US11879304B2 - Reactive metal for cement assurance - Google Patents
Reactive metal for cement assurance Download PDFInfo
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- US11879304B2 US11879304B2 US17/322,496 US202117322496A US11879304B2 US 11879304 B2 US11879304 B2 US 11879304B2 US 202117322496 A US202117322496 A US 202117322496A US 11879304 B2 US11879304 B2 US 11879304B2
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- reactive metal
- metal element
- conduit
- reactive
- disposed
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 257
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 226
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 23
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- PGTXKIZLOWULDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mg].[Zn] Chemical compound [Mg].[Zn] PGTXKIZLOWULDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WPPDFTBPZNZZRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum copper Chemical compound [Al].[Cu] WPPDFTBPZNZZRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ZFXVRMSLJDYJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Ca] ZFXVRMSLJDYJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 33
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 4
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 4
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003232 aliphatic polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005465 channeling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002681 magnesium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 saturated saltwater Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like
- E21B33/14—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like for cementing casings into boreholes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
- E21B33/124—Units with longitudinally-spaced plugs for isolating the intermediate space
- E21B33/1243—Units with longitudinally-spaced plugs for isolating the intermediate space with inflatable sleeves
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
- E21B33/127—Packers; Plugs with inflatable sleeve
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to the use of a reactive metal element, and more particularly, to the use of a reactive metal element for improving zonal isolation in cementing operations.
- a conduit is cemented into place in a wellbore.
- the conduit may be cemented within another conduit or within the walls of the subterranean formation.
- the cementing operation provides zonal isolation by sealing off a wellbore or formation zone, thereby isolating the cemented portion from the wellbore and/or conduit.
- cement assurance issues may arise due to a lack of homogenous distribution across the intended interval.
- the conduit may not lay perfectly centered within the wellbore and may lay proximate to a formation wall.
- the cement sheath may be thinner where the conduit is proximate the formation. This could create issues where the cement is not able to fully displace the previous fluid and thus cannot create a homogenous and filled cross-section.
- a thin cement layer increases the risk of cement failure.
- Another issue is that some wellbore operations may degrade cement protection over time and induce the formation of microannuli or cracks. Once the cement has set, the cement can no longer flow or expand to fill in voids, nor can it repair cracks that may form.
- the present disclosure provides improved apparatus and methods for providing cement assurance in cementing operations.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-section of an example conduit system for a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation in accordance with the examples disclosed herein;
- FIG. 2 is a cross-section of another example conduit system for a primary wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation in accordance with the examples disclosed herein;
- FIG. 3 is a perspective illustration of an example reactive metal element disposed on a conduit in accordance with the examples disclosed herein;
- FIG. 4 is a perspective illustration of another example of a reactive metal element disposed on a conduit in accordance with the examples disclosed herein;
- FIG. 5 is a perspective illustration of another example of a reactive metal element disposed on a conduit in accordance with the examples disclosed herein;
- FIG. 6 is a perspective illustration of another example of a reactive metal element as it is disposed on a conduit in accordance with the examples disclosed herein;
- FIG. 7 is a perspective illustration of another example of a reactive metal element as it is disposed on a conduit in accordance with the examples disclosed herein;
- FIG. 8 is a cross-section illustration of a void in a surface cement sheath in accordance with the examples disclosed herein;
- FIG. 9 is a cross-section illustrating the surface cement sheath of FIG. 8 after the void has been filled in accordance with the examples disclosed herein.
- the present disclosure relates to the use of a reactive metal element, and more particularly, to the use of a reactive metal element for improving zonal isolation in cementing operations.
- any use of any form of the terms “connect,” “engage,” “couple,” “attach,” or any other term describing an interaction between elements is not meant to limit the interaction to direct interaction between the elements and may also include indirect interaction between the elements described. Further, any use of any form of the terms “connect,” “engage,” “couple,” “attach,” or any other term describing an interaction between elements includes items integrally formed together without the aid of extraneous fasteners or joining devices.
- the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to.” Unless otherwise indicated, as used throughout this document, “or” does not require mutual exclusivity.
