a HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44; and a HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46.
  • the isolated bi-specific antigen-binding molecule comprises a LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, a LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52, and a LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises: (a) a first antigen-binding domain that comprises an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, an HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, and a HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; an LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, a LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, and a LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; and (b) a second antigen binding domain that comprises an HCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; an HCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; and an HCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; an LCDR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, an LCDR2 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, and an LCDR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises: (a) a first antigen binding domain that comprises an HCVR amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and a LCVR amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18; and (b) a second antigen binding domain that comprises a HCVR amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a LCVR amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises: (a) a first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds human CD38, and comprises the CDRs of a HCVR comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 32, and the CDRs of a LCVR comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 18 and 48; and (b) a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds human CD28.
  • the first antigen-binding domain comprises the CDRs from a HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2/18 and 32/48.
  • the first antigen-binding domain comprises HCDR1-HCDR2-HCDR3-LCDR1-LCDR2-LCDR3 domains, respectively, selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4-6-8-20-22-24 and 34-36-38-50-52-54.
  • the first antigen-binding domain comprises an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2/18 and 32/48.
  • the second antigen-binding domain comprises an HCVR/LCVR amino acid sequence pair selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 10/18 and 40/48.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen binding molecule competes for binding to CD38, or binds to the same epitope on CD38 as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a bispecific anti-CD38/CD28 antibody disclosed herein.
  • the isolated bispecific antigen binding molecule competes for binding to human CD3, or binds to the same epitope on human CD3 as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a bispecific anti-CD38/CD28 antibody disclosed herein.
  • the bispecific antigen-binding molecules discussed above or herein may be bi-specific antibodies.
  • the bispecific antibody comprises a human IgG heavy chain constant region.
  • the human IgG heavy chain constant region is isotype IgG1.
  • the human IgG heavy chain constant region is isotype IgG4.
  • the bispecific antibody comprises a chimeric hinge that reduces Fc ⁇ receptor binding relative to a wild-type hinge of the same isotype.
  • the first antigen-binding domain and the second antigen-binding domain may be directly or indirectly connected to one another to form a bispecific antigen-binding molecule of the present invention.
  • the first antigen-binding domain and the second antigen-binding domain may each be connected to a separate multimerizing domain.
  • the association of one multimerizing domain with another multimerizing domain facilitates the association between the two antigen-binding domains, thereby forming a bispecific antigen-binding molecule.
  • a “multimerizing domain” is any macromolecule, protein, polypeptide, peptide, or amino acid that has the ability to associate with a second multimerizing domain of the same or similar structure or constitution.
  • a multimerizing domain may be a polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin C H 3 domain.
  • a non-limiting example of a multimerizing component is an Fc portion of an immunoglobulin (comprising a C H 2-C H 3 domain), e.g., an Fc domain of an IgG selected from the isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, as well as any allotype within each isotype group.
  • Bispecific antigen-binding molecules of the present invention will typically comprise two multimerizing domains, e.g., two Fc domains that are each individually part of a separate antibody heavy chain.
  • the first and second multimerizing domains may be of the same IgG isotype such as, e.g., IgG1/IgG1, IgG2/IgG2, IgG4/IgG4.
  • the first and second multimerizing domains may be of different IgG isotypes such as, e.g., IgG1/IgG2, IgG1/IgG4, IgG2/IgG4, etc.
  • the multimerizing domain is an Fc fragment or an amino acid sequence of from 1 to about 200 amino acids in length containing at least one cysteine residue. In other embodiments, the multimerizing domain is a cysteine residue, or a short cysteine-containing peptide.
  • Other multimerizing domains include peptides or polypeptides comprising or consisting of a leucine zipper, a helix-loop motif, or a coiled-coil motif.
  • bispecific antibody format or technology may be used to make the bi-specific antigen-binding molecules of the present invention.
  • an antibody or fragment thereof having a first antigen binding specificity can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody or antibody fragment having a second antigen-binding specificity to produce a bispecific antigen-binding molecule.
  • bi-specific formats that can be used in the context of the present invention include, without limitation, e.g., scFv-based or diabody bispecific formats, IgG-scFv fusions, dual variable domain (DVD)-Ig, Quadroma, knobs-into-holes, common light chain (e.g., common light chain with knobs-into-holes, etc.), CrossMab, CrossFab, (SEED)body, leucine zipper, Duobody, IgG1/IgG2, dual acting Fab (DAF)-IgG, and Mab 2 bispecific formats (see, e.g., Klein et al. 2012, mAbs 4:6, 1-11, and references cited therein, for a review of the foregoing formats).
  • the multimerizing domains may comprise one or more amino acid changes (e.g., insertions, deletions or substitutions) as compared to the wild-type, naturally occurring version of the Fc domain.
  • the invention includes bispecific antigen-binding molecules comprising one or more modifications in the Fc domain that results in a modified Fc domain having a modified binding interaction (e.g., enhanced or diminished) between Fc and FcRn.
  • the bispecific antigen-binding molecule comprises a modification in a C H 2 or a C H 3 region, wherein the modification increases the affinity of the Fc domain to FcRn in an acidic environment (e.g., in an endosome where pH ranges from about 5.5 to about 6.0).
  • Non-limiting examples of such Fc modifications include, e.g., a modification at position 250 (e.g., E or Q); 250 and 428 (e.g., L or F); 252 (e.g., L/Y/F/W or T), 254 (e.g., S or T), and 256 (e.g., S/R/Q/E/D or T); or a modification at position 428 and/or 433 (e.g., L/R/S/P/Q or K) and/or 434 (e.g., H/F or Y); or a modification at position 250 and/or 428; or a modification at position 307 or 308 (e.g., 308F, V308F), and 434.
  • a modification at position 250 e.g., E or Q
  • 250 and 428 e.g., L or F
  • 252 e.g., L/Y/F/W or T
  • 254 e.g., S or T
  • the modification comprises a 428L (e.g., M428L) and 434S (e.g., N434S) modification; a 428L, 259I (e.g., V259I), and 308F (e.g., V308F) modification; a 433K (e.g., H433K) and a 434 (e.g., 434Y) modification; a 252, 254, and 256 (e.g., 252Y, 254T, and 256E) modification; a 250Q and 428L modification (e.g., T250Q and M428L); and a 307 and/or 308 modification (e.g., 308F or 308P).
  • a 428L e.g., M428L
  • 434S e.g., N434S
  • 428L, 259I e.g., V259I
  • 308F e.g., V308F
  • the present disclosure also includes bispecific antigen-binding molecules comprising a first C H 3 domain and a second Ig C H 3 domain, wherein the first and second Ig C H 3 domains differ from one another by at least one amino acid, and wherein at least one amino acid difference reduces binding of the bispecific antibody to Protein A as compared to a bi-specific antibody lacking the amino acid difference.
  • the first Ig C H 3 domain binds Protein A and the second Ig C H 3 domain contains a mutation that reduces or abolishes Protein A binding such as an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering).
  • the second C H 3 may further comprise a Y96F modification (by IMGT; Y436F by EU).
  • the Fc domain may be chimeric, combining Fc sequences derived from more than one immunoglobulin isotype.
  • a chimeric Fc domain can comprise part or all of a C H 2 sequence derived from a human IgG1, human IgG2 or human IgG4 C H 2 region, and part or all of a C H 3 sequence derived from a human IgG1, human IgG2 or human IgG4.
  • a chimeric Fc domain can also contain a chimeric hinge region.
  • a chimeric hinge may comprise an “upper hinge” sequence, derived from a human IgG1, a human IgG2 or a human IgG4 hinge region, combined with a “lower hinge” sequence, derived from a human IgG1, a human IgG2 or a human IgG4 hinge region.
  • a particular example of a chimeric Fc domain that can be included in any of the antigen-binding molecules set forth herein comprises, from N- to C-terminus: [IgG4 C H 1]-[IgG4 upper hinge]-[IgG2 lower hinge]-[IgG4 C H 2]-[IgG4 C H 3].
  • chimeric Fc domains that can be included in any of the antigen-binding molecules of the present invention are described in US Publication 2014/0243504, published Aug. 28, 2014, which is herein incorporated in its entirety. Chimeric Fc domains having these general structural arrangements, and variants thereof, can have altered Fc receptor binding, which in turn affects Fc effector function.
  • the antibodies and bispecific antigen-binding molecules of the present invention may comprise one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions and/or deletions in the framework and/or CDR regions of the heavy and light chain variable domains as compared to the corresponding germline sequences from which the individual antigen-binding domains were derived.
  • Such mutations can be readily ascertained by comparing the amino acid sequences disclosed herein to germline sequences available from, for example, public antibody sequence databases.
  • the antigen-binding molecules of the present invention may comprise antigen-binding domains which are derived from any of the exemplary amino acid sequences disclosed herein, wherein one or more amino acids within one or more framework and/or CDR regions are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of the germline sequence from which the antibody was derived, or to the corresponding residue(s) of another human germline sequence, or to a conservative amino acid substitution of the corresponding germline residue(s) (such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”).
  • germline mutations such sequence changes are referred to herein collectively as “germline mutations”.
  • all of the framework and/or CDR residues within the V H and/or V L domains are mutated back to the residues found in the original germline sequence from which the antigen-binding domain was originally derived.
  • only certain residues are mutated back to the original germline sequence, e.g., only the mutated residues found within the first 8 amino acids of FR1 or within the last 8 amino acids of FR4, or only the mutated residues found within CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3.
  • one or more of the framework and/or CDR residue(s) are mutated to the corresponding residue(s) of a different germline sequence (i.e., a germline sequence that is different from the germline sequence from which the antigen-binding domain was originally derived).
  • the antigen-binding domains may contain any combination of two or more germline mutations within the framework and/or CDR regions, e.g., wherein certain individual residues are mutated to the corresponding residue of a particular germline sequence while certain other residues that differ from the original germline sequence are maintained or are mutated to the corresponding residue of a different germline sequence.
  • antigen-binding domains that contain one or more germline mutations can be easily tested for one or more desired property such as, improved binding specificity, increased binding affinity, improved or enhanced antagonistic or agonistic biological properties (as the case may be), reduced immunogenicity, etc.
  • Bispecific antigen-binding molecules comprising one or more antigen-binding domains obtained in this general manner are encompassed within the present invention.
  • the present invention includes anti-CD38 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, and anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules, with pH-dependent binding characteristics.
  • an anti-CD38 antibody of the present invention may exhibit reduced binding to CD38 at acidic pH as compared to neutral pH.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies of the invention may exhibit enhanced binding to CD38 at acidic pH as compared to neutral pH.
  • the expression “acidic pH” includes pH values less than about 6.2, e.g., about 6.0, 5.95, 5.9, 5.85, 5.8, 5.75, 5.7, 5.65, 5.6, 5.55, 5.5, 5.45, 5.4, 5.35, 5.3, 5.25, 5.2, 5.15, 5.1, 5.05, 5.0, or less.