- uphole and downhole may be used to refer to the location of various components relative to the bottom or end of a well.
- a first component described as uphole from a second component may be further away from the end of the well than the second component.
- a first component described as being downhole from a second component may be located closer to the end of the well than the second component.
- Examples of the methods and systems described herein relate to the use of a reactive metal element, and more particularly, to the use of a reactive metal element for improving zonal isolation in cementing operations.
- the reactive metal element comprises a reactive metal which, after reaction, provides an expansion of its metal to fill voids in the surrounding cement sheath.
- the reactive metal provides this expansion after contacting a specific reaction-inducing fluid, such as a brine, where it produces a reaction product having a larger volume than the base reactive metal reactant.
- This increase in metal volume of the reaction product provides for an expansion of the metal reaction product into any adjacent void space, such as a void in the surrounding cement sheath.
- the reaction product solidifies to provide cement assurance for further wellbore operations.
- reaction products results in the volumetric expansion of the reactive metal element allowing for an improvement in zonal isolation of the cement sheath.
- the solidified reaction products also improve the anchoring of the conduit surrounded by the cement sheath, securing it in the wellbore and allowing for secure suspension.
- the reactive metal elements may be used in a variety of wellbore applications where there are cement assurance concerns.
- the reactive metal elements provide expansion in high-salinity and/or high-temperature environments.
- the reactive metal elements comprise a wide variety of metals and metal alloys and react upon contact with reaction-inducing fluids, including a variety of wellbore fluids.
- the reactive metal elements may be used as replacements for other types of expandable elements (e.g., elastomeric elements), or they may be used in combination with other types of expandable elements.
- the reactive metal elements may be placed on existing conduits without impact to or adjustment of the conduit outer diameter or exterior profile to accommodate the reactive metal element.
- the reactive metal elements are free of elastomeric materials and may be usable in wellbore environments where elastomeric materials may be prone to breakdown.
- the reactive metals expand by undergoing a reaction in the presence of a reaction—inducing fluid (e.g., a brine) to form a reaction product (e.g., metal hydroxides).
- a reaction—inducing fluid e.g., a brine
- the resulting reaction products occupy more volumetric space relative to the base reactive metal reactant. This difference in volume allows the reactive metal element to expand to fill void space at the interface of the reactive metal element and any adjacent surfaces.
- fill does not necessarily mean a complete filling of the void space, and that the reaction product may partially fill the void space in some examples.
- Magnesium may be used to illustrate the volumetric expansion of the reactive metal as it undergoes reaction with the reaction-inducing fluid.
- a mole of magnesium has a molar mass of 24 g/mol and a density of 1.74 g/cm 3 , resulting in a volume of 13.8 cm 3 /mol.
- Magnesium hydroxide the reaction product of magnesium and an aqueous reaction-inducing fluid, has a molar mass of 60 g/mol and a density of 2.34 g/cm 3 , resulting in a volume of 25.6 cm 3 /mol.
- the magnesium hydroxide volume of 25.6 cm 3 /mol is an 85% increase in volume over the 13.8 cm 3 /mol volume of the mole of magnesium.
- a mole of calcium has a molar mass of 40 g/mol and a density of 1.54 g/cm 3 , resulting in a volume of 26.0 cm 3 /mol.
- Calcium hydroxide the reaction product of calcium and an aqueous reaction-inducing fluid, has a molar mass of 76 g/mol and a density of 2.21 g/cm 3 , resulting in a volume of 34.4 cm 3 /mol.
- the calcium hydroxide volume of 34.4 cm 3 /mol is a 32% increase in volume over the 26.0 cm 3 /mol volume of the mole of calcium.
- a mole of aluminum has a molar mass of 27 g/mol and a density of 2.7 g/cm 3 , resulting in a volume of 10.0 cm 3 /mol.
- Aluminum hydroxide, the reaction product of aluminum and an aqueous reaction-inducing fluid has a molar mass of 63 g/mol and a density of 2.42 g/cm 3 , resulting in a volume of 26 cm 3 /mol.
- the aluminum hydroxide volume of 26 cm 3 /mol is a 160% increase in volume over the 10 cm 3 /mol volume of the mole of aluminum.
- the reactive metal may comprise any metal or metal alloy that undergoes a reaction to form a reaction product having a greater volume than the base reactive metal or alloy reactant.
- the reactive metals undergo a chemical transformation whereby the metals chemically react with the reaction-inducing fluid, and upon reaction form a metal hydroxide that is the principal component of the expanded reactive metal element.
- the solidified metal hydroxide is larger in volume than the base reactive metal, allowing for expansion into the annular space around the reactive metal element (e.g., a void space in a surrounding cement sheath).
- suitable metals for the reactive metal include, but are not limited to, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, tin, zinc, beryllium, barium, manganese, or any combination thereof.
- Preferred metals include magnesium, calcium, and aluminum.
- suitable metal alloys for the reactive metal include, but are not limited to, alloys of magnesium, calcium, aluminum, tin, zinc, beryllium, barium, manganese, or any combination thereof.
- Preferred metal alloys include alloys of magnesium-zinc, magnesium-aluminum, calcium-magnesium, or aluminum-copper.
- the metal alloys may comprise alloyed elements that are not metallic. Examples of these non-metallic elements include, but are not limited to, graphite, carbon, silicon, boron nitride, and the like.
- the metal is alloyed to increase reactivity and/or to control the formation of oxides.
- the metal alloy is also alloyed with a dopant metal that promotes corrosion or inhibits passivation and thus increases hydroxide formation.
- dopant metals include, but are not limited to, nickel, iron, copper, carbon, titanium, gallium, mercury, cobalt, iridium, gold, palladium, or any combination thereof.
- the reactive metal comprises an oxide.
- calcium oxide reacts with water in an energetic reaction to produce calcium hydroxide.
- One mole of calcium oxide occupies 9.5 cm 3 whereas one mole of calcium hydroxide occupies 34.4 cm 3 .
- metal oxides suitable for the reactive metal may include, but are not limited to, oxides of any metals disclosed herein, including magnesium, calcium, aluminum, iron, nickel, copper, chromium, tin, zinc, lead, beryllium, barium, gallium, indium, bismuth, titanium, manganese, cobalt, or any combination thereof.
- the selected reactive metal is chosen such that the formed reaction product does not dissolve or otherwise degrade in the reaction-inducing fluid in a manner that prevents its solidification in a void space.
- the use of metals or metal alloys for the reactive metal that form relatively insoluble reaction products in the reaction-inducing fluid may be preferred.
- the magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide reaction products have very low solubility in water.
- the reactive metal element may be positioned and configured in a way that constrains the degradation of the reactive metal element in the reaction-inducing fluid due to the geometry of the area in which the reactive metal element is disposed.
- the volume of the area in which the reactive metal element is disposed may be less than the potential expansion volume of the volume of reactive metal disposed in said area. In some examples, this volume of area may be less than as much as 50% of the expansion volume of reactive metal. Alternatively, this volume of area may be less than 90% of the expansion volume of reactive metal. As another alternative, this volume of area may be less than 80% of the expansion volume of reactive metal. As another alternative, this volume of area may be less than 70% of the expansion volume of reactive metal.
- this volume of area may be less than 60% of the expansion volume of reactive metal.
- a portion of the reactive metal element may be disposed in a recess within the conduit to restrict the exposure area to only the surface portion of the reactive metal element that is not disposed in the recess.
- the formed reaction products of the reactive metal reaction may be dehydrated under sufficient pressure.
- the elevated pressure may induce dehydration of the metal hydroxide to form the metal oxide.
- magnesium hydroxide may be dehydrated under sufficient pressure to form magnesium oxide and water.
- calcium hydroxide may be dehydrated under sufficient pressure to form calcium oxide and water.
- aluminum hydroxide may be dehydrated under sufficient pressure to form aluminum oxide and water.