  • neutral pH means a pH of about 7.0 to about 7.4.
  • the expression “neutral pH” includes pH values of about 7.0, 7.05, 7.1, 7.15, 7.2, 7.25, 7.3, 7.35, and 7.4.
  • “reduced binding . . . at acidic pH as compared to neutral pH” is expressed in terms of a ratio of the K D value of the antibody binding to its antigen at acidic pH to the K D value of the antibody binding to its antigen at neutral pH (or vice versa).
  • an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be regarded as exhibiting “reduced binding to CD38 at acidic pH as compared to neutral pH” for purposes of the present invention if the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof exhibits an acidic/neutral K D ratio of about 3.0 or greater.
  • the acidic/neutral K D ratio for an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the present invention can be about 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 20.0. 25.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0, 60.0, 70.0, 100.0 or greater.
  • Antibodies with pH-dependent binding characteristics may be obtained, e.g., by screening a population of antibodies for reduced (or enhanced) binding to a particular antigen at acidic pH as compared to neutral pH. Additionally, modifications of the antigen-binding domain at the amino acid level may yield antibodies with pH-dependent characteristics. For example, by substituting one or more amino acids of an antigen-binding domain (e.g., within a CDR) with a histidine residue, an antibody with reduced antigen-binding at acidic pH relative to neutral pH may be obtained.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, and anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules comprising an Fc domain comprising one or more mutations which enhance or diminish antibody binding to the FcRn receptor, e.g., at acidic pH as compared to neutral pH.
  • the present invention includes antibodies comprising a mutation in the C H 2 or a C H 3 region of the Fc domain, wherein the mutation(s) increases the affinity of the Fc domain to FcRn in an acidic environment (e.g., in an endosome where pH ranges from about 5.5 to about 6.0). Such mutations may result in an increase in serum half-life of the antibody when administered to an animal.
  • Non-limiting examples of such Fc modifications include, e.g., a modification at position 250 (e.g., E or Q); 250 and 428 (e.g., L or F); 252 (e.g., L/Y/F/W or T), 254 (e.g., S or T), and 256 (e.g., S/R/Q/E/D or T); or a modification at position 428 and/or 433 (e.g., H/L/R/S/P/Q or K) and/or 434 (e.g., H/F or Y); or a modification at position 250 and/or 428; or a modification at position 307 or 308 (e.g., 308F, V308F), and 434.
  • a modification at position 250 e.g., E or Q
  • 250 and 428 e.g., L or F
  • 252 e.g., L/Y/F/W or T
  • 254 e.g., S
  • the modification comprises a 428L (e.g., M428L) and 434S (e.g., N434S) modification; a 428L, 259I (e.g., V259I), and 308F (e.g., V308F) modification; a 433K (e.g., H433K) and a 434 (e.g., 434Y) modification; a 252, 254, and 256 (e.g., 252Y, 254T, and 256E) modification; a 250Q and 428L modification (e.g., T250Q and M428L); and a 307 and/or 308 modification (e.g., 308F or 308P).
  • a 428L e.g., M428L
  • 434S e.g., N434S
  • 428L, 259I e.g., V259I
  • 308F e.g., V308F
  • the present disclosure includes anti-CD38 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, and anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules, comprising an Fc domain comprising one or more pairs or groups of mutations selected from the group consisting of: 250Q and 248L (e.g., T250Q and M248L); 252Y, 254T and 256E (e.g., M252Y, S254T and T256E); 428L and 434S (e.g., M428L and N434S); and 433K and 434F (e.g., H433K and N434F). All possible combinations of the foregoing Fc domain mutations, and other mutations within the antibody variable domains disclosed herein, are contemplated within the scope of the present invention.
  • Fc domain comprising one or more pairs or groups of mutations selected from the group consisting of: 250Q and 248L (e.g., T250Q and M248L); 252Y, 254T and 256
  • the present invention includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind human CD38 and/or CD28 with high affinity (e.g., nanomolar or sub-nanomolar K D values).
  • the present invention includes antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, and bispecific antibodies that bind human CD38 (e.g., at 25° C.) with a K D of less than about 10 nM as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein.
  • the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention bind CD38 with a K D of less than about 20 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 8 nM, less than about 7 nM, less than about 6 nM, less than about 5 nM, less than about 4 nM, less than about 3 nM, less than about 2 nM, less than about 1 nM, less than about 800 pM, less than about 700 pM, less than about 500 pM, less than about 400 pM, less than about 300 pM, less than about 200 pM, less than about 100 pM, less than about 50 pM, or less than about 25 pM as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • the present invention includes antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, and bispecific antibodies that bind human CD28 (e.g., at 25° C.) with a K D of less than about 26 nM as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein.
  • the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention bind CD28 with a K D of less than about 20 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 8 nM, less than about 7 nM, less than about 6 nM, less than about 5 nM, less than about 4 nM, less than about 3 nM, less than about 2 nM, less than about 1 nM, less than about 800 pM, less than about 700 pM, less than about 500 pM, less than about 400 pM, less than about 300 pM, less than about 200 pM, less than about 100 pM, less than about 50 pM, or less than about 25 pM as measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • the present disclosure also includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind CD38 with a dissociative half-life (t1 ⁇ 2) of greater than about 8 minutes or greater than about 15 minutes as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • t1 ⁇ 2 dissociative half-life
  • the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention bind CD38 with a t1 ⁇ 2 of greater than about 3 minutes, greater than about 4 minutes, greater than about 10 minutes, greater than about 20 minutes, greater than about 30 minutes, greater than about 40 minutes, greater than about 50 minutes, greater than about 60 minutes, greater than about 70 minutes, greater than about 80 minutes, greater than about 90 minutes, greater than about 100 minutes, greater than about 110 minutes, or greater than about 120 minutes, as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • the present invention includes bispecific antigen-binding molecules (e.g., bi-specific antibodies which bind CD38 with a of greater than about 10 minutes as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • bispecific antigen-binding molecules e.g., bi-specific antibodies which bind CD38 with a of greater than about 10 minutes as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • the present disclosure also includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind CD28 with a dissociative half-life (t1 ⁇ 2) of greater than about 5 minutes or greater than about 18 minutes as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • t1 ⁇ 2 dissociative half-life
  • the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present invention bind CD28 with a t1 ⁇ 2 of greater than about 3 minutes, greater than about 4 minutes, greater than about 10 minutes, greater than about 20 minutes, greater than about 30 minutes, greater than about 40 minutes, greater than about 50 minutes, greater than about 60 minutes, greater than about 70 minutes, greater than about 80 minutes, greater than about 90 minutes, greater than about 100 minutes, greater than about 110 minutes, or greater than about 120 minutes, as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • the present invention includes bispecific antigen-binding molecules (e.g., bispecific antibodies which bind CD38 with a of greater than about 10 minutes as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • bispecific antigen-binding molecules e.g., bispecific antibodies which bind CD38 with a of greater than about 10 minutes as measured by surface plasmon resonance at 25° C., e.g., using an assay format as defined in Example 5 herein, or a substantially similar assay.
  • the present disclosure also includes antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof which bind specifically to human cell lines which express endogenous CD38 (e.g., NCI-H929, MOLP-8, or WSU-DLCL2 tumor cells) as determined by the in vivo xenogeneic tumor studies as set forth in Examples 9 through 14 or a substantially similar assay.
  • endogenous CD38 e.g., NCI-H929, MOLP-8, or WSU-DLCL2 tumor cells
  • the present disclosure also includes anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules which exhibit one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: (a) inhibiting tumor growth in immunocompromised mice bearing human multiple myeloma xenografts; (b) suppressing tumor growth of established tumors in immunocompromised mice bearing human multiple myeloma xenografts (see, e.g., Examples 9 through 14), and (c) suppressing tumor growth of syngeneic melanoma cells engineered to express human CD38 in immunocompetent mice.
  • bispecific antigen-binding molecules e.g., bi-specific antibodies
  • the extent to which a bispecific antigen-binding molecule binds cells that express CD38 and/or CD28 can be assessed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
  • the present invention includes antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, and bispecific antibodies thereof which specifically bind human T-cell lines which express CD38 but do not express CD28, and/or BCMA-expressing cells.
  • the present disclosure includes antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, and bi-specific antibodies thereof that bind human CD38 and/or CD28 and induce T cell activation.
  • the present invention includes anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules which are capable of depleting or reducing tumor antigen-expressing cells in a subject (see, e.g., Examples 9 through 12, or a substantially similar assay).
  • anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules are provided, wherein a single administration, or multiple administrations, of 0.04 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg, or 4 mg/kg of the bispecific antigen-binding molecule to a subject causes a reduction in the number of CD38-expressing cells in the subject (e.g., tumor growth in the subject is suppressed or inhibited).
  • the epitope on CD38 and/or CD28 to which the antigen-binding molecules of the present invention bind may consist of a single contiguous sequence of 3 or more (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) amino acids of a CD38 or CD28 protein.
  • the epitope may consist of a plurality of non-contiguous amino acids (or amino acid sequences) of CD38 or CD28.
  • epitope refers to an antigenic determinant that interacts with a specific antigen binding site in the variable region of an antibody molecule known as a paratope.
  • a single antigen may have more than one epitope. Thus, different antibodies may bind to different areas on an antigen and may have different biological effects.
  • Epitopes may be either conformational or linear.
  • a conformational epitope is produced by spatially juxtaposed amino acids from different segments of the linear polypeptide chain.
  • a linear epitope is one produced by adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain.
  • an epitope may include moieties of saccharides, phosphoryl groups, or sulfonyl groups on the antigen.
  • Various techniques known to persons of ordinary skill in the art can be used to determine whether an antigen-binding domain of an antibody “interacts with one or more amino acids” within a polypeptide or protein.
  • Exemplary techniques include, e.g., routine cross-blocking assay such as that described in Antibodies, Harlow and Lane (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harb., NY), alanine scanning mutational analysis, peptide blots analysis (Reineke, 2004, Methods Mol Biol 248:443-463), and peptide cleavage analysis.
  • methods such as epitope excision, epitope extraction and chemical modification of antigens can be employed (Tomer, 2000, Protein Science 9:487-496).
  • Another method that can be used to identify the amino acids within a polypeptide with which an antigen-binding domain of an antibody interacts is hydrogen/deuterium exchange detected by mass spectrometry.
  • the hydrogen/deuterium exchange method involves deuterium-labeling the protein of interest, followed by binding the antibody to the deuterium-labeled protein. Next, the protein/antibody complex is transferred to water to allow hydrogen-deuterium exchange to occur at all residues except for the residues protected by the antibody (which remain deuterium-labeled).
  • the target protein After dissociation of the antibody, the target protein is subjected to protease cleavage and mass spectrometry analysis, thereby revealing the deuterium-labeled residues which correspond to the specific amino acids with which the antibody interacts. See, e.g., Ehring (1999) Analytical Biochemistry 267(2):252-259; Engen and Smith (2001) Anal. Chem. 73:256A-265A. X-ray crystallography of the antigen/antibody complex may also be used for epitope mapping purposes.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies that bind to the same epitope as any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein (e.g. antibodies comprising any of the amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 1 herein).
  • the present invention also includes anti-CD38 antibodies that compete for binding to CD38 with any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein (e.g. antibodies comprising any of the amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 1 herein).
  • anti-CD28 antibodies that bind to the same epitope as any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein (e.g. antibodies comprising any of the amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 4 herein).
  • the present invention also includes anti-CD28 antibodies that compete for binding to CD28 with any of the specific exemplary antibodies described herein (e.g. antibodies comprising any of the amino acid sequences as set forth in Table 4 herein).
  • bispecific antigen-binding molecules comprising a first antigen-binding domain that specifically binds human CD38, and a second antigen binding domain that specifically binds human CD28, wherein the first antigen-binding domain competes for binding to CD38 with any of the specific exemplary CD38-specific antigen-binding domains described herein, and/or wherein the second antigen-binding domain competes for binding to CD28 with any of the specific exemplary CD28-specific antigen-binding domains described herein.
  • a particular antigen-binding molecule e.g., antibody
  • test antibody If the test antibody is able to bind to CD38 (or CD28) following saturation binding with the reference bispecific antigen-binding molecule, it can be concluded that the test antibody binds to a different epitope of CD38 (or CD28) than the reference bispecific antigen-binding molecule. On the other hand, if the test antibody is not able to bind to the CD38 (or CD28) molecule following saturation binding with the reference bispecific antigen-binding molecule, then the test antibody may bind to the same epitope of CD38 (or CD28) as the epitope bound by the reference bispecific antigen-binding molecule of the invention.
  • Additional routine experimentation e.g., peptide mutation and binding analyses
  • peptide mutation and binding analyses can then be carried out to confirm whether the observed lack of binding of the test antibody is in fact due to binding to the same epitope as the reference bispecific antigen-binding molecule or if steric blocking (or another phenomenon) is responsible for the lack of observed binding.
  • steric blocking or another phenomenon
  • this sort can be performed using ELISA, RIA, Biacore, flow cytometry or any other quantitative or qualitative antibody-binding assay available in the art.
  • two antigen-binding proteins bind to the same (or overlapping) epitope if, e.g., a 1-, 5-, 10-, 20- or 100-fold excess of one antigen-binding protein inhibits binding of the other by at least 50% but preferably 75%, 90% or even 99% as measured in a competitive binding assay (see, e.g., Junghans et al., Cancer Res. 1990:50:1495-1502).
  • two antigen-binding proteins are deemed to bind to the same epitope if essentially all amino acid mutations in the antigen that reduce or eliminate binding of one antigen-binding protein reduce or eliminate binding of the other.
  • Two antigen-binding proteins are deemed to have “overlapping epitopes” if only a subset of the amino acid mutations that reduce or eliminate binding of one antigen-binding protein reduce or eliminate binding of the other.
  • the above-described binding methodology is performed in two orientations: In a first orientation, the reference antigen-binding molecule is allowed to bind to a CD38 protein (or CD28 protein) under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the test antibody to the CD38 (or CD28) molecule. In a second orientation, the test antibody is allowed to bind to a CD38 (or CD28) molecule under saturating conditions followed by assessment of binding of the reference antigen-binding molecule to the CD38 (or CD28) molecule.
  • an antibody that competes for binding with a reference antigen-binding molecule may not necessarily bind to the same epitope as the reference antibody, but may sterically block binding of the reference antibody by binding an overlapping or adjacent epitope.
  • Antigen-binding domains specific for particular antigens can be prepared by any antibody generating technology known in the art. Once obtained, two different antigen-binding domains, specific for two different antigens (e.g., CD38 and CD28), can be appropriately arranged relative to one another to produce a bispecific antigen-binding molecule of the present invention using routine methods. (A discussion of exemplary bispecific antibody formats that can be used to construct the bispecific antigen-binding molecules of the present invention is provided elsewhere herein).
  • one or more of the individual components (e.g., heavy and light chains) of the multispecific antigen-binding molecules of the invention are derived from chimeric, humanized or fully human antibodies. Methods for making such antibodies are well known in the art.
  • one or more of the heavy and/or light chains of the bispecific antigen-binding molecules of the present invention can be prepared using VELOCIMMUNETM technology.
  • VELOCIMMUNETM technology or any other human antibody generating technology
  • high affinity chimeric antibodies to a particular antigen e.g., CD38 or CD28
  • the antibodies are characterized and selected for desirable characteristics, including affinity, selectivity, epitope, etc.
  • the mouse constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region to generate fully human heavy and/or light chains that can be incorporated into the bispecific antigen-binding molecules of the present invention.
  • Genetically engineered animals may be used to make human bispecific antigen-binding molecules.
  • a genetically modified mouse can be used which is incapable of rearranging and expressing an endogenous mouse immunoglobulin light chain variable sequence, wherein the mouse expresses only one or two human light chain variable domains encoded by human immunoglobulin sequences operably linked to the mouse kappa constant gene at the endogenous mouse kappa locus.
  • Such genetically modified mice can be used to produce fully human bispecific antigen-binding molecules comprising two different heavy chains that associate with an identical light chain that comprises a variable domain derived from one of two different human light chain variable region gene segments. (See, e.g., US 2011/0195454).
  • Fully human refers to an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment or immunoglobulin domain thereof, comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a DNA derived from a human sequence over the entire length of each polypeptide of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment or immunoglobulin domain thereof.
  • the fully human sequence is derived from a protein endogenous to a human.
  • the fully human protein or protein sequence comprises a chimeric sequence wherein each component sequence is derived from human sequence. While not being bound by any one theory, chimeric proteins or chimeric sequences are generally designed to minimize the creation of immunogenic epitopes in the junctions of component sequences, e.g. compared to any wild-type human immunoglobulin regions or domains.
  • the present invention encompasses antigen-binding molecules having amino acid sequences that vary from those of the exemplary molecules disclosed herein but that retain the ability to bind CD38 and/or CD28.
  • Such variant molecules may comprise one or more additions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids when compared to parent sequence, but exhibit biological activity that is essentially equivalent to that of the described bispecific antigen-binding molecules.
  • the present invention includes antigen-binding molecules that are bioequivalent to any of the exemplary antigen-binding molecules set forth herein.
  • Two antigen-binding proteins, or antibodies are considered bioequivalent if, for example, they are pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives whose rate and extent of absorption do not show a significant difference when administered at the same molar dose under similar experimental conditions, either single does or multiple dose.
  • antigen-binding proteins will be considered equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives if they are equivalent in the extent of their absorption but not in their rate of absorption and yet may be considered bioequivalent because such differences in the rate of absorption are intentional and are reflected in the labeling, are not essential to the attainment of effective body drug concentrations on, e.g., chronic use, and are considered medically insignificant for the particular drug product studied.
  • two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if there are no clinically meaningful differences in their safety, purity, and potency.
  • two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if a patient can be switched one or more times between the reference product and the biological product without an expected increase in the risk of adverse effects, including a clinically significant change in immunogenicity, or diminished effectiveness, as compared to continued therapy without such switching.
  • two antigen-binding proteins are bioequivalent if they both act by a common mechanism or mechanisms of action for the condition or conditions of use, to the extent that such mechanisms are known.
  • Bioequivalence may be demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro methods.
  • Bioequivalence measures include, e.g., (a) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals, in which the concentration of the antibody or its metabolites is measured in blood, plasma, serum, or other biological fluid as a function of time; (b) an in vitro test that has been correlated with and is reasonably predictive of human in vivo bioavailability data; (c) an in vivo test in humans or other mammals in which the appropriate acute pharmacological effect of the antibody (or its target) is measured as a function of time; and (d) in a well-controlled clinical trial that establishes safety, efficacy, or bioavailability or bioequivalence of an antigen-binding protein.
  • Bioequivalent variants of the exemplary bispecific antigen-binding molecules set forth herein may be constructed by, for example, making various substitutions of residues or sequences or deleting terminal or internal residues or sequences not needed for biological activity.
  • cysteine residues not essential for biological activity can be deleted or replaced with other amino acids to prevent formation of unnecessary or incorrect intramolecular disulfide bridges upon renaturation.
  • bioequivalent antigen-binding proteins may include variants of the exemplary bispecific antigen-binding molecules set forth herein comprising amino acid changes which modify the glycosylation characteristics of the molecules, e.g., mutations which eliminate or remove glycosylation.
  • antigen-binding molecules which bind to human CD28 but not to CD28 from other species. Also provided are antigen-binding molecules which bind to human CD38, but not to CD38 from other species.
  • the present invention also includes antigen-binding molecules that bind to human CD28 and to CD38 from one or more non-human species; and/or antigen-binding molecules that bind to human CD28 and to CD28 from one or more non-human species.
  • antigen-binding molecules which bind to human CD38 and/or human CD28 and may bind or not bind, as the case may be, to one or more of mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, pig, cat, dog, rabbit, goat, sheep, cow, horse, camel, cynomolgus, marmoset, rhesus or chimpanzee CD38 and/or CD28.
  • bispecific antigen-binding molecules comprising a first antigen-binding domain that binds human CD38 and cynomolgus CD38, and a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds human CD28, or bispecific antigen-binding molecules comprising a first antigen-binding domain that binds human CD38 and cynomolgus CD38, and a second antigen-binding domain that specifically binds human CD28.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the antigen-binding molecules of the present invention.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are formulated with suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
  • suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that provide improved transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like.
  • a multitude of appropriate formulations can be found in the formulary known to all pharmaceutical chemists: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA These formulations include, for example, powders, pastes, ointments, jellies, waxes, oils, lipids, lipid (cationic or anionic) containing vesicles (such as LIPOFECTINTM, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), DNA conjugates, anhydrous absorption pastes, oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, emulsions carbowax (polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights), semi-solid gels, and semi
  • the dose of antigen-binding molecule administered to a patient may vary depending upon the age and the size of the patient, target disease, conditions, route of administration, and the like.
  • the preferred dose is typically calculated according to body weight or body surface area.
  • the frequency and the duration of the treatment can be adjusted.
  • Effective dosages and schedules for administering a bispecific antigen-binding molecule may be determined empirically; for example, patient progress can be monitored by periodic assessment, and the dose adjusted accordingly. Moreover, interspecies scaling of dosages can be performed using well-known methods in the art (e.g., Mordenti et al., 1991 , Pharmaceut. Res. 8:1351).
  • Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the mutant viruses, receptor mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu et al., 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432).
  • Methods of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes.
  • composition may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local.
  • epithelial or mucocutaneous linings e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.
  • Administration can be systemic or local.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be delivered subcutaneously or intravenously with a standard needle and syringe.
  • a pen delivery device readily has applications in delivering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • Such a pen delivery device can be reusable or disposable.
  • a reusable pen delivery device generally utilizes a replaceable cartridge that contains a pharmaceutical composition. Once all of the pharmaceutical composition within the cartridge has been administered and the cartridge is empty, the empty cartridge can readily be discarded and replaced with a new cartridge that contains the pharmaceutical composition. The pen delivery device can then be reused.
  • a disposable pen delivery device there is no replaceable cartridge. Rather, the disposable pen delivery device comes prefilled with the pharmaceutical composition held in a reservoir within the device. Once the reservoir is emptied of the pharmaceutical composition, the entire device is discarded.
  • Numerous reusable pen and autoinjector delivery devices have applications in the subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to AUTOPENTM (Owen Mumford, Inc., Woodstock, UK), DISETRONICTM pen (Disetronic Medical Systems, Bergdorf, Switzerland), HUMALOG MIX 75/25TM pen, HUMALOGTM pen, HUMALIN 70/30TM pen (Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN), NOVOPENTM I, II and III (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), NOVOPEN JUNIORTM (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), BDTM pen (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ), OPTIPENTM, OPTIPEN PROTM, OPTIPEN STARLETTM, and OPTICLIKTM (sanofi-aventis, Frankfurt, Germany), to name only a few.
  • Examples of disposable pen delivery devices having applications in subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to the SOLOSTARTM pen (sanofi-aventis), the FLEXPENTM (Novo Nordisk), and the KWIKPENTM (Eli Lilly), the SURECLICKTM Autoinjector (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), the PENLETTM (Haselmeier, Stuttgart, Germany), the EPIPEN (Dey, L. P.), and the HUMIRATM Pen (Abbott Labs, Abbott Park IL), to name only a few.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be delivered in a controlled release system.
  • a pump may be used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, 1987, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201).
  • polymeric materials can be used; see, Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), 1974, CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Florida
  • a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of the composition's target, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, 1984, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138).
  • Other controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer, 1990, Science 249:1527-1533.
  • the injectable preparations may include dosage forms for intravenous, subcutaneous, intracutaneous and intramuscular injections, drip infusions, etc. These injectable preparations may be prepared by methods publicly known. For example, the injectable preparations may be prepared, e.g., by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the antibody or its salt described above in a sterile aqueous medium or an oily medium conventionally used for injections.
  • aqueous medium for injections there are, for example, physiological saline, an isotonic solution containing glucose and other auxiliary agents, etc., which may be used in combination with an appropriate solubilizing agent such as an alcohol (e.g., ethanol), a polyalcohol (e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), a nonionic surfactant [e.g., polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) adduct of hydrogenated castor oil)], etc.
  • an alcohol e.g., ethanol
  • a polyalcohol e.g., propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol
  • a nonionic surfactant e.g., polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) adduct of hydrogenated castor oil
  • oily medium there are employed, e.g., sesame oil, soybean oil, etc., which may be used in combination with a solubilizing agent such as benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, etc.
  • a solubilizing agent such as benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, etc.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral use described above are prepared into dosage forms in a unit dose suited to fit a dose of the active ingredients.
  • dosage forms in a unit dose include, for example, tablets, pills, capsules, injections (ampoules), suppositories, etc.
  • the amount of the aforesaid antibody contained is generally about 5 to about 500 mg per dosage form in a unit dose; especially in the form of injection, it is preferred that the aforesaid antibody is contained in about 5 to about 100 mg and in about 10 to about 250 mg for the other dosage forms.
  • the present invention includes methods comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutic composition comprising an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-CD28 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a bispecific antigen-binding molecule that specifically binds CD38 and CD28.
  • a therapeutic composition comprising an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-CD28 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a bispecific antigen-binding molecule that specifically binds CD38 and CD28.
  • the therapeutic composition can comprise any of the antibodies or bi-specific antigen-binding molecules as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • a subject in need thereof means a human or non-human animal that exhibits one or more symptoms or indicia of cancer (e.g., a subject expressing a tumor or suffering from any of the cancers mentioned herein below), or who otherwise would benefit from an inhibition or reduction in CD38 activity or a depletion of CD38+ cells (e.g., multiple myeloma cells).
  • the antibodies and bispecific antigen-binding molecules of the invention are useful, inter alia, for treating any disease or disorder in which stimulation, activation and/or targeting of an immune response would be beneficial.
  • the anti-CD38 antibodies, the anti-CD28 antibodies, or the anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecules of the present invention may be used for the treatment, prevention and/or amelioration of any disease or disorder associated with or mediated by CD38 and/or BCMA expression or activity or the proliferation of CD38+ and/or BCMA+ cells.
  • the mechanism of action by which the therapeutic methods of the invention are achieved include killing of the cells expressing CD38 in the presence of effector cells, for example, by CDC, apoptosis, ADCC, phagocytosis, or by a combination of two or more of these mechanisms.
  • Cells expressing CD38 which can be inhibited or killed using the bi-specific antigen-binding molecules of the invention include, for example, multiple myeloma cells.
  • the antibodies and antigen-binding molecules of the present disclosure may be used to treat a disease or disorder associated with CD38 expression including, e.g. multiple myeloma, B-cell leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, glioma, or breast cancer, or another cancer characterized in part by having CD38+ cells.
  • a disease or disorder associated with CD38 expression including, e.g. multiple myeloma, B-cell leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, glioma, or breast cancer, or another cancer characterized in part by having CD38+ cells.
  • the anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 antibodies or anti-CD38 antibodies or anti-CD28 antibodies are useful for treating tumor cells expressing, for example, BCMA or CD20.
  • the antigen-binding molecules provided herein may also be used to treat a disease or disorder associated with BCMA expression including, e.g., a cancer including multiple myeloma or other B-cell or plasma cell cancers, such as Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, Burkitt lymphoma, and diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • a cancer including multiple myeloma or other B-cell or plasma cell cancers such as Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, Burkitt lymphoma, and diffuse large B-Cell lymph
  • the anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 antibodies or anti-CD38 antibodies or anti-CD28 antibodies are useful for treating a patient afflicted with multiple myeloma.
  • methods are provided comprising administering an anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antibody provided herein in combination with an anti-BCMA antibody, or an anti-BCMA ⁇ anti-CD3 bispecific antigen-binding molecule, or an anti-CD20 ⁇ anti-CD3 bispecific antigen-binding molecule as disclosed herein to a patient who is afflicted with cancer cells expressing BCMA or CD20.
  • Analytic/diagnostic methods known in the art such as tumor scanning, etc., may be used to ascertain whether a patient harbors multiple myeloma or another B-cell lineage cancer.
  • the present invention also includes methods for treating residual cancer in a subject.
  • residual cancer means the existence or persistence of one or more cancerous cells in a subject following treatment with an anti-cancer therapy.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating a disease or disorder associated with CD38 expression (e.g., multiple myeloma) comprising administering one or more of the anti-CD38 antibodies, anti-CD28 antibodies, or bi-specific antigen-binding molecules described elsewhere herein to a subject after the subject has been determined to have multiple myeloma.
  • a disease or disorder associated with CD38 expression e.g., multiple myeloma
  • the present invention includes methods for treating multiple myeloma comprising administering an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-CD28 antibody, or an anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific antigen-binding molecule to a patient 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 8 months, 1 year, or more after the subject has received other immunotherapy or chemotherapy.
  • the present invention provides methods which comprise administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the exemplary antibodies and bispecific antigen-binding molecules described herein in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • additional therapeutic agents that may be combined with or administered in combination with an antigen-binding molecule of the present invention include, e.g., an anti-tumor agent (e.g.
  • the second therapeutic agent comprises steroids.
  • the second therapeutic agent comprises targeted therapies including thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib, which are therapies approved to treat newly diagnosed patients.
  • Lenalidomide, pomalidomide bortezomib, carfilzomib, panobinostat, ixazomib, elotuzumab, and daratumumab are examples of a second therapeutic agent effective for treating recurrent myeloma.
  • the second therapeutic is an anti-BCMA ⁇ CD3 bi-specific antibody.
  • Illustrative anti-BCMA ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibodies are disclosed in U.S. 2020/0024356 incorporated by reference herein.
  • An exemplary anti-BCMA ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody, as disclosed in U.S. 2020/0024356, is REGN5458, which comprises an anti-BCMA binding domain having an HCVR/LCVR of SEQ ID NOs: 66/82 and an anti-CD3 binding domain having an HCVR/LCVR of SEQ ID NOs: 90/82 as provided in the U.S. 2020/0024356 sequence listing.
  • the second therapeutic is an anti-CD20 ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody.
  • an exemplary anti-CD20 ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,657,102 is REGN1979, which comprises an anti-CD20 binding domain having an HCVR/LCVR of SEQ ID NOs: 1242/1258 and an anti-CD3 binding domain having an HCVR/LCVR of SEQ ID NOs: 1250/1258 as provided in the U.S. Pat. No. 9,657,102 sequence listing.
  • the second therapeutic agent is a regimen comprising radiotherapy or a stem cell transplant.
  • the second therapeutic agent may be an immunomodulatory agent.
  • the second therapeutic agent may be a proteasome inhibitor, including bortezomib (Velcade), carfilzomib (Kyprolis), ixazomib (Ninlaro).
  • the second therapeutic agent may be a histone deacetylase inhibitor such as panobinostat (Farydak).
  • the second therapeutic agent may be a monoclonal antibody, an antibody drug conjugate, a bispecific antibody conjugated to an anti-tumor agent, a checkpoint inhibitor, or combinations thereof.
  • cytokine inhibitors including small-molecule cytokine inhibitors and antibodies that bind to cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, or to their respective receptors.
  • compositions of the present invention may also be administered as part of a therapeutic regimen comprising one or more therapeutic combinations selected from a monoclonal antibody other than those described herein, which may interact with a different antigen on the plasma cell surface, a bispecific antibody, which has one arm that binds to an antigen on the tumor cell surface and the other arm binds to an antigen on a T cell, an antibody drug conjugate, a bispecific antibody conjugated with an anti-tumor agent, a checkpoint inhibitor, for example, one that targets, PD-1 or CTLA-4, or combinations thereof.
  • a therapeutic regimen comprising one or more therapeutic combinations selected from a monoclonal antibody other than those described herein, which may interact with a different antigen on the plasma cell surface, a bispecific antibody, which has one arm that binds to an antigen on the tumor cell surface and the other arm binds to an antigen on a T cell, an antibody drug conjugate, a bispecific antibody conjugated with an anti-tumor agent, a checkpoint inhibitor,
  • the checkpoint inhibitors may be selected from PD-1 inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab (Keytruda), nivolumab (Opdivo), or cemiplimab (REGN2810; see the PD-1 inhibitor set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 9,987,500, having an HCVR/LCVR pair of SEQ ID NOs: 162/170).