- the reactive metal elements may be formed in a solid solution process, a powder metallurgy process, or through any other method as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Regardless of the method of manufacture, the reactive metal elements may be slipped over the conduit and held in place via any sufficient method. The reactive metal elements may be placed over the conduit in one solid piece or in multiple discrete pieces. Once in place, the reactive metal element may be held in position with end rings, stamped rings, retaining rings, fasteners, adhesives, set screws, swedging, or any other such method for retaining the reactive metal element in position. In some alternative examples, the reactive metal element may not be held in position and may slide freely on the exterior of the tubular.
- the reactive metal elements may be formed and shaped to fit over existing conduits and may not require modification of the outer diameter or profile of the liner hanger in some examples.
- the conduit may be manufactured to comprise a recess in which the reactive metal element may be disposed.
- the recess may be of sufficient dimensions and geometry to retain the reactive metal elements in the recess.
- the reactive metal element may be cast onto the conduit.
- the diameter of the reactive metal element may be reduced (e.g., by swaging) when disposed on the conduit.
- the reactive metal elements may be disposed over the length of the conduit (e.g., the singular conduit joint of the conduit string that is threaded or coupled to other conduit joints to form a conduit string).
- the reactive metal element may be placed on only a portion of the conduit joint. In some examples, the reactive metal elements may be placed on all conduit joints to form continuous covering of the conduit string. In other examples, the reactive metal elements may be placed on only some of the conduit joints of the conduit string (e.g., at locations where cement assurance issues may occur).
- the reactive metal element may include a removable barrier coating.
- the removable barrier coating may be used to cover the exterior surfaces of the reactive metal element and prevent contact of the reactive metal with the reaction-inducing fluid.
- the removable barrier coating may be removed after the cementing operation has completed.
- the removable barrier coating may be used to delay reaction and/or prevent premature expansion with the reactive metal element.
- Examples of the removable barrier coating include, but are not limited to, any species of plastic shell, organic shell, paint, dissolvable coatings (e.g., solid magnesium compounds or an aliphatic polyester), a meltable material (e.g., with a melting temperature less than 550° F.), or any combination thereof.
- the removable barrier coating may be removed from the reactive metal element with any sufficient method.
- the removable barrier coating may be removed through dissolution, a phase change induced by changing temperature, corrosion, hydrolysis, melting, or the removable barrier coating may be time-delayed and degrade after a desired time under specific wellbore conditions.
- the reactive metal element may include an additive which may be added to the reactive metal element during manufacture as a part of the composition, or the additive may be coated onto the reactive metal element after manufacturing.
- the additive may alter one or more properties of the reactive metal element. For example, the additive may improve expansion, add texturing, improve bonding, improve gripping, etc.
- the additive include, but are not limited to, any species of ceramic, elastomer, glass, non-reacting metal, the like, or any combination.
- the reactive metal element may be used to expand into any void spaces that are proximate to the reactive metal elements.
- the reactive metal elements may be used to fill any voids in the cement sheath, which may include cracks which form in the set cement, channels formed from gas channeling through cement as it sets, microannuli formed between the cement sheath and the conduit which may be formed from temperature cycling, stress load cycling, conduit shrinkage, etc.
- the reactive metal elements comprise reactive metals and as such, they are non-elastomeric materials.
- the reactive metal elements do not possess elasticity, and therefore, they may irreversibly expand when contacted with a reaction-inducing fluid.
- the reactive metal elements may not return to their original size or shape even after the reaction-inducing fluid is removed from contact.
- the reaction-inducing fluid induces a reaction in the reactive metal to form a reaction product that occupies more space than the unreacted reactive metal.
- the reaction-inducing fluid include, but are not limited to, saltwater (e.g., water containing one or more salts dissolved therein), brine (e.g., saturated saltwater, which may be produced from subterranean formations), seawater, or any combination thereof.
- the reaction-inducing fluid may be from any source provided that the fluid does not contain an excess of compounds that may undesirably affect other components in the sealing element.
- the reaction-inducing fluid may comprise a monovalent salt or a divalent salt.