  • the checkpoint inhibitors may be selected from PD-L1 inhibitors, such as atezolizumab (Tecentriq), avelumab (Bavencio), or Durvalumab (Imfinzi)).
  • the checkpoint inhibitors may be selected from CTLA-4 inhibitors, such as ipilimumab (Yervoy). Other combinations that may be used in conjunction with an antibody of the invention are described above.
  • the present invention also includes therapeutic combinations comprising any of the antigen-binding molecules mentioned herein and an inhibitor of one or more of VEGF, Ang2, DLL4, EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, EGFRvIII, cMet, IGF1R, B-raf, PDGFR- ⁇ , PDGFR- ⁇ , FOLH1 (PSMA), PRLR, STEAP1, STEAP2, TMPRSS2, MSLN, CA9, uroplakin, or any of the aforementioned cytokines, wherein the inhibitor is an aptamer, an antisense molecule, a ribozyme, an siRNA, a peptibody, a nanobody or an antibody fragment (e.g., Fab fragment; F(ab′) 2 fragment; Fd fragment; Fv fragment; scFv; dAb fragment; or other engineered molecules, such as diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, minibodies and minimal recognition units).
  • the antigen-binding molecules of the invention may also be administered and/or co-formulated in combination with antivirals, antibiotics, analgesics, corticosteroids and/or NSAIDs.
  • the antigen-binding molecules of the invention may also be administered as part of a treatment regimen that also includes radiation treatment and/or conventional chemotherapy.
  • the additional therapeutically active component(s) may be administered just prior to, concurrent with, or shortly after the administration of an antigen-binding molecule of the present invention; (for purposes of the present disclosure, such administration regimens are considered the administration of an antigen-binding molecule “in combination with” an additional therapeutically active component).
  • the present invention includes pharmaceutical compositions in which an antigen-binding molecule of the present invention is co-formulated with one or more of the additional therapeutically active component(s) as described elsewhere herein.
  • multiple doses of an antigen-binding molecule may be administered to a subject over a defined time course.
  • the methods according to this aspect of the invention comprise sequentially administering to a subject multiple doses of an antigen-binding molecule of the invention.
  • sequentially administering means that each dose of an antigen-binding molecule is administered to the subject at a different point in time, e.g., on different days separated by a predetermined interval (e.g., hours, days, weeks or months).
  • the present invention includes methods which comprise sequentially administering to the patient a single initial dose of an antigen-binding molecule, followed by one or more secondary doses of the antigen-binding molecule, and optionally followed by one or more tertiary doses of the antigen-binding molecule.
  • the terms “initial dose,” “secondary doses,” and “tertiary doses,” refer to the temporal sequence of administration of the antigen-binding molecule of the invention.
  • the “initial dose” is the dose which is administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen (also referred to as the “baseline dose”);
  • the “secondary doses” are the doses which are administered after the initial dose;
  • the “tertiary doses” are the doses which are administered after the secondary doses.
  • the initial, secondary, and tertiary doses may all contain the same amount of the antigen-binding molecule, but generally may differ from one another in terms of frequency of administration.
  • the amount of an antigen-binding molecule contained in the initial, secondary and/or tertiary doses varies from one another (e.g., adjusted up or down as appropriate) during the course of treatment.
  • two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5) doses are administered at the beginning of the treatment regimen as “loading doses” followed by subsequent doses that are administered on a less frequent basis (e.g., “maintenance doses”).
  • each secondary and/or tertiary dose is administered 1 to 26 (e.g., 1, 11 ⁇ 2, 2, 21 ⁇ 2, 3, 31 ⁇ 2, 4, 41 ⁇ 2, 5, 51 ⁇ 2, 6, 61 ⁇ 2, 7, 71 ⁇ 2, 8, 81 ⁇ 2, 9, 91 ⁇ 2, 10, 101 ⁇ 2, 11, 111 ⁇ 2, 12, 121 ⁇ 2, 13, 131 ⁇ 2, 14, 141 ⁇ 2, 15, 151 ⁇ 2, 16, 161 ⁇ 2, 17, 171 ⁇ 2, 18, 181 ⁇ 2, 19, 191 ⁇ 2, 20, 201 ⁇ 2, 21, 211 ⁇ 2, 22, 221 ⁇ 2, 23, 231 ⁇ 2, 24, 241 ⁇ 2, 25, 251 ⁇ 2, 26, 261 ⁇ 2, or more) weeks after the immediately preceding dose.
  • the phrase “the immediately preceding dose,” as used herein, means, in a sequence of multiple administrations, the dose of antigen-binding molecule which is administered to a patient prior to the administration of the very next dose in the sequence with no intervening doses.
  • the methods according to this aspect of the invention may comprise administering to a patient any number of secondary and/or tertiary doses of an antigen-binding molecule (e.g., an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-CD28 antibody, or a bispecific antigen-binding molecule that specifically binds CD38 and CD28).
  • an antigen-binding molecule e.g., an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-CD28 antibody, or a bispecific antigen-binding molecule that specifically binds CD38 and CD28.
  • an antigen-binding molecule e.g., an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-CD28 antibody, or a bispecific antigen-binding molecule that specifically binds CD38 and CD28.
  • an antigen-binding molecule e.g., an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-CD28 antibody, or a bispecific antigen-binding molecule that specifically binds CD38 and CD28.
  • only a single secondary dose is administered to the
  • each secondary dose may be administered at the same frequency as the other secondary doses. For example, each secondary dose may be administered to the patient 1 to 2 weeks after the immediately preceding dose.
  • each tertiary dose may be administered at the same frequency as the other tertiary doses. For example, each tertiary dose may be administered to the patient 2 to 4 weeks after the immediately preceding dose.
  • the frequency at which the secondary and/or tertiary doses are administered to a patient can vary over the course of the treatment regimen. The frequency of administration may also be adjusted during the course of treatment by a physician depending on the needs of the individual patient following clinical examination.
  • the anti-CD38 antibodies disclosed herein may be used to detect and/or measure CD38, or CD38-expressing cells in a sample, e.g., for diagnostic purposes.
  • an anti-CD38 antibody, or fragment thereof may be used to diagnose a condition or disease characterized by aberrant expression (e.g., over-expression, under-expression, lack of expression, etc.) of CD38.
  • Exemplary diagnostic assays for CD38 may comprise, e.g., contacting a sample, obtained from a patient, with an anti-CD38 antibody disclosed herein, wherein the anti-CD38 antibody is labeled with a detectable label or reporter molecule.
  • an unlabeled anti-CD38 antibody can be used in diagnostic applications in combination with a secondary antibody which is itself detectably labeled.
  • the detectable label or reporter molecule can be a radioisotope, such as 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, 35 S, or 125 I; a fluorescent or chemiluminescent moiety such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, or rhodamine; or an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, horseradish peroxidase, or luciferase.
  • Another exemplary diagnostic use of the anti-CD38 antibodies of the invention includes 89 Zr-labeled, such as 89 Zr-desferrioxamine-labeled, antibody for the purpose of noninvasive identification and tracking of tumor cells in a subject (e.g. positron emission tomography (PET) imaging).
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • Specific exemplary assays that can be used to detect or measure CD38 in a sample include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • Samples that can be used in CD38 diagnostic assays according to the present invention include any tissue or fluid sample obtainable from a patient which contains detectable quantities of CD38 protein, or fragments thereof, under normal or pathological conditions.
  • levels of CD38 in a particular sample obtained from a healthy patient e.g., a patient not afflicted with a disease or condition associated with abnormal CD38 levels or activity
  • This baseline level of CD38 can then be compared against the levels of CD38 measured in samples obtained from individuals suspected of having a CD38 related disease (e.g., a tumor containing CD38-expressing cells) or condition.
  • the present invention also provides a vessel (e.g., a vial or chromatography column) or injection device (e.g., syringe, pre-filled syringe or autoinjector) comprising a bi-specific antigen binding molecule (e.g., pharmaceutical formulation thereof) set forth herein.
  • a vessel e.g., a vial or chromatography column
  • injection device e.g., syringe, pre-filled syringe or autoinjector
  • the vessel or injection device may be packaged into a kit.
  • An injection device is a device that introduces a substance into the body of a subject (e.g., a human) via a parenteral route, e.g., intraocular, intravitreal, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous.
  • a parenteral route e.g., intraocular, intravitreal, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous.
  • an injection device may be a syringe (e.g., pre-filled with the pharmaceutical formulation, such as an auto-injector) which, for example, includes a cylinder or barrel for holding fluid to be injected (e.g., comprising the antibody or fragment or a pharmaceutical formulation thereof), a needle for piecing skin, blood vessels or other tissue for injection of the fluid; and a plunger for pushing the fluid out of the cylinder and through the needle bore and into the body of the subject.
  • a syringe e.g., pre-filled with the pharmaceutical formulation, such as an auto-injector
  • a pharmaceutical composition provided herein can be delivered subcutaneously or intravenously with a standard needle and syringe.
  • a pen delivery device readily has applications in delivering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • Such a pen delivery device can be reusable or disposable.
  • a reusable pen delivery device generally utilizes a replaceable cartridge that contains a pharmaceutical composition. Once all of the pharmaceutical composition within the cartridge has been administered and the cartridge is empty, the empty cartridge can readily be discarded and replaced with a new cartridge that contains the pharmaceutical composition. The pen delivery device can then be reused.
  • a disposable pen delivery device there is no replaceable cartridge. Rather, the disposable pen delivery device comes prefilled with the pharmaceutical composition held in a reservoir within the device. Once the reservoir is emptied of the pharmaceutical composition, the entire device is discarded.
  • Numerous reusable pen and autoinjector delivery devices have applications in the subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to AUTOPENTM (Owen Mumford, Inc., Woodstock, UK), DISETRONICTM pen (Disetronic Medical Systems, Bergdorf, Switzerland), HUMALOG MIX 75/25TM pen, HUMALOGTM pen, HUMALIN 70/30TM pen (Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Ind.), NOVOPENTM I, II and III (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), NOVOPEN JUNIORTM (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark), BDTM pen (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.), OPTIPENTM, OPTIPEN PROTM, OPTIPEN STARLETTM, and OPTICLIKTM (sanofi-aventis, Frankfurt, Germany), to name only a few.
  • Examples of disposable pen delivery devices having applications in subcutaneous delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to the SOLOSTARTM pen (sanofi-aventis), the FLEXPENTM (Novo Nordisk), and the KWIKPENTM (Eli Lilly), the SURECLICKTM Autoinjector (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, Calif.), the PENLETTM (Haselmeier, Stuttgart, Germany), the EPIPEN (Dey, L. P.), and the HUMIRATM Pen (Abbott Labs, Abbott Park III), to name only a few.
  • kits for administering a bispecific antigen binding molecule of the present disclosure comprising introducing e.g., injecting, the molecule into the body of the subject, e.g., with an injection device.
  • recombinant methods for making a bispecific antigen binding molecule of the present invention, or an immunoglobulin chain thereof comprising (i) introducing, into a host cell, one or more polynucleotides encoding light and/or heavy immunoglobulin chains of such a bispecific antigen binding molecule, for example, wherein the polynucleotide is in a vector; and/or integrates into the host cell chromosome and/or is operably linked to a promoter; (ii) culturing the host cell (e.g., mammalian, fungal, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), Pichia or Pichia pastoris ) under conditions favorable to expression of the polynucleotide and, (iii) optionally, isolating the bispecific antigen binding molecule or immunoglobulin chain from the host cell and/or medium in which the host cell is grown.
  • the product of such a method also forms part of the present disclosure along with a pharmaceutical composition thereof
  • a method for making a bispecific antigen binding molecule includes a method of purifying the molecule, e.g., by column chromatography, precipitation and/or filtration.
  • the product of such a method also forms part of the present disclosure along with a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • Host cells comprising a bispecific antigen binding molecule of the present disclosure and/or a polynucleotide encoding immunoglobulin chains of such a molecule (e.g., in a vector) are also part of the present invention.
  • Host cells include, for example, mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and fungal cells such as Pichia cells (e.g., P. pastoris ).
  • Control antibodies used in Examples 9 through 12 include a CD3-binding negative control bispecific Ab (H4sH17664D) and a CD28-binding negative control bispecific Ab (bsAb5671).
  • Signal 1 Two signals, “signal 1” and “signal 2”, are required for proper T cell activation.
  • Signal 1 is induced by binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) on T cells to peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on antigen presenting cells (APCs).
  • Signal 2 is provided by engaging the co-stimulatory CD28 receptor on T cells with its ligands cluster of differentiation 80 or 86 (CD80/CD86) present on APCs. Activation of T cells, i.e.
  • signal 1 can be provided by treatment with a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody such as a CD20 ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody (bsAb1979) or a BCMA ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody (bsAb5458).
  • TAA tumor-associated antigen
  • bsAb1979 CD20 ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody
  • BCMA ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody bsAb5458
  • Isotype controls mentioned throughout include IsoC-1, also referred to as IgG4 P-PVA , an isotype control to the CD20 ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody (bsAb1979), and IsoC-2, also referred to as IgG4 P , an isotype control to cemiplimab.
  • Anti-CD38 antibodies were obtained by immunizing a genetically engineered mouse comprising DNA encoding human immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain variable regions with cells expressing CD38 or with DNA encoding CD38. The antibody immune response was monitored by a CD38-specific immunoassay. When a desired immune response was achieved splenocytes were harvested and fused with mouse myeloma cells to preserve their viability and form hybridoma cell lines. The hybridoma cell lines were screened and selected to identify cell lines that produce CD38-specific antibodies. Using this technique several anti-CD38 chimeric antibodies (i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and mouse constant domains) were obtained. In addition, several fully human anti-CD38 antibodies were isolated directly from antigen-positive B cells without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in US 2007/0280945A1.
  • anti-CD28 antibodies were obtained by immunizing a genetically engineered mouse comprising DNA encoding human immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain variable regions with cells expressing CD28 or with DNA encoding CD28.
  • the antibody immune response was monitored by a CD28-specific immunoassay.
  • a desired immune response was achieved splenocytes were harvested and fused with mouse myeloma cells to preserve their viability and form hybridoma cell lines.
  • the hybridoma cell lines were screened and selected to identify cell lines that produce CD28-specific antibodies.
  • anti-CD28 chimeric antibodies i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and mouse constant domains
  • several fully human anti-CD28 antibodies were isolated directly from antigen-positive B cells without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in US 2007/0280945A1.
  • mice constant regions were replaced with a desired human constant region, for example wild-type or modified IgG1 or IgG4 constant region, to generate a fully human anti-CD38 antibody or fully human anti-CD28 antibody. While the constant region selected may vary according to specific use, high affinity antigen-binding and target specificity characteristics reside in the variable region.
  • Table 1 sets forth the amino acid sequence identifiers of the heavy and light chain variable regions and CDRs of selected anti-CD38 antibodies of the invention.
  • the corresponding nucleic acid sequence identifiers are set forth in Table 2.
  • the complete heavy chain and light chain amino acid and nucleic acid sequences are provided in Table 3.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies of the invention may comprise variable domain and CDR sequences as set forth in Tables 1 and 2 and a human Fc domain of isotype IgG4, IgG1, etc.
  • the Fc domain may be a mouse Fc domain.
  • an antibody having a particular Fc isotype can be converted to an antibody with a different Fc isotype (e.g., an antibody with a mouse IgG4 Fc can be converted to an antibody with a human IgG1, etc.), but in any event, the variable domains (including the CDRs)—which are indicated by the numerical identifiers shown in Tables 1 and 2—will remain the same, and the binding properties are expected to be identical or substantially similar regardless of the nature of the Fc domain.
  • Table 4 sets forth the amino acid sequence identifiers of the heavy and light chain variable regions and CDRs of selected anti-CD28 antibodies of the invention.
  • the corresponding nucleic acid sequence identifiers are set forth in Table 5.
  • the complete heavy chain and light chain amino acid and nucleic acid sequences are provided in Table 6.
  • anti-CD28 antibodies of the invention can be of any isotype.
  • anti-CD28 antibodies of the invention may comprise variable domain and CDR sequences as set forth in Tables 4 and 5 and a human Fc domain of isotype IgG4, IgG1, etc.
  • the Fc domain may be a mouse Fc domain.
  • an antibody having a particular Fc isotype can be converted to an antibody with a different Fc isotype (e.g., an antibody with a mouse IgG4 Fc can be converted to an antibody with a human IgG1, etc.), but in any event, the variable domains (including the CDRs)—which are indicated by the numerical identifiers shown in Tables 4 and 5—will remain the same, and the binding properties are expected to be identical or substantially similar regardless of the nature of the Fc domain.
  • bispecific antigen-binding molecules that bind CD28 and CD38; such bispecific antigen-binding molecules are also referred to herein as “anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28” or “anti-CD28 ⁇ anti-CD38” or “anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific molecules”, or “anti-CD38/anti-CD28”, or “CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific molecules”, or “CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb”.
  • the anti-CD38 portion of the anti-CD38 ⁇ anti-CD28 bispecific molecule is useful for targeting tumor cells that express CD38, and the anti-CD28 portion of the bispecific molecule is useful for activating T-cells.
  • the simultaneous binding of CD38 on a tumor cell and CD28 on a T-cell facilitates directed killing (cell lysis) of the targeted tumor cell by the activated T-cell.
  • Bispecific antibodies comprising an anti-CD38-specific binding domain and an anti-CD28-specific binding domain were constructed using standard methodologies wherein a heavy chain and a light chain from an anti-CD38 antibody were combined with a heavy chain from an anti-CD28 antibody.
  • the molecules were constructed utilizing a heavy chain from an anti-CD38 antibody, a heavy chain from an anti-CD28 antibody and a common light chain from the anti-CD38 antibody.
  • the bi-specific antibodies may be constructed utilizing a heavy chain from an anti-CD28 antibody, a heavy chain from an anti-CD38 antibody and an antibody light chain known to be promiscuous or pair effectively with a variety of heavy chain arms.
  • SPR Surface Plasmon Resonance
  • CD38 kinetic determinations SPR experiments were performed using a Biacore 3000 instrument at 25° C. Antibodies were captured for 37 seconds at a flow rate of 8 uL/min on a CM5 anti-humanFc-(bsAb2567)-coupled surface. Approximately 230 RU of each antibody were captured. Monomeric human CD38 with a c-terminal myc-myc-hexahistiine tag (hCD38.mmH, bsAb3305) at concentrations of 90, 30, 10, 3.33, 1.11, or 0.37 nM were injected over this surface for 5 minutes at a flow rate of 50 uL/min. Dissociation was measured for 10 minutes. The K D and t1 ⁇ 2 were calculated by fitting the double-referenced sensorgrams to a 1:1 binding model.
  • Binding kinetics parameters for hCD38.mmH and hCD28.mFc binding to different two CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies of the invention at 25° C. are shown in Tables 8 and 9. As shown in Table 8, the two bispecific antibodies bind human CD38 with a K D of less than about 10 nM; and in Table 9, bind human CD28 with a K D of less than about 26 nM.
  • Example 6 T-Cell Activation by CD38 ⁇ CD28 Bispecific Antibodies in the Presence of CD38+ HEK93 Cells or MOLP8 Cells which Endogenously Express BCMA
  • Signal 1 is required for proper T cell activation.
  • Signal 2 is required by engaging the co-stimulatory CD28 receptor on T cells with its ligands cluster of differentiation 80 or 86 (CD80/CD86) present on APCs (Martin et al. A 44 kilodalton cell surface homodimer regulates interleukin 2 production by activated human T lymphocytes. Journal of immunology, 1986; 136(9): 3282-7; June et al.
  • T-cell proliferation involving the CD28 pathway is associated with cyclosporine-resistant interleukin 2 gene expression. Molecular and cellular biology. 1987; 7(12): 4472-81; Harding et al. CD28-mediated signalling co-stimulates murine T cells and prevents induction of anergy in T-cell clones. Nature. 1992; 356(6370):607-9). Therefore, activation of CD28 signaling provides a targeted approach to enhance existing TCR signaling.
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies provided herein were designed to mimic the natural ligands of CD28, by bridging CD38+ target cells with CD28+ T cells, to provide “signal 2” in order to enhance the activation of T cells in the presence of a “signal 1” provided by a Tumor-associated antigen (TAA) ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody or an allogeneic response provided by the APC.
  • TAA Tumor-associated antigen
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies to activate human primary T-cells by engaging CD38 and CD28 to deliver “signal 2”, as determined by IL2 release, IFN ⁇ release, and T-cell proliferation, was evaluated in the presence of a human embryonic kidney cancer cell line engineered to express hCD20 and hCD38 (HEK293/hCD20/hCD38) using bsAb1979 (CD20 ⁇ CD3) to serve as “signal 1.”
  • HEK293 cells expressing only hCD20 were included as a control to measure activity that may occur in the absence of CD38 on APC's.
  • MOLP8 a multiple myeloma cell line that endogenously expresses hCD38, MOLP8, was included in testing CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies.
  • MOLP8 cells also endogenously express BCMA, bsAb5458 (BCMA ⁇ CD3) was included to serve as “signal 1.”