- Suitable monovalent salts may include, for example, sodium chloride salt, sodium bromide salt, potassium chloride salt, potassium bromide salt, and the like.
- Suitable divalent salt can include, for example, magnesium chloride salt, calcium chloride salt, calcium bromide salt, and the like.
- the salinity of the reaction-inducing fluid may exceed 10%.
- the reactive metal elements of the present disclosure may not be impacted by contact with high-salinity fluids.
- One of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, should be readily able to select a reaction-inducing fluid for inducing a reaction with the reactive metal elements.
- the reactive metal elements may be used in high-temperature formations (e.g., in formations with zones having temperatures equal to or exceeding 350° F.).
- the use of the reactive metal elements of the present disclosure may not be impacted in high-temperature formations.
- the reactive metal elements may be used in both high-temperature formations and with high-salinity fluids.
- a reactive metal element may be positioned on a conduit and used to fill a void in a cement sheath after contact with a brine having a salinity of 10% or greater while also being disposed in a wellbore zone having a temperature equal to or exceeding 350° F.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-section of an example conduit system, generally 5 , for a wellbore 10 penetrating a subterranean formation 15 .
- the conduit system 5 comprises a surface casing 20 and a surface cement sheath 25 descending from a surface 30 .
- the conduit system 5 further comprises an intermediate casing 35 and intermediate cement sheath 40 deployed and nested concentrically within the surface casing 20 .
- a liner hanger 45 is deployed within the intermediate casing 35 .
- the liner hanger 45 may be used to suspend a liner 55 from within the intermediate casing 35 .
- the liner 55 may be any conduit suitable for suspension within the wellbore 10 .
- a reactive metal element (illustrated in subsequent figures) may be deployed on the exterior of any conduit cemented into place.
- those conduits would be the surface casing 20 and the intermediate casing 35 .
- the surface cement sheath 25 and the intermediate cement sheath 40 comprise cement that has been circulated over the exterior of the surface casing 20 and the intermediate casing 35 .
- the circulated cement would necessarily also circulate over any reactive metal elements that would be present.
- the reactive metals within the reactive metal element Upon contact with a reaction-inducing fluid, the reactive metals within the reactive metal element will react to form the reaction product, thereby providing a filling expansion into any void space contactable by the reaction product to reinforce and support the surrounding cement sheaths 25 and 40 .
- FIG. 2 is a cross-section of another example conduit system, generally 105 , for a primary wellbore 110 penetrating a subterranean formation 115 .
- a deflector 120 has been positioned in primary wellbore 110 to allow the drilling of lateral wellbore 125 .
- Lateral casing 130 has been positioned in lateral wellbore 125 . Due to the nature of lateral wellbores 125 , the lateral casing 130 may not be positioned exactly concentrically within the lateral wellbore 125 which may create a shallow area 135 . Once cemented, the shallow area 135 is the location of the thinnest part of the cement sheath.
- a reactive metal element (illustrated in subsequent figures) may be placed over the lateral casing 130 at the location of the shallow area 135 .
- the reactive metals within the reactive metal element will react to form the reaction product, thereby providing a filling expansion into any void space contactable by the reaction product to reinforce and support the surrounding cement sheath that would cover the shallow area 135 .
- FIG. 3 is a perspective illustration of an example reactive metal element, generally 205 , disposed on a conduit 210 .
- the reactive metal element 205 comprises a reactive metal 215 as disclosed and described herein.
- the reactive metal element 205 is wrapped or slipped on the conduit 210 with weight, grade, and connection specified by the well design.
- the conduit 210 may be any type of conduit used in a wellbore, including drill pipe, stick pipe, tubing, coiled tubing, etc.
- the reactive metal element 205 further comprises end rings 220 . End rings 220 protect the reactive metal element 205 as it is run to depth. End rings 220 may create an extrusion barrier, preventing the applied pressure from extruding the reactive metal 215 in the direction of said applied pressure.
- end rings 220 may comprise a reactive metal 215 and may thus serve a dual function. In some examples, end rings 220 may not comprise a reactive metal 215 .