  • bsAb5458 BCMA ⁇ CD3
  • MOLP8 cells are able to provide detectable allogeneic stimulation of T-cells, serving as “signal 1”, in the absence CD3 stimulation provided by bsAb5458.
  • PBMCs Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PBMCs Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • CD3 + T-cells were isolated from thawed PBMC's using an EasySepTM Human CD3 + T Cell Isolation Kit from StemCell Technologies and following the manufacturer's recommended instructions.
  • IsoC-1 isotype control
  • bsAb6031, bsAb7945, and IsoC-1 were titrated from 3 pM to 200 nM in a 1:4 dilution and added to wells. The final point of the 10-point dilution contained no titrated antibody. Plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37° C., 5% CO 2 and 5 ⁇ L total supernatant was removed and used for measuring IL2. At 72 hours 45 ⁇ L total supernatant was removed and 5 ⁇ L was used for measuring IFN ⁇ .
  • cytokine in assay supernatant was determined using AlphaLisa kits from PerkinElmer following the manufacturer's protocol. The cytokine measurements were acquired on Perkin Elmer's multilabel plate reader Envision and values were reported as pg/mL. All serial dilutions were tested in duplicate.
  • the EC 50 values of the antibodies were determined from a four-parameter logistic equation over a 10-point dose-response curve using GraphPad PrismTM software. Maximal IL2 & IFN ⁇ is given as the mean max response detected within the tested dose range.
  • tritiated thymidine was added to wells and plates were incubated for 6 hours. Thymidine, and therefore tritium, will be incorporated at higher amounts into newly synthesized DNA of the dividing cells. After the 6 hour incubation, cells were harvested onto 96-well UniFilter plates and 30 ⁇ L of scintillation fluid was added to each well. Tritium incorporation was measured as counts per minute (CPM) using the Microplate Scintillation & Luminescence Counter TopCount NXT instrument. All serial dilutions were tested in duplicate.
  • CPM counts per minute
  • the EC 50 values of the antibodies were determined from a four-parameter logistic equation over a 10-point dose-response curve using GraphPad PrismTM software. Maximal CPM is given as the mean max response detected within the tested dose range.
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 antibody treatment led to a higher cytokine and proliferative response compared to their matched isotype control, IsoC-1.
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 antibody treatment did not enhance cytokine release from or proliferation of T-cells. See Tables 10, 11, and 12.
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 antibody treatment led to dose dependent increases in IL2 release and proliferation. While “signal 1” can be provided by allogeneic MOLP8 cells, the addition of bsAb5458, was also evaluated. Under these conditions CD38 ⁇ CD28 antibody treatment (bsAb6031 and bsAb7945) led to dose dependent increases in IL2 release and IFNg release compared to matched isotype control, IsoC-1.
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies activate human primary T-cells by delivering “signal 2”, as determined by dose dependent increase in IL2 release and IFN ⁇ release and T-cell proliferation.
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies were designed to mimic the natural ligands of CD28, by bridging CD38 + target cells with CD28 + T cells, to provide a costimulatory “signal 2” in order to enhance the activation of T cells in the presence of an existing “signal 1”.
  • costimulatory signals In this instance the recognition by T-cells of nonself determinants on the tumor cell line, NALM-6, leads to an allogeneic response, providing ‘signal 1’.
  • inhibitory signals also exist that function to decrease T-cell activity.
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies to activate human primary T-cells by engaging CD38 and CD28 to deliver “signal 2”, as determined by IL2 & IFN ⁇ release, was evaluated in the presence of the CD38 + human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cancer cell line engineered to express PD-L1 (NALM-6/hPD-L1).
  • NALM-6 cells provide an allogeneic TCR response sufficient to serve as “signal 1”.
  • PBMCs Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • Donor 555192 Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • CD3 + T-cells were isolated by thawing vials of frozen PBMCs.
  • Donor PBMCs were enriched for CD3 + T-cells using an EasySepTM Human CD3 + T Cell Isolation Kit from StemCell Technologies and following the manufacturer's recommended instructions.
  • NALM-6 cells or NALM-6 cells engineered to express hPD-L1 were added to CD3 + T-cells at a final concentration of 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well.
  • bsAb6031, bsAb7945, and Non-TAAxCD28 were titrated from 0.76 pM to 50 nM in a 1:4 dilution and added to wells. The final point of the 10-point dilution contained no titrated antibody.
  • a constant 20 nM of either cemiplimab or its matched isotype control (IsoC-2) was added to wells. Plates were incubated for 72 hours at 37° C., 5% CO 2 and 50 ⁇ L total supernatant was removed and 5 ⁇ L from collected supernatant was used for measuring IL2 and IFN ⁇ . The amount of cytokine in assay supernatant was determined using AlphaLisa kits from PerkinElmer following the manufacturer's protocol. The cytokine measurements were acquired on Perkin Elmer's multilabel plate reader Envision and values were reported as pg/mL. All serial dilutions were tested in triplicate.
  • the EC 50 values of the antibodies were determined from a four-parameter logistic equation over a 10-point dose-response curve using GraphPad PrismTM software. Maximal cytokine is given as the mean max response detected within the tested dose range.
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies activate human primary T-cells by engaging CD38 and CD28 to deliver “signal 2”, as determined by IL2 and IFN ⁇ release.
  • Example 8 CD38 ⁇ CD28 Bispecific Antibody on BCMA and CD38 Expressing Target Cells with Human PBMC
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 enhancement of BCMA ⁇ CD3 targeted killing was evaluated in a 96-hour cytotoxicity assay targeting H929 cells (CD38+ multiple myeloma cell line). Briefly, human PBMCs were plated in supplemented RPMI media at 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL and incubated overnight at 37° C. in order to enrich for lymphocytes by depleting adherent macrophages, dendritic cells, and some monocytes. The following day, H929 cells were labeled with 1 uM of the fluorescent tracking dye CFDA-SE and the adherent cell-depleted na ⁇ ve PBMC were labeled with 1 uM of the fluorescent tracking dye CellTrace Violet.
  • T cell activation was assessed by incubating cells with directly conjugated antibodies to CD2, CD4, CD8, and CD25.
  • the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD25 on CD2+/CD4+ or CD2+/CD8+ T cells was reported as the measure of T cell activation.
  • MFI median fluorescence intensity
  • T cells proliferate As T cells proliferate, CellTraceViolet is diluted, leading to lower MFI as measured by FACS. T cell proliferation was thus reported as a decrease in the MFI of CellTraceViolet on CD2+/CD4+ or CD2+/CD8+ T cells.
  • cytokine levels were collected for analysis of cytokine levels. Concentrations of IL 17a, IFN ⁇ , TNF ⁇ , IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2 were analyzed using a Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) kit following the manufacturer's instructions. Cytokine levels were interpolated from the curves generated by the kit standards and reported as pg/mL. EC50 values for target cell killing, T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine levels, and maximum cytokine levels were calculated using 4-parameter non-linear regression analysis in Prism software.
  • CBA Cytometric Bead Array
  • Costimulatory anti-CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies bsAb6031 and bsAb7954 were tested for their ability to enhance H929 target cell killing and T cell activation mediated by the BCMA ⁇ CD3 bispecific antibody bsAb5458. Additionally, bsAb6031 and bsAb7954 were evaluated for the ability to mediate target cell and T cell activation in the presence of a non-stimulatory isotype control.
  • co-stimulation increased the potency of targeted cytotoxicity, T cell activation, and cytokine release when compared to what was observed with BCMA ⁇ CD3 alone.
  • Example 9 In Vivo Efficacy of CD38 ⁇ CD28 Bispecific Antibodies in Combination with 4 Mg/Kg BCMA ⁇ CD3 Bispecific Antibodies on BCMA+CD38+ MOLP-8 Human Multiple Myeloma Tumor Growth
  • mice On day 0, the mice were intravenously administered 2 ⁇ 10 6 BCMA + CD38 + MOLP-8 human multiple myeloma tumor cells (DSMZ, CAT #: ACC569) that were engineered to also express firefly luciferase (MOLP-8-luciferase cells).
  • mice were administered these antibodies twice more on days 7 and 14, for a total of three doses. Tumor growth was assessed over 52 days by measuring tumor bioluminescence (BLI) in anesthetized animals.
  • BLI tumor bioluminescence
  • BLI imaging was used to measure tumor burden. Mice were injected IP with 150 mg/kg of the luciferase substrate D-luciferin suspended in PBS. Five minutes after this injection, BLI imaging of the mice was performed under isoflurane anesthesia using the Xenogen IVIS system. Image acquisition was carried out with the field of view at D, subject height of 1.5 cm, and medium binning level with automatic exposure time determined by the Living Image Software. BLI signals were extracted using Living Image software: regions of interest were drawn around each tumor mass and photon intensities were recorded as total flux (photons/second—p/s).
  • Monotherapy of BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb provides modest anti-tumor efficacy, with mean BLI readings reduced compared to controls. While CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb6031 does not induce any activity as a monotherapy, bsAb7945 does exert monotherapy activity and modestly reduces mean BLI readings compared to controls. However, the combination of BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus either CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb results in mean BLI readings that are lower than any monotherapy. See Tables 19 through 29 and FIG. 5 .
  • Example 10 In Vivo Efficacy of CD38 ⁇ CD28 Bispecific Antibodies in Combination with 0.4 mg/kg or 0.04 mg/kg BCMA ⁇ CD3 Bispecific Antibodies on BCMA+CD38+ MOLP-8 Human Multiple Myeloma Tumor Growth
  • mice 8-10 Weeks Old, Jackson Labs, CAT #: 005557) were intraperitoneally injected with 4 ⁇ 10 6 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a normal, healthy donor (Reach Bio, CAT #: 0500-301, Lot #: 0180821).
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • the mice were intravenously administered 2 ⁇ 10 6 BCMA + CD38 + MOLP-8 human multiple myeloma tumor cells (DSMZ, CAT #: ACC569) that were engineered to also express firefly luciferase (MOLP-8-luciferase cells).
  • mice were then immediately administered either a CD3-binding negative control bispecific Ab (H4sH17664D at 0.4 mg/kg) or a BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb (bsAb5458; at either 0.4 mg/kg or 0.04 mg/kg), in combination with a CD28-binding negative control bispecific Ab (bsAb5671) or a CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb (either bsAb6031 or bsAb7945) at 4 mg/kg.
  • the mice were administered these Abs twice more on days 7 and 14, for a total of three doses. Tumor growth was assessed over 40 days by measuring tumor bioluminescence (BLI) in anesthetized animals.