- FIG. 1 and some other examples illustrated herein may illustrate end rings 220 as a component of a reactive metal element, it is to be understood that end rings 220 are optional components in all examples described herein, and are not necessary for any reactive metal element to function as intended.
- FIG. 4 is a perspective illustration of another example of a reactive metal element, generally 305 , disposed on a conduit 310 .
- the reactive metal element 305 comprises a reactive metal 315 .
- the reactive metal element 305 is wrapped or slipped on the conduit 310 with weight, grade, and connection specified by the well design.
- the reactive metal element 305 further comprises optional end rings 320 as described in FIG. 3 .
- Reactive metal element 305 further comprises two swellable non-metal elements 325 disposed adjacent to end rings 320 and the reactive metal 315 .
- Swellable non-metal elements 325 may comprise any oil-swellable, water-swellable, and/or combination swellable non-metal material as would occur to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- a specific example of a swellable non-metal material is a swellable elastomer.
- the swellable non-metal elements 325 may swell when exposed to a fluid that induces swelling (e.g., an oleaginous or aqueous fluid). Generally, the swellable non-metal elements 325 may swell through diffusion whereby the swelling-inducing fluid is absorbed into the swellable non-metal elements 325 .
- This fluid may continue to diffuse into the swellable non-metal elements 325 causing the swellable non-metal elements 325 to swell until they contact an adjacent surface such as a cement.
- the swellable non-metal elements 325 may swell to fill a void in a cement sheath and work in tandem with the reactive metal 315 to provide expansion into a void space within a cement sheath surrounding the conduit 310 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates two swellable non-metal elements 325 , it is to be understood that in some examples only one swellable non-metal element 325 may be provided, and the reactive metal 315 may be disposed adjacent to an end ring 320 , or, alternatively, may comprise the end of the reactive metal element 305 should end rings 320 not be provided.
- FIG. 4 illustrates two swellable non-metal elements 325 individually adjacent to one end of the reactive metal element 305 , it is to be understood that in some examples, the orientation may be reversed, and the reactive metal element 305 may instead comprise two reactive metals 315 each individually disposed adjacent to an end ring 320 and also one terminal end of a swellable non-metal element 325 .
- FIG. 5 is a perspective illustration of another example of a reactive metal element, generally 405 , disposed on a conduit 410 .
- the reactive metal element 405 comprises multiple reactive metals 415 and also multiple swellable non-metal elements 425 as described above.
- the reactive metal element 405 is wrapped or slipped on the conduit 410 with weight, grade, and connection specified by the well design.
- the reactive metal element 405 further comprises optional end rings 420 as described above.
- Reactive metal element 405 differs from the examples described in the FIGURES above, in that the reactive metal element 405 further comprises spacer element 430 .
- Spacer element 430 may be a polymer-based material or a metal, such as steel.
- the spacer element 430 may provide additional anchoring support to the reactive metal element 405 within a fixed location or may space other components such as multiple reactive metals 415 and/or swellable non-metal elements 425 .
- the reactive metal elements described herein may comprise any multiple of reactive metals, swellable non-metal elements, and spacer elements arranged in any desired manner.
- the reactive metals, swellable non-metal elements, and spacer elements may be placed in any pattern or configuration, either by themselves or in conjunction with other elements and components, such as other species of reactive metals, swellable non-metal elements, and spacer elements.
- a single reactive metal may be used.
- multiple reactive metals may be used.
- multiple reactive metals may be used in a series adjacent to one another with individual other species of spacer elements and/or swellable non-metal elements placed at any point of the series.
- multiple other species of spacer elements may be placed at the ends of the series.
- multiple reactive metals may alternate in the series with other species of spacer elements and/or swellable non-metal elements.
- the spacer elements may be placed on the conduit in a location that is not proximate to the reactive metals.
- the spacer elements may be placed on the opposing side of a retaining element or pair of retaining elements such as cup seals, end rings, stamped rings, etc. which may have a reactive metal or series of reactive metal disposed on the other side or therebetween.
- the reactive metals may comprise different species of reactive metals, allowing the reactive metal element to be custom configured to the well as desired.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective illustration of another example of a reactive metal element, generally 505 , as it is disposed on a conduit 510 .
- Conduit 510 is a surface conduit disposed in an open-hole wellbore 515 .
- Reactive metal 520 is disposed generally in the center of the reactive metal element 505 .
- Two swellable non-metal elements 525 are positioned on either side of the reactive metal 520 .
- Swellable non-metal element 525 A is an oil-swelling non-metal element that may swell when contacted with an oleaginous fluid.
- Swellable non-metal element 525 B is a water-swelling non-metal element that may swell when contacted with an aqueous fluid.
- optional end rings 530 may protect the reactive metal element 505 from abrasion as it is run in hole.
- Cement sheath 535 surrounds the conduit 510 to cement it in place.
- a void 540 has formed in the cement sheath 535 .
- the reactive metal 520 reacts to form a reaction product that provides expansion into the void 540 to reinforce the cement sheath 535 and provide cement assurance and improved zonal isolation.
- the two swellable non-metal elements 525 work in tandem with the reactive metal 520 to provide expansion in the void 540 upon contact with their respective swell-inducing fluid.
- FIG. 7 is a perspective illustration of another example of a reactive metal element, generally 605 , as it is disposed on a conduit 610 .
- Conduit 610 is a surface conduit disposed in an open-hole wellbore 615 .
- Reactive metal 620 is disposed on one side of a spacer element 625 as described above.
- a swellable non-metal element 630 is disposed on the opposing side of the spacer element 625 .
- optional end rings 635 may protect the reactive metal element 605 from abrasion as it is run in hole.
- different arrangements and species of reactive metals, swellable non-metal elements, and spacer elements may be utilized in the reactive metal elements as desired.
- Cement sheath 640 surrounds the conduit 610 to cement it in place.
- a void 645 has formed in the cement sheath 640 .
- the reactive metal 620 reacts to form a reaction product that provides expansion into the void 645 to reinforce the cement sheath 640 and provide cement assurance and improved zonal isolation.
- the swellable non-metal element 630 works in tandem with the reactive metal 620 to provide expansion in the void 645 upon contact with a swell-inducing fluid.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-section illustration of a void in a cement sheath.
- Surface conduit 705 is deployed in a wellbore 710 that is disposed in a subterranean formation 720 .
- Surface conduit 705 has been cemented into place with surface cement sheath 715 .
- An intermediate conduit 725 resides concentrically within surface conduit 705 and may be cemented into place in a subsequent cement operation.
- a void 730 has formed in the surface cement sheath 715 .
- the void 730 weakens the supporting surface cement sheath 715 at the location adjacent to the void 730 where the surface cement sheath 715 is thinner than the remaining portion of the surface cement sheath 715 . This weakened area in the surface cement sheath 715 may create cement assurance issues.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-section illustrating the surface cement sheath 715 of FIG. 8 after the void 730 has been filled.
- a reactive metal element placed proximate the void 730 allows for the reactive metal to react and fill the void 730 with a reaction product 735 as shown.
- the reaction product 735 is formed from the reaction of the reactive metal and a reaction-inducing fluid.
- the reaction product 735 provides expansion into the surrounding void 730 , at least partially filling it before solidifying.
- FIGS. 1 - 9 are merely general applications of the principles of this disclosure in practice, and a wide variety of other examples are possible. Therefore, the scope of this disclosure is not limited in any manner to the details of any of the FIGURES described herein.
- the disclosed reactive metal elements may also directly or indirectly affect the various downhole equipment and tools that may come into contact with the reactive metal elements during operation.