  • BBI tumor bioluminescence
  • BLI imaging was used to measure tumor burden. Mice were injected IP with 150 mg/kg of the luciferase substrate D-luciferin suspended in PBS. Five minutes after this injection, BLI imaging of the mice was performed under isoflurane anesthesia using the Xenogen IVIS system. Image acquisition was carried out with the field of view at D, subject height of 1.5 cm, and medium binning level with automatic exposure time determined by the Living Image Software. BLI signals were extracted using Living Image software: regions of interest were drawn around each tumor mass and photon intensities were recorded as total flux (photons/second—p/s).
  • BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb (at either 0.4 mg/kg or 0.04 mg/kg) plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb provided modest and significant anti-tumor efficacy, with mean BLI readings reduced compared to mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb (Rows 3 and 10 in Table 30, respectively).
  • Treatment with CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus either CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb (bsAb6031 and bsAb7945) modestly and significantly reduced mean BLI readings compared to mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb (Rows 1 and 2 in Table 30, respectively).
  • BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb at either 0.4 mg/kg or 0.04 mg/kg
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb bsAb6031 and bsAb7945
  • mean BLI readings that were significantly lower than mice receiving BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb (Rows 8, 9, 15, and 16 in Table 30)
  • mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus bsAb6031 RVows 6 and 13 in Table 30
  • mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus bsAb7945 RVs 7 and 14 in Table 30. See also Tables 31 through 39 and FIG. 6 .
  • Example 11 In Vivo Anti-Tumor Efficacy of CD38 ⁇ CD28 Bispecific Antibodies (bsAb) in Combination with a BCMA ⁇ CD3 Bispecific Antibodies against BCMA+CD38+ WSU-DLCL2 Tumor Cells
  • the mice were administered these Abs twice more on days 8 and 14, for a total of three doses. Tumor growth was assessed through day 50 by measuring tumor volumes.
  • Example 12 In Vivo Anti-Tumor Efficacy of CD38 ⁇ CD28 Bispecific Antibodies (bsAb) in Combination with a BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb against BCMA+CD38+ MOLP-8 Human Multiple Myeloma Tumor Cell Growth
  • mice 8-10 Weeks Old, Jackson Labs, CAT #: 005557) were intraperitoneally injected with 4 ⁇ 10 6 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a normal, healthy donor (Reach Bio, CAT #: 0500-301, Lot #: 0180821).
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • the mice were intravenously administered 2 ⁇ 10 6 BCMA + CD38+ MOLP-8 human multiple myeloma tumor cells (DSMZ, CAT #: ACC569) that were engineered to also express firefly luciferase (MOLP-8-luciferase cells).
  • mice were then immediately administered either a CD3-binding negative control bispecific Ab (H4sH17664D) or a BCMA ⁇ CD3 (bsAb5458) bsAb at 0.4 mg/kg, in combination with a CD28-binding negative control bispecific Ab (bsAb5671) at 4 mg/kg or a CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb (either bsAb6031 or bsAb7945) at 0.4 mg/kg.
  • the mice were administered these Abs twice more on days 7 and 15, for a total of three doses. Tumor growth was assessed over 44 days by measuring tumor bioluminescence (BLI) in anesthetized animals.
  • BBI tumor bioluminescence
  • BLI imaging was used to measure tumor burden. Mice were injected IP with 150 mg/kg of the luciferase substrate D-luciferin suspended in PBS. Five minutes after this injection, BLI imaging of the mice was performed under isoflurane anesthesia using the Xenogen IVIS system. Image acquisition was carried out with the field of view at D, subject height of 1.5 cm, and medium binning level with automatic exposure time determined by the Living Image Software. BLI signals were extracted using Living Image software: regions of interest were drawn around each tumor mass and photon intensities were recorded as total flux (photons/second—p/s).
  • BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb provided modest anti-tumor efficacy, with mean BLI readings reduced compared to mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb.
  • Treatment with CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus either CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb (bsAb6031 and bsAb7945) modestly reduced mean BLI readings compared to mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb.
  • BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus either CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb resulted in mean BLI readings that were lower than mice receiving BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb, mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus bsAb6031, or mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus bsAb7945. See Tables 55-64 and FIG. 8 .
  • Tumor Burden Number of Mean Total Total Flux mice still Antibody Flux (p/s) on SEM on alive on Treatment Day 28 Day 28 day 28 PBS vehicle 0 of 5 CD3-binding negative 1.13E+07 0.00E+00 1 of 5 control bsAb (0.4 mg/kg) + CD28-binding negative control bsAb (4 mg/kg) CD3-binding negative 0 of 5 control bsAb (0.4 mg/kg) + CD38xCD28 bsAb6031 (0.4 mg/kg) CD3-binding negative 3.94E+07 0.00E+00 1 of 5 control bsAb (0.4 mg/kg) + CD38xCD28 bsAb7945 (0.4 mg/kg) BCMAxCD3 bsAb 4.01E+07 2.14E+07 4 of 5 (0.4 mg/kg) + CD28-binding negative control bsAb (4 mg/kg) BCMAxCD3 bsAb 7.74E+06 5.60
  • a competition binding assay was performed to assess the ability of CD38 ⁇ CD28 bispecific antibodies, CD38 parental antibodies, and CD38 comparator antibodies to compete with one another for binding to hCD38.mmh.
  • the antigen coated sensor tips were then placed into wells containing 50 ⁇ g/mL solution of a first anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody or bispecific antibody for 5 minutes to saturate the hCD38.mmH surface.
  • the sensor tips were then subsequently dipped into wells containing 50 ⁇ g/mL solution of a second anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody or bispecific antibody.
  • the sensor tips were washed in Octet HBS-EP buffer in between every step of the experiment. The real-time binding response was monitored during the course of the experiment and the binding response at the end of every step was recorded.
  • the response of antibody binding to hCD38.mmH pre-complexed with the first antibody was compared and competitive/non-competitive behavior of different anti-CD38 monoclonal and bispecific antibodies was determined.
  • results The data, not shown, indicate that the CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb7945 and bsAb6031 bi-directionally compete with each other for binding to hCD38.mmh.
  • the parental anti-CD38 antibodies also showed bi-directional cross-competition for binding to hCD38.mmh.
  • Example 14 In Vivo Anti-Tumor Efficacy of CD38 ⁇ CD28 Bispecific Antibodies (bsAb) in Combination with a BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb against BCMA + CD38 + WSU-DLCL2 Tumor Cell Growth
  • the mice were administered these Abs twice more on days 8 and 15, for a total of three doses. Tumor growth was assessed through day 50 by measuring tumor volumes.
  • BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb provided modest anti-tumor efficacy, with mean tumor sizes reduced compared to mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb (p ⁇ 0.0001 on day 50 by 2-way ANOVA).
  • CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb7945 plus CD3-binding negative control bsAb also modestly reduced mean tumor sizes compared to mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb (p ⁇ 0.0001 on day 50 by 2-way ANOVA).
  • BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb6031 at 4 mg/kg resulted in mean tumor sizes that were significantly lower than mice receiving BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb (p ⁇ 0.0001 on day 50 by 2-way ANOVA), or mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus the CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb6031 (p ⁇ 0.0001 on day 50 by 2-way ANOVA).
  • BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb7945 at 4 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg resulted in mean tumor sizes that were significantly lower than mice receiving BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb (p ⁇ 0.0001 on day 50 by 2-way ANOVA for both doses), or mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus the CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb6031 (p ⁇ 0.0001 on day 50 by 2-way ANOVA for both doses). See FIG. 9 and Tables 65-78.
  • CD3-binding negative control bsAb 120.82 10.41 (0.4 mg/kg) + CD28-binding negative control bsAb (4 mg/kg) BCMAxCD3 bsAb (0.4 mg/kg) + 104.88 9.04 CD28-binding negative control bsAb (4 mg/kg) CD3-binding negative control bsAb 116.50 4.33 (0.4 mg/kg) + CD38xCD28 bsAb6031 (4 mg/kg) CD3-binding negative control bsAb 121.23 6.49 (0.4 mg/kg) + CD38xCD28 bsAb7945 (4 mg/kg) BCMAxCD3 bsAb (0.4 mg/kg) + 79.21 6.63 CD38xCD28 bsAb6031 (4 mg/kg) BCMAxCD3 bsAb (0.4 mg/kg) + 79.21 6.63 CD38xCD28 bsAb6031 (4 mg/kg) BCMAxCD3 bsAb (0.4 mg/kg) + 79.21 6.
  • Example 15 In Vivo Anti-Tumor Efficacy of CD38 ⁇ CD28 Bispecific Antibodies (bsAb) in Combination with a BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb against BCMA+CD38+ MOLP-8 Human Multiple Myeloma Tumor Cell Growth
  • mice On day-12, immunodeficient NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 4 ⁇ 10 6 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a normal, healthy donor. On day 0, the mice were intravenously administered 2 ⁇ 10 6 BCMA + CD38+ MOLP-8 human multiple myeloma tumor cells that were engineered to also express firefly luciferase (MOLP-8-luciferase cells).
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • mice were then immediately administered either a CD3-binding negative control bispecific Ab (H4sH17664D) or a BCMA ⁇ CD3 (bsAb5458) bsAb at 0.4 mg/kg, in combination with a CD28-binding negative control bispecific Ab (bsAb5671) or a CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb (either bsAb6031 or bsAb7945) at 0.4 mg/kg.
  • the mice were administered these Abs twice more on days 7 and 14, for a total of three doses. Tumor growth was assessed over 48 days by measuring tumor bioluminescence (BLI) in anesthetized animals.
  • BBI tumor bioluminescence
  • BLI imaging was used to measure tumor burden. Mice were injected IP with 150 mg/kg of the luciferase substrate D-luciferin suspended in PBS. Five minutes after this injection, BLI imaging of the mice was performed under isoflurane anesthesia using the Xenogen IVIS system. Image acquisition was carried out with the field of view at D, subject height of 1.5 cm, and medium binning level with automatic exposure time determined by the Living Image Software. BLI signals were extracted using Living Image software: regions of interest were drawn around each tumor mass and photon intensities were recorded as total flux (photons/second—p/s).
  • BCMA ⁇ CD3 bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb provided some anti-tumor efficacy, with mean BLI readings reduced compared to mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb (p ⁇ 0.0001 on days 20, 23, and 27 by 2-way ANOVA analysis).
  • Treatment with CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus CD38 ⁇ CD28 bsAb (bsAb7945) modestly reduced mean BLI readings compared to mice receiving CD3-binding negative control bsAb plus CD28-binding negative control bsAb (p ⁇ 0.0001 on day 23 by 2-way ANOVA analysis).

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US20230303696A1 (en) * 2018-06-21 2023-09-28 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bispecific Anti-PSMA x Anti-CD28 Antibodies and Uses Thereof
US12441800B2 (en) 2018-06-21 2025-10-14 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bispecific anti-PSMA x anti-CD28 antibodies and uses thereof
US12590168B2 (en) 2020-09-18 2026-03-31 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antigen-binding molecules that bind CD38 and/or CD28, and uses thereof

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