- equipment and tools may include, but are not limited to: wellbore casing, wellbore liner, completion string, insert strings, drill string, coiled tubing, slickline, wireline, drill pipe, drill collars, mud motors, downhole motors and/or pumps, surface-mounted motors and/or pumps, centralizers, turbolizers, scratchers, floats (e.g., shoes, collars, valves, etc.), logging tools and related telemetry equipment, actuators (e.g., electromechanical devices, hydromechanical devices, etc.), sliding sleeves, production sleeves, plugs, screens, filters, flow control devices (e.g., inflow control devices, autonomous inflow control devices, outflow control devices, etc.), couplings (e.g., electro-hydraulic wet connect, dry connect, inductive coupler, etc.), control lines (e.g.,
- An example method comprises introducing a conduit into a wellbore.
- the conduit comprises a reactive metal element disposed on an exterior of the conduit.
- the reactive metal element comprises a reactive metal having a first volume.
- the method further comprises circulating a cement over the exterior of the conduit and the reactive metal element, contacting the reactive metal element with a fluid that reacts with the reactive metal to produce a reaction product having a second volume greater than the first volume, and contacting a surface of the cement adjacent to the reactive metal element with the reaction product.
- the method may include one or more of the following features individually or in combination.
- the reactive metal may comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, aluminum, tin, zinc, beryllium, barium, manganese, and any combination thereof.
- the reactive metal may comprise a metal alloy selected from the group consisting of magnesium-zinc, magnesium-aluminum, calcium-magnesium, aluminum-copper, and any combination thereof.
- the reactive metal element may comprise a swellable non-metal element.
- the swellable non-metal element may be an elastomer.
- the reactive metal element may comprise a spacer element. A cup seal, end ring, or stamped ring proximate to the reactive metal.
- the conduit may be a surface casing or intermediate casing.
- the reactive metal element may be continuous along the entire exterior length of the conduit.
- the reactive metal element may be disposed along only a portion of the exterior length of the conduit.
- An example system comprises a conduit disposed in the wellbore, a reactive metal element disposed on the exterior of the conduit and the reactive metal element comprises a reactive metal having a first volume, a reaction-inducing fluid capable of reacting with the reactive metal to produce a reaction product having a second volume that is greater than the first volume, and a cement circulated in the wellbore such that it surrounds the conduit and the reactive metal element.
- the system may include one or more of the following features individually or in combination.
- the reactive metal may comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, aluminum, tin, zinc, beryllium, barium, manganese, and any combination thereof.
- the reactive metal may comprise a metal alloy selected from the group consisting of magnesium-zinc, magnesium-aluminum, calcium-magnesium, aluminum-copper, and any combination thereof.
- the reactive metal element may comprise a swellable non-metal element.
- the swellable non-metal element may be an elastomer.
- the reactive metal element may comprise a spacer element. A cup seal, end ring, or stamped ring proximate to the reactive metal.
- the conduit may be a surface casing or intermediate casing.
- the reactive metal element may be continuous along the entire exterior length of the conduit.
- the reactive metal element may be disposed along only a portion of the exterior length of the conduit.
- ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, as well as ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any other lower limit to recite a range not explicitly recited.
- ranges from any upper limit may be combined with any other upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited.
- any numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range are specifically disclosed.
- every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values even if not explicitly recited.
- every point or individual value may serve as its own lower or upper limit combined with any other point or individual value or any other lower or upper limit, to recite a range not explicitly recited.
Abstract
Description
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US17/322,496 US11879304B2 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2021-05-17 | Reactive metal for cement assurance |
GB2313440.6A GB2618749A (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2021-05-18 | Reactive metal for cement assurance |
AU2021446706A AU2021446706A1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2021-05-18 | Reactive metal for cement assurance |
CA3206087A CA3206087A1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2021-05-18 | Reactive metal for cement assurance |
PCT/US2021/032983 WO2022245341A1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2021-05-18 | Reactive metal for cement assurance |
FR2202120A FR3122899A1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2022-03-10 | Reactive metal for cement insurance |
NL2031302A NL2031302B1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2022-03-16 | Reactive metal for cement assurance |
NO20230941A NO20230941A1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2023-09-01 | Reactive metal for cement assurance |
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US17/322,496 US11879304B2 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2021-05-17 | Reactive metal for cement assurance |
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US11879304B2 true US11879304B2 (en) | 2024-01-23 |
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